CPUT MLG Smart Writing Guide by Cape Peninsula University of Technology

THEGUIDESMART WRITING ISIKHOKELOBHALA KRELEKRELE DIEGIDS SKRYFSLIM

CONTENTS | INHOUD | ISIQULATHO

BLOOM’S TAXONOMY

TAKSONOMIE VAN BLOOM

ITEKZONOMI KABLOOM 1

VERBS TO INTRODUCE QUOTATIONS AND PARAPHRASES WERKWOORDE OM AANHALINGS EN PARAFRASES MEE IN TE LEI

IZENZI EZISETYENZISWA XA KUCATSHULWA NAXA UNIKA INKCAZELO-NTETHO 3

TRANSITION/INTRODUCTION

OORGANG/ INLEIDING

UTSHINTSHO/INTSHAYELELO 10

PUNCTUATION BASICS

GRONDBEGINSELS VAN LEESTEKENS IIMPAWU ZOKUBHALA 14

CONTRIBUTORS | BYDRAERS | ABANIKELI

Dr Vuyo Mntuyedwa | Coordinator

Alexa Anthonie | Afrikaans Nomxolisi Jantjies | isiXhosa

Bloom’s taxonomy is a classification system used to define and distinguish different levels of human cognition: thinking, learning and understanding

BLOOM’S TAXONOMY TAKSONOMIE VAN BLOOM

Bloom se taksonomie is ‘n klassifikasiestelsel wat gebruik word om verskillende vlakke van menslike kognisie te definieer en te onderskei: denke, leer en verstaan

ITEKZONOMI

KABLOOM

Itekzonomi kaBloom yinkqubo yokuhlela esetyenziselwa ukuchaza ngokunabileyo nokwahlula amanqanaba ahlukileyo okuqondisisa kwabantu: ukucinga, ukufunda nokuqonda

ENGLISH AFRIKAANS ISIXHOSA

compose, generate, derive, modify, develop

SKEP

genereer, beplan, produseer, skep, ontwerp, maak ‘n hipotese, uitvinding, ontwikkel, kategoriseer, voeg saam, hersien, herskryf, som op

EVALUATE

argue, justify, support, convince, select, evaluate

EVALUEER

kontroleer, kritiseer, beoordeel, stel voor, regverdig, maak ‘n gevlolgtrekking, verdedig, verduidelik, evalueer, assesseer, interpreteer, ondersteun, kontrasteer

YENZA

yila, qulunqa, -akha, qamba, yenza, qamba, velisa, fumana, guqula, phuhlisa

VAVANYA

khetha, xhasa, balisa, fumanisa/ gqiba, khusela, gweba, grade, thelekisa, qathanisa, xoxa, thethelela, xhasa, bonisa, khetha, vavanya

classify, break down, categorise, analyse, diagram, illustrate, criticize, simplify, associate

APPLY

calculate, predict, apply, solve, illustrate, use, demonstrate, determine, model, perform, present

UNDERSTAND

describe, explain, paraphrase, restate, give original examples of, summarize, contrast, interpret, discuss

REMEMBER

list, recite, outline, define, name, match, quote, recall, identify, label, recognise

ANALISEER

organiseer, analiseer, ondersoek, kategoriseer, vergelyk, kontrasteer, onderskei, verdeel, differensiëer, illustreer, identifiseer

PAS TOE

voer uit, implementeer, gebruik, bereken, los op, demonstreer, pas toe, konstrueer, reageer, motiveer, manipuleer

HLALUTYA

hlela, beka ngolandelelano, beka ngokulamana, hlela, idayagram, bonisa, gxeka, yenza lula, lamanisa

SEBENZISA

bala, qikelela, sebenzisa, sombulula, sebenzisa, bonisa, fumanisa, yenza umfuziselo, yenza, bonisa

VERSTAAN

interpreteer, modelleer, klassifiseer, som op, lei af, verduidelik, debatteer, parafraseer, beskryf, bepaal, gee voorbeelde, bespreek, voorspel

QONDA

chaza, cacisa, chaza usebenzisa amanye amazwi, nika imizekelo engundoqo, shwankathela, thelekisa, tolika, xoxa

ONTHOU

herroep, herken, definieer, skryf, identifiseer, lys, noem, lig uit, verskaf, maak ‘n keuse, stel, merk

KHUMBULA

dwelisa, cengceleza, nika amagqabantshintshi, chaza, nika igama/ thiya, matanisa, caphula, khumbula, chonga, phawula, qaphela

VERBS TO INTRODUCE QUOTATIONS AND PARAPHRASES

In an academic paper where you need to refer to the ideas of other writers and researchers in your field, you will need to introduce their ideas to the readers using reporting verbs. The most commonly used verbs for this purpose tend to be in these forms: “X states that ...”, “Y says that ...”, or “It is said that ...”, etc. However, these are not the only verbs used to refer to the ideas of other writers. To prevent the over-use of the above examples, you can choose from the following list of reference verbs. This list has been arranged in alphabetical order. We recommend that you check the dictionary for their meaning and usage.

WERKWOORDE

OM AANHALINGS EN PARAFRASES MEE IN TE LEI

In ‘n akademiese opstel waar dit nodig is om na die idees van ander skrywers en navorsers in jou veld te verwys, sal jy werkwoorde moet gebruik om hulle aanhalings en parafrases van hulle werk mee in te lei. Die mees algemene werkwoorde wat vir hierdie doel gebruik word kom voor in die vorm: “X noem dat ...”, “Y sê dat ...” of “Daar word beweer dat ...”, ens. Hierdie is egter nie die enigste werkwoorde wat gebruik word om na die idees van ander skrywers te verwys nie. Om te verhoed dat jy die bogenoemde voorbeelde te veel gebruik, kan jy van die volgende lys werkwoorde gebruik maak. Die lys is in alfabetiese volgorde. Ons stel voor dat jy die woordeboek nagaan vir hulle betekenis en om te sien hoe hulle in ‘n sin gebruik word.

IZENZI EZISETYENZISWA XA KUCATSHULWA NAXA

INKCAZELO-NTETHO

Kumaphepha emfundo ephakamileyo xa ufuna ukucaphula kwiimbono zabanye ababhali nabaphandilwazi kwicandelo lakho, kunyanzelekile wazise izimvo zabo ngokusebenzisa izenzi. Ezona zenzi zisetyenziswa kakhulu zivame ukuba loluhlobo: “X uxela ukuba …”, “Y uthi ukuba …”, okanye “Kuthiwa …”, njl. njl. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ayizizo kuphela izenzi ezisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kwiimbono zabanye ababhali. Ukuthintela ukusebenzisa kakhulu le mizekelo ingentla ungakhetha kolu luhlu lulandelayo lwezenzi zokucaphula. Olu luhlu lucwangciswe ngokolandelelwano lwamagama (la esiNgesi). Sicebisa ukuba ukhangele kwisichazi-magama ukuba la magama athetha ukuthini.

VERBS TO INTRODUCE QUOTATIONS AND PARAPHRASES

ENGLISH

WERKWOORDE OM AANHALINGS EN PARAFRASES MEE IN TE LEI

IZENZI EZISETYENZISWA XA KUCATSHULWA NAXA UNIKA INKCAZELO-NTETHO

AFRIKAANS ISIXHOSA

acknowledge erken/erkenning gee aan vuma add voeg by/toevoeg yongeza admit erken vuma advise raai aan cebisa advocate voorspraak maak vir thethelela agree stem saam vuma analyse analiseer hlalutya argue argumenteer xoxa assert beweer -banga believe glo kholelwa claim beweer banga comment lewer kommentaar oor/ kommentaar lewer oor hlomla compare vergelyk thelekisa conclude kom tot die gevolgtrekking gqiba confirm bevestig qinisekisa concentrate konsentreer zikisa ingqondo continue duur voort/hou aan qhubeka criticise lewer kritiek oor/kritiseer gxeka deal with handel oor jongana nedefine definieer chaza demonstrate demonstreer bonisa deny ontken khanyela/-landula describe beskryf chaza develop ontwikkel khula/phuhlisa disagree stem nie saam nie ukungavumelani discuss bespreek xoxa dispute betwis phikisana distinguish onderskei hlula emphasise beklemtoon/onderstreep gxininisa endeavour zama examine ondersoek hlola expand on brei uit op yandisa explain verduidelik chaza explore verken khangela express druk uit/uitdruk veza izimvo feel voel yiva find vind fumana form (e.g. form an opinion) vorm yakha uluvo focus on fokus op qwalasela give example gee ‘n voorbeeld nika umzekelo go on to say gaan voort om te sê qhubeka utsho identify identifiseer chonga imply impliseer kuthetha include insluit/sluit in quka incorporate inkorporeer dibanisa

VERBS TO INTRODUCE QUOTATIONS AND PARAPHRASES

ENGLISH

WERKWOORDE OM AANHALINGS EN PARAFRASES MEE IN TE LEI

IZENZI EZISETYENZISWA XA KUCATSHULWA NAXA UNIKA INKCAZELO-NTETHO

AFRIKAANS ISIXHOSA

indicate indikasie van bonakalisa insist dring daarop aan nyanzelisa interpret interpreteer tolika introduce stel voor yazisa judge skat gweba justify verdedig thethelela link skakel aan by dibanisa list gee ‘n lys van dwelisa locate opspoor fumanisa maintain hou vol dat gcina negate kanselleer/afskaf ukucima note let wel/iemand wys daarop qaphela object to maak kapsie teen chasa observe waarneem/neem waar qaphela offer aanbied/bied aan nika oppose staan teen/teenstand bied teen chasa point out wys daarop bonisa provide verskaf nika put forward stel iets voor zisa phambili question bevraagteken buza quote haal aan caphula refer to verys na bhekisa kurefute weerlê phika reject verwerp yala report rapporteer xela represent verteenwoordig mela respond antwoord phendula reveal onthul veza/tyhila see sien bona separate afsonder hlula show wys bonisa stand for staan voor/vir iets staan mela state noem xela stress onderstreep/beklemtoon gxininisa suggest stel voor cebisa support ondersteun xhasa talk about praat oor thetha ngethink dink cinga tend to het die tendens om -kholise treat behandel phatha try to probeer om zama ukuuse gebruik sebenzisa underline onderstreep/beklemtoon beka umgca ngaphantsi underscore onderstreep/beklemtoon ukugxininisa view beskou jonga write skryf bhala

CATEGORISED LISTS

Below is a categorised version of the above list. Remember though, the list does not cover all the possible words. You need to add some more to these lists as you encounter them in your own reading. We recommend that you check the dictionary for their meaning and use.

GEKATEGORISEERDE LYSTE

Onder is ‘n gekategoriseerde weergawe van die bostaande lys. Onthou egter dat die lys nie al die moontlike woorde insluit nie. Jy moet woorde byvoeg soos jy hulle in jou eie leeswerk teëkom.

ULUHLU OLWAHLULAHLULIWEYO

Ngezantsi kohlulahlulwe olu luhlu lungentla nangona kungafakwanga wonke amagama. Unako ukongeza amanye amagama omane udibana nawo xa uzifundela. Sicebisa ukuba ukhangele kwisichazi-magama ukuba la magama athetha ukuthini nokuba asetyenziswa njani.

VERBS AND OTHER EXPRESSIONS NEUTRAL IN MEANING:

according to comment describe note state acknowledge define discuss point out

WERKWOORDE EN ANDER UITDRUKKINGS WAT NEUTRAAL IS IN BETEKENIS:

volgens lewer kommentaar op beskryf let wel noem

erken/gee erkenning aan definieer bespreek wys daarop

IZENZI NAMANYE AMABINZANA:

ngokuka… hlomla chaza qaphela xela vuma chaza xoxa bonisa

VERBS THAT INDICATE THE AUTHOR’S POSITION ON AN ISSUE:

argue claim emphasise recommend suggest assert defend maintain reject support challenge doubt put forward refute

VERBS THAT INDICATE WHAT THE AUTHOR’S THINKING:

WERKWOORDE WAT DIE SKRYWER SE SIENING OOR ‘N SAAK AANDUI:

argumenteer beweer

beklemtoon/onderstreep stel voor stel voor beweer verdedig hou vol dat verwerp ondersteun betwis betwyfel stel iets voor weerlê

WERKWOORDE WAT AANDUI DAT DIE SKRYWER DINK:

IZENZI EZIBONISA UVO LOMBHALI KWIMEKO ETHILE:

phikisa banga gxininisa cebisa cebisa -banga khusela gcina yala xhasa cela umngeni thandabuza beka phambili phika

IZENZI EZIBONISA OKUCINGWA NGUMBHALI: assume consider recognise believe hypothesise think

neem aan oorweeg herken glo veronderstel dink thatha njengenyaniso cingela nakana kholelwa ingcinga engaqinisekiswanga cinga

VERBS THAT INDICATE THAT THE AUTHOR IS SHOWING SOMETHING:

WERKWOORDE WAT AANDUI DAT DIE SKRYWER IETS UITWYS:

IZENZI EZIBONISA UKUBA UMBHALI UBONISA INTO: demonstrate illustrate present explain Indicate show

demonstreer illustreer stel voor verduidelik dui aan wys bonisa khombisa nika cacisa bonakalisa bonisa

VERBS THAT INDICATE THAT THE AUTHOR IS PROVING SOMETHING:

confirm prove validate establish substantiate verify

VERBS THAT INDICATE WHAT THE AUTHOR DID:

analyse estimate examine investigate study apply evaluate find observe

WERKWOORDE WAT

AANDUI DAT DIE SKRYWER IETS BEWYS:

IZENZI EZIBONISA UKUBA UMBHALI UYANGQINA:

bevestig bewys bevestig vasstel staaf verifieer qinisekisa ngqina qinisekisa seka ngqinela ngqinisisa

WERKWOORDE WAT

AANDUI WAT DIE SKRYWER GEDOEN HET:

analiseer skat ondersoek ondersoek bestudeer aanwend evalueer vind opmerk

IZENZI EZIBONISA OKWENZIWE NGUMBHALI:

hlalutya qikelela hlola phanda funda sebenzisa phonononga/vavanya fumana qaphela

Verbs and expressions to include slight uncertainty when drawing conclusions:

When reporting a particular academic study, experimentation or observation, researchers need to be very careful about the kind of language to use in order to convey realistic and true messages to the academic circles. This is why they often need to be very clear about the level of certainty they can adopt about the conclusions and observations. The best and most frequent way to do this is to use some of the constructions below in your language. We recommend that you check the dictionary for their meaning and use.

Modals may, might, can, could, would, should

Verbs seem to, appear to, believe, assume, suggest, estimate, tend to, think, indicate

Adjectives and adverbs possible, probable, likely, unlikely, perhaps, possibly, probably

Werkwoorde en uitdrukkings om ‘n mate van onsekerheid aan te dui wanneer ‘n gevolgtrekking gemaak word:

Wanneer navorsers ‘n spesifieke studie, eksperiment of waarneming weergee, moet hulle baie versigtig wees met hulle taalgebruik sodat akkurate en waar boodskappe aan hulle akademiese sirkel oorgedra word. Dit is hoekom hulle geneig is om baie duidelik te wees oor die vlak van sekerheid wat hulle kan aanneem wanneer dit kom by gevolgtrekkinge of waarnemings. Die beste en algemeenste manier om dit te doen is om van die konstruksies hieronder gebruik te maak in akademiese skryfwerk. Ons stel voor dat jy die woordeboek raadpleeg oor die woorde se betekenis en gebruik.

Hulpwerkwoorde mag, mag, kan, kon, sou, moet

Werkwoorde kom voor asof, kom voor asof, klaarblyklik, neem aan dat, stel voor dat, is geneig om te, dink dat, dui aan dat

Byvoeglike naamwoorde en bywoorde moontlik, waarskynlik, waarskynlik, onwaarskynlik, dalk, moontlik, waarskynlik

Izenzi namabinzana abonisa ukungaqiniseki ncam xa usenza izigqibo:

Xa usenza ingxelo yesifundo semfundo ephakamileyo, ulingelo okanye uqaphela abaphandi-lwazi kufanele baqaphele indlela ababhala ngayo ukuze babonise imiyalezo eyiyiyo nenyanisekileyo kwisekile zemfundo ephakamileyo. Yilonto kufuneka kucace ukuba baqiniseke kangakanani ngeszigqibo nook bakuqapheleyo. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo neqhelekileyo yokwenza oko kukusebenzisa amanye ala magama angezantsi. Sicebisa ukuba ukhangele kwisichazi-magama ukuba la magama athetha ukuthini nokuba asetyenziswa njani.

Izenzi (modal verbs) mhlawumbi, -nga, -nako, -nganako, -nga, -fanelekile

Izenzi kubonakala ngathi, kujongeka ngathi, kholwa, thatha njengenyaniso, cebisa, qikelela, -kholise, cinga, bonisa

Iziphawuli nezihlomelo kunokwenzeka, kunokwenzeka, kungenzeka, akunakwenzeka, unlikely, mhlawumbi, (use ‘kunokwenzeka’ for both possibly and probably)

TRANSITION/ INTRODUCTION

OORGANG/ INLEIDING

UTSHINTSHO/INTSHAYELELO

Transitional words increase clarity and provide a logical connection between clauses and sentences. Transitional words are separated from the sentence by a comma. When used to combine sentences consisting of independent clauses, transitional words have to be preceded by a semicolon. Introductory words and phrases introduce quotations and paraphrases.

Oorgangswoorde maak jou skryfwerk duideliker en verbind frases en sinne op ‘n logiese manier. Oorgangswoorde word van die res van ‘n sin geskei deur ‘n komma. Wanneer oorgangswoorde sinne kombineer wat uit onafhanklike sinsdele bestaan, moet daar ‘n kommapunt voor die oorgangswoord verskyn. Inleidingswoorde en frases word gebruik om aanhalings en parafrases in te lei.

Amagama abonisa utshintsho andisa amathuba okucacelwa, aze abonise ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagatya kunye nezivakalisi. Amagama abonisa utshintsho ahlulwa kwisivakalisi ngekoma/isiphumlisi. Xa esetyenziswa ekudibaniseni izivakalisi eziquka amagatya azimeleyo kufanele alandulelwe sisingxi-msila. Amagama entshayelelo kunye namagatya atshayelela iikowuti nengcaciso-ntetho.

ENGLISH AFRIKAANS XHOSA

COMPARISON VERGELYKING UTHELEKISO

Although Despite Equally

Even so

In spite of In the same way

Likewise

Near that one Otherwise Same as before Similar to Similarly Though Whereas

Alhoewel

Ten spyte van Ewe veel

Selfs

Ten spyte van Op dieselfde manier

Nes

Naas aan

Andersins

Nes voorheen genoem

Dieselfde as Eweneens / Net so Hoewel

Terwyl

For example

For instance

In this case

In particular

One such occurrence

To demonstrate

To illustrate

Byvoorbeeld

In hierdie geval

In die besonder

Een so ‘n geval

Om te demonstreer/Om te toon Om te illustreer/Ter toeligting

Nangona

Ngokulinganayo

Nangona kunjalo

Ngaphandle kokuba

Ngokufanayo

Ngokufutshane naleyo

Kungenjalo

Nje ngakuqala

Ngokuyelelene kwi-

Ngokufanayo

Nangona kanti

Umzekelo

Njengokuba

Kule meko

Ngokuqinisekileyo

Enye yezehlo/iziganeko

Bonisa

Cacisa

Also Furthermore In addition

Moreover Ook Verder Asook Daarbenewens

CONTRAST TEENSTELLING

Alternatively Besides that Conversely Different from this

However

Alternatiewelik

Behalwe dit/Derhalwe

Aan die ander kant

Anders as dié Alhoewel

Kanjalo Nangaphezulu

Ukwengeza Nangaphezulu

UKWAHLUKA

Kungenjalo

Ngaphandle koko

Ngokwahlukileyo

Ngokwahlukileyo koku

Nangona kunjalo

ENGLISH AFRIKAANS XHOSA

CONTRAST TEENSTELLING

In contrast

In spite of Instead Nevertheless On the contrary

On the other hand

Opposing that Unlike

CAUSE/EFFECT

As a result

Because of this Consequently For this reason

Hence In response Therefore Thus

TIME/RELATIVITY

First Second Then Next

In the past

Meanwhile

Finally

SUMMARY

Finally In conclusion

In other words

In short

In teenstelling

Ten spyte van In stede van/Pleks van/In plaas daarvan

Nietemin/Nogtans Inteendeel

Aan die ander kant/Daarenteen

In teenstelling daarmee

Anders as

OORSAAK/EFFEK

Daarom

As gevolg hiervan

Gevolglik

Daarom

Dus

In antwoord op Daarom

Dus

Eerste

Tweede

Dan

In die verlede

Intussen

Uiteindelik/Ten slotte

OPSOMMING

Uiteindelik/Ten slotte

Ten slotte

Met ander woorde Kortom

UKWAHLUKA

Ngokuchaseneyo

Ngaphandle kokuba

Endaweni yoko

Nangona kunjalo nje

Ngokuphikisanayo

Kwelinye icala

Okuphikisana noko

Ngokungafaniyo

Njengesiphumo

Ngenxa yoku

Ngesisizazathu

Yiyo loo nto

Ukuphendula oko

Ngoko ke

Njalo

Okokuqala

Okwesibini

Ngoko

Okulandelayo

Kudala/mandulo

Okwangoku

Ekugqibeleni

ISISHWANKATHELO

Ekugqibeleni

Ukuqukumbela

Ngmanye amazwi

Ngokufutshane

ENGLISH AFRIKAANS XHOSA

SUMMARY OPSOMMING ISISHWANKATHELO

On the whole

To conclude

To sum up

In die geheel Ten slotte Ter opsomming

Ngokugqibeleleyo

Ukuqukumbela/ ukushwankathela

Ukudibanisa/ ukushwankathela

INTRODUCTION INLEIDING INTSHAYELELO

Argues Asserts Believes Claims Concludes Demonstrates Finds Establishes Explains Maintains Mentions Observes Proposes Says Shows States Suggests Writes

Argumenteer/Redeneer

Beweer Glo

Maak aanspraak op Sluit af Demonstreer/Wys Vind

Vasstel/Stel vas Verduidelik

Beweer Noem Neem waar Stel voor Sê Wys

Verklaar

Stel voor/Voorstel

Skryf

Uxoxa

Uqinisekisa

Ukholelwa

Ubanga

Uqukumbela

Ubonisa

Ufumanisa

Useka Uchaza

Ugcina

Ukhankanya Uqwalasela

Uphakamisa/uceba

Uthi

Ubonisa

Uthi

Ucebisa

Ubhala

PUNCTUATION

BASICS

The following are rules for punctuating English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa sentences. Please note that not all rules apply in all languages.

Do contact us* if you require translations of any language-specific rules to improve your understanding of these rules. Furthermore, none of the examples used here regarding CPUT, its courses, remuneration, staff or students should be considered factual.

GRONDBEGINSELS VAN LEESTEKENS

Die volgende reëls rakende leestekens word toegepas na aanleiding van watter taal gebruik word. Let daarop dat nie al die reëls in Engels, Afrikaans of isiXhosa toegepas kan word nie.

Kontak ons* gerus as jy ‘n vertaling nodig het van enige taal-spesifieke reël om jou begrip daarvan te verbeter. Let ook daarop dat geen van die voorbeelde rakende CPUT, die kursusse, vergoeding, personeel of studente van CPUT as feitelik beskou moet word nie.

IIMPAWU ZOKUBHALA

Le yimigaqo yesiXhosa yokubhala izivakalisi. Qaphela ke ukuba le migaqo ingangasebenzi kuzo zonke iilwimi. Nceda uqhagamshelane nathi* xa ufuna inguqulelo yaloo mgaqo uthile wolwimi ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ngale migaqo.

Kwakhona, imizekelo esetyenziswe apha yimizekelo kuphela ayinanto yakwenza nezifundo, intlawulo, abasebenzi okanye nabafundi base-CPUT.

1 CAPITAL LETTERS

Always start your sentences with a capital letter. The names of people, places, courses and qualifications are also written with a capital letter.

7 you can enrol at cput if you want to study tourism. lesedi did her btech there.

3 You can enrol at CPUT if you want to study Tourism. Lesedi did her BTech there.

1 HOOFLETTERS

Begin altyd jou sinne met ‘n hoofletter. Die name van mense, plekke, kursusse en kwalifikasies word ook met ‘n hoofletter begin.

7 jy kan by cput inskryf as jy toerisme wil studeer. lesedi het haar btech daar gedoen.

Jy kan by CPUT inskryf as jy Toerisme wil studeer. Lesedi het haar BTech daar gedoen.

1 OONOBUMBA ABAKHULU

Qala isivakalisi sakho ngonobumba omkhulu rhoqo. Amagama abantu, eendawo, ezifundo neziqinisekiso abhalwa ngonobumba omkhulu ekuqaleni.

7 ungabhalisela ukufunda e cput xa ufuna ukufunda ezokhenketho. ulesedi uyenze khona i-btech yakhe.

Ungabhalisela ukufunda e-CPUT xa ufuna ukufunda ezoKhenketho. ULesedi uyenze khona i-BTech yakhe.

2 BRACKETS

Use brackets to surround explaining information or additional, less-important information.

Lebo finally raised his hand (after taking a minute to think about his question) to ask why attending tutorials is important. (Commas can be used instead of brackets, but commas would make the information seem more important than it seems in brackets.)

Working part-time as a tutor brings in good money (R800). (A semi-colon or en-dash can be used instead of brackets, but they would make the information seem more important than it seems in brackets.)

2 BRACKETS

Place a full stop inside the brackets only if it follows a full sentence.

Ayesha will be a tutor next year. (She has to finish her degree first.)

Ayesha will be a tutor next year. (not now.)

Use brackets around the details of a source you have cited information from. Consult your subject-specific reference guide for further guidelines.

According to Murire and Cilliers (2017:6), social media is essential for teaching and learning.

Social media is essential for teaching and learning (Murire & Cilliers 2017:6).

7 According to Murire and Cilliers, social media is an essential tool for teaching and learning. (2017:6).

2 HAKKIES

Gebruik hakkies rondom verduidelikende inligting of addisionele, minderbelangrike inligting.

Lebo het uiteindelik sy hand gelig (nadat hy ‘n minuut geneem het om aan sy vraag te dink) om te vra hoekom dit belangrik is om tutoriale by te woon. (Kommas kan gebruik word instede van hakkies, maar dit sal die inligting belangriker laat lyk.)

Deeltydse werk as ‘n tutor bring goeie geld in (R800). (‘n Kommapunt of aandagstreep kan in stede van hakkies gebruik word, maar dit sal weereens die inligting belangriker laat lyk.)

‘n Punt kom binne hakkies slegs as dit op ‘n volsin volg.

3 Ayesha gaan volgende jaar ‘n tutor wees. (Sy moet eers haar graad voltooi.)

7 Ayesha gaan volgende jaar ‘n tutor wees. (nie nou nie.)

Gebruik hakkies om inligting oor ‘n bron wat jy aanhaal. Raadpleeg jou spesifieke vak se verwysingsgids vir verdere riglyne.

Volgens Murire en Cilliers (2017:6) is sosiale media noodsaaklik vir leer en onderrig.

3 Sosiale media is noodsaaklik vir leer en onderrig (Murire & Cilliers 2017:6).

Volgens Murire en Cilliers is sosiale media noodsaaklik vir leer en onderrig. (2017:6).

2 IZIBIYELI

Usebenzisa izibiyeli ukubiyela ulwazi olucacisayo okanye olongezelelekileyo, nolwazi olungabalulekanga kuyaphi.

ULebo wade wasiphakamisa isandla ekugqibeleni (emva komzuzwana ecinga ngombuzo wakhe) ebuza ukuba kutheni kubalulekile nje ukuya kwizifundo ezongezelelekileyo/ityhuthoriyalzi). (Iikoma/iziphumlisi zinokusetyenziswa endaweni yezibiyeli, kodwa iikoma zilenza ulwazi lubonakale lubaluleke ngaphezulu kunaxa kusetyenziswe izibiyeli.)

Ukuba yi-Tyhutha/utitshala ongesosigxina kuhlawula imali entle (R800). (Ichaphaza-msila/isingxi-msila okanye ikhonco lingasetyenziswa endaweni yezibiyeli, kodwa iikoma zilenza ulwazi lubonakale lubaluleke ngaphezulu kunaxa kusetyenziswe izibiyeli.)

Isingxi sibeke ngaphakathi kwezibiyeli kuphela xa silandela isivakalisi esipheleleyo.

U-Ayesha uza kuba yityhutha kunyaka ozayo. (Kufuneka agqibe isidanga sakhe kuqala)

7 U-Ayesha uza kuba yityhutha kunyaka ozayo. (Hayi ngoku.)

Sebenzisa izibiyeli ukubiyela iinkcukacha zolwazi olucaphuleyo. Jonga kwisikhokelo sesifundo eso sithile ukufumana imigaqo eyongezelelekileyo.

Ngokuka- Murire no Cilliers (2017:6), amaqonga onxibelelwano afanelekile ukufundisa nokufunda.

3 Amaqonga onxibelelwano afanelekile ukufundisa nokufunda (Murire & Cilliers 2017:6).

Ngokuka-Murire no Cilliers, amaqonga onxibelelwano asisixhoba esifanelekileyo sokufunda nokufundisa. (2017:6).

3 COLON

A colon is used to introduce a list of items.

I have three majors, including: mathematics, computing and physics.

I have three majors, including mathematics, computing and physics.

I have three majors: mathematics, computing and physics.

7 I study: mathematics, computing and physics.

I study mathematics, computing and physics.

A colon is used to introduce a word, phrase or full sentence.

7 Every student knows to: study.

Every student knows what to do: study.

It’s an absolute inspiration: Students who excel despite difficult circumstances.

It’s an absolute inspiration: students who excel despite difficult circumstances.

7 The university bus was involved in an accident: two students were injured.

3 The university bus was involved in an accident: Two students were injured.

Only capitalise the item following a colon if it is the start of a complete sentence.

7 She got what she worked for: The SRC position.

3 She got what she worked for: the SRC position.

A colon is used before quoted text.

7 Karima said “I haven’t studied for tomorrow’s test.”

3 Karima said: “I haven’t studied for tomorrow’s test.”

3 DUBBELPUNT

’n Dubbelpunt word gebruik om ‘n verklarende of uitbreidende woord, frase of sin in te lei.

Elke student weet om te: studeer.

Elke student weet wat om te doen: studeer.

Dis ‘n absolute inspirasie: Studente wie presteer ongeag moeilike omstandighede.

Dis ‘n absolute inspirasie: studente wie presteer ongeag moeilike omstandighede.

7 Die universiteitsbus was betrokke in ‘n ongeuluk: twee studente is beseer.

Die universiteitsbus was betrokke in ‘n ongeluk: Twee studente is beseer.

’n Dubbelpunt word voor ‘n reeks items geplaas.

7 Ek het drie hoofvakke, insluitend: wiskunde, rekenaarwetenskap en fisika.

Ek het drie hoofvakke, insluitende wiskunde, rekenaarwetenskap en fisika.

3 Ek het drie hoofvakke: wiskunde, rekenaarwetenskap en fisika.

Ek studeer: wiskunde, rekenaarwetenskap en fisika.

Ek studeer wiskunde, rekenaarwetenskap en fisika.

‘n Hoofletter volg na ‘n dubbelpunt slegs as dit die begin van ‘n volledige sin is.

7 Sy het gekry waarvoor sy gewerk het: Die SR pos.

3 Sy het gekry waarvoor sy gewerk het: die SR pos.

’n Dubbelpunt word gebruik om ‘n aanhaling in te lei.

7 Karima het gesê “Ek het nie geswot vir môre se toets nie.”

3 Karima het gesê: “Ek het nie geswot vir môre se toets nie.”

3 IKHOLONI/ICHAPHAZA-CHAPHAZA/ISINGXI-SINGXI

Ikholoni isetyenziswa ukwazisa uluhlu lwezinto.

Ndinezifundo ezithathu, kuquka: izibalo, ikhompyutha nefiziksi.

Ndinezifundo ezithathu, kuquka izibalo, ikhompyutha nefiziksi.

Ndifunda: izibalo, ikhompyutha nefiziksi.

Ndifunda izibalo, ikhompyutha nefiziksi.

Ikholoni isetyenziswa ukwazisa igama, ibinzana okanye isivakalisi esipheleleyo.

7 Umfundi ngamnye uyakwazi: ukufunda.

3 Umfundi ngamnye uyakwazi amakakwenze: ukufunda.

Kuyinkuthazo egqibeleleyo: Abafundi abagqwesayo naphantsi kweemeko ezinzima.

Yinkuthazo egqibeleleyo: Abafundi abagqwesayo naphantsi kweemeko ezinzima.

Ibhasi yeYunivesthi yayigaxeleke engozini: abafundi ababini balimala.

Ibhasi yeYunivesithi yayigaxeleke engozini: Abafundi ababini balimala.

Ungalibhala ngonobumba omkhulu igama elilandela ikholoni kuphela xa lilelokuqala kwisivakalisi esipheleleyo.

Ufumene ebekusebenzele: Isithuba kwi-SRC.

Ufumene ebekusebenzele: isithuba kwi-SRC.

Ikholoni isetyenziswa phambi kwentetho ecatshuliweyo.

7 UKarima wathi “Andilufundelanga uvavanyo lwangomso.”

UKarima wathi: “Andilufundelanga uvavanyo lwangomso.”

4 COMMA

It is a common mistake to put a comma everywhere you would pause when reading a sentence.

Use a comma when renaming nouns (in other words, when giving further information).

That satellite, the one launched by CPUT, is monitoring crops in South Africa. (“the one launched by CPUT” is renaming the noun that came before it: “that satellite”.)

That satellite, which was launched by CPUT, is monitoring crops in South Africa. (The word “which” is often used to further describe a preceding noun, so it should have a comma before it and one after the description.)

7 That satellite, is the one launched by CPUT.

Use a comma after a dependant clause (a clause that can’t stand on its own) when it starts a sentence.

Although he is only in his first year, he already shows great promise as an engineer.

3 What sometimes frustrates students, is that marking takes long.

3 That it is difficult to become a paralegal, is true without a doubt./Without a doubt,

Use a comma before but if it is followed by an independent clause (a clause that can stand on its own).

You can renew your bursary next year, but you must first pass your exams.

3 Debra doesn’t have money for groceries, but she has money for new clothes.

7 Lerato doesn’t want to study but go out instead. (“go out instead” isn’t a clause or sentence that can stand on its own, so no comma is needed here).

Do not use a comma when distinguishing between two options.

My BTech supervisor, Dr Cupido, is attending an overseas conference. (These commas mean that you have only one supervisor. Dr Cupido is equal to “My BTech supervisor”. In other words, these commas would be wrong if you have two supervisors.) ,

My BTech supervisor Dr Cupido is attending an overseas conference. (Imagine you have two supervisors and need to talk about one of them. You don’t need commas to specify which supervisor you’re talking about. Your other supervisor might be Dr Mntuyedwa.)

4 COMMA

It is a common mistake to put a comma everywhere you would pause when reading a sentence.

Use a comma to separate geographic elements.

I have a classmate from Empangeni, KwaZulu-Natal, and another from Hatfield, Pretoria.

I have a classmate from Empangeni KwaZulu-Natal and another from Hatfield Pretoria.

Use a comma to separate items in a list. Do not use a comma before “and” unless a missing comma may lead to confusion.

Thato will make the poster, Ukhona will write the content and Onele will do the speaking during the presentation.

Annalisa has visited CPUT’s Bellville, Wellington, George and District Six campuses.

Vuyo teaches isiXhosa, English, academic writing, and speaking skills. (The comma before the “and” makes clear that speaking skills is a course that is separate from academic writing.)

Thato will make the poster, Ukhona will write the content, and Onele will do the speaking during the presentation. (This is not a difficult sentence and leaving out the comma does not lead to any confusion.)

Annalisa has visited CPUT’s Bellville, Wellington, George, and District Six campuses.

Vuyo teaches isiXhosa, English, academic writing and speaking skills. (Without the comma before “and”, it seems like academic writing and speaking skills is one course.)

Use a comma to separate adjectives that each describe the noun.

3 Her first year at university was an eventful, fun, challenging one.

3 Her first year at university was an eventful, fun and challenging one.

7 Her first year at university was an eventful fun challenging one. ,

4 COMMA

It is a common mistake to put a comma everywhere you would pause when reading a sentence.

Do not use a comma to separate adjectives when they do not each describe the noun.

His graduation outfit was a metallic grey suit. (The suit is metallic grey.)

I can’t stand his politically rightist, small-minded statements.

His graduation outfit was a metallic, grey suit. (It’s not the grey suit that is metallic or made from metallic material; it is the suit that is a colour called metallic grey.)

I can’t stand his politically, rightist, small-minded statements. (“politically rightist” acts as one concept and so cannot be divided by commas.) ,

4 KOMMA

In Afrikaans is daar veel meer reëls vir die gebruik van die komma as in Engels, maar slegs dié wat mees van toepassing is in akademiese skryfwerk word hier gelys.

Gebruik ‘n komma of kommas om uitbreidende woorde of sinsdele van die res van die sin te skei.

Maak seker dat die res van die sin steeds sinvol is sonder die deel tussen kommas.

Daardie satelliet, die een wat deur CPUT gelanseer is, monitor gewasse in Suid-Afrika. (“die een wat deur CPUT gelanseer is” is ‘n uitbreiding of beskrywing van “daardie satelliet”.)

Daardie satelliet, wat deur CPUT gelanseer is, monitor gewasse in SuidAfrika.

Ek het ‘n klasmaat van Empangeni, KwaZulu-Natal, en nog een van Hatfield, Pretoria. (Die komma voor die en beteken dat Empangeni in KwaZulu-Natal en nog ‘n plek is nie. As die komma weggelaat sou word, sou dit verwarring veroorsaak.)

7 Daardie satelliet, is die een wat deur CPUT gelanseer is.

Ek het ‘n klasmaat van Empangeni KwaZulu-Natal en nog een van Hatfield Pretoria. ,

4 KOMMA

In Afrikaans is daar veel meer reëls vir die gebruik van die komma as in Engels, maar slegs dié wat mees van toepassing is in akademiese skryfwerk word hier gelys.

Gebruik ‘n komma tussen twee sinne wat met ‘n onderskikkende verbindingswoord (sien onderstreepte woorde) verbind word.

Hoewel hy maar nou in sy eerste jaar is, toon hy reeds baie belofte as ingenieur.

Betsie kan saam met ons studeer, mits sy stil bly.

Gebruik ‘n komma tussen twee sinne waarvan ten minste die een afhanklike woordorde het (dit wil sê die sinne kan nie op hulle eie staan nie).

3 Wat studente soms frusteer, is wanneer nasienwerk lank neem.

Dat dit moeilik is om ‘n regsassistent te word, word nie betwyfel nie.

Die student wie niemand gedink het sou slaag nie, het dit met onderskeiding gedoen.

Gebruik ‘n komma voor maar, en, of en want as dit voorkom tussen twee sinne met onhafhanklike woordorde.

Jy kan jou beurs volgende jaar hernu, maar jy moet eers jou eksamens slaag.

Debra het nie geld vir kruideniersware nie, want sy het al haar geld op nuwe klere spandeer.

Die beursfonds is laas jaar wanbestuur, en nou is daar geen beurse hierdie jaar nie.

Is jou taak nou al klaar, of wag jy vir die feetjies om dit in die nag te kom klaarmaak?

Moenie ‘n komma gebruik wanneer jy onderskei tussen twee opsies nie.

My BTech studieleier dr. Cupido woon ‘n oorseese konferensie by. (Stel jouself voor dat jy twee studieleiers het. Jy het dan nie kommas nodig om te spesifiseer van wie jy praat nie. Jou ander studieleier mag dalk dr. Mntuyedwa wees.)

My BTech studieleier, dr. Cupido, woon ‘n oorseese konferensie by. (Hier dui die kommas aan dat jy slegs een studieleier het. “My Btech studieleier” is gelyk aan dr. Cupido. Met ander woorde, hierdie kommas sou verkeerd wees as jy wel twee studieleiers gehad het.)

4 KOMMA

In Afrikaans is daar veel meer reëls vir die gebruik van die komma as in Engels, maar slegs dié wat mees van toepassing is in akademiese skryfwerk word hier gelys.

Gebruik ‘n komma om items in ‘n lys te skei. Moenie ‘n komma plaas voor “en” in ‘n lys tensy dit andersins verwarring kan veroorsaak nie.

Thato sal die plakkaat maak, Ukhona sal die inhoud skryf en Onele sal praat tydens die voorlegging.

Annalisa het al CPUT se Bellville, Wellington, George en Distrik Ses kampusse besoek.

Vuyo bied isiXhosa, Engels, akademiese skryfvaardighede, en voorleggingsvaardighede aan. (Hier maak die komma voor “en” dit duidelik dat die akademiese skryf- en voorlegginsvaardighede aparte kursusse is.)

Thato sal die plakkaat maak, Ukhona sal die inhoud skryf, en Onele sal praat tydens die voorlegging. (Hierdie sin is nie moeilik om te verstaan nie. ‘n Komma is dus onnodig.)

Annalisa het al CPUT se Bellville, Wellington, George, en Distrik Ses kampusse besoek. (Hierdie sin is ook nie moeilik om te verstaan nie. ‘n Komma is dus onnodig.)

Vuyo bied isiXhosa, Engels, akademiese skryfvaardighede en voorleggingsvaardighede aan. (Sonder die komma voor “en” lyk dit asof die akademiese skryf- en voorlegginsvaardighede een kursus is.)

Gebruik ‘n komma om byvoeglike naamwoorde te skei wat elk ‘n naamwoord beskryf.

Haar eerste jaar op universiteit was ‘n opwindende, pret, uitdagende een.

Haar eerste jaar op universiteit was ‘n opwindende, pret en uitdagende een.

Haar eerste jaar op universiteit was ‘n opwindende, pret uitdagende een.

Moenie ‘n komma gebruik om byvoeglike naamwoorde te skei as elk nie die naamwoord beskryf nie.

3 Sy gradeplegtigheidsuitrusting was ‘n metaalgrys pak. (Die pak is nie gemaak van metaal en toevallig grys nie. Die kleur is metaalgrys.)

Ek kan nie sy polities regse, moreel benepe uitsprake verdra nie.

7 Sy gradeplegtigheidsuitrusting was ‘n metaal, grys pak.

Ek kan nie sy polities, regse, moreel, benepe uitsprake verdra nie. (“polities regse” is een konsep en beskryf dus saam die naamwoord.)

4 IKOMA/ISIPHUMLISI

Kuyimpazamo eqhelekileyo ukuyibeka naphi ikoma apho uphumla khona xa ufunda isivakalisi.

Sebenzisa ikoma xa ubiza ngokutsha izibizo (oko kuthi, xa unika ingcaciso engakumbi).

Isathelayithi, le isungulwe yi-CPUT, ihlola izilimo eMzantsi Afrika. (“le isungulwe yi-CPUT” ichaza isibizo esiza ngaphambi kwaso: “la sathelayithi”.)

La sathelayithi, eyasungulwa yi-CPUT, ihlola izilimo eMzantsi Afrika. (Eli gama lithi “eyasungulwa-” lisoloko lisetyenziswa ukucacisa ngakumbi isibizo esisilandelayo, ngoko ngekubekwe ikhoma ngaphambi kwaso nenye ikhoma emva kwengcaciso.)

7 La Sathelayithi, yile isungulwe yi-CPUT.

Sebenzisa ikoma emva kwegatya loxhomekeko (igatya alingenakuzimela ngokwalo) xa lisekuqaleni kwisivakalisi.

3 Nangona esekunyaka wakhe wokuqala, sele ebonisa ithemba lokuba yinjineli.

Ekukhathaza abafundi ikakhulu, kukuthatha ixesha elide lokumakishwa/ phononongwa kovavanyo.

Ubunzima bokuba ngumsebenzi ongagqibelelanga kwezomthetho, kuyinyaniso engathandabuzekiyo. /Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ukubangumsebenzi ongagqibelelanga kwezomthetho kunzima.

Sebenzisa ikoma phambi ko- mhlaumbi kuphela xa ilandelwa ligatya elizimeleyo (igatya elikwazi ukuzimela ngokwalo).

Ungayivuselela ibhasari/isipho-mali sakho kunyaka ozayo, kodwa kufuneka uqale uphumelele izifundo zakho.

UDebra akanamali yokutya, kodwa unemali yempahla entsha.

ULerato akafuni kufunda kodwa uyazikhupha. (“ukuzikhupha” akulogatya okanye isivakalisi esinokuzimela ngokwaso, ngoko akukho koma ifunekayo apha)

Sukusebenzisa ikoma xa usahlula ukukhetha phakathi kwezinto ezimbini.

Umhlohli wam we-BTech uya kwinkomfa phesheya kolwandle. (Kha ucinge nje xa unabahlohli ababini ze ufune ukuthetha ngomnye wabo. Awudingi iikoma ukuze ucacise ukuba ngowuphi umhlohli othetha ngaye. U-Gqr. Mntuyedwa ingangomnye wabo.)

Umhlohli wam weBTech, uGqr. Cupido, uya kwinkomfa phesheya. (Ezi koma zithetha ukuba unomhlohli omnye kuphela. UGqr. Cupido ukwabhekiselele “kuMhlohli wam weBTech”. Ngamanye amazwi, ezi koma zakube zisetyenziswe ngokungekuko xa ngaba kukho omnye wesibini umhlohli.) ,

4 IKOMA/ISIPHUMLISI

Sebenzisa ikoma ukwahlula izinto zendalo/iindawo.

Ndinomhlobo endifunda naye osuka Empangeni KwaZulu-Natal aze omnye asuke e-Hatfield ePitoli.

Ndinomhlobo endifunda naye osuka Empangeni, KwaZulu-Natal, aze omnye asuke e-Hatfield, ePitoli.

Sebenzisa ikoma ukwahlula izinto ezikuluhlu. Musa ukuyisebenzisa ikoma phambi ko –kunye ngaphandle kokuba ukungabikho kwayo kungenza ukubhideka.

UThato uza kwenza iposta, u-Ukhona abhale umxholo aze u-Onele athethe xa kusenziwa intetho.

U-Annalisa ubendwendwele amaziko e-CPUT aseBellville, eWellington, eGeorge nase-District Six.

UVuyo ufundisa isiXhosa, isiNgesi, indlela yokubhala kwimfundo, kunye nezakhono zokuthetha. (Ikoma engaphambi kuka-“kunye” yenza kucace ukuba izakhono zokuthetha sisifundo esahlukileyo kwindlela yokubhala kwimfundo.)

UThato uza kwenza iposta, U-Ukhona abhale umxholo, aze u-Onele athethe xa kusenziwa intetho. (Esi sivakalisi asikho nzima kwaye ukushiya ikoma akwenzi kubhideka kwaphela.)

U-Annalisa ubendwendwele amaziko e-CPUT aseBellville, eWellington, eGeorge, nase-District Six.

UVuyo ufundisa isiXhosa, isiNgesi, indlela yokubhala kwimfundo nezakhono zokuthetha. (Ngaphandle kwekoma engaphambi kuka-“kunye” kubonakala ngokungathi isakhono sokubhala kwimfundo nesakhono sokuthetha sisifundo esinye.)

Sebenzisa ikoma ukwahlula isichazi ngasinye esichaza isibizo.

Unyaka wakhe wokuqala eyunivesithi ubuneziganeko, usonwabisa, unemingeni.

3 Unyaka wokuqala wakhe eyunivesithi ubuneziganeko, usonwabisa kwaye unemingeni.

Unyaka wakhe wokuqala eyunivesithi ubuneziganeko usonwabisa unemingeni.

Sukusebenzisa ikoma ukwahlula izichazi ezingachazi isibizo esinye.

3 Isinxibo sakhe sothweso-sidanga ibiyisuti ekhazimlayo engwevu. (Isuti yakhe ingwevu iyakhazimla.)

Andizithandi iintetho zakhe ngepolitiki ezicalanye, zengqondo encinci. ,

4 IKOMA/ISIPHUMLISI

Isinxibo sakhe sothweso-sidanga sikhazimla, isuti engwevu. (Isuti engwevu asiyiyo eyecangci okanye eyenziwe ngenkcenkce; yisuti enombala ongwevu okhazimlayo.) akuyosuti

Andizithandi iintetho zakhe ngepolitiki, ezicalanye, zengqondo encinci. (u“zepolitiki ezicalanye” usebenze njengesigama esinye ngoko asinakwahlulwa kubini ziikoma.)

5 ELLIPSIS

The elliptical sign indicates that a word or words are omitted. In academic writing it is especially used when parts of a quoted text are omitted. Note the spaces on either side of the elliptical sign.

Gottlieb (1982: 92) asserts that “communities in the east of the region ... do not [share] in the ‘wealth’ of the rest of the country”.

5 ELLIPSTEKEN

Die ellipsteken dui aan dat ‘n woord of woorde uitgelaat word. In akademiese skryfwerk word dit veral gebruik wanneer dele van ‘n aangehaalde teks uitgelaat word. Let op die spasies aan weerskante van die ellipsteken.

Gottlieb (1982: 92) beweer dat “gemeenskappe in die ooste van die streek ... nie in die welvaart van die res van die land [deel] nie”.

5 UPHAWU LOSHIYO-MAGAMA

Uphawu loshiyo-magama lubonisa ukuba kukho igama okanye amagama ashiyiweyo. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kubhalo lwezemfundo, xa amagama athile eshiyiwe kucaphulo lwentetho. Kufuneka uqaphele izikhewu phakathi kuphawu loshiyo-magama.

U-Gottlieb (1982: 92) ubanga ngokuba “uluntu kwingingqi yempuma ... aba[belani] ku- ‘butyebi’ bonke belizwe”.

6 EN-DASH

The en-dash looks similar to a hyphen but is longer. In fact, its name comes from the fact that it is as long as the letter n. An en-dash can be used instead of a colon, instead of a pair of commas or instead of brackets. You use an en-dash to draw attention to the clause that follows it. Note that there are spaces on either side of an en-dash.

Instead of a colon

The lecturers’ decision regarding my portfolio was unanimous: I passed with distinction!

The lecturers’ decision regarding my portfolio was unanimous – I passed with distinction!

Instead of brackets

I worked too hard (late nights and early mornings) to give up now.

I worked too hard – late nights and early mornings – to give up now.

Instead of commas

When Thembi finished her exam, nearly three hours after she started, she was exhausted.

When Thembi finished her exam – nearly three hours after she started – she was exhausted.

6 AANDAGSTREEP (ook bekend as rusteken of russtrepie)

Die aandagstreep lyk soos, maar is langer as ‘n koppelteken. ‘n Aandagstreep word gebruik om nadruk te plaas op dit wat daarop volg, so dit kan gebruik word instede van ‘n kommapunt. Twee aandagstrepies aan weerskante van belangrike inligting kan gebruik word instede van hakkies.

Let wel dat daar ‘n spasie aan weerskante van ‘n aandagstreep is.

Instede van ‘n kommapunt

Die lektore se keuse rakende my portefeulje was eenstemmig: Ek het met onderskeiding geslaag!

Die lektore se keuse rakende my portefeulje was eenstemmig – ek het met onderskeiding geslaag!

Instede van hakkies

Ek het te hard gewerk (laat nagte en vroeë oggende) om nou tou op te gooi.

Ek het te hard gewerk – laat nagte en vroeë oggende – om nou tou op te gooi.

Instede van kommas

Toe Thembi klaar is met haar eksamen, byna drie ure na sy begin het, was sy poegaai.

Toe Thembi klaar is met haar eksamen – byna drie ure na sy begin het – was sy poegaai.

6 IKHONCO

Ikhonco ubufana neqhagamshela kodwa lide lona kuneqhagamshela. Kanjalo, eli gama ikhonco lisukela kubude balo olulingana nonobumba u-n. Ikhonco lingasetyenziswa endaweni yekholoni/ichaphaza-chaphaza endaweni yeekhoma okanye izibini zezibiyeli. Usebenzisa ikhonco ukuthungelanisa negatya elilandelayo. Khumbula ukuba kukho izikhewu macala omabini ekhonco.

Endaweni yekholoni

Abahlohli basithathe ngazwinye isigqibo ngepotifoliyo yam: Ndiphumelele emagqabini!

Abahlohli basithathe ngazwinye isigqibo ngepotifoliyo yam – Ndiphumelele emagqabini!

Endawei yezibiyeli

Ndisebenze nzima kakhulu (iinzulu zobusika neetseni) ukuba ndiyekelele ngoku.

3 Ndisebenze nzima kakhulu – iinzulu zobusuku neentseni ukuba ndiyekelele ngoku.

Endaweni yeekhoma

UThembi wathi egqiba uvavanyo lwakhe, emva kweeyure ezintathu eqalile, wabe ediniwe.

UThembi wathi egqiba uvavanyo lwakhe – emva kweeyure ezintathu eqalile –wabe ediniwe.

7 EXCLAMATION MARK

Put an exclamation mark after sentences that express emotions like anger or surprise, or after sentences that must be said loudly. In academic writing the exclamation mark should be used sparingly.

3 Thabo never attends class!

The only wrong way to use an exclamation mark incorrectly is if you mistakenly use it, that is when you don’t mean for something to be shouted or if you forget to add it when something should be shouted.

7 UITROEPTEKEN

Plaas ‘n uitroepteken aan die einde van sinne wat emosies soos woede of verrassing uitdruk of na sinne wat hard uitgespreek behoort te word. In akademiese skryfwerk behoort die uitroepteken spaarsamig gebruik te word.

3 Thabo woon nooit klas by nie!

Die enigste manier om ‘n uitroepteken verkeerdelik te gebruik is om dit per ongeluk te gebruik, met ander woorde wanneer jy nie bedoel om iets uit te roep nie. Dit is ook moontlik dat jy vergeet om ‘n uitroepteken te gebruik wanneer jy inderdaad bedoel dat ‘n sin uitgeroep behoort te word.

7 UPHAWU LWESIKHUZO

Ubeka uphawu lwesikhuzo emva kwezivakalisi ezibonisa iimvakalelo ezinje ngomsindo okanye umothuko, okanye emva kwesivakalisi ekufuneka sivakale sinengxolo. Kubhalo kwizifundo zemfundo/kwizifundo kufuneka uphawu lwesikhuzo lusetyenziswe ngokutshintshana nezinye iimpawu.

UThabo akayi tu kumagumbi okufundela!

inye indlela engalunganga yokusebenzisa uphawu lwesikhuzo kuxa uyisebenzisa ngempazamo, oko kuthi xa uye wayisebenzisa kwintetho ebingafanele kukhwazwa okanye ulibele ukulufakela kwindawo ebangela ukukhwazwa.

8 FORWARD SLASH

If the forward slash appears in between words, there should be no spaces on either side of it. However, if it is used in between full sentences, there should be spaces on either side of it.

The forward slash is used instead of the word or so that the reader must choose between two options.

3 That is her/his responsibility.

3 That rule applies to students and/or emloyees.

The forward slash can indicate a certain meaning relationship between words.

Nurses work 24/7 in our hospitals. (Here the forward slash means that nurses work 24 hours per day and seven days per week.)

Tutors at CPUT earn R20/hour. (Here the forward slash means that students earn R20 per hour.)

8 SKUINSSTREEP

Die skuinsstreep in Afrikaans word soms ook die solidus genoem. As dit voorkom tussen woorde behoort daar geen spasies te wees aan weerskante van die skuinsstreep nie, maar as dit voorkom tussen volsinne, moet daar spasies aan weerskante wees.

Die skuinsstreep word gebruik instede van die woord of sodat die leser ‘n keuse moet uitoefen tussen die opsies.

3 Daardie is haar/sy verantwoordelikheid.

Die reël geld vir studente en/of werksnemers.

‘n Bepaalde betekenisverwantskap word aangedui.

Verpleërs werk 24/7 in ons hospitale. (Hier beteken die skuinsstreep dat daar 24 uur per dag en sewe dae per week gewerk word.)

Tutors by CPUT verdien R20/uur. (Hier beteken die skuinsstreep dat R20 per uur verdien word.)

8 UMGCA OKEKELEYO

Xa umgca okekeleyo uphakathi kwamagama, kufuneka kungabikho sikhewu macala omabini omgca. Kananjalo, xa uthe wasetyenziswa phakathi kwezivakalisi ezipheleleyo, kufuneka kubekho izikhewu macala omabini.

Umgca okekeleyo usetyenziswa endaweni yegama okanye ukuze ofundayo akwazi ukukhetha phakathi kwezinto ezimbini.

3 Luxanduva lwakhe (umfazi)/lwakhe (indoda).

Lowo mthetho ubhekiselele kubafundi kunye/okanye abasebenzi.

Umgca okekeleyo ungabonisa unxulumano phakathi kwamagama athile.

Abongikazi basebenza kwizibhedlela zethu ama- 24/7. (Umgca okekeleyo apha uthetha ukuba abongikazi basebenza iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku iintsuku ezisixhenxe ngeveki.)

Iityhutha e-CPUT zirhola ama-R20/ngeyure. (Umgca okekeleyo apha uthetha ukuba abafundi barhola ama-R20 ngeyure.)

9 FULL STOP

Always end your sentences with a full stop. Do not use a comma to separate sentences.

Tashi studied hard. She needed to do well in her mathematics exam.

Tashi studied hard she needed to do well in her mathematics exam.

Tashi studied hard, she needed to do well in her mathematics exam. .

9 PUNT

Eindig altyd jou sinne met ‘n punt. Moenie ‘n komma gebruik om sinne te skei nie.

Tashi het hard studeer. Sy moes goed doen in haar wiskunde eksamen.

Tashi het hard studeer sy moes goed doen in haar wiskunde eksamen.

Tashi het hard studeer, sy moes goed doen in haar wiskunde eksamen.

9 ISINGXI

Kufuneka usoloko ubhala isingxi ekupheleni kwesivakalisi esipheleleyo. Sukusebenzisa ikoma ukwahlula izivakalisi.

UTashi wafunda nzima. Kwakufanele ukuba wenze kakuhle kwiimvavanyo zakhe zezibalo.

7 UTashi wafunda nzima kwakufanele ukuba wenze kakuhle kwiimvavanyo zakhe zezibalo. . .

10 HYPHEN

The hyphen is smaller than an en-dash and never has spaces around it. It is used between words to show that they should be thought of as one word or one idea.

compound words

In South African universities, the person with the highest authority is called the ViceChancellor. The Chancellor is a ceremonial leader who cannot make decisions. Here the words vice and chancellor form one idea.

compound adjectives

If violence is based on gender, that type of violence is called gender-based violence. The descriptor of the word violence is made up of two ideas or two words that have been written together.

breaking off words

If a word cannot be written out fully towards the end of a line, one can break it off accord-ing to its syllables as was done with according at the end of the previous line.

10 KOPPELTEKEN

Die koppelteken is kleiner as die aandagstreep en het nooit spasies aan weerskante daarvan nie. Dit word in Afrikaans om effens ander redes gebruik as in Engels.

vergemaklik lees

Woorde soos mikro-organisme, hidro-elektries of bo-op is moeilik om te lees as gevolg van die opeenhoping van klinkers. Die koppeltekens vergemaklik die lees van hierdie woorde.

samestellings

Woorde soos CPUT-student, klem-in-die-kaak-inspuiting, Ma-hulle en Suid-Afrika, dui die koppelteken aan dat daar van een konsep gepraat word.

afbreek van woorde

As ‘n woord nie volledig uitgeskryf kan word aan die einde van ‘n reël nie, word ‘n koppel-teken gebruik om die daardie woord te skei in sy lettergrepe, soos wat met die woord koppelteken gebeur het hierbo.

weglaatteken

Woorddele word soms herhaal, byvoorbeeld die woord vaardighede in leesvaardighede en skryfvaardighede. As dit gebeur, kan ‘n koppelteken die eerste geval vervang: leesen skryfvaardighede.

10 IQHAGAMSHELA/UPHAWU OLUNJENGEQHAGAMSHELA

Iqhagamshela lifutshane kunekhonco kwaye alinazikhewu macala onke. Lisetyenziswa phakathi kwamagama amabini ukubonisa ukuba bekufanele ukuba ibeligama okanye imbono enye.

Amagama ambaxa

Kwiiyunivesithi zaseMzantsi Afrika, oyena mntu uphezulu nonegunya ubizwa ukuba nguSekela-Nqununu/uSekela-Tshansela. USekela-Tshansela yinkokheli ngokusesikweni kodwa engenakuthatha zigqibo. Apha la magama mabini esekela noTshansela enza imbono enye.

Izichazi ezimbaxa

Ukuba uhlukumezo lubhekiselele kwisini, olo hlobo lohlukumezo lubizwa uhlukumezoolubhekiselele-kwisini. Ingcaciso yegama lohlukumezo lenziwe ziimbono ezimbini ezibhalwe kunye.

Uqhawulo lwagama

Xa igama lingenakubhalwa ngokuzeleyo ekupheleni komgca, lingaqhawulwa ngokwezandi njengoko kwenziwe kumgca wokugqibela ongqithileyo.

11 SEMICOLON

A semicolon is used to separate two independent clauses. By using a semicolon instead of a full stop, you emphasise the relatedness of the two clauses and create more variety in your writing.

I write a test tomorrow morning; I can’t go out tonight. (The word “I” is usually written with a capital letter.)

I write a test tomorrow morning; food technology. (The item following the semicolon is not an independent clause. A colon would be better.)

A semicolon is used to separate elements that already contain commas.

My classmates come from Bela-Bela, Limpopo; Queenstown, Eastern Cape; Harare, Zimbabwe; and other places as well. (The semicolons help one see that Bela-Bela is a place in the bigger place, Limpopo. The last semicolon also shows that there is not a place called Harare in Zimbabwe as well as in other places.)

My classmates come from Bela-Bela, Limpopo, Queenstown, Eastern Cape, Harare, Zimbabwe and other places as well. (With only commas, this seems like a list of more than six places.)

Never capitalise the item following a semicolon unless the word is usually written with a capital letter.

3 I live in res; you live with family.

I live on campus; You live with family.

A semicolon is used before words like however, namely, therefore, that is and for example, when these words introduce a complete sentence. (These words are then usually followed by a comma.)

Nathan didn’t join the protest; however, he feels strongly about stopping gender-based violence.

Nathan didn’t join the protest, however, he feels strongly about stopping gender-based violence.

11 KOMMAPUNT

‘n Kommapunt word gebruik om twee onafhanklike sinne wat ‘n noue verband hou te skei. Deur ‘n kommapunt instede van ‘n punt te gebruik, plaas jy klem op die noue verband tussen die sinne en inkorporeer jy meer variasie in jou skryfwerk.

Ek skryf môreoggend ‘n toets; ek kan nie vannaand uitgaan nie.

Ek skryf môre ‘n toets; voedseltegnologie. (Die deel na die kommapunt is nie ‘n onafhanklike sin nie. Hier sal ‘n dubbelpunt beter werk.) ;

11 KOMMAPUNT

‘n Kommapunt word gebruik in reekse waar die gebruik van ‘n komma verwarring sou veroorsaak.

My klasmaats kom van Bela-Bela, Limpopo; Queenstown, Oos-Kaap; Harare, Zimbabwe; en nog ander plekke ook. (The semicolons help one see that BelaBela is a place in the bigger place, Limpopo. The last semicolon also shows that there is not a place called Harare in Zimbabwe as well as in other places.)

Verkeerd: My klasmaats kom van Bela-Bela, Limpopo, Queenstown, OoKkaap, Harare, Zimbabwe en nog ander plekke ook. (Deur net kommas te gebruik lyk hierdie soos ses plekke.)

Moet nooit ‘n hoofletter gebruik vir die woord of frase wat op ‘n kommapunt volg nie (tensy dit normaalweg met ‘n hoofletter geskryf word).

3 Ek woon op kampus; jy woon by familie.

7 Ek woon op kampus; Jy woon met jou familie.

11 ISINGXI-MSILA/ICHAPHAZA-MSILA

Isingxi-msila sisetyenziswa ukwahlula amagatya amabini azimeleyo. Ngokusebenzisa isingxi-msila endaweni yesingxi, ugxininisa unxulumano lwala magatya mabini ukwenza ukwahluka-hlukana kwindlela obhala ngayo.

Ndibhala uvavanyo kusasa ngomso; andikwazi kuphuma ngokuhlwa nje. (igama u “Ndi-” udla ngokubhalwa ngonobumba omkhulu.)

Ayilunganga: Ndibhala uvavanyo ngomso kusasa, ubugcisa ngezidlo/itechnoloji ngezidlo. (Isigama esilandela isingxi-msila asilogatya lizimeleyo. Ikholoni ibingasebenza ngcono.)

Isingxi-msila singasetyenziswa ukwahlula izinto esele zineekoma.

Abahlobo bam endifunda nabo bavela eBela-Bela, eLimpopo; kuKomani, eMpuma Koloni; eHarare, eZimbabwe; nakwezinye iindawo. (isingxi-msila sinceda ukubonisa ukuba iBela-Bela yindawo ekwindawo enkulu kunayo, eLimpopo. Isingxi-msila sokugqibela sikwabonisa ukuba kukho indawo ebizwa iHarare eZimbabwe ukanti nakwezinye iindawo.)

Ayilunganga: Abahlobo bam endifunda nabo baela eBela-Bela, eLimpopo, kuKomani, eMpuma Koloni, eHarare, eZimbabwe, nakwezinye iindawo. (Xa kukho iikoma kuphela ibonakala ngathi luluhlu lweendawo ezingaphezu kweendawo ezintandathu.)

11 ISINGXI-MSILA/ICHAPHAZA-MSILA

Ungaze ubhale ngonobumba omkhulu igama eliza emva kwesingxi-msila ngaphandle kokuba elo gama lihleli libhalwa linonobumba omkhulu.

Ndihlala erezi (kumagumbi okuhlala abafundi); uhlala nosapho.

Ndihlala ngaphakathi esikolweni; Uhlala nosapho. Isingxi-msila sisetyenziswa phambi kwamagama anje ngo-nangona, ezizezi, ngoko, oko kuthi kunye umzekelo, xa la magama ebonisa ukugqibezela isivakalisi esipheleleyo. (Amaxesha amaninzi la magama asoloko elandelwa yikoma.)

UNathan akalungenelanga ugwayimbo; nangona, iyimbono yakhe engajikiyo ukuphelisa uhlukunyezo olubhekiselele kwisini.

UNathan akalungenelanga ugwayimbo, nangona, iyimbono yakhe engajikiyo ukuphelisa uhlukunyezo olubhekiselele kwisini.

12 QUESTION MARK

Always end your questions with a question mark. Remember, there is no space before a question mark.

Do you want to become an engineer?

Do you want to become an engineer.

Do you want to become an engineer ? (Note the space before the question mark.)

12 VRAAGTEKEN

Eindig altyd jou sinne met ‘n vraagteken. Onthou, daar is geen spasie voor ‘n vraagteken nie.

3 Wil jy ‘n ingenieur word?

7 Wil jy ‘n ingenieur word.

7 Wil jy ‘n ingenieur word ?

12 UPHAWU LOMBUZO

Kufuneka usoloko ugqibela ngophawu lombuzo kwimibuzo yakho. Khumbula, akukho sikhewu ngaphambi kophawu lombuzo.

Uyafuna ukuba yinjineli?

Uyafuna ukuba yinjineli.

Uyafuna ukuba yinjineli ? (Qaphela isikhewu ngaphambi kophawu lombuzo.) ?

13 QUOTATION MARKS

Words that appear inside quotation marks are attributed to another person or another source.

Remember to always consult your subject-specific guide as well.

Double quotation marks indicate that a word, sentence or longer piece of text has been taken from another source.

“ ”

“One of the truest tests of integrity is its blunt refusal to be compromised.” –Chinua Achebe

“The southern teams are being favoured by the new rules,” writes Tom Hansen in Die Burger.

Gottlieb (1982: 92) asserts that “communities in the east of the region ... do not [share] in the ‘wealth’ of the rest of the country”.

Use double quotation marks to highlight words for a reader (because it is used emotively or because it is a term or concept).

3 Just write “yes” or “no” in the appropriate space on the questionnaire.

3 I warned you, but you were more “informed” than me.

“The” is a definite article in English.

Use single quotation marks inside double quotation marks.

Gottlieb (1982: 92) asserts that “communities in the east of the region ... do not [share] in the ‘wealth’ of the rest of the country”. (Here the word wealth takes on a special meaning.)

13 AANHALINGSTEKENS

Woorde wat voorkom binne aanhalingstekens word aan ‘n ander persoon of bron toegeskryf.

Onthou om altyd jou vakspesifieke verwysingsgids ook te raadpleeg.

Dubbel aanhalingstekens dui die aanhaling van ‘n woord, sin of langer stuk teks uit ‘n ander bron aan.

“Hoe korter jy jou kuier maak, hoe gouer sal jy weer genooi word.” – C. J. Langenhoven

“Die suidelike spanne word deur die nuwe reëls bevoordeel,” skryf Tom Hansen in Die Burger.

Gottlieb (1982: 92) beweer dat “gemeenskappe in die ooste van die streek ... nie in die welvaart van die res van die land [deel] nie”.

Gebruik dubbel aanhalingstekens om woorde wat vir die leser uitgesonder word (omdat dit emotief gelaai is of ‘n term of konsep is) aan te dui.

3 Skryf net “ja” of “nee” in die toepaslike ruimte op die vraelys.

3 Ek het jou gewaarsku, maar toe is jy mos meer “ingelig” as ek.

“Die” is ‘n bepaalde lidwoord in Afrikaans.

Gebruik enkel aanhalingstekens binne dubbel aanhalingstekens.

Gottlieb (1982: 92) beweer dat “gemeenskappe in die ooste van die streek ... nie in die ‘welvaart’ van die res van die land [deel] nie”. (Hier neem die woord welvaart ‘n spesiale betekenis aan.)

13 UPHAWU LOCAPHULO OLUNGAMBINI

“ ”

Amagama afumaneka phakathi kophawu locaphulo olungambini abonisa ukuba acatshulwe komnye umntu okanye komnye umthombo wolwazi. Khumbula ukusoloko ujonga isikhokelo esihambelana nesifundo sakho ukwazi ngakumbi. Uphawu locaphulo olungambini lubonisa ukuba igama, isivakalisi, okanye isicatshulwa sithathwe komnye umthombo wolwazi.

“Olona vavanyo lunyanisekileyo lokubonisa ukunyaniseka ngokugqibelelayo kukwala phandle ukulungelelanisa.” – Chinua Achebe

“Amaqela asemazantsi ayathethelelwa yimithetho emitsha,” ubhala atsho uTom Hansen kwi-writes Tom Hansen kwi-Die Burger.

UGottlieb (1982: 92) ubanga athi “uluntu lwengingqi ekwimpuma ... a-[babelani] ku- ‘butyebi’ belizwe lilonke”.

13 UPHAWU LOCAPHULO OLUNGAMBINI

Sebenzisa uphawu locaphulo olungambini ukuqaqambisa amagama kumfundi (kuba iligama okanye isigama esisetyenziselwe imvakalelo ethile).

“ ”

Bhala kuphela u- “ewe” okanye u- “hayi” kwisikhewu esifanelekileyo kuxwebhu lwemibuzo.

Ndakulumkisa, kodwa “wawusazi” ngaphezu kwam.

7 “The” is a definite article in English.

Sebenzisa uphawu locaphulo olunganye ngaphakathi kophawu locaphulo olungambini.

UGottlieb (1982: 92) ubanga athi “uluntu lwengingqi ekwimpuma ... a-[babelani] ku- ‘butyebi’ belizwe lilonke” (Igama elithi ubutyebi apha lithatha intsingiselo ekhethekileyo.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAFIE

ULUHLU LONCWADI/IBIBLIYOGRAFI

Afrikaanse Woordelys & Spelreëls. 2017. 11de uitgawe. Kaapstad: Pharos Woordeboeke.

Fogarty, M. 2018. Quick and Dirty Tips: Grammar Girl. [Blog] Quick and Dirty Tips: Grammar Girl. Available at: https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/grammar-girl [Accessed 5 November 2019].

+27 21 959 6767

info@cput.ac.za