Anglia Farmer August 2021 by Countrywide Publications

August 2021

Anglia

Farmer Serving the farming industry across East Anglia for over 35 years

Harvest 2021: Combines roll into crops as temperatures soar across the region

Arable ‘Boom and bust’ septoria warning Post-harvest Be clever about cultivations Soil health New scheme to reward farmers Farm safety How to take care this summer Livestock Bold plans to eradicate disease

Clarkson’s Farm... TV star gets farming message across

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Anglia Farmer

OPINION Johann Tasker

EDITORIAL Editor: Johann Tasker | T: 07967 634971 E: johann@ruralcity.co.uk

Design: Mark Shreeve | T: 01502 725839 E: mark.shreeve@micropress.co.uk

Advertisement production: Jade Soanes | T: 01502 725840 E: jade.soanes@micropress.co.uk

ADVERTISING SALES Chloe Miller | T: 01502 725844 E: chloe.miller@micropress.co.uk Danny Lewis | T: 01502 725862 E: danny.lewis@micropress.co.uk Alistair Bailey | T: 01502 725854 E: alistair.bailey@micropress.co.uk Daniel Rice | T: 01502 725858 E: daniel.rice@micropress.co.uk Adam Gunton | T: 01502 725813 E: adam.gunton@micropress.co.uk

Anglia Farmer is a controlled circulation magazine published monthly for farmers and growers in the eastern counties. To be included on the circulation list, a farmer must have a minimum of 70 acres of land, or 50 dairy/beef stock, or 50 breeding sows/250 growing stock, or 15,000 laying hens/broiler chickens. Intensive horticulture units are required to have a minimum of two hectares. Subscription is £18 a year (including postage). No responsibility can be accepted by the publishers for the opinions expressed by contributors. If you no longer wish to receive this magazine, please email your name, address and postcode as it appears on the wrapper to annie.fish@micropress.co.uk © Countrywide Publications 2021 Published by Countrywide Publications, Fountain Way, Reydon Business Park, Reydon Suffolk IP18 6DH T: 01502 725800 Printed by Micropress Ltd, Suffolk. T: 01502 725800

Jeremy Clarkson delivers for farmers

any farmers were naturally nervous when they heard Jeremy Clarkson was making a TV show about farming. Clarkson has a reputation for creating good television. But he also has a reputation for being boorish, deliberately contrary and – literally – punchy in his quest to deliver some of the best viewing figures in the world. But anyone watching Clarkson’s Farm on Amazon Prime Video (see page 74) will see it is none of those things. Instead, it is a gritty portrayal of the trials and tribulations faced by farmers every day as they feed the world. The eight-part series follows Clarkson for a year as he takes on the management of his own 400ha farm in the Cotswolds. Yes, there are times when it seems contrived. But it is also heartfelt as well as entertaining. Farmers and anyone connected with agriculture have been crying out for a TV series like this for years. Something which tells their story to the masses – and gets the farming message across to the general public. Some farmers have said that Jeremy Clarkson has done more to promote a positive public image

Contents

for farming than our industry leaders have done in more than 25 years. While there may be some truth in that analysis, it is also rather unfair. Few people – if anyone – can pull in viewing numbers like Clarkson. But there is no denying he has done a fantastic job in creating a TV series which has shown just how hard farmers work, often for little or no reward.

“

It is a gritty portrayal of the trials and tribulations faced by farmers every day

It is also a celebration of agriculture. Despite all the mishaps, the missed tramlines and the constant battles against bureaucracy and the weather, Clarkson recognises that farming is still the best job in the world. Following this success, it is no surprise that a second series has been commissioned. Like many other views, we can’t wait to see it. Johann Tasker, Editor

Vol 41 • No 8 • August 2021

News .................................................................... 4

UK Dairy Day ................................................... 57

Arable .................................................................. 8

Farm Safety .................................................... 60

Soil health ........................................................ 33

Machinery ....................................................... 67

Water ................................................................. 43

Property ........................................................... 72

Livestock.......................................................... 53

Final Say ........................................................... 74

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News Safety plea after 41 people killed in farm accidents

shocking rise in farm accidents has seen 41 people killed while working in agriculture during the past year. Being struck by a moving or overturned vehicle was the most common cause of death during the 12 months ending 31 March 2021, according to figures published last month by the Health and Safety Executive. It means agriculture continues to have the worst fatality rate among all main UK industry sectors. Farming employs less than 1% of the population but has an annual death rate some 20 times higher than the average non-farming occupation. More than half of all workers killed on farms last year were aged 60 years or older. But people much younger also lost their lives. The youngest person killed was a two-year-old child, said the HSE. HSE chief executive Sarah Albon said: “While the working world in which we now live has created new health challenges for workers and for those who have a duty towards them, safety must also remain a priority.” She added: “Every loss of life is a tragedy. We are committed to ensuring that workplaces are as safe as they can be – and that employers are held to account and take their obligations seriously.” The Farm Safety Partnership, which represents more than 30 organisations working across agriculture, said effective risk management

and preventative measures could go a long way to reducing farm accidents. NFU deputy president and partnership chairman Stuart Roberts said: “As an industry we are always learning from each other and we need to follow that learning mentality when it comes to health and safety.”

Action needed now Mr Roberts said it was important for farmers to share their own experiences, ideas and examples of tried and tested safety measures. Doing so could help find solutions to a problem which wouldn’t go away on its own, he added. On his own Hertfordshire farm, Mr

Roberts said he was providing high visibility clothing to all staff and ensuring all workers were able to take sufficient rest breaks – including during harvest – to avoid fatigue. He added: “I have also found it really useful to look at safety from a business perspective. We are the most valuable asset to our businesses, so our safety should be the priority. “It’s time to turn the tide on farming’s poor safety record – with words, with actions and with change. So let’s use this week as an opportunity to inspire and learn from each other, to protect our businesses and, ultimately, to protect ourselves.” For more on farm safety, see pages 60-64

Moving or overturned vehicles were among the biggest accidents [Photo: Tim Scrivener]

‘Come home safe’ should be farming message The farming industry has a woeful safety record, which stubbornly shows little sign of improvement, says CLA deputy president Mark Tufnell. Writing at the start of last month’s annual Farm Safety Week (19-23 July), Mr Tufnell said the industry faced sobering statistics every year. Agriculture had the worst fatal injury rate of the main industrial sectors, he added. “There is no getting away from the fact that farming can be dangerous. The

4 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

most common causes of death include falling from a height, struck by moving vehicle, trapped by something collapsing/ overturning and contact with moving machinery.” Farmers were often short on time, rushing from one job to the next, which could lead to shortcuts or the neglect of safe practices, said Mr Tufnell. Some farmers also took a perverse pride in the number of overtime hours they worked.

“We need to change the industry attitude to safety and make sure it is built into the mind-set of every farmer, who continually assess and evaluate the risks they and others are exposed to as they go about their day. “Farm safety is not just important on one week of the year but should be central to everything on every day of the year. ‘Come home safe’ should be the message all farmers give themselves as they leave the breakfast table.”

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News

Centenary celebration is worth the wait for Suffolk farmers

Suffolk celebrations: NFU members used their centenary event to plant trees in tribute to the NHS (above, left to right): Euston Estate director Andrew Blenkiron, county adviser Charles Hesketh, county chair Glenn Buckingham and regional director Gary Ford. Below: Past and present NFU Suffolk staff and officeholders at the special event.

Spud-tacular harvest for primary schools

hildren from primary schools in Peterborough harvested potatoes they planted remotely earlier in the year – thanks to a special initiative from the East of England Agricultural Society. The society’s Kids Country team organised the event with help from sponsors Co-op Central England and Produce World. More than 600 children grew Albert Bartlett potatoes, with pots and compost from Westland Horticulture and Evergreen Garden Care. Kids Country education manager Sandra Lauridsen said: “We are just over the moon to be back in schools, helping the children from Folksworth Primary and Newark Hill Academy to harvest the potatoes that they planted remotely with us in March.” Kids Country is the East of England Agricultural Society’s education programme for primary school children. It delivers hands-on learning experiences for children, based around food, farming and the countryside. 6 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

A farm tour led by Euston Estate director Andrew Blenkiron saw the planting of 10 native oak and beech trees donated by the Woodland Trust. Money raised from a raffle and auction will be donated to West Suffolk and Ipswich NHS trusts. After the tour, farmers enjoyed a hog roast donated by NFU Suffolk member Peter Mortimer. Cooked by former country chair James Stamper, it was washed down by a glass of Farmers Flagon, the NFU Suffolk centenary beer brewed by St Peter’s Brewery. Money donated towards the meal will go to farming charity FCN. The NFU would like to thank Ensors, Tees, Yara, Bayer, Tuckwell’s. Thurlow Nunn Standen and Walnes Seeds for helping to sponsor the NFU Suffolk centenary celebrations.

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t was a centenary celebration 101 years in the making: NFU members and staff headed to the Euston Estate to mark the centenary of the country branch – one year later than expected. Covid meant some changes from the original plans, with social distancing in place throughout and masks required for the tractor and trailer tour of the farm. But for many it was the first chance to get together since the first lockdown in March last year. NFU Suffolk county chair Glenn Buckingham said: “It’s fantastic that we have finally been able to celebrate our centenary at such a wonderful venue. It was definitely worth the wait. “The centenary is an occasion to look back on everything that NFU Suffolk has achieved and to thank past members and staff for all they have done on behalf of Suffolk agriculture.” Mr Buckingham said it was also an opportunity to look forward to the challenges and opportunities ahead – including climate change and new agricultural policies, as well as producing food for a growing population while enhancing the environment. Highlighting the efforts of NHS staff during the pandemic, Mr Buckingham said: “Suffolk agriculture has proved its resilience over the past century and we can be confident that, despite these challenges, it faces a positive future in the century to come.”

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Arable Hopes for decent harvest as combines roll into crops • Optimism follows challenging season • High disease pressure on cereal crops • Variable yields but high price for rape

arly reports suggest decent cereal yields on many farms this harvest despite a challenging season and high disease pressure. Combines rolled into barley in the third week of July with crops coming off the field at less than 14% moisture in Suffolk. Oilseed rape followed days later on some farms although yields have again been variable this year. With much wheat yet to come, agronomists said achieving yield potential would be dependent on the spray programme used following another year of lumpy weather which made it hard to get on top of problems at the best of times. A wet May brought high foliar disease pressure to cereal crops – with winter wheat experiencing the highest level of septoria tritici since 2012. Yellow rust has also been a problem although easier to control.

Changing outlook Eastern region BASF agronomy manager Andrew Smooker said: “Visually it did appear to be lower disease pressure at one stage of the season, but then the weather changed markedly and so did the outlook in the field. “As ever it is a mixed picture now,

especially because there are a range of drilling dates and fungicide timings and some growers with bigger spray intervals than others. But there is certainly an aggressive disease pressure out there.” Agronomist Matt Keane reports that the varieties expected to get yellow rust in got it at various stages throughout the season. But in many cases on most farms it remained very controllable, he added. Growers saw much more Septoria in their crops but most managed to control it with their fungicide programmes. There was certainly good control on farms where T1 and T2 were robust, he added.

Air of optimism “Our trials have given growers the opportunity to see the level of disease on untreated plots and on plots with differing spray programmes, as on farm they have nothing to compare their programmes to.” Buoyant prices – especially for oilseed rape – have leant an air of optimism to harvest. Mr Smooker said, “In this area it is probably the best oilseed rape crop we have seen for a few years and will go some way to boosting con-

fidence in the crop.” Rape crops looked well podded ahead of harvest after an extended flowering period where many growers protected the potential with two Sclerotinia sprays during some wet conditions. Mr Keane said: ”The plans are there to drill oilseed rape, but growers will only do so if there is moisture in the soil; whether that is in August or September, it doesn’t matter, you have to hang on for the moisture.”

Weather has been extremely variable again this season

Harvest campaign aims to get MPs on farms

rowers are showcasing their role in caring for the farmed landscape and their commitment to do even more through new environment schemes. NFU members are inviting MPs on to their farms during the #YourHarvest campaign to demonstrate the value of the arable sector – and discuss how agri-environment schemes can deliver sustainable food production and a better countryside. Growers can get involved by taking photos or making a short video to explain what

8 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

they do – and posting the images on social media to highlight how food production and the environment go hand in hand. The campaign follows indicative payment rates for the arable soils standard for the 2022 Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI). The scheme includes a particular focus on soil health (see page 33). NFU combinable crops board chairman Matt Culley said a flexible and accessible system would appeal to more farms – whether their systems already met SFI require-

ments or whether they were coming from a different starting point. Mr Culley said: “The SFI is a fantastic opportunity to build on this work, but the main challenge is attracting as many farmers as possible as it is accessibility that will determine the success or failure of the scheme. “A flexible approach is going to be key to ensure that the incentives offered are attractive to all, especially to those who would need to make significant changes to ensure their efforts are worthwhile.”

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Arable

Novel winter wheat offers cost-effective virus control • 82% of wheat area now at BYDV risk • Variety offers season-long protection • Makes for easier crop management

urope’s first winter wheat with resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus is delivering outstanding disease control even under extreme pressure this season. Speaking at a recent RAGT Seeds open day, cereals product manager Tom Dummett said trials and experience in the field showed that RGT Wolverine was offering cost-effective, season-long protection against BYDV. “That’s very good news for growers, said Mr Dummett. “Some 82% of the wheat crop area is at risk from BYDV. Yield losses in untreated crops average 8%, but can reach 60%”. The withdrawal of neonicotinoid seed treatments had had a significant impact on BYDV management in recent seasons, said Mr Dummett. It left pyrethroid insecticides as the only remaining chemical option to control aphids carrying the virus. RGT Wolverine, which will be widely available for sowing this autumn, offers protection from the day it is planted to the day it is cut. Assuming a seed rate of 175kg/ha, the resistance trait costs just £15/ha. “That is exceptional value for money, especially when you consider that neonicotinoid seed treatments, which were widely used, had been costing farmers about £23/ha for six weeks

control,” said Mr Dummett. “This was often followed by a pyrethroid to extend protection by a week or two. Including application costs, that added a further £17/ha, taking the total to £40/ha.” Now neonicotinoids have been withdrawn, farmers facing similar aphid pressure might need to spray pyrethroids twice, costing £34/ha – and probably more often with questionable results, he added. “Pyrethroids only have a relative short period of activity, which means repeat applications may be needed. In addition, resistant aphids can be found in increasing numbers.” Assuming an 8% loss on an 8t/ha crop worth £160/t, Wolverine’s genetic solution equated to a return on investment of almost £88/ha. “It’s a no-brainer, especially when you consider it also greatly eases management, removes the need to monitor aphid populations and benefits the environment. Growers who choose RGT Wolverine really can forget about BYDV control.”

Extreme pressure RGT Wolverine is a high yielding hard feed wheat recently promoted to the Recommended List. It contains the Bdv2 gene which confers resistance

Tom Dummett assesses a BYDV-infected wheat variety

“

Growers really can forget about BYDV control

to BYDV – with trials at Ickleton in Cambridgeshire putting the trait under extreme pressure. They were sown in early September and then inoculated with virus-laden aphids four times in the autumn and four times in the spring. Plots were assessed weekly for disease symptoms from mid-April. The variety – and other Bdv2 pipeline varieties – shrugged off infection. But several widely grown commercial winter wheats suffered badly, with the worst affected showing severe stunting and yellowing. “All 13 non-Bdv2 wheats in the trial are showing symptoms, from obvious multiple infection sites to stunting throughout the plot,” said Mr Dummett. “The difference between the worst-affected varieties and the Bdv2 varieties is like chalk and cheese.” In last year’s trial, eight out of 10 popular conventional winter wheat varieties yielded between 5% and 18% less when left untreated, whereas none of the Bdv2 lines lost yield.

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Arable

‘Boom and bust’ warning over septoria resistance • Higher levels of disease reported • Varieties have Cougar parentage • Growers urged to monitor crops

cientists are analysing reports of higher than expected septoria levels affecting winter wheat varieties with the common parent Cougar. Some winter wheat varieties in trials overseen by the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board appear to show higher levels of septoria than would be expected from disease ratings published in the 2021/22 Recommended Lists. AHDB list manager Paul Gosling said: “Our trial inspectors have observed that some soft wheat varieties have unexpected-

ly high levels of septoria tritici – certainly more than the current RL disease ratings would otherwise suggest.”

Tremendous variability Mr Gosling said it was not easy to say which varieties were affected until disease data had been validated. As a precaution, growers

“

Growers should monitor disease on all varieties

should monitor disease levels on all varieties carefully, he added. Varieties with Cougar as a parent are LG Prince, LG Illuminate, LG Quasar, KWS Fireflay, Merit, LG Astronomer, RGT Saki and Swallow. All are Group 3 wheats apart from Saki and Swallow which are Group 4 (soft). “Across trials, there is tremendous variability,” said Mr Gosling. “This will need to be statistically analysed before conclusions are reached.” Cougar was added to the Recommended Lists in 2013, with a septoria tritici disease resistance rating of 7. It stood apart from the majority of varieties that had moderate levels of resistance (ratings of 5 or 6). It showed high levels of resistance until 2015, when moderate

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Choice of variety can make or break rotation Growers need to feel confident when introducing any new variety to the rotation because genetics can make or break a profitable year. “Resilience has been high on the agenda for growers – with yellow rust and septoria resistance a key part of this,” says NIAB cereal variety specialist Clare Leaman.

Septoria is the UK’s most damaging foliar disease in winter wheat.

disease levels were observed. The variety was removed from the 2016/17 list. A later study concluded that the resistance loss was limited to Cougar, with other varieties unaffected. Wheat breeder Bill Angus, of Angus Wheat Consultants, said the demise of resistance on Cougar was highly predictable. “If we are not careful, we will follow the same ‘boom and bust’ cycle which has existed for yellow rust for over 60 years,” he added.

Related species “Breeders have done a really good job by accumulating minor genes for septoria resistance and this has the potential to be undone by utilising major genes – often introduced from related species.” Mr Angus added: “There has been a migration by growers to varieties with high levels of disease resistance – but many of the resistances being deployed present high risks of variety breakdown, and sadly we are now seeing this in the field. “We are likely to see variation in resistances within the Cougar derivatives as we discover just

Significant pressures “It has been a difficult few years for crops, with significant pressures from weather extremes, pest and disease challenge, and changes in policy. But no one size fits all so it’s important that growers look at individual profiles.” The right varieties can reduce risk. “They increase the choice and range of crop profiles, which allows growers to select varieties which are better suited to their conditions, as well as expanding their marketing options.” AHDB senior field trial manager Mark Bollebakker says: “There are some exciting new varieties on the list this year – but growers need to be looking at their own specific disease pressures and crop challenges rather than focusing on yield.” Four out of five newly listed Group 3 wheat varieties were on display at last month’s Cereals event in Lincolnshire. “A development for this group is a notable improvement in Septoria resistance,” says Mr Bollebakker. which minor genes have been carried through. A look at the pedigrees will help as just crossing Cougar with an already susceptible variety is a high risk strategy.” Growers needed to select diversity when it came to choosing varieties, said Mr Angus. To help them do so, there needed to to be a return to publishing variety pedigrees on the Recommended List.

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Arable

Changing growing conditions means different variety focus • Focus on reliability not just yield • Robust disease resistance is key • Technology accelerates genetics

ore cereal growers are focusing their attention on consistent and reliable varieties – rather than going all-out for yield. Traits which deliver reliable performance in variable growing conditions are increasingly important, says Kirsty Richards of breeders KWS. Simply chasing yields is no longer the answer, she adds. “We’re having to recalibrate what we think are the most desirable features in wheats moving forward. The last 3-5 years in particular have been a real wakeup call for many in the industry – including both growers and seed breeders. While ultimate production potential will always be in demand, we’ve learned you have to build in a lot more features to help growers achieve this more of the time in more variable growing conditions.” Researchers and scientists generally agree that climate change will mean the UK experiences warmer, wetter winters and hotter summers with less rainfall, explains John Redhead, of the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH).

“The UK is unlikely to see a smooth transition to a warmer climate in the years ahead with the increasing likelihood that it will be typified by periods of extreme weather,” says Dr Redhead. The 2020 growing season illustrated this all too well, he adds.

for varieties in the future are really resilience, robustness and resistance, says Dr Richards. The KWS Sowing for Peak Performance initiative – or SPP for short – has already delivered a number of stand out varieties, she adds. In future there will be an even greater emphasis on functional traits as a priority.

“In a world where more volatile weather conditions are the norm, stem stiffness and standing power become increasingly relevant and in more challenging autumn weather, later drilling capability becomes increasingly important. “Strong disease resistance and high untreated yield also in-

“

The last 3-5 years have been a real wake-up call “This was evidenced by torrential rain at crucial times which hampered sowing most types of crops, an exceptionally dry spring affecting plant growth and finally heavy downpours in August which created very challenging harvesting conditions. “Detailed data on 2020 yields from more than 500 fields across 100 farms showed an average drop in crop yields of around 15% compared to the five-year mean, with the tonnage per hectare in some places down by as much as two-thirds.”

Resilient and robust In light of the changing conditions, the three key watchwords

Above: Recent years have been a wake-up call for breeders and growers, says Kirsty Richards. Right: A crop of KWS Firefly growing on land farmed by CH Ellis.

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creasingly relevant characteristics when agronomic inputs become less available or when spray windows are likely to be reduced because of the weather.” KWS Extase, for example, was proving enormously popular with the highest untreated yield on the 2021/22 RL at over 10.0 tonnes. Its Septoria resistance also meant producers could be more flexible with their fungicide strategy. Similarly, the new Group 4 KWS Cranium – listed for the first time in the 2021 RL – was also a good example of an SPP variety, says Dr Richards. It combined high yields and strong re-

tifying any gaps there may be in the gene pool and looking at exotic material to see whether we can breed in characteristics that will ensure even greater resilience.” It is also important to identify changing trends, such as the increased interest in no-till and min-till production systems, adds Mr Lage. “We’re always looking to associate the genetics with what we see in the field, but with these traits that’s super complex as there’s a whole range of genes interacting to give the characteristics growers need. It’s where having a pan-European breeding programme and

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silience, she adds. “It has Orange Wheat Blossom Midge [resistance] along with the best yield and yellow rust combination of all RL wheat varieties and the highest yield of all the current late drilling varieties.”

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using the latest technology is an advantage, he believes. The key is to spot the differences as soon as the plant emerges. “With drones, for example, you can survey thousands of plots and compile very accurate datasets. That’s giving us the metrics to understand how individual crosses will perform across a whole range of scenarios. “We’re also working closely with the academic community on public-funded pre-breeding programmes such as Designing Future Wheats, identifying traits and resistant genes in exotic and landrace varieties.”

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Arable

Virtual 360-degree cereal variety tour

ereal growers unable to visit variety demonstration plots ahead of this autumn’s planting decisions can now take a look online. Syngenta has launched an high-resolution virtual tour of its wheat and barley varieties. The immersive experience uses 360-degree camera technology so growers can browse wheat and barley variety plots exhibited at last month’s Cereals event. Users can navigate to individual variety plots from a panoramic view of the Syngenta Cereals stand by clicking on ‘hotspots’ in front of each plot, or by clicking straight to the variety using a drop-down menu. From here, users can ‘walk’ into the plot for a closer, high-resolution inspection of the variety, as well as clicking into summary videos and information sheets that explain each variety’s key features and attributes. These include information such

as the variety’s yield and quality performance, its suitability to different drilling dates and soil types, its disease resistance and its maturity, says Syngenta marketing specialist Kimberley Baker. “The correct variety lays the foundation for the rest of the cropping year – and inspecting varieties in plots at various events and open days over the summer is often a key part of the variety decision-making process. “With this in mind, we wanted to provide growers and agronomists with an interactive experience that is as close as possible to visiting variety plots, even though they aren’t doing this in person.” Some 20 Syngenta varieties are featured in the 360-degree online tour. They include four winter wheats, among them the newest Syngenta feed wheat SY Insitor; and seven hybrid barleys, including recently-launched

SY Thunderbolt. SY Thunderbolt epitomises consistency in hybrid barley breeding, says Syngenta, with the highest treated yield figure on heavy land (111%), good wet weather disease resistance and early maturity to aid harvest management. Growers can also see three winter malting barley varieties and six spring barleys. The spring barley varieties include the up-and-coming spring malting options SY Tungsten and SY Splendor.

Feed wheat SY Insitor is among the varieties featured in the online tour

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Arable

Be clever about postharvest cultivations • Consider what else your soil needs • Plan ahead and test for compaction • Don’t rush in unless it is necessary

imely and well-chosen post-harvest cultivations will help make soils more resilient to wet and dry conditions, says agronomy firm Hutchinsons. In the rush to prepare for drilling, it can be tempting to go straight in with the cultivator or subsoiler as soon as the combine leaves the field. But doing so may not be best for soil health or crop establishment. “Before doing anything, it is important to stop, take a step back and consider what the soil needs,” says Hutchinsons head of soil health Ian Robertson. Growers should adopt a flexible cultivation strategy, he says. “Clever cultivation can mean anything from not cultivating at all to subsoiling or ploughing where necessary. As a general rule, never cultivate at the same depth every year and make sure whatever you do delivers what the soil actually needs.” Low disturbance subsoilers are increasingly popular for rectifying structural issues in shallow tillage systems. Such implements are often needed to break up distinct layers that can form where ground has been repeatedly cultivated at a shallow depth..

Soil requirements Cultivating repeatedly at about 50mm can restrict water infiltration and root growth. But the need for remedial action can often be avoided by adopting a more varied approach to cultivations in the first place. The first step in deciding whether any cultivation is required is to dig a few holes. Then identify whether any structural issues need addressing. These can include problems such as compaction or poor drainage. Soil assessments are usually best done in spring or autumn when ground is moist and warm, with active root 18 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

growth and biological activity. When assessing soils in summer, care is needed not to mistake dry, hard soil for being compacted. The bubble test (see panel) is a simple way of identifying whether dry soils are compacted. Infiltration tests are also useful, but when conducted in summer, make sure water does not flow straight down cracks, says Mr Robertson. “Typically, 50% of soil is made up of air and water, so it may be that rock hard ground just needs wetting-up again to return to a friable surface that can be drilled straight into. “In the past two years, we’ve seen examples where growers have rushed to create a seedbed after harvest, only for heavy rain to make it unworkable and un-drillable later in autumn. In some cases it may have been better not to touch it.” Root networks left by crops do a fantastic job of stabilising soil aggregates. They also improve the porosity and structure of the top layer that crops are drilled into, so leaving this undisturbed can often be a better choice. Nine times out of 10, the top 50mm is actually in good condition, agrees Hutchinsons technical manager Dick Neale agrees. “Stubbles generally handle moisture much better than a cultivated surface,” he says. “If you’ve got a nice friable surface that has managed moisture well, most modern drills are capable of drilling directly into stubble, so there’s no need to cultivate. Cultivations destroy aggregate structure, which takes time to rebuild.” Not disturbing the surface offers

significant benefits for moisture conservation too. This can make all the difference when establishing crops such as oilseed rape or early-sown wheats in dry autumns, adds Mr Neale. “Moisture conservation and managing moisture within the seedbed have got to be an absolute focus. Oilseed rape in particular is better direct-drilled with a disc or tine-based implement to minimise soil movement and conserve moisture.” Given the importance of even sowing depth for such a small seed, Mr Neale advises against seeder units on subsoilers. Growers should plan rotations and cultivations carefully to ensure any structural issues are rectified in preceding seasons, he says.

Autumn cultivations should be carefully timed and chosen Below: Cultivation depth should vary year on year, says Ian Roberton

Target cultivations If soil assessments reveal some form of cultivation is required, both experts urge growers to select operations and implements suited to the specific soil requirements. “If compaction is identified, consider where it is, how extensive it is and what depth it is at, so machines can be setup correctly to address this,” says Mr Neale. “Don’t assume poor water movement from the surface is due to deep compaction and poor drainage; it may be a surface issue that’s easier and cheaper to rectify.” Many soil water management problems in re-

How bubble test can assess soil health When assessing soils in July or August it, can be easy to think that a dry, hard surface is compacted and needs subsoiling or other deep tillage. But that may not be the case. A simple “bubble test” could avoid unnecessary tillage, saving time, money and benefitting natural soil structure. It works on the principle that good soil structure typically comprises 25% air, 25% water, 45% minerals and 5% organic matter. Growers should place a lump of soil – around the size of a house brick – in a bucket of water. A steady

stream of bubbles shows air is being displaced from natural cavities and pores, so soil structure is likely to be dry and hard, rather than compacted. A lack of bubble activity could suggest air pockets have been destroyed by compaction and remedial action is needed. The test isn’t infallible but it is a simple way to stop a lot of recreational tillage. The process also doubles as a slake test, which indicates the stability of soil aggregates. A soil which disintegrates easily has a poorer structure and lower organic matter than one that remains intact.

cent seasons have been caused by issues of consolidation, slumping or capping in the top 100-125mm of soil, not by deeper compaction. In such situations, running a subsoiler through at 250mm deep could make the situation worse. Soil moisture content is critical to operations such as subsoiling and mole ploughing, adds Mr Robertson. “Subsoiling needs soil to be dry enough for natural fissures and cracking, but if it’s too dry, there’s a risk of bringing up large slabs and creating an uneven surface. If conditions aren’t right, don’t rush into doing it.” It is also important to remember that cultivation stimulates germination by bringing fresh weed seed to the surface. This can be used to manage blackgrass, where shallow cultivation encourages a chit that can be sprayed off before drilling. “Remember though, blackgrass won’t want to grow until September or October, so timing is key,” says Mr Robertson. And ploughing can be useful in some situations, such as where there has been a high black-grass seed return that year. That said, any soil movement increases moisture losses in a dry autumn. Where seedbeds are prepared in advance of drilling, they shouldn’t be cultivated too fine to make them more resilient to heavy rainfall.

Cover crops Whenever soil is moved it is vital to encourage new root growth as quickly as possible – whether from a commercial crop, catch crop, or cover crop. This stabilises soil and helps rebuild soil structure, porosity and organic matter. Six weeks or more is generally required for a catch crop to be worthwhile. So the main opportunity is between early-harvested crops like oilseed rape or winter barley and a following winter wheat. Continued on p21

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Arable

Top tips for post-harvest cultivations – Identify what soil needs and any issues to rectify – Plan how to solve issues using cultivations, cover crops, or other options – Target cultivations, machine setup, and operation, to field requirements – Do not confuse dry soil for compacted soil – Beware of shallow infiltration issues and deep compaction – Consider whether cultivation is necessary – why, what for? – Avoid repeatedly cultivating at the same depth – Build aggregate stability by keeping roots in the ground – Do not overwork seedbeds before drilling – If conditions are not right, wait. Always have a plan B. Continued from p19 Oilseed rape volunteers offer a simple, cheap and effective catch crop. But Mr Neale says dense regrowth can dry soil significantly. This has the potential to cause issues for establishing following crops. He suggests raking out some rape volunteers and sowing other catch crop species into the stand, such as buckwheat, berseem clover and vetch, to bring more diverse root structures and improve soil moisture. Where land is going into spring

cropping, over-winter stubbles will offer some soil protection. But Mr Robertson’s his preferred approach is to have something growing, such as a multi-species cover crop, to stabilise soil, build structure, retain nutrients and add organic matter. If land requires cultivation, this should be done when soil conditions are suitable after harvest before sowing the cover crop. “Treat cover crops like any other crop. Establish them properly and understand how to manage them according.”

Growers should conserve soil moisture where possible, says Dick Neale of agronomy firm Hutchinsons

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Arable

Network aims to tackle arable carbon footprint

new arable network is bringing farmers together to help the sector meet the industry’s target of achieving Net Zero carbon emissions by 2040. Launched last month, the YEN Zero network was initiated by ADAS. It involves the entire food supply chain – from food and drink manufacturers and supermarkets to fertiliser companies and growers.

Calculating carbon Arable crop production contributes to farm greenhouse gas emissions primarily through the use of artificial nitrogen fertilisers and cultivation choices. Currently, there is no standard for measuring emissions in crop production. This makes it difficult for those further up the supply chain to quantify the agricultural contribution to their total emissions. ADAS head of agronomics Daniel Kindred says: “We are really excited to have such strong support from organisations across the supply chain

to bring our YEN approach to tackling carbon emissions. “By working together, we can develop a shared understanding of the issues, and share ideas and experience of ‘what works’ for the industry’s journey towards Net Zero.” YEN Zero will undertake the analysis and benchmarking of combinable crop carbon footprints on a field-byfield basis with the near-future aspiration of growing this to carbon accounting on a whole-farm scale. Benchmarking crop emissions will enable fair and easy comparisons to be made among farms, fields and crops. From there, it will be possible to see what agronomic practices drive these emissions – and which mitigation strategies work best. A series of ADAS-hosted workshops will help YEN Zero members gain and share knowledge about issues such as soil carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas mitigation and ways to calculatecarbon footprints for their crops. ADAS says successful strategies will then be shared with other net-

work members. Researchers will also work directly with growers and their supporters to help optimise their production with reduced inputs. For more details about becoming a YEN Zero member, email christina.baxter@adas.co.uk.

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Arable

New biscuit wheat has much Merit

season,” says Mr Hammond. The crop had 220kg of nitrogen with the last split at the end of April. Mr Hamond says he was particularly impressed with its stiff straw. After 52mm of rain over a single weekend in June, it was still standing strong.

ive new biscuit wheats mean there are eight Group 3 varieties to consider on the 2021/22 Recommended List – marking a resurgence in their popularity. Sitting in the middle of the group for yield is Merit. Bred by Elsoms, it scores 8 for yellow rust and 6.6 for septoria tritici. With a specific weight of 76.5 kg/hl and a Hagberg Falling Number of 255 seconds, protein is respectable at 11.7%. With a special recommendation for the east, Merit has a yield of 103% of controls for the region. And a strong untreated yield of 80% of controls marks it out as one of the standout varieties for the area. Lincolnshire farm manager Brian Hammond grew a seed crop of Merit at Westmoreland Farms, Heckington. Drilled into a good seed bed at 170

kg/ha in mid-September, it received a standard fungicide programme of T1, T2 and T3. “It has stayed impressively clean, despite the yellow rust pressure of the

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Reassuring “It’s been a robust variety and never looked like it needed more fungicide than other wheat crops on the farm. In a season where yellow rust has been the disease to watch for, Merit stayed clean until through to T1 which was reassuring.” Although promoted as being suited to a late drilling slot, Mr Hammond was reasonably early by modern practices. Despite scoring 3 for mildew, there was no disease to note and it looked sound heading into the winter, he adds. “Given how well it looks and based on our field history, I’m optimistic it will yield between 10 and 11 t/ha. If it fulfils this expectation and given its broad market appeal, including suitability for export, then I would have to give it serious consideration.”

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Two wheat candidates to catch your eye in 2022

LG Farrier and LG Typhoon have very different characteristics

uffolk-based Limagrain UK has two Group 4 hard wheats on the AHDB Candidate List for 2021/22. The varieties – LG Farrier and LG Typhoon – offer growers different agronomic characteristics for on-farm positioning and performance, explains Limagrain arable technical manager Ron Granger. LG Farrier (Evolution x Costello) is of medium height and maturity. It sits at 105% of treated yield control, alongside competitors from DSV and KWS. It moves fast in the spring (similar to LG Skyscraper), so PGR timings will need to be watched carefully. A strong agronomic package sees Farrier ranked 7 for mildew, 9 for yellow rust, 8 for brown rust and 5 for septoria tritici. The grain quality is excellent too, says Mr Granger, with a specific weight of 78.9 kg/hl, along with a Hagberg of 279. These characteristics are one of the main reasons that Farrier’s par-

ent Costello was recommended and successful for so long, says Mr Granger. This year will separate Farrier from the competition and shows who is top dog for yield, he adds. LG Typhoon (LG Garrus x LGW88), has a lower yield and specific weight. But its characteristics offer growers more on-farm security. They include 7 for mildew, 9 for yellow rust, 7 for brown rust, 8 for septoria tritici and OWBM resistance. “LG Typhoon has produced high yields in the testing environments of the west and north so will be of particular to growers in those areas. It has the agronomic attributes desirable for earlier drilling situations.” Group 4 hard wheats accounted for around 30% of the UK market in 2021. But it has been a few years since Limagrain had Group 4 hard wheats on the AHDB Recommended List. The last two varieties were Evolution (2014) and Stigg (2011).

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Arable

Brighter future beckons for oilseed rape • Record prices increase crop value • New drive to combat flea beetle • Field trials fuel grower optimism

igh prices and deeper insights into cabbage stem flea beetles suggest oilseed rape is recovering after falling out of favour. The future for the crop was discussed during a recent BASF webinar. It featured Thomas Wilkinson from ADAS, NIAB break crop specialist Colin Peters and grower Adrian Joynt. Price prospects were explained by Martin Farrow from ADM. “We’ve seen record prices for both new and old crop – but it’s not just oilseed rape,” said Mr Farrow. “Soya, sunflowers, palm oil prices have all risen. “Worldwide we’re forecast to produce 10 million more tonnes of oils and fats this next year than last. Yet that only increases stocks by 1.5 million tonnes. There’s not a lot of room for anything to go wrong. Mr Farros said he was closelywatching the USA, Australia, Canada and Ukraine. “It looks good at the moment but there’s still a lot of volatility in the market with covid, politics and weather all playing their part.”

Crop trials Although cabbage stem flea beetle has driven a reduction in area, new field-trials confirm that drilling early or late can avoid the worst damage. Supported by BASF, the trials are one aspect of an on-going three-year ADAS project. It aims to minimise the impact of flea beetle by improving understanding of pest phenology and biology – as well as testing control methods. Drilling early means plants are larger and better placed to survive when beetles move into crops; while drilling later means

adult beetles have a shorter window to lay eggs. The cooler conditions also hinder egg hatch leading to fewer larvae in crops. One of these trials took place on Adrian Joynt’s 600ha farm in east Shropshire. With more than 100ha of rape in his rotation, Mr Joynt says flea beetle pressure has been increasing year-on-year. “This year we lost a crop for the first time,” he says.

Lack of rain Three fields with the same cropping history were involved in the trial. Initially there were three drilling dates: 26 August, 6 and 15 September. Rape drilled on 6 September was lost to flea beetle and was redrilled on 1 October. This crop also failed.

Industry joins forces to combat flea beetle NIAB break crop specialist Colin Peters has issued an emphatic call for growers and agronomists to help combat cabbage stem flea beetle. The CSFB Smart initiative is an on-farm monitoring and trials programme bringing together farmers, agronomists, researchers and the supply chain, with the aim of testing management methods and tools. “There is no blueprint for combating flea beetles,” says

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“The crop drilled on 6 September came up quite well but immediately after drilling, we went into hot dry spell with a drying wind and the flea beetle attacked,” says Mr Joynt. “Lack of rain didn’t help and subsequently the crop failed.” Visually, the field drilled on 15 September was easily the best. The crop emerged evenly, it had the best plant counts and least

Cabbage stem flea beetle can be beaten, says Colin Peters

Mr Peters. “Each farm and each season is unique. Yet across the country many techniques are being deployed with some success. We want to learn from those people.”

grazing by adult flea beetle. This crop and the earlier drilled crop will now be assessed for yield at harvest. BASF market manager Lisa Hulshof said: “The combination of sustained prices and the breadth and depth of research going on across the industry, there are certainly reasons to be hopeful for the future of this valuable and important break crop.” The initiative aims to find out which varieties are less susceptible to flea beetle. It is also seeking information about which fertiliser rates, seed rates and drilling dates work best – and which varieties recover after grazing? NIAB already has a large bank of data from its annual survey. But Mr Peters says there is still much to learn about flea beetle. “A big part of this project is about developing the tools farmers need to make effective management decisions,” he adds. “It’s about establishing a network of growers and pulling together our collective experiences and knowledge, and sharing that, so as an industry we can develop practical approaches to combating this pest.” For more information, visit www.niab.com/csfbsmart.

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AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 27

Arable

Robots on arable farms are ‘now an economic reality’ • Driverless tractors make financial sense • Findings based on real-life experience • Smaller farms can be more competitive

rable crop production using robots is now an economic reality – and could boost incomes on family farms, say researchers. Technological advances mean medium-sized farms can now grow arable crops at almost minimum cost levels using autonomous equipment, according to a paper by scientists at Harper Adams University. Published in the journal Precision Agriculture, the study says using robots could mean greater independence for farmers, an opportunity for smaller farms to be more competitive and less need for growers to “get big or get out” of arable production. The paper is the first of its kind to be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Based on the university’s Hands Free Farm experiment, it is the work of four scientists – James Lowenberg-DeBoer, Richard Godwin, Karl Behrendt and Kit Franklin.

Crop robotics Professor Lowenberg-DeBoer said: “The Hands Free Farm is a great place to study the economics of crop robotics, which is presently a very sparsely researched area. “As far as I can tell, this is the one place on earth – certainly within the public sector – where you can get information about a whole cycle for comparing results of the kind we did, particularly with autonomous equipment.” The researchers used data gained from the Hands Free Farm to show how crop robotics could be applied to arable agriculture – drawing upon actual field experience and real-life data unavailable to many other studies of crop robotics. Prof Lowenberg-DeBoer said: “Because the Hands Free Hectare used retrofitted conventional equipment, we know the costs of each piece of that equipment – you can work that out using the cost of the conventional equipment. “It is a much better place to set out 28 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

this kind of analysis from. The idea was to produce an economic study to help engineers and investors establish the best use of this equipment. “Much of this technology is becoming readily available and is almost there – and the Hands Free Farm showed it was possible.” The study confirmed that the cost of farming with the autonomous equipment used on the Hands Free Farm was substantially lower than on conventional farms. This was because the equipment involved is smaller and used far more extensively.

Modest investment The paper says: “The ability to achieve near minimum production costs at relatively smaller farm sizes, and with a modest equipment investment, means that the pressure for farming businesses to continually seek economies of scale is diminished “This provides the opportunity for

modest size grain enterprises to become profitable instead of being a lifestyle choice.” By reducing the need for labour and equipment investment, these smaller enterprises could be combined with livestock, on-farm value added activities or off farm employment to provide enough income for family needs, suggests the paper. Prof Lowenberg-DeBoer added: “People who talk about autonomy sometimes say ‘but what about all those people who will lose their jobs?’ – but in arable agriculture, those jobs have already gone. “What autonomy can do is help create new opportunities. With autonomous equipment, for instance, it will be possible for many more farms to become organic. “With autonomous equipment, and a little bit of artificial intelligence, you can create machinery which enables farmers to do things at much more competitive prices. “So if the policy framework around autonomous equipment is well-aligned, it can help to create new opportunities for farming – and new opportunities for young people.”

“

Much of this technology is becoming readily available

The Robotti driverless tractor made its UK debut earlier this year at Home Farm Nacton, Suffolk.

August 2021

First robotic tractor makes Suffolk debut The UK’s first commercially available robotic tractor started work on a Suffolk farm earlier this year. The Robotti 150D from Danish manufacturer Agrointelli took to the fields in April at Home Farm Nacton on the outskirts of Ipswich. It is weeding vegetable crops, including leeks and onions, using a harrow. “A large amount of our produce is organic, so we are increasingly limited in how we can control weeds,” said farm director Andrew Williams. “Mechanical weeding is repetitive work, as is manual weeding, and sourcing seasonal, overseas labour is becoming increasingly diﬃcult. We wanted to future-proof the farm and Robotti is perfectly suited to our set-up.” The Robotti 150D is autonomously controlled by GPS via an onboard computer. Rather than depending on a human driver, it follows a pre-programmed route in the field and can automatically detect obstacles. The model at Home Farm has two Kubota 75 HP Diesel or bio-fuel engines. The left engine propels the machine and powers a conventional three-point hitch which can be fitted with standard implements. Gordon Cummings, of farmer-owned cooperative Fram Farmers, helped bring the machine to the UK. Other fresh produce growers are expected to purchase similar machines in the near future, said Mr Cummings.

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Arable

Climate change, volatility and resilience EXPERT VIEW This year is shaping up to be a high-bolting season for sugar beet, says Ian Munnery

he first flush of this season’s sugar beet bolters emerged in fields early last month, reflecting how low spring temperatures increased stress on plants. This cold weather triggered plants to set seed as a ‘survival’ response – although the same low temperatures helped keep in check aphids and virus yellows. Even so, it means this is shaping up to be a higher bolting year than any of the past five seasons. This will be a pivotal factor in choosing varieties for 2022 sowing (see graph). Bolters are the lesser of two evils compared to virus yellows because they can be managed to a certain extent by selecting varieties with less tendency to bolt. Ultimately, everything will bolt to some extent if pushed hard enough. But bolting can be reduced by ensuring seed production tightly matches male and female flowering to prevent foreign pollen reaching female plants during seed production.

Significant potential The benefit is that early sowing can increase yield potential significantly – but only in suitable fields with soil types which warm more quickly. This allows plants to be sown earlier, intercepting more light and converting it into an extra 15–20% yield. But not all soil types or locations are suitable because you cannot control what follows after sowing. Many French growers discovered this to their cost in spring 2021 when late frosts hit seedlings just as they emerged after early drilling. Like any spring crop, plants should not be sitting shivering or emerging unevenly which can make timing of herbicide programmes difficult. This is why seeds are primed before being pelleted, and why SESVanderHave tests the commercial product used by growers – whether our own va30 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

rieties with our own seed technology – as successfully trialled for the past few years – or with Germains’ Xbeet priming. Get early establishment right and there are many more benefits in addition to increasing yield. An earlier, more even establishment, for example, can allow more timely use of herbicides to control weeds. Critically, it also helps the plant reach full plant maturity rapidly, which is important to limit the impact of virus yellows. SESVanderHave conducts extensive bolting trials across the UK beet growing areas. Commercial hybrids, such as Wren and Lacewing, have been selected exclusively for the UK as they bring lower early sown bolters than many pan-European varieties. As the UK experiences more extreme weather patterns and localised variation, there is merit in looking to your own farm experience when selecting varieties – and ultimately balancing the need for greater resilience against potential reward. Early indications of a minimum price proposal for 2022 given by Brit-

ish Sugar at this year’s Cereals event is positive news. Together with a continuation of the virus yellows assurance scheme, it provides some confidence for growers planning ahead.

Good prospects While both the NFU and British Sugar are still to reach an agreement and balance the risk and rewards for all parties, rising world sugar prices should buoy the prospects for beet – and confidence in the crop. Sugar prices are highly cyclic and world stocks are at a four-year low, so prospects look good for UK beet growers. While UK seasons vary, our maritime climate is more conducive to reliable crop production than other parts of the world. Brazil, for example, had 40% less rainfall at a critical time this year – resulting in its lowest forecast yield for a decade. Couple this with anticipated reductions in sugar output this year from Australia, Thailand, Mexico and India – something which shouldn’t be lost on politicians who may be thinking they can rely on more imports at the cost of the domestic industry.

Seasonal summary of cold days (4-12ºC)

Forty cold days – the threshold for bolting

Low temperatures are the most important element influencing bolting levels. This is why SESVanderHave maps field data with weather stations at each trials site.

Below: Throughout all drilling windows, accumulated cold days are approaching or exceeding the 40 cold days milestone: good for virus yellow control, bad for bolters.

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AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 31

Soil health Farmers to be paid up to £70/ha for healthier soils F

armers will be able to earn up to £70/ha to improve the health of their soil under the government’s forthcoming Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI). Defra secretary George Eustice confirmed the payment rate following a speech at last month’s Cereals event. Farmers would receive £21-70/ha depending on the measures they undertake, he told reporters at Boothby Graffoe, Lincolnshire. Mr Eustice said: “Soil health is the key to delivering our targets on the environment and improving farm profitability. Well managed soils can lead to increased biodiversity, improved water quality and reduced carbon emissions.” The SFI is due to open next year following a pilot version this autumn. Mr Eustice said it would eventually be open to all farmers in England – encouraging more sustainable soil and grassland management. Forming the entry-level tier part of the forthcoming Environmental Land

Management (ELM) scheme, the SFI will include actions to improve soil health and water quality, enhance hedgerows and promote integrated pest management. Defra says the SFI will include three different soil health standards: one on arable and horticultural soil, one on improved grassland soil, a third on moorland and rough grazing. More modules will be added later.

Green fertilisers Mr Eustice said: “I’m also interested in whether we can do more to incentivise the use of green fertilisers, whether there can be more on min and no-till systems and also whether more can be done on companion crops.” The ELM scheme is being phased in as the basic payment scheme is phased out. Mr Eustice said he had always been clear that the quid pro quo for moving away from the BPS was to reward farmers properly for looking after the environment.

The scheme will include three standards to improve soil health

Scheme payment principles The Sustainable Farming Incentive will be rolled out next spring – following a pilot version due to get under way this autumn. It will form the entry-level tier of the Environmental Land Management (ELM) scheme. Two further tiers will include local nature recovery projects to boost biodiversity and broader interventions such as landscape recovery initiatives. The government has committed to maintain farm support at its current level of £2.4bn per year for the duration of this parliament. By 2028, it says spending will be split evenly across the three ELM tiers. Defra has now published four guiding principles setting out the approach to environmental scheme payments. It says payment rates will be set to encourage wide participation – fairly and effectively paying farmers for achieving these outcomes.

The principles are that: • Payments should provide good value for money and achieve ambitious environment and climate change outcomes. • Payments should, as far as possible, pay for environmental outcomes by recognising and rewarding the full range of activities that achieve environmental and climate outcomes • Payments should recognise the value of existing natural assets and do not unfairly disadvantage those who are already achieving good environmental and climate outcomes • Payments should form part of a market for environmental outcomes where scheme participants can earn income from public and private sector sources Information on how and what will be paid through each scheme will be shared when each of the schemes is launched.

“We need to start to have payment rates attached to the Sustainable Farming Incentive that better reflect the cost associated with those options which are set at a rate which genuinely creates an incentive for farmers to take part.” The SFI would also help to accelerate the widespread adoption of more sustainable approaches to agriculture. These include enhancing the natural environment, reducing carbon emissions, and improving animal health and welfare. Mr Eustice said: “We’re starting with soils because farmers understand the importance of their soils and soils health. If they get these things right it will improve their profitability.” Defra says it is designing the scheme to attract the widest possible range of farmers. It hopes at least 70% of eligible farms will take part by 2028. More than 2000 farmers have already expressed an interest in joining the pilot.. Some standards – schemes within the SFI – will be made available from next year alongside existing schemes like Countryside Stewardship. It will see more farmers rewarded for bringing land into environmental management. AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 33

Soil health

Farmers are being warned to tread carefully on wet ground

Collaboration aims to combat soil compaction

yre maker Continental has teamed up with ADAS and John Deere to highlight ways technology can improve soil health. Farming practices must change to protect the productivity of UK agriculture, says Continental tyre specialist Richard Hutchins, who has been working with David Purdy from John Deere and ADAS principal soil scientist John Williams. Up to 30% of UK soils are said to be severely degraded – costing around £1bn annually. Degradation is linked to the loss of organic matter which accounts for 47% of the total cost, while compaction is 39%. “Where soils have been placed in this category, there is very little porosity and the soil has become grey and com-

pacted, making it difficult for crops to root and for the land to drain,” says Mr Williams.

Avoiding damage Continental’s new research and development facility in Portugal is producing tyres to help offset potential damage from heavy machines. They include very high flexion (VF) tyres with a single bead wire that can be run at lower pressures. VF tyres carry 40% more load than a standard tyre at the same pressure. Alternatively, pressure of VF tyres can be lowered by 40% in the field compared to standard tyres, even when carrying the same load. “This spreads the weight of the vehicle over a larger surface area and reduces soil com-

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paction,” says Mr Hutchins. The weight of farm vehicles and the tyre pressures chosen are a major contributor to soil compaction.” Increased axle weights, caused by heavy implements and more powerful machines, should be offset by tyres that can spread this weight. Damage to topsoil is caused by incorrect tyre inflation, while heavy axle loads causes subsoil compaction. “Both should be addressed to minimise the impact farming has,” explains Mr Purdy. Continental’s recently introduced ContiPressureCheck sensors monitors the pressure and temperature of tyres to provide the operator with the information to prevent tyre related issues such as underinflation or overloading.

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Soil health unlocked by new analysis

ew soil testing aims to help farmers and agronomists understand soil in a more detailed way than ever before. The tests from Eurofins Agro have been launched in the UK and Ireland to provide chemical, physical, and biological insight, offering farmers a better way to monitor, manage and improve the health and fertility of their soil “Three new products – Fertilisation Manager, Soil Crop Monitor and Soil Life Monitor – are now available to UK and Irish farmers. They offer the most comprehensive way to analyse and improve soil health, says Eurofins Agro managing director Dan Robinson (right). “This includes the chemical values of macro and micronutrients,” says Mr Robinson. “Soil pH and the overall structure of the soil is also analysed in conjunction with biological ads.qxp_Layout 1 16/05/2019 09:06 Page 16 such as fungi and baccomponents teria,” he adds. Microbial biomass from the sam-

ple will help farmers to understand sensitivity of the soil to farming methods such as ploughing. Bacteria in the sample will enable the accurate calculation of what nutrients need to be added to optimise plant health and growth. Soil Crop Monitor analyses both the soil and the plant. This measures the plant available nutrients and the nutrients absorbed by the crop. It also identifies some physical characteristics such as pH and the quality of organic matter. Soil fertility is a central factor in our fertilisation advice. Soils capable of properly binding nutrients provide significantly higher yields. Analysis results provide insights, enabling growers to improve and retain soil quality. Phospholipid fatty acids found in soil can be measured to provide a fingerprint of soil content, says Mr Robinson. They degrade quickly in the soil, so the analysis gives an indication of the amount of living

biomass, he adds. “This is the most detailed routine analysis of soil life available and has countless applications for agriculture. We are excited to make all of these tests available to farmers and growers across the UK and Ireland.”

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Soil health

Conservation agriculture trial yields promising early results

dopting a minimum tillage system and moving less soil can increase profitability despite crop establishment challenges, suggest interim trial results. The impact of differing cultivation types has been assessed for the past three years by the Syngenta Sustainable Farming Initiative in partnership with NIAB and the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust’s Allerton Project. Interim findings from the half-way point of the five-year project – which aims to quantify the effects of a move towards conservation agriculture – were presented at last month’s Cereals 2021 in Lincolnshire. The trials are on heavy soil at Loddington, Leicestershire, and on a lightland farm at Lenham, Kent. A ploughbased system is being assessed against minimum-cultivation and direct drilling across a rotation of barley, oilseed rape, wheat, beans and wheat. Financial data shows that direct drilling has resulted in reductions in fuel usage of between 50-65%, while work rates over the ploughed system are around 50% improved. This has driven operational cost improvements of some £8-£10/ha.

Yield reduction But crop establishment has suffered – especially in the challenging soils at Loddington – with a drop of around 8% helping contribute to an overall reduction in both yield and grain margin/ha of 9%. Even so, net profit per hectare has so far increased by 5% at Loddington and by 18% at Lenham. Soil greenhouse gas emissions dropped by 1617% at both sites, and the measured carbon footprint of the cropped area fell by some 10%. Syngenta head of sustainability

36 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

Belinda Bailey: positive results Below: Direct drilling is more profitable although yields are lower, suggests the study

Mark Hall said: “The research has proven the potential for conservation agriculture techniques to hugely cut greenhouse gas emissions, by around 16%. “With these results, when you combine the environmental gains with the improvement in net profit, of 18% on light land and 5% on heavier land, there is clear direction for a more sustainable farming system.” The two contrasting soil types has identified some key challenges for growers moving to conservation agriculture systems – but also pinpointed potential for future research to address those issues. Syngenta project manager Belinda Bailey said: “Over the course of the trial yields have been slightly lower with the direct/light till establishment, down by around 3% on lights land and 9% on heavy land. “That would appear to be primarily due to correspondingly reduced crop establishment on both farms. “However, when you factor in the cost savings of up to 65% fuel saving, 10% reduction in operating costs and over 50% improvement in work rate, the effects of yield penalties are largely mitigated. “Add in the savings in the farm’s overall machinery required for the direct-drill establishment, and the net profit in both farm situations is extremely positive,” saidMs Bailey. GWCT Allerton Project head of partnerships Joe Stanley said: “On

the environmental front, bird sightings at both farms were seen to double in a direct-drilling system, while earthworm numbers were also up.

Resilient farming With the Basic Payment Scheme due to be phased out by 2028, and given the challenges of an increasingly extreme climate, Mr Staney said it had never been more vital for farmers to reduce costs and boost the resilience of their farming systems. “Furthermore, the dramatically improved work rate of the reduced tillage system offers a clear attraction to farm businesses needing to capitalise on increasingly narrow weather windows,” he said. The key metric in the report is the net profit/ha which improved at both sites despite decreased yields – although this wasn’t to deny the greater challenges represented by heavy land in this transition. Consideration must also be given to the costs of replacing existing equipment, said Mr Stanley. The story was similarly positive on the environmental front, with biodiversity increasing, the worm numbers moving in the right direction under reduced tillage to help improve soil health, and the carbon footprint of the food produced declining. “This indicates that conservation agriculture will likely play a key part in the move towards nature-friendly, climate-friendly farming.”

How ELMs will support soil health

F EXPERT VIEW Looking after soil will become an important income stream for farmers, says Honor May Eldridge.

urther details about next year’s launch of the Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) were made by Defra secretary George Eustice at last month’s Cereals event. Mr Eustice confirmed that soil health will be at the heart of Defra’s Environmental Land Management (ELM) scheme. The aim is to reverse soil erosion and degradation – and pay farmers to improve soil health, he said. Two of three SFI standards to be rolled out next year by the government aim to restore soils. They are the arable and horticultural soils standard; and the improved grassland soils standard. Farmers will be paid £26-70/ha for practices that improve soil health.

Long overdue Recognition of the importance of soils to agriculture is long overdue. Healthy soils are essential for food security. Yet almost one third of the world’s arable soils have been lost to erosion and pollution over the last 40 years. In the UK, we lose an estimated 2.2 million tonnes of topsoil each year, costing around £45 million per year, of which £9 million is in lost

production and lower yields, reducing the profitability of UK farms. Increasing soil organic matter – and by extension soil carbon – through methods such as cover-cropping and min-till, will also help meet Net Zero targets, something that the government is keen to deliver against.

“

Recognition of the importance of soils to agriculture is long overdue Improving UK soil health will also increase its water holding capacity – helping to reduce flooding. This will become increasingly important as extreme weather events become more frequent due to climate change. As the SFI is rolled out, further measures to support soil health are likely. Farm consultants are well positioned to help growers and livestock producers adopt the most appropriate standards for their own situation. Honor Eldridge is an environmental consultant for Wilson Wraight. Call 01284 334483 or visit www.wilsonwraight.co.uk

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AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 37

Soil health

Soil degradation ‘poses threat to human life’ • Climate change is hastening soil losses • Better understanding of our soil is needed • Serious challenges are often neglected

oil is an often overlooked and undervalued resource – but we ignore it at our peril, a leading scientist has warned. Regenerative agriculture could help stem current loss rates which mean some soils may disappear completely by 2050, said Jane Rickson, professor of soil erosion and conservation at Cranfield University’s Soil and Agrifood Institute.

38 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

The annual economic cost of soil degradation exceeds £1.5bn in England and Wales alone, Prof Rickson told Society of Chemical Industry’s 2021 Andrew Medal Memorial Lecture. She received the award for her work in the area of neglected science.

Greater impact An estimated 12m hectares of agricultural land worldwide are lost to soil degradation every year, said Prof Rickson. Climate change means rainfall is more frequent, more extreme and of longer duration, with a greater impact on soil erosion. Prof Rickson was this year named as one of the Top 50 Women in Engineering. In her Andrew Medal Lecture, she explained that soil health directly related to sustainable development goals – including zero hunger, clean

water and sanitation. “The word ‘soil’ has long had negative cultural connotations,” she said. “We talk of ‘muddying the waters’ and in the USA, soil is known as ‘dirt’ – yet this is far from the reality. This brown, muddy material is actually a very dynamic and functional part of natural capital that underpins a lot of the things we take for granted. “We must begin to value soil as a finite resource essential to human survival. Soil delivers diverse benefits to society as a whole and has direct links to individuals’ well-being and national economic status.

Healthy soils Around 97% of food relies on soil. As well as the production of food, fibre, fodder and biofuel, soils regulate our water supplies and mitigate climate

New book measures the inportance of soil health

change through carbon sequestration and storage. “We know that healthy soils can support vegetation and crops in taking out atmospheric carbon dioxide. Soils also provide habitats for biodiversity and make important contributions to our cultural life. “Most countries throughout the world have agreed that to make the world a better place, we should be working towards the UN’s Sustaina-

Soil erosion can be costly as well as damaging Below: Soil has benefits beyond food, says Professor Jane Rickson

“

We must begin to value soil as a finite resource

ble Development Goals. I would argue that soil is related to most, if not all of, those goals.” The Andrew Medal is awarded in memory of ICI chemical engineer Sydney Andrew, a long time SCI member who exemplified the society’s mission to encourage the application of chemistry and related sciences for public benefit.

Scant attention Dr Andrew died in 2011. The Andrew Medal Lecture is presented every third year on the theme of neglected science – areas which receive scant attention despite being important in agriculture and the chemical industry,. SCI chief executive Sharon Todd said the institute was proud to recognise Prof Rickson for her outstanding work – including research, consultancy and teaching in soil and water engineering, soil degradation and sustainable land management. Ms Todd said: “Her work has focused on better understanding of soil functions and their role in delivering ecosystems goods and services, including agricultural production, water regulation and carbon storage. “She is also an excellent role model for the next generation of women in science. I am pleased Prof Rickson was also able to describe some solutions to the problems discussed – such as regenerative agriculture.”

Ways to improve and measure the importance of soil health are the subject of a new agricultural textbook. “Soil health is absolutely critical to achieving successful, sustainable agriculture,” says Francis Dodds, of Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. Interest in soil has increased with the rise of regenerative agricultural practices, he explains. The book includes new research by Felicity Crotty, from the Royal Agricultural University, who has assessed the viability of assessing soil health by measuring fauna as a bioindicator of soil health in grasslands, agricultural fields and woodlands. It details the current practices used by practitioners to measure the biological, physical and chemical properties of their soils, allowing them to pinpoint key areas where soil health improvement is required. Part One details the measuring approaches used to measure soil biological activity, including the use of fauna, fungal and earthworm communities. Part Two explores the array of techniques used to measure the physical and chemical properties of agricultural soils, detailing advancements made towards assessing soil erodibility, soil function and specified soil characteristics, such as clay and organic matter content. Part Three reviews the role and application of measurement techniques in the management of soil health. It also discusses soil health indicators and decision support systems (DSS) for improved crop and soil management on farm. Advances in measuring soil health has been edited by Professor Wilfred Otten, of Cranfield University. It is the latest addition to Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing’s Agricultural Science Series.

AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 39

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40 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

Soil health

Caution urged over rush to regenerative agriculture • Better decision-making is important • Robust data puts farmers in control • Technology aids a holistic approach

armers are in danger of allowing a leap into regenerative agriculture pull their business out of shape, growers have been warned. Regenerative farming systems can be more sustainable. But some farmers are rejecting current practice without robust data to inform their decisions, said Richard Williamson, managing director of software company Trinity AgTech. Mr Williamson was speaking as a panellist at an event hosted by the European Circular Bioeconomy Fund. Encouragement should be given to technologies that enable farmers to take a holistic approach in how they adopt innovation, he said. While precision technology could provide solutions, maintaining soil health should remain at the heart of all agricultural businesses. “New technology cannot come in at the expense of the fundamentals of good management,” said Mr Williamson. The event brought together organ-

isations to explore ways that agri-tech and precision farming solutions can help farmers meet these targets while capturing opportunities in carbon and natural capital markets. “In the UK, the Basic Payment Scheme (BPS) has blunted the effect innovation can have on ensuring progress for farming businesses,” said Mr Williamson. “We currently have an analogue system where so much of the value created on farm is captured and consumed by intermediaries between the farmgate and the end customer.

Market value “As BPS falls away, the opportunity is to move to a digital system. But if farmers are to take more control and to capture back the value they deserve from the market, they need the data on their farm and access to it that is easy to use.” Trinity AgTech has developed a simple-to-use digital assistant called

Sandy to allow farmers to accurately and independently assess their farm’s sustainability. The company says Sandy can help steer a path to greater profitability. Sandy’s core tools include carbon footprint and biodiversity assessments. It can also be used to optimise livestock feed strategies; monitor crop performance; and analyse productivity and financial performance at farm, crop and field level. The software was developed by a team of more than 30 scientists and engineers in consultation with farmers and industry leaders. It integrates with a range of other farm software through an easy-to-use series of tools.

The software helps capture opportunities from soil carbon storage.

Attention to detail gets best from cover crops Cover crops can have a valuable role in improving soil health – but careful selection and management is required for best results. That was the message at an open day hosted by Claydon Yield-o-Meter chief executive Jeff Claydon to mark the company’s 40th anniversary. The ideal cover crop mix includes plants which degrade easily and are easily incorporated, he said. “We have experimented with them since 2016 because – as farmers – we wanted to assess how they might benefit our own soils and – as a machinery manufacturer – we needed first-hand experience and results to discuss with customers.” Mr Claydon said he wanted the cover crop in the ground long enough to gain maximum advantage from the rooting structure – but not so long

that it generated excessive stick-like biomass. “When used in combination with an effective stubble management programme, cover crops can provide significant agronomic, economic, and eco-

Jeff Claydon and Dick Neale in spring oats which followed the cover crop.

logical benefits. They can improve soil structure and drainage and help to reduce erosion. “They can increase soil biota and organic matter content. They can provide food and shelter for insects and wildlife and increase biodiversity. Cover crops can also be of benefit by harnessing nutrients and suppressing weeds.” Dick Neale of agronomy firm Hutchinsons said careful management and a good seed mix were key to the best results. A good root system allowed water to penetrate the soil – aiding fieldwork by making it easier to travel earlier in the spring. Whether it was a catch crop, a cover crop or a cash crop, it was always important to manage the way water sits within the soil – and its impact on structure – especially when a wet autumn followed a dry summer. AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 41

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little as possible which should help farmers to save time and reduce wear and tear on machinery. In addition, focusing on soil health and organic matter should also mean there is a reduced need for inputs as soils are richer in the vital nutrients needed for healthy crop development.

Agriculture in the UK is currently going through a pivotal time. With the uncertainty of ELM’s, governmental policy, the goal of net zero and other market pressures, farmers are being encouraged to adopt sustainable practices.

Improved soil quality

Such practices include: • Minimum or zero tillage • Cover cropping • Crop rotation • Reduced fertiliser and chemical use

With increased organic matter, soil structure and microflora and fauna will improve, reducing the need for synthetic fertilisers. This is because the microbiome of the soil is healthier, favouring a symbiotic relationship between plants and microbes which allows better utilisation of nutrients.

Traditional tillage methods and chemical controls have been commonplace in the sector for decades so newer, more sustainable practices can often be met with scepticism. Conservation agriculture provides a practical solution to current pressures and allows farmers to slowly change their approach to crop establishment. The benefits of conservation agriculture? Reduction of input costs The reduction of input costs is one of the main benefits of conservation agriculture. Such methods can lead to savings on labour, fuel, and maintenance. Minimum or zero tillage means soils are cultivated as

42 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

The methods of conservation agriculture are known to help build soil organic matter through the continuation of multiple layers of crop residues.

Soil aggregation is also improved. This is where soil molecules clump together, resulting in better water holding capacity and leading to further nutrient retention. On top of this, all of these impacts mean there‘s a reduced need for deep tillage so minimum tillage can be used practically and effectively. Sumo and conservation agriculture To support British farmers through conservation agriculture and the move from plough to minimum tillage, Sumo has developed a range of mounted tillage cultivators and drills that are ideal for small to medium sized farms.

Water Water management ‘will boost resilience to climate change’ • • •

Impact of climate change is ‘here to stay’ Landowners are unsure about maintenance Government needs a proper strategy

etter water management is needed to increase resilience to drought and climate change, says a new report. The Country Land and Business Association says the impact of climate change is clear and here to stay. The first few months of 2021 saw one of the driest Aprils on record – followed by one of the wettest Mays. Some farms were submerged in water for over three months this past winter. This left many farmers unable to plant crops for an entire year. And the Met Office predicts that the risk of floods has increased by at least 20% and up to 90%.

Better vision The CLA’s Water Strategy: a vision for the water environment to 2030 ssays landowners could play a key role in improving the wider water environment by harnessing low-cost nature-based solutions. Responsibility for flood defences is currently shared by the Environment Agency and lead local flood authorities (LLFAs), alongside landowners and farmers. But the CLA says the agency is often too slow to respond to essential maintenance. This leaves rural communities vulnerable to serious flooding, says the CLA. Many

landowners are already stepping-up to protect their local communities – but they are often uncertain whether they are allowed to undertake maintenance work. Community supported organisations like internal drainage boards, are often far better placed than the Environment Agency to maintain main rivers. And the CLA argues these organisations should be allowed to take over responsibility for them. Landowners have proven to be extremely successful at using their land to mitigate flood risks through Natural Flood Risk Management (NFM) projects. These projects can involve creating wetlands and saltmarshes, or planting trees to stabilise riverbanks, slowing the flow of water and helping it to be absorbed, while also improving biodiversity, water quality, water availability and carbon storage.

More support To support landowners in their desire to protect local communities and mitigate flood risk, the government needs to have a proper policy, says the CLA. It wants the Environment Agency to make the rights and responsibilities of landowners clear to allow for effective and flexible flood defence work – helping to avoid any unnecessary flooding of rural properties. Maintaining flood defence assets – £75m of funding per year for maintenance of existing flood defence assets, on top of the funding already earmarked for new flood defence assets, that would provide cost effective flood defences while improving the environment. Catchment-focused flood management – government to allow for regional approaches and flexibility, including the effective use

Farmers should have a bigger role in river maintenance, says Mark Bridgeman.

of Natural Flood Risk Management projects to transfer flood risk responsibilities to the best-placed body to do so. CLA president Mark Bridgeman said: “Many of these land managers already play a crucial role in using their land to prevent local communities and businesses bearing the brunt of flood damage. “Of course, this needs to come with the right government support and funding. But the solution to flood defences is sitting right on our doorstep at the fraction of the price of new infrastructure: natural flood risk management.”

Farmers ‘in limbo’ after abstraction changes

hanges to water abstraction licences have left farmers in limbo, says the NFU. The Environment Agency announced changes affecting 20 businesses in the Ant Valley on the Norfolk Broads. The agency says it plans to revoke, reduce or constrain licences used by these businesses. Instead, it proposes that four new abstraction applications for activity that was previously exempt from the licensing regime – such as trickle irrigation – will also be refused. Licence holders will have until 2024 to adapt to the changes, said the agency.

Licences have been under review for several years. The NFU has been working closely with irrigators, and commissioning external professional experts in representing members on the legal and technical aspects of the licensing review. NFU water resources specialist Paul Hammett said the affected farmers and the NFU needed time to study the Environment Agency decision in detail before deciding on their next steps. Mr Hammett said: “Throughout this lengthy process – one that has left many farm

businesses in limbo – we have sought to engage constructively with the agency, seeking solutions through collaboration not confrontation. “We have suggested ways forward that would protect the environment, while still allowing our vital food and farming sector to thrive,” said Mr Hammett. “Its decision to revoke and change a series of historic water rights flies in the face of independent evidence we and local abstractors have provided, which clearly demonstrates that the local fen ecology is improving.” AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 43

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Water

Focus on efficiency to make most from water

armers are being reminded to think about water efficiency and keep an eye out for shortages during hot weather. Record temperatures last month saw water companies advise livestock producers to check regularly for leaks in pipes and troughs and try to pinpoint any areas of low pressure. Farmers who found themselevs out of water should try to identify the issue first, said Severn Trent catchment management adviser Jodie Rettino. “Think about where the source is, whether it’s localised and if your neighbours are also affected. “As soon as you’ve established this, get on the phone to your water retailer or wholesaler to advise them of your problem and they will do their best to get water to you. The next step is to minimise non-essential water use. “Finally, it’s extremely useful to know how much water you use, as if

your water company can help, having this information will mean you receive adequate volumes, without wasting the precious resource that could be in need elsewhere.” The Met Office says there is clear evidence that temperatures are on the rise for good due to climate change. This means it is important to be prepared for prolonged dry spells in future – including by investing in onfarm infrastructure. “There is no time like the present to consider how making investments now could result in improved water efficiency and environmental improvements, which in the long term should help prevent shortages and save money. “A rainwater harvesting system installed this autumn will collect water over the spring that can then be treated on-site to reduce reliance on mains water over the summer, giving you peace of mind during future dry spells.”

Top tips for water eﬃciency – Clean water troughs so capacity is not compromised – Closely monitor for signs of heat stress in livestock – Locate drinking troughs near the bottom of the field – Don’t cross connect bore holes with mains water – Organise a back-up storage tank or water bowser – Ensure all pumps are serviced and in good order

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Water

Low cost moisture sensors boost arable efficiency

new range of in-field sensors is said to offer a more effective way to improve efficiencies in fungicide use and irrigation – helping to keep down costs. The LoRAIN range from Metos UK includes three models offering a range of measurements. They can be used in any combination either individually, or as a network across multiple fields to give greater information over a wider area. David Whattoff from Metos UK says: “With no annual subscription, low-cost LoRain sensors can be installed in every field for the season, moved each year, and provide information on key conditions to help farmers optimise their input spend.”

Disease risk The entry-level Rain model measures rainfall only, while the mid-range LoRain model adds temperature and humidity sensors. This extra data allows users to ascertain disease risk based

on previous climatic conditions. Mr Whattoff says: “Disease models are an add-on product, available for a wide variety of crops, including cereals, root crops, vegetables and fruit, and highlight high, medium and low risk periods for relevant diseases.”

Erratic rainfall The Soil model adds a moisture probe to rainfall, temperature and humidity sensors – particularly useful in irrigated crops. It provides insight on soil moisture deficit over time, so schedules or water volume can be adjusted as required. “With erratic summer rainfall, and the increasing cost of water abstraction, saving money and time on irrigation will be vital for some growers,” says Mr Whattoff. Sensors provide greater assurance when reviewing spray programmes, he adds. The sensors are said to be simple to install, with a plug and play design. They can easily be removed from fields

The sensors make it easier to monitor soil moisture

when not in use, or moved to new locations each season. All models are wireless and fitted with a solar panel and long-life battery. Data is measured and logged every 15 minutes, and transmitted to the app every hour, giving reliable and up to date information to help inform decision making. Users can allow access to their agronomist or other staff.

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Water

Work together to secure fair share of water – NFU

he NFU has filmed a mock weather forecast to highlight the importance of a fair share of water for crop and livestock production. The forecast for 11 July 2050 highlights the impact of climate change – including scorching summer temperatures – that growers and livestock producers can expect to experience on their farms. The Met Office predicts UK summer heatwaves every other year by 2050. Published on YouTube, the forecast is presented by farmer James Johnson. It predicts high temperatures of 45ºC and a widespread risk of standing crop fires. The NFU forecast warns farm-

ers to maintain air conditioning units in their sheds amid serious concerns about animal heat stress. And it suggests planting Mediterranean drought-resistant trees to help provide shade for livestock.

Integrated strategy The NFU released the forecast to emphasise the need for a national integrated water management strategy. Doing so would help farmers achieve their goal of leading the world in climate-friendly food production, it said. NFU president Minette Batters has repeatedly called on the government, water companies and farmers to invest properly in water management. A collab-

The forecast details a likely weather scenario for summer 2050

orative approach was essential to secure an adequate water into the future, she said. “We cannot underestimate the importance of food production as we chart a course through our climate challenges. We can deliver on our net zero pledge while retaining, if not growing, our agricultural capacity, but adopting a new approach to water is vital.” The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change already ac-

cepts that climate change is affecting food security, predicting that food supply could well become more unstable as extreme weather leads to greater disruption of supply chains. “We must make far better use of abundant winter rainfall, rather than simply pumping it out into the North Sea as we currently do,” said Mrs Batters. “This will require a collaborative approach involving both public and private sector partners and farmers.”

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Water

Why more focus is needed to help reduce flood-risk from rivers • Farmland under pressure from floods • Better river management is important • Longer term vision and budget is vital

better approach to river management is needed to reduce the risk of flooded farmland, say landowners. Climate change and the expanding built environment is putting greater pressure on rivers and catchments, warn the Association of Drainage Authorities and the Country Land and Business Association. Flooding is increasingly frequent and careful river management is crucial, say the two organisations. But long-term underinvestment in the maintenance of many lowland rivers is reducing their capacity to convey the volumes of water needed.”

Lack of investment ADA and the CLA hosted an online summit on 24 June called Keeping our Rivers Flowing. More than 150 delegates discussed the consequences of underinvestment and solutions for better managing water catchments from source to sea. Senior Defra and Environment Agency officials heard local land managers and internal drainage boards representatives voice their frustration that lowland rivers are less able to evacuate flood water from farmland, homes and businesses. Concern was also voiced about the environmental consequences on wa-

50 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

ter quality of vegetation-choked rivers unable able to transfer enough water naturally from one area to another in times of drought. The summit also looked beyond the problems. Several speakers highlighted how a different strategic approach and working in local partnerships can help resolve tensions and enable better river management. ADA chairman and Lincolnshire farmer Robert Caudwell said: “People are ready and willing to work together locally to find ways to help our rivers flow, but they feel restrained by a lack of government support on river maintenance. We need to spend more on maintenance to save money spent on flood response and recovery.” The CLA reinforced its desire for landowners to play a bigger part in improving water management through local solutions at comparatively low cost. It follows the recent publication of the CLA policy document called A Vision for Water to 2030.

Important role CLA policy director Judicaelle Hammond said: “Landowners play an important role protecting downstream communities from flooding, often saving millions of pounds’ worth of damage, but this comes at the expense of their own land.

Landowners lack government, support, says Robert Caudwell Below: Floods which engulf farmland are increasingly frequent

“

We need to spend more on river maintenance

“It is critical that the Environment Agency works with the rural community to protect the local river environment and where they can’t, ensures the right body is in place to do so. In the meantime, CLA members are ready to start thinking outside the box.” Ideas included looking at how improving soil health can reduce flood risk. Locally-driven partnerships could work and natural flood risk management projects should be considered, said Ms Hammond.

Future spending The summit heard about the potential for the further use of innovative, environmentally friendly river maintenance techniques – including natural measures to slow the flow of water in upper catchments. There was a strong desire to bring water management to the fore in future consideration of the Environment Land Management (ELM) scheme, and a recognition that soil management must play a part in reducing river silt and nutrient loads. Defra is due to submit proposals to HM Treasury on future investment needed for flood and coastal erosion risk management ahead of this autumn’s spending review. Both ADA and the CLA say this should prioritise routine river management. The organisations say it is vital that both rivers and any associated floodwater are managed effectively to keep water flowing – and local partnerships should collaborate equitably in the work.

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Livestock Bold plans to eradicate BVD and sheep scab by 2031 • Goal to eliminate two key diseases • Benefits across all four UK nations • Big help for beef and sheep sectors

he livestock industry has set out bold ambitions to eradicate two key livestock diseases within 10 years. Plans to eliminate sheep scab and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) by 2031 were announced following a Ruminant Health and Welfare (RH&W) workshop attended by more than 70 farmers, vets, researchers and industry stakeholders from across the UK. RH&W chair Nigel Miller said setting the eradication target underlined the determination of participants to create a new high-health environment across the four nations. It would elevate animal welfare and help to secure export markets.

Extraordinary change “We need this health platform to elevate animal welfare and play a part in securing export markets,” saod Mr Miller. “We are going into a period of extraordinary change; we have got to be willing to push back on the accepted boundaries of health and production. “World class economic efficiency and the building pressures of low carbon production demand a higher national flock and herd health status; mapping out clear change targets is a vital step to secure that goal.” Sheep scab, now endemic in the national flock and affecting 10-15% of farms with about 8,000 outbreaks each year costing up to £202 million, was one of the most popular topics selected for debate. Stewart Burgess, from the Moredun Research Institute, said a new vaccine would help but interim goals like notifiable or reportable status would create a traceable, sustainable framework for success. “The reality is that there are imminent threats and the status quo is

not working, Modelling studies have shown that focussing control on disease hotspots not only makes gains in those targeted areas, but can also have a significant impact on sheep nationwide.” The sheep scab ELISA blood test was a real game changer, said Dr Burgess. “It can detect scab in the first two weeks of infestation and before clinical signs – a new version is in development and would offer on-farm results in under 20 minutes for less than £5.” A future vaccine was also under development at Moredun. “In its current form it has up to 80% efficacy and will offer sustainable control of scab.” Kate Hovers, from the Wales Veterinary Science Centre, said disease control schemes and health certification for scab offered benefits throughout the sector – both in controlling disease and offering a premium for certified stock.

Mandatory controls BVD eradication, another priority for the group, is already in progress through different statutory and voluntary efforts in each UK nation. Introducing mandatory control will be the next step with co-ordinated messaging and approaches. Sam Strain, chief executive at Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland (AHWNI), was heavily involved in establishing NI’s compulsory BVD programme, and strongly advised that legislation was critical for eradication. Re-engagement was high on the list of interim goals. “Any control programme needs to have co-ordinated messages between the four nations – being cognisant of international requirements such as the EU Animal Health Law.

Thousands raised for Bulls Out for Cancer

eef and dairy farmers have raised over £1,000 for testicular cancer – while improving their herd genetics as part of Breedr’s Bulls Out for Cancer campaign. It coincides with the launch of new breeding reports in the free app, which align with AHDB Key Performance Indicators, helping farmers to identify the best genetics for continual herd improvement. “We’re encouraging farmers to log when they turn their bulls out with the cows, and when females are bulling so that the app can generate alerts for returning cows and calving dates,” explains Suzy Wheal, cofounder of Breedr. “By inputting simple data like that, as well as the sires, dams, calving ease and weaning weights, the app can automatically generate reports showing which bloodlines produce the best calves, whether that’s as replacements or for finishing.” For every bull logged in the app in May, June and July, Breedr is donating £10 to the OddBalls Foundation. An extra 10p is added for each bulling activity or artificial insemination added.

Share photos and videos Farmers who share their photos or video on Twitter with the hashtag #BullsOutForCancer will earn another £1 for the charity. The campaign aims to raise £5,000 for the OddBalls Foundation. “Around 2,300 men are diagnosed with testicular cancer each year, and the OddBalls Foundation is all about raising awareness and getting men to check themselves regularly,” said Ms Wheal. “Healthy balls are vital to farmers, whether that’s their own or their bulls’ – they’re clearly a vital part of any breeding system!”

AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 53

Livestock

Trials highlight benefits of hybrid rye in pig diets • Big performance improvements • Reduces fat depth at P2 position • Welfare and gut health benefits

ybrid rye can be included in finishing pig diets at rates of up to 60%, according to UK trials to evaluate its use as an alternative feedstuff. The trials were conducted as part of a collaboration between plant breeder KWS and feed manufacturer ABN. They focused on the value of hybrid rye in feed for finishing pigs from 36kg to 115kg live weight. Starting in early 2020 and involving about 4000 pigs, trials saw three different diets fed during three dis-

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tinct growth phases: 36kg-65 kg, 65kg85kg and from there to finishing at 115kg live weight. Full results are expected after the trials conclude in September. But early results are significant at a time when the sector is searching for sustainable raw materials, says ABN senior pig nutritionist Steve Jagger. “The results look very encouraging,” said ]Dr Jagger, who is leading the trial. Growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion showed no any significant differences between treatments. But a

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significant effect was observed for the measurement of fat depths at the P2 position, which reduced at the rate of 0.2mm per 20% inclusion of rye. There was no notable effect of treatment on deaths and mortality, but these were lower when fed rye. Energy and protein levels compare well with wheat and rye’s fibre content is associated with additional welfare and gut health benefits. “Rye has slow release of energy from the large intestine and increases satiety, which is why it has been associated with positive behavioural effects in finishing pigs and gestating sows,” said Dr Jagger.

Proven benefits This effect may also be of value over the farrowing process where a continued supply of energy may help reduce the number of stillborn piglets, he added. Rye has also been associated with a reduction in ulceration. “Its structure can improve gut health and lower skatol, reducing carcass taint. It gives rise to high levels of butyric acid which can reduce the incidence of salmonella as well as increase the antibody levels in colostrum.”

KWS feed product manager Richard Grone is a qualified veterinarian. The benefits of feeding rye have been proven by pig producers all over the world, he said. “Major improvements in performance, health, behaviour, and welfare have been recorded in pigs from five weeks of age to fatteners, both in controlled conditions and commercial situations. “This latest UK trial represents an exciting development for producers at a time when the industry is aiming to reduce its environmental impact and the focus on animal welfare and health is increasing.” “Previous trials to assess how the inclusion of rye in pig diets affects performance have shown promising results on growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Although not yet been included in compound feeds, there is increasing interest.” Hybrid rye can be substituted oneto-one for wheat and barley, so it offers many possibilities for feed compounders and producers. The amount which can be included is not fixed and can range from 20-70% – but most producers start using it at 30%-40%.

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Increasing interest Frontier Agriculture regional seed manager Chris Piggott said the results were encouraging because interest in growing hybrid rye is high among from arable farmers. The crop had significant agronomic and economic benefits in certain situations, he added. “To establish rye as a viable option in the rotation, it is essential to ensure that it works for the whole supply chain, from growers and the trade to the feed industry and other end-users,” said Mr Piggott. “Frontier’s role is to facilitate that and our investment in these areas could help to bring about a significant increase in the UK rye area, if market conditions allow. New varieties play a key role in achieving that goal. For example, KWS Tayo has PollenPlus technology which provides effective protection against ergot in rye.”

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UK Dairy Day UK Dairy Day all set for welcome return to Telford • Final preparations made for event • Cattle classes and national shows • Full programme of dairy speakers

ext month’s UK Dairy Day will go ahead with additional Covid safety measures in place following the latest easing of coronavirus restrictions. The annual one-day event dedicated to all things dairy will be held on Wednesday, 15 September, at the International Centre in Telford, Shropshire. The UK Dairy Day team says it is doing everything possible to stage the event responsibly with additional Covid measures in place to ensure that visitors, staff and exhibitors feel safe following the easing of lockdown restrictions earlier this summer.

Support and reaction Arrangements include changes to layouts and crowd management to avoid a build-up of visitors in popular areas, additional ventilation systems for exhibition areas and an enhanced cleaning regime. Hand sanitiser will be available across the site. Behind the scenes, event organisers have been working on all elements of

the event. Trade stand bookings were being finalised earlier this month before publication of the full exhibitor listing and layout plan. UK Dairy Day director Sue Cope said: “We have been overwhelmed with support and reaction from the industry to make the event happen. The team has already planned and implemented additional measures to safeguard and reassure exhibitors and visitors. “It is unmistakably clear that vaccines are working and the sheer scale of the vaccine roll-out has supported the freedom to enable the event to happen. We can’t wait to welcome everyone back to UK Dairy Day at Telford.”

This year’s UK Dairy Day will go ahead with Covid safety measures

Insight and learning Demonstrations and seminars would return to the event, said Ms Hope – providing an opportunity to hear from the experts and take home insight and learning about the latest developments in the dairy sector. Principal sponsors for 2021 include Holstein UK, NWF Agriculture, Crys-

talyx and Fullwood Packo. Speakers will cover key topics related to farming without subsidies, climate change, market conditions and breeding the right dairy cow. Dairy cattle will also return to the event which will host the National Shows for Ayrshire, Brown Swiss and Holstein breeds – along with classes for Dairy Shorthorn, Guernsey and Jersey. The deadline for cattle entries is Friday, 3 September. A leading line-up of judges will cast their eye over the breeds. They include include John Suffern (Ayrshire), Stuart Williams (Brown Swiss), David Booth, (Holstein), Owain Harries (Dairy Shorthorn), Dawn Coryn (Guernsey) and Ben Etteridge (Jersey).

Youngstock key to dairy sustainability – study

etter youngstock management is key to dairy farm sustainability, suggests a national survey. Some 83% of UK dairy farmers say investment in improved genetics, genomics, nutrition and vaccination is vital to better quality heifer replacements so animals have a more productive and profitable life. The Herd Futures survey was conducted by Cogent UK, MSD Animal Health and Volac. Some 247 farmers completed the survey which canvassed their views on the pathway to a more sustainable future.

When thinking about the future of their herd and their youngstock rearing system, farmers were asked to rank the areas where they will prioritise their focus and investment over the next five years. Colostrum management emerged as the number one priority, closely followed by investment in better genetics, facilities and farm equipment. Improved pre-weaning calf nutrition and better use of vaccines were also recognised as important. Ben Hogg, national business development manager with Cogent UK, said it was

important for farmers to invest wisely to produce the best quality heifer calves – and to do so as efficiently as possible. “There was wholehearted agreement – among 90% of the sample – that being able to guarantee a greater than 95% chance of a heifer calf through the use of sexed semen will be a real game-changer.” When asked how farm advisers can best support their drive for better youngstock productivity, improving colostrum management and calf nutrition were second only to preventing disease problems.

AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 57

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Dairy farmers pay high price for lameness

arly detection is key to stay on top of lameness and prevent lower milk yields – particularly for producers on a robotic system. Lameness remains one of the highest costs to a dairy business – despite a range of industry initiatives to reduce it among UK herds, says Wynnstay dairy specialist Beth May. “A lame cow will stand more, eat less and ultimately have less energy left over for milk production,” explains Miss May. Moderately or mildly lame cows produce about 4-9% less milk than a healthy cow – a daily loss of about 1.5 litres. With the average 200-cow herd running at 30% lameness, this is equivalent to 48,500 litres of lost milk worth £13,600. Miss May says: “This is not considering the other long-term impacts lameness has on fertility, culling rate, number of replacements needed onfarm, additional labour, trimming and vet’s bills.” For robotic herds, Miss May says it is critical to keep a close eye on ear-

ly cases. Lame cows in a robotic system are likely to need fetching more for milking, so it will impact the average number of visits and therefore milk yield. “As you don’t see the cows walking to the parlour on a daily basis, there’s less visual inspection of the cow’s mobility and hoof condition. To get on top of cases requires an early, proactive, preventative approach rather than re-

A proactive approach to lameness is important, says Bethany May.

actionary cures.” Miss May says there are numerous ways for producers to keep lameness cases at bay. “Consider monthly locomotion scoring or mobility scoring sessions with an accredited scorer to assess your current level of lameness and help pick out any cows for early treatment.” Wynnstay advises recording at least 10% of the herd on a monthly basis, near the exit of the robot, where they can be observed walking to a cubicle or feed fence. Results should be tracked to monitor problem cows and those who may be borderline. “Assessing in low pressure areas of the shed, such as loafing areas or wide passageways will allow you to assess cows walking freely and will give a more accurate record,” suggests Miss May. Hoof trimming should only be done because of overgrowth or trauma to the hoof, she adds. “They’re only overgrown or damaged because something in the environment is not right.”

AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 59

Farm safety Take care during summer harvest, farmers urged

armers and contractors are being urged to take care this harvest after a year which has seen 34 workers killed on farms. The warning follows an NFU Live event to discuss how farmers can prepare for a safe harvest – both on and off the road. It was held in partnership with the National Association of Agricultural Contractors (NAAC). The event was billed as an opportunity for farmers to delve into road safety compliance expectations – and find out how contractors can better work with growers to improve safety and efficiency during harvest. NFU deputy president Stuart Roberts said: “Harvest is one of the busiest periods in the farming calendar. This often means we’re tired and stressed, so it is absolutely critical that we, and our employees, take extra care when it comes to safety. “It’s also vital that we look out for each other. While it might be uncomfortable to point out a safety risk to a colleague or friend, we cannot be afraid to highlight where improvements can be made. It may well save a life.” Long working hours, poorly maintained trailers pressure to get the job done means there is often an increase in road accidents around harvest-time. Heavily laden trailers driven by inexperienced casual workers can also be a risk factor. Mr Roberts said: “While we are reliant on patient, responsible driving from other road users, we must do what we can to stay safe and legal which can

Trailers must be properly maintained and roadworthy to be legal

be as simple as making sure we – or any workers – are not too tired. “It’s important to recognise that safety does not have to mean a huge investment in time and money – it is about adopting simple measures, practices and processes that we embed into our everyday work.”

Working alone Mr Roberts said staff on his farm were encouraged to follow the Safe Stop procedure, ensure colleagues knew of their whereabouts when working alone and communicate regularly with other employees during the day. NAAC chairman Matt Redman said: “Clear and efficient working between farmers and contractors is so important when it comes to getting the job done quickly and getting it done safely. “Having a log of daily checks and maintenance is really useful and regu-

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It is absolutely critical that we take extra care

lar communication between the farmer and contractor can go a long way to keeping everyone safe. This can include providing information and maps of any hazards.” Contact details for someone on site for each party and emergency processes should also be agreed, said Mr Redman. Workers should refrain from using mobile phones while on the move – including celebrating unsafe activities on social media. Mr Redman said: “Too often we see improper uses of machinery or people using mobile phones on roads being promoted on social media and we need to make this something that is socially unacceptable.” Health and Safety executive figures show that 34 workers were killed on farms in the year to 31 March. The figure compares with a low of 21 deaths seen in the previous year.

Campaign shows benefit of daily trailer checks A farm safety campaign is highlighting the importance of daily trailer checks harvest – and the need to make sure they are roadworthy. The #CornCart21 was launched by NFU president Stuart Roberts on behalf of the Tilly Your Trailer farm safety initiative. It is raising awareness of the free Head toTow app, which is available at www.tillypass. co.uk. The app gives all farmers, farm workers

60 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

and harvest casuals the opportunity to access daily machinery checks and operators manuals either from their smartphone or by printing them out and using in a more traditional way. UK trailer manufacturers have signed up to promote trailer safety since the Head toTow app was launched last year. Campaign founder Jane Gurney said: “There has been a huge uptake by operators looking to safeguard themselves while towing.

“It would be good to think that all employers had the correct knowledge when it came to farm machinery checks – at both the beginning of a shift when trailers are changed between tractors.” Ms Gurney started the campaign after her son Harry suffered fatal injuries in a trailer accident in 2014. She added: “A much wider understanding of the help available must be achieved if we are to see a decrease in farm fatalities at harvest.”

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For hired machinery, ensure that anyone operating the machinery complies with the insurance requirements, as failure to do so could result in a shortfall or failed claim. Inevitably, the value of buildings’ contents may rise at this time of year, due to the storage of machinery and other commodities. So ensure that insurance is up-to-date and offers sufficient cover. It is also vital that all farm hands are aware of the security procedures and that

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his month is the peak of harvest for cereal growers. It is a hectic time, with crops, weather and yields at the forefront of farmers’ minds. A good harvest can make or break the farming year – but it remains imperative that farmers do not lose sight of their safety obligations and security requirements. This helps to keep farm workers and farm assets safe – and is critical in preserving the long-term viability of the farm business. Thieves – both organised and opportunist – rely on a lack of vigilance at harvest to make off with their ill gotten gains. So make life difficult for them. Where possible, machinery should be stored in secure sheds. Window and door

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they are on the look-out for suspicious behaviour and know to report anything that raises concern. With livestock now out to pasture, farms are at an increased risk of livestock rustling so measures should be taken to ensure fields, hedges, fences, walls and gates are well maintained and livestock are carefully monitored. Livestock should always be tagged to aid identification and an accurate and up-to-date record of all livestock kept. Ensure the value

of the full herd or flock is covered by insurance, not just a proportion, to avoid the possibilities of a shortfall in the event of a loss. Finally, criminals wish to be swift in their actions, so creating obstructions, such as padlocked gates and doors with reinforced hinges, boulders or ditches on boundaries, and immobilising vehicles can help deter would-be thieves, as can visible security and signage at key access points and perimeters. Farm Watch schemes can be extremely valuable to farmers by helping to improve the intelligence flow between agricultural communities and the police, and farmers may also find Farm Security Self-Assessments, available from police forces and insurance companies, are a useful resource.

risks and protect their business is to ensure that they are fully compliant with health and safety law and have all the necessary protections in place. Farmers can take simple, practical steps to improve safety standards. Firstly, they should identify the risks posed by their business and create health and safety policies aimed at reducing these risks. Robust risk assessments and health and safety training will help ensure standards do not slip. All farm hands should be trained and qualified in operating machinery, where necessary, and records of relevant paperwork should be up-to-date and stored securely, such as Employers’ Liability insurance and certifications. Farmers should be wary of ‘calling in favours’ from younger members of the family or inexperienced family friends. Farmers who are hard-pressed for time should consider appointing someone within the business to look after health and safety policies and procedures, ensuring they have the training and knowledge required, or seek support from an external expert, who can identify gaps and missed opportunities, as well as make recommendations for improvements. Anderson Fossett is an account executive with rural insurance broker Lycetts. For details, visit www.lycetts.co.uk

Reducing the death toll There were 34 fatal injuries in agriculture during 2020/21, an increase of 13 from the low of 21 seen in the previous year. The agricultural sector is notorious for high injury and fatality rates. During harvest season, with an influx of farm hands and temporary workers, that risk is further compounded. Health and safety fines remain high and we have seen farmers fork out hundreds of thousands of pounds for breaches every year. The best way for farmers to mitigate safety

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Farm safety

Huge rise in livestock savaged by dogs

he cost of dog attacks on livestock rose by 50% during the first quarter of 2021, according to estimates provided by rural insurer NFU Mutual. Dog attack incidents rose sharply last year when farm animals worth an estimated £1.3m were savaged – an increase of over 10% on 2019. But they have now risen much more. Lack of awareness about how dogs behave around farm animals and a surge in visits to the countryside are believed to be driving the rise. Concern is growing that further attacks are likely over the summer. NFU rural affairs specialist Rebecca Davidson said: “Our latest figures confirm the harrowing reports coming in from across the UK of livestock horrifically injured and killed by out of control dogs.” Some 88% of people say they now walk their dog in the countryside.

“The suffering to animals and the anxiety for farmers could be easily prevented if people kept their dogs on a lead when out in the countryside,” said Ms Davidson. While 64% say they let their dog run free off the lead, half admit their pet doesn’t always come back when called. And only 40% of respondents accepted that their dog could injure or harm livestock. “The distress of the chase can also cause sheep to die, miscarry and separate lambs from their mothers. Farm animals are also being chased into danger – drowning in rivers, falling from cliffs and getting their necks trapped in fencing.” Ms Davidson added: “We want people to enjoy the countryside and recognise its importance to our physical and mental wellbeing. We are urging people to be responsible.” The government announced new

measures to crack down on dog attacks through the Kept Animals Bill earlier this summer. It says improved powers will see police respond to livestock worrying incidents more effectively. Livestock leaders say the proposed legislation should go further. The National Sheep Association says penalties should be increased to the same level as Scotland, where offenders can be fined up to £40,000 and spend a year in jail.

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Machinery Opico launches 8m EasyDrill from Sky • Drill targets larger area arable farms • Higher work rate increases eﬃciency • Separately places seed and fertiliser

ky Agriculture has introduced an 8m model into its EasyDrill range – available via Opico following the success of its 3m, 4m and 6m machine. The W8020 Fertisem EasyDrill follows the same exacting standards and design principals as the 4m and 6m pneumatic drills. It also shares the same coulter line, multi hopper capacity and sophisticated electronic system. UK Sky product manager Glenn Bootman said: “The 8m EasyDrill delivers for the larger acreage farm, where higher powered tractors are generally available from previous crop establishment systems.” With up to four hoppers, the drill is capable of drilling product at two different depths. This means is is possible to accurately place multiple combinations of seed and/or fertiliser at two different depths too. Separating the placement depth of seed and fertiliser increases the efficacy of applied nutrients and eliminates the risk of shoot burn with certain fertilisers. Mr Bootman said: “The additional width allows a higher work rate for this most versatile of drills.”

The main hopper is split between grain and fertiliser, each with its own pneumatic distribution. In addition, the option of up to two separately metered PRO hoppers can be integrated so that seed or microgranules can be introduced via either distribution circuit.

Many possibilities “The ability to seed from four hoppers at once allows so many possibilities – with mixed cover crops/companion cropping/small seeds/slug pellets added as desired. It also combats the risks of seeds of different sizes settling out in the hoppers.’ The 8m drill is ISOBUS ready and supplied as standard with Sky’s Quartz 800 control box. E-Drive premium can be specified, offering left and right section control as well as electronic row shut off for each individual outlet. This means that the drill can be set to seed with a number of row configurations from the touch of a button. The ability to shut off individual rows also means that whatever the width of the sprayer or spreader it no longer needs to be a multiple width of the drill.

This function allows farmers and contractors to change sprayer/spreader width without having to renew the drill. With row spacings of 16.6cm the 8m drill services forty-eight coulters, each with seed and fertiliser outlets. A 250kg coulter pressure provides the versatility to drill straight into hard stubbles, cultivated soil and direct, and through cover crops. An additional feature of the coulter line is the ability to transfer weight hydraulically between the front press wheels and the rear press wheels. This feature comes into its own when, under damp and/or loose soil conditions, weight is transferred onto the front press wheels, but in dry seeding conditions the weight can be moved to the rear press wheel for improved slot closing. Typical working speed is between and 6-12km/hour depending on conditions. The drill weighs in a touch under 10 tonnes with a transport width of 3m. Loading height is 3.2m and prices start at £151,624.

The W8020 Fertisem EasyDrill shares many features with its smaller siblings

Major update integrates Gatekeeper with Claas

arm software specialists Farmplan have released a Gatekeeper update that delivers improved integration with Claas machines using wireless data transfer for enhanced functionality and efficiency. The download became live and available to all Gatekeeper users last month. “This development reflects the importance of integration between our respective systems,” said Farmplan head of sales Ben Hatton. The new update would let farmers, growers, agronomists, and advisors who operate Claas

machinery – and their telematics software – wirelessly transmit data sets between Claas and Gatekeeper seamlessly and instantly. “Previously, farmers may have been downloading their collected field data onto USB storage or downloading data from the telematics website. The update completely removes the need for all those extra steps. Farmplan says this will frees up time on farm while ensuring all data is immediately accessible, preserved, and secure. It means a seamless experience as part of

Edward Miller: the update will save time for customers

the daily workflow. The update also provides greater support for precision farming. Users can instantly upload Gatekeeper boundaries straight to Class Telematics – important where boundaries can change yearly in line with stewardship schemes. “The direct link between Class Telematics and Gatekeeper will save a huge amount of time for our customers,” says Claas UK product manager Edward Miller. “Being able to synchronise data with a few clicks could not be easier.” AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 67

Machinery

Donna gets her fundraising kicks on Route 66

he finance director of farm machinery manufacturer Grimme UK has set off on a charity challenge – aiming to walk, ride and run the distance of Route 66. Donna Hall hopes tackling the 2,278 mile route virtually will raise more than £2,278 for the Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution (RABI) and You Are Not Alone (YANA), both of which support agricultural workers. One of the most famous roads in the United States, Route 66 originally ran from Chicago, Illinois, through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona ending in Santa Monica in Los Angeles County, California. Ms Hall saw it as the perfect charity challenge when she heard about the Route 66 virtu-

al challenge on the website EndToEnd.run. She aims to complete the challenge well within the suggested two-year target. “Due to COVID-19, charities all over the UK have seen a significant fall in their donations, and UK farming charities are no exception,” says Ms Hall. “I know that by raising money for RABI and YANA, we can make a big difference to those who desperately need help.

Mental health “Extreme weather, illness, accidents, bereavement, financial problems and much more often lead to severe hardship and all too often issues with mental health. It’s reassuring to know that when this happens, they are both there to provide essential help and support.”

RABI is the oldest agricultural charity in the UK, dating from 1860 and provides financial support, practical care and guidance to farming people of all ages, including farmers, farmworkers and dependants. Founded in Norfolk in 2008, YANA helps people in farming affected by stress and depression. It has since expanded into Suffolk and Worcestershire and also offers confidential support via its telephone helpline – 0300 323 0400. To make a donation, visit uk.virginmoneygiving.com/ DonnaNewsonHall

Donna is raising money for the farming charites RABI and YANA.

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Promotion at Cheffins

heffins has unveiled a series of promotions within the firm, including Joe Page, who has been promoted to director level within the machinery department. Since joining the department in 2011, Mr Pagehas risen through the ranks. He is described as an integral part of the team which hosts the firm’s monthly machinery sales. Following the retirement of auctioneer Bill Pepper, Mr Page will now have a significant role within the senior team, working closely with Bill King and Oliver Godfrey at the Sutton machinery ground, near Ely. Cheffins chairman Bill King said: “”Joe Page has become an integral part of the monthly machinery sales team and ensures the smooth and successful running of the auctions each month from our saleground.”

Boom time for tractor sales

ales of new agricultural tractors show little sign of slowing – with 1473 new machines registered in June. This was 43% higher than the same month last year and more than one third higher than the June average over the previous five years – and the highest figure

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Property Competition for farmland hots up in busy market • Demand for land outstripping supply • Market most active in last four years • Range of buyers looking to purchase

ngland’s farmland market is busier than it has been for some time, with many farms and estates attracting multiple bidders and selling for more than their guide price. Matthew Sudlow, head of estates and farm agency at land and property specialists Strutt & Parker, says the market is more active than it has been for four years. Demand is generally outstripping supply, he adds. “It is not only the housing market that is busier than it has been for years, our agents involved with selling and buying farms and estates are also seeing strong demand. We are currently seeing multiple buyers for most of the farms we are selling.

Private sales “Some prime properties are sparking bidding wars and selling for well in excess of their guide

price. We have even seen some examples of gazumping, which is something we have not seen in the farmland market for the past five years.” One farm marketed recently by Strutt & Parker attracted bids

Matthew Sudlow: Strong for farmland

from 31 bidders and went under offer for £1m more than its guide price. Another farm went under offer within a week of it being put on the private market. “Over 70% of farms and estates that have sold in recent months have exchanged hands for more than their guide. One of the factors behind this is the wide range of buyers currently looking for land.” Farmers, lifestyle buyers, private and green investors are all in the mix, says Mr Sudlow.

Database Strutt & Parker’s Farmland Database, which records the details of all farms, estates and blocks of publicly marketed farmland in England over 100 acres in size, shows 30,400ha of farmland came to the open market in the second quarter of 2021 This was well up on the 5,800 acres marketed in the first quarter, although cumulatively the first half of the year is still below the five-year average. In total, 110 farms were publicly marketed during the first half of the

year – just below the five-year average of 120. But a significant amount of land is being marketed privately, with private sales now estimated to account for up to 50% of land sold in some regions. This means supply is higher than it first appears, although in historical terms total volumes are still low. The range of prices paid for both arable and pasture land remains large. Land achieving the highest prices tends to be in areas popular with lifestyle buyers or private investors, such as southeast England and the Cotswolds. The proportion of farms bought by lifestyle buyers and private investors rose to its highest level on record – accounting for 45% of transactions in 2020. Non-farmers are now the main type of buyer in the south east and south west of England. Arable land has sold for between £6,800 and £15,800/acre across the first six months of 2021 (H1), with a Q2 average of £9,000/ acre. Pasture has sold for between £3,000 and £10,000/acre in H1, with an average of £7,100/acre.

Farms offer helping hand for health

he pivotal role played by East Anglia’s countryside in boosting people’s wellbeing is highlighted in a new survey. Almost nine out of 10 (88%) people questioned in towns and cities across the region said that visiting the countryside and farmland over the past year had improved their physical or mental wellbeing. Just over half (51%) said it helped to improve both. More than one third (36%) said they spent more time in the countryside during lockdown and 45% said they had a greater appreciation of the British countryside and farmland than they did a year ago. NFU Regional Director Gary Ford said: “For much of the lockdown, visiting the countryside was the only recreation and exercise many people were able to enjoy. It’s heartening to discover this really has boosted the nation’s health and wellbeing. 72 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

“The survey confirms that connecting people with rural areas they may never have visited before can leave a long-term positive legacy of greater appreciation of the countryside as well as, importantly, improving health and wellbeing. “Countless popular rural tourist spots throughout East Anglia are located on working farmland, and farmers work hard to maintain footpaths and public rights of way so visitors can enjoy our beautiful countryside. “Recognising this, and to inform visitors using footpaths of what is happening on farmland, we have created a suite of new footpath signs that enable people to see what’s growing, or grazing, in fields.” The role farmland plays in boosting physical and mental wellbeing is highlighted in the NFU’s Levelling Up Rural Britain report, launched in February.

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of land could trigger a capital gains tax bill of up to 20%. Similarly, if a tenant receives a surrender payment then it could be treated as a disposal and result in tax being due.

Defra is now consulting on its plans to give farmers the option of taking their remaining Basic Payment Scheme (BPS) subsidies as a lump sum in 2022 to help encourage retirement within the sector. To qualify, owner occupiers have to either sell or gift their land or rent it out on a minimum five-year Farm Business Tenancy (FBT). Tenants meanwhile will have to surrender their tenancies or - if allowed - arrange for a succession tenancy. Whatever the approach, they could all lead to a substantial tax liability that will require thorough consideration.

Capital gains tax Depending on its value, the sale or gifting

Farmers may be able to benefit from Business Asset Disposal Relief, which reduces the capital gains tax liability to 10%. However, there are time limits and a cap of £1million in a lifetime. If a farmer chooses to gift their business assets, Holdover Relief may be an option, delaying the capital gains tax until the recipient sells the assets. Inheritance tax Agricultural property and property held for a business purpose is usually exempt from inheritance tax. However, if farmers decide to take a lump sum and dispose of assets that would benefit from Business Property Relief or Agricultural Property Relief, they risk their estate paying 40% inheritance tax on the cash they hold. They could reinvest proceeds into other

exempt assets in advance of death, but this would need a clear strategy. If an owner occupier instead decides to grant an FBT the owner may still be eligible for Agricultural Property Relief on death. However, this may not cover the full value of the farmhouse or land and any buildings that have development potential. How it all adds up Given the tax implications, the lump sum scheme is perhaps more appealing to tenant farmers who are likely to have less capital. Owner occupiers seeking to retire in the near future may instead be more inclined to consider contract farming or share farming arrangements that allow them to retain the tax reliefs and continue to generate income. The current consultation acknowledges that tax considerations are an important factor when it comes to how the lump sum payment is treated. Discussions with HMRC are ongoing and potential applicants would be wise to take a holistic view when considering which course of action to take.

William Hargreaves Savills Suffolk 01473 234 802 whargreaves@savills.com

AUGUST 2021 • ANGLIA FARMER 73

FINAL SAY Fen Tiger

Clarkson’s Farm TV star Jeremy Clarkson has shown the public what farming is all about, says Fen Tiger

o farming, claim subsidies and buy a new Range Rover every year. That’s what Jeremy Clarkson thought it was all about. Until he started farming himself. How refreshing it has been to watch Clarkson’s Farm – his new TV show on Amazon Prime Video – truly reflect the trials and tribulations of farming and how difficult it can be to make a living. For anyone who hasn’t seen it, the eightpart show follows Clarkson as he takes on the management of his own 400ha farm in the Cotswolds. It’s grittily realistic – but peppered with his trademark humour. Clearly Clarkson didn’t take the farming life too seriously at first. But he was soon bitten by the bug and the serious side gradually dawns on him – alongside the potential for huge losses his mistakes can bring. Although well-supported financially from his media work outside of farming, Clarkson’s understanding of the importance of off-farm income will strike a chord with all of us real farmers out here. He gets it. Having only made £144 profit during his entire first farming year, he begins to understand what all like-minded farmers have said for years: most farms – including his – cannot survive without diversification.

Hence Clarkson starts a farm shop selling a multitude of home grown products and anything else that is edible. As well as some overpriced T-shirts, tea towels and dubiously named scented candles. In his words, he has to make the farm work and pay. Just like the rest of us. Battles with conservationists and planning officers reveal the everyday frustrations many of us have to endure all too often. And there there are the countless pointless rules and abundance of petty red tape. Farmers have been bogged down for years, hampered by ill-advised agri-environment schemes, out of date rules with no common sense and local councils or indeed governments that fail to understand our needs. He admits that his natural instinct when presented with a rule is to break it. It is something we all feel too. Yet somehow over the last 20 odd years we’ve all been brain washed or just battered into submission.

Bad at business He makes great TV but Clarkson openly admits he is the world’s worst businessman. Yet some of the mistakes he makes on screen are maybe the same as ours – only they have been caught on camera. Hands up everyone who has bought a piece of machinery at auction that was falling to bits? I have certainly paid over the odds for something that looked good at the time but later turned out not to be. The term “sold as

seen” has a lot to answer for. The show challenges the (all too often) public view that farmers are either destroying the planet or filling food with poisons. And Clarkson naturally asks where all these crazy stories come from. It is a TV show that questions the rules and untruths that circulate within our industry. And the daft things too. So it is no surprise when Clarkson – like many farmers – raises his eyebrows at being paid to leave land fallow or simply do nothing at all.

New regime Increasingly during the series, he becomes more aware of his surroundings. And there is a gradual realisation that nature needs us just as much as we need it. Like all of us, he will have to change his business plan and adapt to this new regime. Regenerative farming seems to be the latest buzz phrase – used to balance conservation alongside a farming system that stops using insecticides and uses minimum tillage and cover crops to enhance soil health. Clarkson harks back to the basic days of farming where it was all about sitting on a tractor seat, hard work and trying to keep things as simple as possible. Not too much different from today – although some might say it was much easier back in the day. A second series has now been confirmed. Let’s hope it is as good as the first. Things can only improve for Clarkson as he begins to understand modern day farming. For us, let’s hope he continues to get the farming message across.

“Like the rest of us, he has to make the farm pay”

74 ANGLIA FARMER • AUGUST 2021

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