Angkor Language School
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ICD GROUP Core Lessons
Unit 1: Subject and Verb Agreement I. Definition: Subject and verb agreement deals with making two parts of sentence match or agree; you decide whether the subject is singular or plural and make the verb form match the subject. When discussing subject verb agreement, it’s helpful to remember that a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. However, there are a few exceptions to this rule. a/ A singular subject takes a singular verb Example: - The book is interesting. - A student at Angkor Language School writes grammar very well. - The window opens easily. - The shop assistant tells me that you are Mr. Satyak’s brother. b/ A plural subject takes a plural verb Example: -
The books are interesting. Students at Angkor Language School write grammar very well. The windows open easily. The shop assistants tell me that you are Mr. Satyak’s brother.
c/ When the subject follows the verb, and in sentence beginning with here or there, the subject and the verb must agree. Example: -
Where is your stapler? Here is your stapler. Where are your shoulder bags? Here are your shoulder bags. There is a pencil sharpener in my drawer. There are six books on the table.
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Sentences with compound subjects can cause confusion. To avoid these errors, study the following rules. d/ When a singular subject and a plural subject are joined by either…. or, neither…..nor, not only…..but( also), the verb agree with the nearest subject. either neither
or + noun + nor + singular noun + singular verb
Ex: -
Neither John nor his friend is going to the beach today. Either the students or the teacher is studying grammar for writing. Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before. Neither the director nor the secretary wants to help him because he is so lazy. either neither
or + noun + nor + plural noun + singular verb
Example: - Neither John nor his friend is going to the beach today. - Either the students or the teacher wants to visit the United States of America. - Either Reaksa or her parent works in ANZ. - Neither brother nor my sister wants to study in Phnom Penh. not only + noun + but also + singular noun + singular verb
Example: - Not only the students but also the teacher works in Cambodia. - Not only my brothers but also my sister travels around the world.
not only + noun + but also + plural noun + plural verb
-Not only the students but also the teachers work in Cambodia. -Not only my brothers but also my sisters travel around the world.
e/ When a singular subject is joined to other words by interviewing expression such as as long as, as well as, together with, in addition to, accompanied by, with, as well as, the verb should be singular. Example: -
The actor, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Angkor Language School Prepared by ICD group - Mr. Robin, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight. - My teacher, as well as, his students, wants to see the concert. - The students, accompanied by their mothers, have gone to the US to see the football match.
f/ Most compound subjects joined by ‘and’ take plural verbs. Example: -
The book and the pencil are in my bag. The cook and the waiters are from Battambang. Solida and Makara work in the office. Sophorn and Riam study at Angkor Language School.
g/ A phrase beginning with a verb form ending with –ing can be the subject of the sentence. The phrase like this always takes a singular verb. Example: - Ridding the horse is the men’s favorite sport. - Walking on the mountain makes me happy. - Learning grammar for writing is the best step to know English well. - Running around the house in the morning is my habit. h / When a relative pronoun is a subject, the verb must agree in number with the word the relative pronoun stands for. Example: - There are two apples that are still green. - He is a man who tells me the problem. - I can tell you the reason that makes me unhappy. -
Can you tell me the student who wants to study academic Writing English?
i/ Often words may not seem clearly singular or plural. The following list will have you to avoid confusion in determining agreement. Always singular
always plural
anybody, anyone, anything several, few, both, many,.. everybody, everyone, everything somebody, someone, something nobody, no one, nothing ……
either singular or plural all, some, any, most, none, no,..
Example: - Every body comes from Phnom Penh. - No one tells me that you are going to USA next week. - Nobody works hard here. - Several students go out without telling me the reason. - None of the students have finished exam yet. - None of the counterfeit money has been found.
Angkor Language School
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Unit 2: Four Traditional Sentence Patterns I. Clauses: Definition: Clauses are the building blocks of sentences. A clause is a group of words that contains at least a subject and a verb. 1. Independent clause/ Main clause Kinds of Clauses 2. Dependent clause/ Subordinate Clauses 1. Independent Clauses: An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence by itself. Form: sub + verb + (complement) Example: -
I want to study academic writing English. She is my sister. I am a clever student in Angkor Language School. Vathana is working in the office. I have studied English for two years.
2. Dependent Clauses: A dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as when, while, if, that, as long as, although, even though, even if, so long as, …… Subordinators + sub + verb + (complement) Example: .………. although students normally spend many years in collage. ……….. when she tells me about the problem. ……….. if you want to know about the real situation. ……….. while I was writing the articles. ……….. even though she doesn’t love me. ……….. even if I don’t have money to pay for my school. ……….. in spite of the fact that she is angry with me.
II.Clause Connectors: a. Subordinators ( Subordinating Conjunctions) After, before, that, when, which, although, even though, though, whenever, while, as, how, unless, where, who, as if, if, until, wherever, whom, as soon as, since, what, whether, whose, because, so that,……………….. b. Coordinators (Coordinating Conjunctions)
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.( FANBOYS)
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c. Conjunctive Adverbs Accordingly, furthermore, in contrast, meanwhile, on the other hand, beside, hence, indeed, moreover, otherwise, consequently, however, in stead, nevertheless, therefore, for example, in addition, likewise, nonetheless, thus,…………… III. Four Traditional Sentence Patterns Sentence is a group of words that are used to communicate your idea. Every sentence is formed from one or more clauses and expresses a complete thought. There are basically four kinds of sentences: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence Compound-Complex Sentence
1. Simple Sentence: A simple sentence is one independent clause. A simple sentence has a single subject-verb agreement. A simple sentence may have more than one subject, more than one verb or several subjects and verbs. Example: -
The children smiled and waved at us. The doctor tells me about my serious illness. Dara and Chantha drove home. The prime minister and the lawyer are talking about the economic crisis. Sreyneang and Linda are singing and playing piano. The students and the teacher in the class are reading, listening, and doing exercises
2. Compound Sentence: A compound sentence is made up of two (or more) simple sentences. The compound sentences are formed with: a. / Compound Sentence with Coordinating Conjunctions Independent clause + , + FANBOYS + Independent clause
-
God made the earth, and people made the world. Our hoard is little, but our heart is great. He must surrender, or he will die. You must go to school, for to day it is the exam day. Many American don’t eat a healthy diet, nor do they get enough exercise. Many Japanese men smoke, yet the Japanese have long life experiences.
b. / Compound Sentence with Conjunctive Adverb Independent clause + ; + Conjunctive Adverbs + , + Independent clause
- I love my girlfriend very much; moreover, I really want to marry with her. - ..........................................................................................................................................
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- .................................................................................................................................................. - ............................................................................................................................................... c./ Compound Sentences with Semicolons (;)
∗ We use semicolons between two Independent clauses that are closely connected in idea. Independent clause + ; + Independent clause
-
I don’t want to study; I don’t have enough money. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................
3. Complex Sentence Complex Sentence is a sentence that is made up of one independent clause and one (more) dependent clauses. - I don’t go out with you now because I have to wait for father. - Before I get married with my girlfriend, I have to visit many places. -
................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................
4. Compound-Complex Sentence: A compound-complex sentence is a combination of two (or more) independent clauses and one (or more) dependent clause. Example: - I want to have a tour after I graduate from college; however, I have to go to work immediately. - The house whose roof has thousand of hole belongs to Molika, but now she sells it to her uncle because it is very old. - After I returned to school following a long illness, the math instructor gave me a homework, but the history instructor made me drop her course. - Before I get married with my girlfriend, I have to visit many places; I will be not happy, so I have to ask permission from my parents to go somewhere; besides, I will make a big party with friends. -I don’t go out with you now because I have to wait for father; nonetheless, we can go together in the evening, so don’t forget to tell our friends to join with us.
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Conjunctions
Conjunction is a word that is used to connect words, phrases, and clauses or sentences. I.
Kinds of conjunctions: In English, there are three main kinds of conjunctions such as: 1. Coordinating Conjunctions. 2. Subordinating Conjunctions. 3. Correlative Conjunctions. 4. Conjunctive Adverbs.
1. Coordinating Conjunctions. Coordinating conjunction is a conjunction placed beween words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank. FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
• • • •
a/ Word + Word Mary likes banana and Coconut. He is poor but generous. Thida is rich but stingy. Is she Chinese or Cambodian? b/ Phrase + Phrase = compound phrases
• • • • • •
John comes to school but doesn’t come into the class. I have no money but want to buy a car. Speaking Engling and writing English are different. My teacher walks across the road and into the house. Do you want to go home now or stay with me one night? Y still make your sweetheart angry or persuade her. c/ Sentence + Sentence = Compound Sentence
For
: to join sentences when it introduces a reason or cause.
Ex: - I want to marry Miss Nysa, for she is a beautiful girl. (result) (cause)
- We stopped playing football, for it rained heavily. - I don’t deal with her any more, for she makes me hopeless again and again. - I listened eagerly, for he brought news of my family. And Ex:
: to join sentences that are alike.
- Why does your girlfriend leave you, and when will she come back?
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- I must save a lot of money, and one day I’ll buy a new car. - Mary was often sad, and sometimes she did not eat her food. - His company violated human rights, and it makes society have instability.
Nor Ex:
: to loin two negative sentences
- Buddhist monks do not marry, nor do they own child. - Danny does not talk, nor does she move. - I cannot swim, nor do I drive a car. But
: to join sentences that are opposite or show contrast.
Ex:
- My father tried to finish the war in Cambodia, but he had no ability soon. - John tries to word from dawn to dusk, but he still poor. - My brother is really stubborn, but sometimes he complies with me easily. : to join sentences that give choices or alternatives.
Or Ex:
- You decide to marry Miss Helen, you leave her lonely. - You go with me, or you stay at home. - Are these fruits homegrown, or did you buy them at market? Yet Ex:
-
: to join sentences when it shows unexpected contrasted.
Mary doesn’t love John, yet later she agrees to marry him. He wants to see her, she hasn’t come. My father is a begger, yet he bought me a new car. I am not good at mathematics, yet I can get the highest score from math.
So
: to join sentences when it introduces a reason or cause.
Ex:
- Nysa is a beautiful girl, so I want to get married with her. (cause) (result) - It had rained heavily, so we stopped playing football. - She makes me hopeless again and again, so I don’t want to deal with her any more \
2. Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunction is a conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause or dependent clause. After since where that just as unless although
as, before till, until wherever in order that because in case that even though
as soon as when everywhere so that if in the even that even if
by the time whenever anywhere as if provided though whether
once while somewhere as though provided that on the condition that how, ...............
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Independent clause + Dependent clause Remember: Dependent clause + , + Independent clause
• • • • • • • •
Police stopped him while he was driving his car so fast. I watched her as she combed her hair. As long as it doesn’t rain, we can play football. I like her even though she is poor, Before my friend went to the United States, he had studied English. He behaved as if he is a teacher. Mary worked hard so that everything would be ready by 5 pm. I have loved Davy since I knew her. 3. Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunction is a conjunction which is used together to include two or three parallel structures. Either ...or Both... and .........etc.
neither...nor not only... but also not...but both ... and ... as well as ... and ... as well as
Two parallel structures: Either
Noun
or
Noun
Neither
Verb
nor
Verb
Not only
Adj
but also
Adj
Not
Adv
but
Adv
Phrase
and
Phrase
Both
Examples: • Either Danny or Tom goes to school with me. • Either Danny or her friends go to the with me. • You leave the money either in the drawer or on the table. • She either dances or sings in the club. • Miss Rossa is either pretty or rich. • Neither Tom nor Jerry goes to school. • I like neither Tom nor Jerry. • Thida is neither pretty nor generous. • Not only Danny but also Tom goes to school with me. • I like not only banana but also coconut. • You write not only correctly but also neatly. • Not my brother but your sister broke the window. • I like eating not mango but apple. • You speak not incorrectly but quietly.
Angkor Language School
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Your mother is not stingy but generous. Both Tom and Danny go to school with me. I really want to meet both your mother and father. I work both in Angkor Language School and in You Can School. My girlfriend likes both reading the books and listening to music. Three parallel strutures:
Both
Noun
Noun
Noun
Verb
Verb
Verb
Adj
and
Adj
as well as
Adj
Adv
Adv
Adv
Phrase
Phrase
Phrase
• Both Thida and Rossa as well as Pisey are my girlfriends. • Mr. Sovann enjoys playing both foot ball and volleyball as well as tennis. • My fiancée is both attractive and intelligent as well as considerate. • There are a lot of foods both in the refrigerator and in the oven as well as on the table. • Kanha danced both beautifully and happily as well as bravely. • Mr. Nambunnarath both composes and sings as well as acts himself in Town Production. Noun
Noun
Noun
Verb
Verb
Verb
and
Adj
Adj
as well as
Adj
Adv
Adv
Adv
Phrase
Phrase
Phrase
• Thida and Rossa as well as Pisey are my girlfriends. • Mr. Sovann enjoys playing foot ball and volleyball as well as tennis. • My fiancée is attractive and intelligent as well as considerate. • There are a lot of foods in the refrigerator and in the oven as well as on the table. • Kanha danced beautifully and happily as well as bravely. • Mr. Nambunnarath composes and sings as well as acts himself in Town Production. 4. Conjunctive Adverbs Conjunctive Adverb is used to connect main clause and main clause to make compound sentence. Accordingly, furthermore, in contrast, meanwhile, on the other hand, beside, hence, indeed, moreover, otherwise, consequently, however, in stead, nevertheless, therefore, for example, in addition, likewise, nonetheless, thus,…………… Main cluase + ; + Conjunctive Adv + , + Main clause
Angkor Language School
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I love my girlfriend very much; moreover, I really want to marry with her. Miss Chanda knows English; furthermore, she knows Chinese. He felt off the horse yesterday; hence, he cannot walk now. You have to walk slowly on the ice; otherwise, you will fall. I love Thiday; however, she loves John. He often rude to me; nevertheless, I like him.