Mola vol.1

Y E A R 4 / A R 4 1 0 0 1 U R B A N T H E O R Y A N A LYS I S A N D S T R AT E GY

mola VO L . 1

C R A I G M C C R AC K E N

STUDIO C : N E W CA L E D O N I A

contents 4

Studio C: Caledonian Dreams

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Introduction

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Panama An Overview

Juan Diaz 4 [Picture}

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4 7

2

Location Social Mapping Public Space Transportation A Walkers Pace - Case Study

Flooding - The Problem Mola - The Solution

Choosing the Site Plastic Recycling Cotton Farming Functionality Investment Metabolism - Case Study Resist, Delay, Store, Discharge - Case Study Infrastructure - Lecture Reflection Urban Imagination - Lecture Reflection Alexa! Do You Love Me? - Reflection

Implementation

Target Audience Think Space Phasing Frayed Edges Moments Set in Motion Moving Forwards

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Darien Gap Deforestation Housing Typologies Panama Canal Biodiversity Panama Canal Economy Building in Panama

Glossary Bibliography 3

Studio C

- Caledonian Dreams

Caledonian Dreams is a name derived from the

has not been critically examined by architects. For

Scottish Darien Scheme in 1690’s; an attempt to facili-

example; Distribution Facilities, Industrial Parks or Data

tate international trade across Panama. Being one

Centres.

of the first colonisation attempts to provide economic

Studio C is attempting to analyse a city from the

gain from logistics, it is a fitting name for this studio.

perspective of it’s operational systems and logistic

Panama has been an important trading node for Europe

process. We will then localise into an urban out-skirts

and the Americas for centuries. It’s logistical advantage

zone and propose the implementation of an industrial-

has lead it to being one of the best economies in Latin

ized hub which is in a strategic position to benefit the

America despite having very little infrastructure outwith

city. We begin by splitting into sub-group of 3 before

the canal.

going on to more individual work.

A detailed design will follow in Volume. 2 where unique

“This Studio seeks to investigate the relationship between infrastructure works and architecture within the broader context of urban processes at a territorial scale.”

challenges arise; designing for buildings which no longer priorities human habitation or use.

“We begin with the concept of Movement, which underlies all mechanisation.” – Sigfried Giedion (Mechanization, 1970)

Cities depend on vast networks of infrastructure as they continue to grow. With it, a building typology which

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fig. 1, Yorgos Berdos, Urbanization Landscapes

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Introduction

[Picture}

The built environment is a symbol of positive

Mola – A ‘Master-System’ to re-establish

outcomes for Panama. The unbuilt is green,

an urban wetland on the Rio Juan Diaz, with

ecological and now more than ever, globally

an aim to reduce catastrophic flooding in

popular. This political and financial conflict

the Juan Diaz area of Panama. Encouraging

with nature has resulted in destruction on both

improved waste disposal and cotton farming;

sides; flooding and felling.

passively leading the region towards a positive symbiotic relationship with its environment at

At a moment when this turmoil is exponentially increasing, a new system must be established to resume civility. A treaty to stop the urban

the micro whilst setting a new global standard for sustainable fashion and Panamanian exporting.

onslaught on the jungle and it’s fight back.

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P

anama

A

n

Panama is a transcontinental country between Central America and South America. It shares a border with Costa Rica on the West side and Colombia on the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. (fig.1)

With the assistance of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed.

The US Army Corps of Engineers worked with Panama between 1904 and 1914 to construct the canal. The

It is known fondly by the locals as the ‘bridge of the

1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaty led to the transfer of

world, heart of the universe.’

the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999. The surrounding territory was

Panama was first established by indigenous tribes

transferred in 1979.

before the Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th

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century. After breaking away from these colonists in

Revenue from the Panama canal raise a significant

1821, Panama joined the Republic of Gran Colombia,

portion of Panama’s GDP. Although; commerce,

a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela.

banking, and the tourism industry are major and

When Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and

growing sectors. It is regarded as a high-income

Nueva Granada became the Republic of Colombia.

country. In 2018 Panama ranked 66th in the world in

O

verview 9

fig. 2, Panama Location

terms of the Human Development

mountains and hills that forms

Index. In 2018, Panama was

the continental divide. The divide

ranked seventh-most competitive

does not form part of the great

economy i n L a t i n A m e r i c a ,

mountain chains of North America,

according to the World Economic

and only near the Colombian

Forum’s Global Competitiveness

border are there highlands related

I n d e x . C o v e r i n g a r o u n d 40

to the Andean system of South

percent of its land area, Panama’s

America. The spine that forms the

jungles are home to an abundance

divide is the highly eroded arch

of tropical plants and animals –

of an uplift from the sea bottom,

some of them found nowhere else

in which peaks were formed by

on earth. (Panama Wiki, 2020)

volcanic intrusions.

The dominant feature of Panama’s landform is the central spine of

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fig. 3, Geography Comparison

“So everything that ever happened, we knew about in Panama”

The mountain range of the divide

Volcán Barú (formerly known as

is called the Cordillera de

the Volcán de Chiriquí), which rises

Talamanca near the Costa Rican

to 3,475 meters (11,401 ft). The

border. Farther east it becomes

apex of a highland that includes

the Serranía de Tabasará, and

Panama’s richest soil, the Volcán

the portion of it closer to the lower

Barú (fig. 2)is still referred to as

saddle of the isthmus, where the

a volcano, although it has been

canal is located, is often called the

inactive for millennia.

Sierra de Veraguas. As a whole, the range between Costa Rica and the canal is generally referred to by Panamanian geographers as the Cordillera Central. The highest point in Panama is the

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“A city within the jungle“ 43.7% or about 3,251,000

The country has several excellent

ha. of Panama is forested.

protected areas including Coiba,

(Panama Forest Information,

an island in the Pacific; Barro

2018). This makes transport and

Colorado Island—home to one

infrastructure in Panama rare

of the world’s leading tropical

and expensive. The tropical cloud

research centres, the Smithsonian

forest of the canal watershed

Tropical Research

ensures the flow of billions of

Institution—and Bocas del Toro

gallons of clean water necessary

on the Caribbean side of Panama.

to operate the canal locks. Panama

On the Pacific side, Panama has

has tremendous potential for eco-

several excellent, but largely

tourism given its rich marine

deserted, surf spots.

habitats and forest biodiversity.

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The Darien Gap The Darién Gap is a lawless wilderness on the border of Colombia and Panama,

teeming with everything from deadly snakes to antigovernment guerrillas.

The region also sees a flow of migrants from

Cuba, Africa, and Asia, whose desperation sends them on perilous journeys to the U.S. For centuries the lure of the unknown has

attracted explorers, scientists, criminals, and other dubious characters to the Gap,

a 10,000-square-mile rectangle of swamp,

mountains, and rainforest that spans both sides of the border between Colombia and Panama. (Deadliest Journies, 2019)

Indigenous life flourishes in the protected

zones along with their associated Nature reserves.

The name “Darien” comes from the an

unsuccessful attempt by Scotland, to gain wealth and influence in establishing New

Caledonia, a colony on the Isthmus of

Panama, in the late 1690’s.(Outside Online, 2016)

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De-

forestation

fig. 4, Deforestation Map 2000

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2000 - 2020

fig. 5, Deforestation Map 2020

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“Destroying forests for economic gain is like burning a Renaissance painting to cook a meal.”

fig. 6, Deforestation Sketch

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Population growth in the jungle

Most of the deforestation and

from expanding urbanization has

forest degradation in Panama

ended in a reduction in forest cover

results from road construction,

from over 80% (1952) to under 15%

mass logging, gold mining, and

(1994). A development that causes

urbanization, which leads to

an increase in soil erosion into the

clearing for further agriculture,

canal, which can clog locks and

pasture land, and fuelwood

create shoals that can ground

collection such as palm oil. Of

ships. Below-average rainfall in

these activities, urbanization is

1988 from el Niño forced the canal

responsible for vast majority of

to limit the amount of cargo large

forest loss. (fig.4)

ships could carry. In an effort to

Logging has seen an increased

protect the canals function, the

within Panama since the early

Panamanian government has

1990s. In 2002, the country

imposed restrictions on remaining

officially produced some 111,000

watershed forests while launching

cubic meters of wood products,

reforestation initiatives.

but much more wood was illegally

(Rainforest, 2020)

harvested. (fig.5)

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fig. 7, Solar Gain Map

fig. 9, Protected zones (green), Indigenous zones (yellow)

Protected zones highlighted in the figure above

solar power markets” - Data from the National

aim to prevent the continuation of deforestation in

Renewable Energy Laboratory shows Panama to

important areas of Panama.(fig.8)

have substantial solar power potential – 185,228,630

The sketch on the left depicts a barren area, ravaged by local deforesting. The site is located within the

MWh/year; around 33 times the nation’s annual electricity consumption. (Energy Matters, 2014)

boundaries of the Sarigua National Park, which is said to be “a sad example of deforestation in the

The Sarigua plant is equipped with 11,886 photo-

tropics”. Sand blows across a bone-dry landscape

voltaic panels a n d p r o v i d e s e m p l o y m e n t

where little grows. This is one of the more arid regions

opportunities for residents of Parita and other nearby

of Panama.

communities.

This is one of the more arid regions of Panama,

With shocking rates of deforestation across Latin America due to the rise of Palm oil, huge expanses of

considered an ideal location for solar powered plants. (fig.7)

habitat are left open.

“Latin America is one of the world’s most dynamic fig. 8, Solar Farm Sarigua National Park 20

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fig. 10, Family Flood Sketch

“Thousands of fish have died. It smells rotten. The whole eco-system of the Tabasará River is now in grave danger” says Ricardo Miranda of the Ngäbe Buglé Indigenous community whose ancestral lands may soon be flooded. The controversial Barro Blanco Dam project in Panama directly affects 480 Ngäbe

fig. 11, Destruction Sketch

Buglé indigenous people and their legally recognized land along the Tabasará River – the third largest river in Panama and home to Ngäbe sacred sites and a key part of their livelihoods of fishing and small scale agriculture.

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Floodwaters from the Barro Blanco dam submerged

“When we toured the area, we could see a group

communities and forests.

of children gazing at the horizon where there were

Families were forced from their homes with nowhere

large dry trees that once formed a part of the gallery

to turn to.

forests. They looked lost as they contemplated a lake where there were now only dry banks.”

“A TALE OF THEFT, COLLUSION, fig. 12, Drained River Sketch

VIOLENCE, MURDER AND SIMPLE GREED”

Many people died in protest of the Hydro dam’s

(Intercontinental Cry, 2016)

funding which resulted in the deaths of many Indigenous peoples and the destruction of their homes.

Corruption ran rife through the entire project.

The dam’s construction was halted after UN intervention however the damage is still evident today.

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Housing Typologies

A house type study is also a study of people, their origins, the cultural hearth from which they dispersed, the routes of dispersal and the regions of ultimate development.’

In Panama, there is strong evidence that distinctive house types clearly define cultural regions. Today there

is also the Afro-Caribbean and the North American influence.

Basic house types are then modified sufficiently in accordance with; 1. Cultural heritage Local Climate

2.

3. Available

construction materials. (House Types, 1964)

are two basic types of dwellings that come from the Indigenous people and the Spanish. There

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fig. 13, Studio C, Spanish Typology Sketch

fig. 15, Studio C, Bocas Del Toro Sketch

The Afro- Caribbean style houses came about through migration from the Caribbean. The population settled in commercial areas where trading was taking place along the panama canal and Bocas del Toro. Usually two storey houses with continuous balconies stood on a wooden stilt like structures. Based on French and British colonial architecture taken from the Caribbean. (Public Books, 2019) In Boca Del Toro, houses like this are called a Oviedo house. They build their homes with a conical roof thatch, very close to the ground with walls made of small round sticks and no windows. This type of house is no longer found in central Panama and can only be found at the foothills of Talamanca Mountains where the Bolcas Del Torro resist high wind with little forest cover. Its origins can be traced back to the beginnings of the 16th Century.

The first Spanish settlers in Central Panama carried with them a tradition of Village life and the Savana Town house made from packed earth with a tile roof. They modified the simple Spanish house type to the climate with the removal of chimneys and the extension of the roof to create a porch area outside.

The Savana houses usually include: 1. A two shed roof with lateral central beam.

2. Semi circular tiles for roofing as are common in Spain or the modified tin roof. 3. Wood in the general structure of the frame and roof. 4. Close to the street 5. Adobe or packed earth walls in the Mediterranean tradition 6. Tile or terra-cotta floors 7. Colouring of the exterior walls 8. Small windows and few exits. (SENACYT, 2020)

fig. 14, Studio C,Afro Caribbean Sketch

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fig. 16, Studio C, Darien Typology Sketch

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The Darien house typology us typically called a hip roofed Bohio. This particular variation is a vernacular Darien home is built up on stilts to protect against animals and flooding which occurs during the rainy season in the Darien Province. It is by far the most common of housing typologies for Indigenous people.

(Inside the Darien Gap, 2020)

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Biodiversity

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‘Panama has one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world. The tropical climate with high temperatures and humidity supports an abundance of species of plants and animals. Mixed evergreen and deciduous forests dominate Panama’s landscape, interrupted by mangrove swamps, grasslands, crops and scrub.

Panama is home to more than 10.000 variations of plants, including more than 1,500 different tree species, 675 types of fern and 1,200 kinds of orchids. Moreover, 12.4% of the plants are endemic to Panama. The country also has

some 1,569 species of mammals (231), birds (985), amphibians, and reptiles, of which 5.5% are endemic and 6.1% are endangered at a local or global level, including jaguars, ocelots, jaguarundis, margays and pumas.’t.

Being the isthmus between North and South America, many species come together at this point.

The canal has separated this natural passage way which had been established for thousands of years has been closed for mans passage. (Forests of the World, 2010) 35

fig. 18, Average Annual Precipitation

fig. 17, Studio C, El Nino Diagram

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El Nino is a phenomenon where water heats on the Western Pacific which forces deep cold water to the surface in the Eastern Pacific. This causes rainfall prematurely offshore instead of onshore and increases air temperatures on land both sides of the Pacific.​ Typically this happens every 7 years, however it has been increasing in frequency, believed to be due to global warming.

The most recent El Nino was only 2 years after the last.

Panama is among the top 5 countries in the world for for average annual rainfall at an estimated 233.8 billion m3/year.

More than 500 rivers naturally divide Panama in 52 watersheds, providing the country with a usable water supply of 119 billion m3. Besides being an abundant resource, water management is still crucial for the natural economy to continue flowing.

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Panama Canal 38

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On average 14,000 ships every year pass through the Panama Canal making it one of the busiest shipping areas in the world. It has been estimated that just one of these ​container ships, the length of around six football pitches, ​can produce the same amount of pollution as 50 million cars. T​ he emissions from 15 of these mega-ships match ​those from all the cars in the world.

The Panama Canal had a major overhaul resulting in the worlds largest water saving basins, completed in 2016. This has seen a reduction of 60% water wastage for each boat going through the canal. however a staggering 182 million litres is still lost from each transit.

fig. 19, Canal capacity

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fig. 20, Canal Route

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Panama was considered a key passageway for

The Panama Canal as we know it was completed

trade from the late 17th century through the Darian

in 1914 by USA after taking over control from the

Scheme. Scotland, unable to take advantage of the

French. In addition to the Suez Canal it is the only

trading rights of England sought interest in the Isthmus

other artificially created water route in the world. The

of America as a way of trading between Europe and

consequence of the route is the reduction of distance

Far East Asia. Even though overall result of the Darien

travelled especially between the East and West

Scheme was a failure with large number of casual-

coasts of USA by 15,000 km. (DW Documentary, 2018)

ties due to the lack of knowledge on the conditions.

The canal spreads across almost exactly at the

It ultimately paved the way for the Spanish and even-

centre of the Isthmus spanning from the coast

tually USA to realise the potential of connecting the

of Colón to the Bay of Panama.

Atlantic to Pacific Ocean through the Panama Canal

lel to the canal runs the Panama Canal Railway,

that runs from the Port of Babao (Panama City) to

mainly used for cargo and tourism. (PCA, 2011)

In paral-

the Port of Colon on the North side of the country.

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fig. 21, Canal Water Saving Function

fig. 22, Panama Broken Cycle

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fig. 23, Population Density Map

fig. 24, Economy Map

Economy

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‘Panama is a small open economy

the local economy’s small size

in Central America. Panama’s

makes it highly dependent on

economy is completely dollarized

regional and global economic

due to its geographical location

developments. This holds in par-

and importance of the Panama

ticular for the Panama Canal

Canal for international trade.

revenues that are largely reliant on

The country is a regional logistics

trade between the US and China,

and financial hub with a relatively

as well as Latin America and

diversified economy. However,

Europe.’ (Country Report Panama,

despite being relatively diversified,

2012) 49

Safety Panama has one of the lowest crime

has names specifically as being

rates in Latin America. However,

one of the most dangerous zones.

when compared to somewhere

It will be essential as we continue

like the United States it has almost

with this project to consider how

triple the Homicides recorded

we can protect the public using

and almost 10x as many in the UK.

these areas and contribute to a

According to a report published by

softer Panama. (Insight Crime,

the Office of the Attorney General,

2018)

the vast majority of crime is withing Panama City and Colon. Juan Diaz fig. 25, Homicide Rates Map 50

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award the permit; as a project must wait 2

a qualified engineer.

years before re-application after a denial.

Each project is assessed as it’s own entity with scale,

5. MEF (Ministry of Economics & Finance – “Ministerio de

budget and location all being factors in aquiring a building

Economia y Finanzas”): MEF oversees taxes such as income

permit. Responsibility seems to be pushed onto profession-

taxes and property taxes. A licensed economist will prepare

als i.e structural engineer certifying sound construction,

a study of the estimated financial projections for the project

environmental engineer approving of it’s surrounding impact

(cost is around US$2,000) submitted to the MEF, which then

etc.

grants a Resolution of Approval.

1. ANAM (“Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente”- Environmental

6. MICI (Ministry of Commerce & Industry – “Ministerio de

Enforcement Agency): ANAM oversees enforcement of

Comercio y Industrias”): MICI oversees commercial permits.

the environment. The Environmental Impact Study (EIS) is

The developer needs to obtain a business license as a real

prepared by an environmental engineer and submitted to

estate developer.

ANAM. An EIS can cost between US$750 up to $75,000 based on the project size, environmental impact, and the

7. Bomberos (Fire Chief): The area’s Fire Chief reviews the

environmental engineer. Larger firms are needed for their

architect’s plans (primarily the electricity plans) and physi-

human resources and organisational skills to get a large

cally inspects the area. If there are no fire

project’s approval while being subject to extreme scrutiny.

hazards, the Bomberos will issue a Resolution of Approval

Smaller projects with little environmental impact only require

for the project.

a sole environmental engineer. If Panama’s Environmental

Building in Panama

Enforcement Agency rejects the project, there will be a two

8. Municipio (Municipality): The Municipio oversees munici-

year waiting period before the project can be re-submitted.

pal matters of the city or town where the project is located.

The Master Plan and all construction drawings are filed with

2. ATP (Panama Tourism Authority – “Autoridad de Turismo

the Municipio.

de Panama”): ATP is only involved with tourist related pro-

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It is made clear from reading that Panama has a

similar to an SER Certificate in the United Kingdom.

broad range of construction skill at it’s disposal.

Health and Saftey, although beginning to emerge

Due to the canal’s construction, major land-works

in Central America is largely abandoned, however

and concrete utilisation is abundant and compara-

promotion of safe work practices is essential on any

tively cheap. However there are downfalls when it

project no-matter the location and quality design must

comes to interior finishes and detailing requiring close

be considered as it is an architect’s duty. Construction

supervision and tight contractual management.

is recommended to take place in the non-rainy season

Many large scape projects find it more economi-

meaning most projects will start around December

cal to bring in labour from overseas where necessary.

and in some cases end mid-April.

To gain permission to build in Panama, one

There are no truely ridged building regulations like

must have proposal drawings which have

in the UK in Panama. It is essential to communicate

been signed off by a structural engineer

closely wih the local ministery who will ultimately

jects and not residential ones. ATP’s architect will review the studies and supporting plans and documents.

Each application goes through some or all of these government agencies, all of whom must approve it’s ability to meet their ambitions and be vouched for by a professional.

3. MIVI (Ministry of Housing – “Ministerio de Vivienda”):

As such, costs pre-construction can become very expensive.

MIVI endorses the zoning for the project. Some rural areas

However, with construction costs only being around $500

do not have specific zoning regulations making zoning a

per .sqm due to cheap labour and being on a major ship-

non-issue.

ping route, the initial costs quickly recouped. (POLS, 2018)

4. MOP (Ministry of Public Works – “Ministerio de Obras Publicas”): MOP approves drainage, roads, sidewalks, etc.

When MIVI authorizes the project, MOP usually follows suit.

MOP requires specific road and drainage plans prepared by 53

Juan 54

Diaz 55

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fig. 26, Studio C, Juan Diaz Location Map5 7

Location

Juan Díaz is a south- eastern district of Panama City just under 20 km from the cities old town. The area used to be the most inhabited in Panama with a population just over 100,000 as of 2010. This is a popular commuter settlement, having a good connections to the centre of Panama City; two main roads and a metro line that runs through the North of the district.

As a result, here are many education institutions, two large medical complexes and a good commercial zone. The main river flowing towards the pacific ocean is “Rio Juan Diaz”. It cuts the district

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through the middle. There is also a rich Mangrove barrier between the urban and the sea which is protect by law and home to a diverse biosystem of fish, plants and birds.

Juan Díaz has a relatively stable climate as with the rest of Panama. There is often cloud coverage and very humid conditions with predictable heavy rain most afternoons. From December to mid-March, the weather clears, with reduced rain and a temperature that goes from 18ºC to 27ºC; ideal for outdoor activities.

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Social Map

Manufacturing plants

Commercial space

Schools

Universities

Playing Fields

fig. 27, Studio C, Juan Diaz Social Mapping 60

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N

N

N

LONDON - 1 KM2

fig. 29, Studio C, London Public Space Nolli

N

ROME - 1 KM2

fig. 30, Studio C, Rome Public Space Nolli

Juan Diaz suffers from a lack of usable outdoor public space. Infact, Panama City as a whole has limited space for pedestrians throughout the city. Cars dominate the street with it being the main mode of transport in the city, mainly due to the humid climate making it unconformable to walk and the city offering limited shading.

You can see from the Nolli plan of Juan Diaz that there are next to know public spaces (light blue) when compared to successful cities like

JUAN DIAZ - 5 KM2

London, Rome and Venice.

VENICE - 1 KM2

fig. 28, Studio C, Juan Diaz Public Space Nolli 64

fig. 31, Studio C, Venice Public Space Nolli 65

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Transportation

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fig. 32, Transportation Map

Latin American cities typically poorly planned.

There is rarely thought given to the pedestrian.

Panama City is no exception. Panama has gone from having a predominantly rural existance to a dense urban population between 1960 and 1990.

Today, it houses almost two million people in its metropolitan area.

A multicultural dialogue composed of art, literature and a variety of musical and dance expressions, the intervention displayed the multiple possibilities that this public space offers as a place of confluence for artistic creation and diffusion, as well as for free expression, inclusion, and community building.

This urban intervention in Plaza Cinco de Mayo, a conflictive zone for transport; becomes property of the people. This month long experiment produced changes in citizen behaviour, reorganized road planning, and allocated 70 percent of the intersection for pedestrians and left the remaining 30 percent for vehicles.

The temporary experiment in Panama City served to demonstrate the importance of the human being as a central axis in the development of cities. (A Walkers Pace, 2018)

A Walkers Pace

- Case Study

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Flooding

- The Problem

236,006 people living in 75 flood-prone neighbourhoods, ​ 50,932 inhabitants (21.5%) live in the densely populated ​subdistrict of Juan Diaz. Massive floods plague the region. Studies in the area suggest a combination of increase in hard surfaces, poor water management, deforestation and rising sea levels have all contributed to the area suffering.

Increasing surface water runoff and a larger volume of water flowing through rivers ​with nowhere to drain in the lower part of the

basin make matters even worse. ​The area also suffers from a badly maintained urban drainage system that is further challenged by the disposal of garbage in the canals.

In a survey by a water management company, 66% of floods were caused by poor education of proper waste disposal with a further 10% down to Destruction of forests and mangroves. There was another 14% due to poor planning. (Wetlands, 2019)

The number of floods has risen from 3 floods yearly in 2000 to 60+ in 2020.

fig. 33, Studio C, Deforestation Erosion

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fig. 34, Flooding Sketch

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fig. 35, Flood Map Juan Diaz

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A larger river runs through Juan Diaz alongside numerous smaller streams and creeks. ​ Most of them have been encroached upon and channelled into gutters and drainage systems that are p ​ oorly maintained and have become urban garbage dumps. The litter then contributing to the flooding problem as well as polluting our oceans.

There is currently a Texas sized pile of litter floating around the Pacific known as the Pacific Trash vortex and Panama is one of the contributors to this issue with it being among the Latin American nations with the worst stats in the quality and sustainability of their maritime zones.

fig. 36, Studio C, Gutter Litter Sketch

fig. 37, Studio C, Pre-Development Flooding

fig. 38, Studio C, Post-Development Flooding

As visible from the above diagrams; when development within the circle took place, increased paved areas caused the natural reservoir to loose it’s ability to catch water, protecting the neighbourhood beside.

This encourages the water to break from the river, causing catastrophe down stream where gutters are blocked by litter.

By reverting this poorly designed area to a designated wetland, water does not burst it’s banks lower down river. Instead, it settles where mangroves can retain the soil and reduce land erosion and damage to buildings.

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The main reason you see so much trash in Panama is that the type of rubbish has changed. The popularity of ready-meals in non-biodegradable packaging; styrofoam dishware, and the now-famous plastic bags and bottles have changed the character of litter in Panama.

In days gone buy, dumping rubbish in a pile, the ocean or burning it did not have the same impacts it has today. Not long ago; almost all the trash was bio-degradable.

One of the main reasons for the mass of urban rubbish in Panama is the major lacking of public trash cans. If there isn’t a bin, and no communityconsensus that littering is unacceptable, what happens to empty juice boxes and wrappers? They are dropped on the ground of course, or in the case of Juan Diaz, dumped in the backyard gutters.

Even when a government does provide bins, they are often not emptied regularly. This leads to overflowing garbage cans, indicating to the public that the government has no quarrels with piles of rubbish.

It encourages an “if the city cannot be bothered to pick up the trash, why should I” mentality.

Rubbish pick up from home is also a problem. Most people don’t want, or cannot pay the $4 – $6/ month for garbage pick up. In some areas, especially more rural areas, garbage service is not available.

If the city cannot be bothered to pick up the trash, why should I?

This lack of adequate garbage service and public health education ends only with a worsening problem. A lot of that garbage makes its way into rivers and then on to beaches and then into the ocean.

According to Panama’s Urban and Domiciliary Cleaning Authority (AAUD), the country produces more than 4000 tons of waste, out of which some 480 tons find its way into the Bay of Panama. (Living in Panama, 2017)

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fig. 39, Studio C, Post-Development Flooding

Mangroves are trees or shrubs that grow in costal swamp areas that flood during high tide. These ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and provide many benefits to humans.

Mangrove forests only grow in subtropical and tropical climates, as they cannot withstand freezing temperatures. These forests are easily recognized by their densely, propped, tangled roots. This allows for mangroves to withstand being flooded, during high tides. The intricate root systems of these plants are attractive to fish and other organisms seeking shelter from predators.

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The mangroves are in trouble - from trash disrupting the ecosystem and deforestation. As they disappear coastal villages face a loss of industry and a natural barrier to withstand storms .

The planet also loses an ally in storing carbon, which helps minimise the effects of climate change.

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Mola

- The Solution

A ‘Master-System’ to re-establish an urban wetland on the Rio Juan Diaz, with an aim to reduce catastrophic flooding in the Juan Diaz area of Panama. Encouraging improved waste disposal and cotton farming; passively leading the region towards a positive symbiotic relationship with its environment at the micro whilst setting a standard for sustainable fashion and Panamanian exporting.

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fig. 40, Out of Focus Collage

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The mola is a traditional dress among indig-

Western culture. Strong expressions of dual-

enous Guna (formerly Kuna) women of

ity, repetition, and equilibrium are evident in

Panamá. These Guna women have been sew-

mola imagery, both in single panels and those

ing mola blouses since the turn of the 20th

comprising the front and back of a blouse.

century. They have become powerful sym-

Driven by precise aesthetic values and a spir-

bols of their culture and identity. During the

ited practice of artistic critique, Guna women

Guna Revolution of 1925, Guna people rallied

are passionate about making ever more inno-

around their right to make and wear molas

vative mola designs that continue to push the

as a statement of their independence. They

boundaries of their cultural tradition.

ultimately gained sovereignty over their territory, an archipelago of hundreds of small

The brand “Mola” for the solution to the Juan

islands along Panamá’s Atlantic coast, known

Diaz problem comes from this traditional fab-

collectively as Guna Yala.

ric. These intricately woven cloths are hand stitched and truly boutique, a symbol of what

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Molas are masterfully hand-sewn cotton

is to come and relevant to the programme.

panels that are made in pairs and sewn

They are something to be worn with pride,

into blouses. They feature a wide array of

recognisable and influenceable globally.

vibrantly colored compositions, with designs

It will be made clearer why a fabric would be

ranging from geometric abstraction to

a suitable branding for an urban solution as the

imaginative scenes inspired by popular

journal carries on. (Fashioning Identity, 2020)

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Fashion Week A fashion week in Panama held annually in

The MOLA Project aims to embrace this grow-

Panama City and is growing internationally

ing fashion sector whilst tackling the problems

with 2019s edition showcasing work from

of flooding in Juan Diaz. Working with the cur-

both national and international design-

rent events to give Panama an elevated voice

ers, having a focus on both social and

in the innovative world of sustainable fashion.

environmental responsibilities in the

Thought should be given to house shows/

fashion industry. They hosted educa-

events could be hosted within the site once

tional workshops on ethical fashion.

established.

fig. 41, Studio C, Fashion Hub Diagram

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87

MAPPING THE SOLUTION

fig. 42, Mapping the Solution V.1 88

fig. 43, Studio C, Fashion Collage 89

Choosing the Site LOGISTICS We initially approached the problem by attempting to occupy a section of the river.

A rough massing map was proposed, high-

MANUFACTURE 2

lighting the zoning of each element of the system. We also worked out approx. areas to best utilise the site. The action was also taken to move the recycling centre out of town and

V-FARM

away from houses due to pollution worries.

MAN

However, through research including an

CTU

UFA

analysis og BIG’s Copenhagen Recycling

RE 1

Centre, we decided that it would be possible re-integrate in into the same site. This

V-F

also compacts the system which better fits

ARM

our aspirations.

RESIDENCES 1

fig. 44, Site Massing Diagrams

NTS

EVE

Manufacturing - 2500sq.m Approx Residential - 100sq.m Approx x 50

Logistics Center - 1000sq.m Approx

RESIDENCES 2

v-Farm - 100sq.m Approx x 10 Recycling - 1000sq.m Approx

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RECYCLING SITE

91 fig. 45, Site Zoning Concept

As previously discussed, the site circled in this

steel manufacturers and storage units, the

map has been developed upon which has

area can be returned to a catchment area.

resulted in worse flooding down stream. As

This is also an ideal location for transport-

a result, this makes it the ideal candidate for a

ing goods to the city with it’s close proximity

wetland insertion as past maps indicate it as

to the road. It also has a close relationship

being in an important point along the river.

with the surrounding houses which will in turn

With the removal and relocation of the

benefit from this intervention.

developments on this site including small

fig. 46, Flooding Map 92

93

P lastic Recycling

A large majority of the plastic that is dumped in the rivers and drains are plastic bottles which are made from a a type of plastic known as PET. This is perfect for recycling into yarn that can then be made into clothes, shoes and bags.

There are already many examples of this process being done with many sportswear and outdoor companies using it in the production of their garments such as Patagonia, Adidas, Nike and many more. fig. 47, Studio C, Plastics to Fabrics 94

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Cotton Farming

Cotton is mostly grown in monoculture. Cotton is an extremely pesticide-intensive crop. It is only grown on 2.5% of the world’s agricultural land but it uses over 16 percent of all the insecticides globally and 6,8% of all herbicides used worldwide.

These pesticides are washed out of soils, and pollute rivers and groundwater. Pests often develop resistance to pesticides that are used on a continuous basis. Furthermore, the chemicals eliminate not only pests but also their natural enemies. This interference with the ecosystem considerably reduces biodiversity and can result in pests that were previously not so important (secondary pests) becoming a major problem, as e.g. emerging in China.

If cotton is cultivated intensively, it requires large amounts of water for irrigation. This causes soil salinisation, particularly in dry areas and hence a degradation of soil fertility. The diversion of entire rivers into huge irrigation channels in

96

Central Asia has led to the gradual drying-up of the Aral Lake, one of the largest inland waters in the world. It is estimated that 60% of irrigation water in Central and Southern Asia is lost before reaching cotton fields because of poor infrastructure (PAN UK, 2006).

Cotton production also contributes to climate change. Industrial fertilizers are produced using considerable quantities of finite energy sources (1.5% of the world’s annual energy consumption), releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, the excessive application of nitrates to agricultural land leads to their being transformed into nitrous oxide (“laughing gas”), a greenhouse gas that is 300 times more destructive than CO2 in terms of global warming. Finally, soils are important carbon sinks.

Soil degradation seriously reduces their carbon sequestration capacity, thereby contributing to the greenhouse effect.

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Vertical farming could provide the solution to the environmentally damaging cotton industry. Through cultivating the cotton crop in a controlled environment pesticides wont be needed to keep pests at bay therefor not polluting and damaging the land. It can also go hand in hand with the plastic recycling facilities in a bid to create a new sustainable fashion industry in Panama as well as being an innovative example for tackling the worldwide problem of the unsustainable fashion industry.

Despite the high cost of building a vertical farms, higher yields mean more revenue for investors, as long as there is a market for it.

fig. 48, Studio C, V-Farm Comparison Diagram

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99

“When the fish are fed, their waste is converted into fertiliser, with the help of microbacteria, to feed the plants. The plants then purify the water, which is then pumped back into the fish tanks. GrowUp believe that aquaponics can help find solutions to the problems of over fishing by producing a protein source that is accessible and versatile. (Aquaponics, 2020) Unit 84 farm a species of fish called tilapia which were chosen for their need for a fairly low-protein diet. GrowUp produce around four tonnes of these fish each year and feel that this type of farming can go some way to help solving some of the global issues of fish farming.” (Vertical Farming, 2019)

fig. 49, Studio C, Aquaponics Diagram

101

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fig. 28, Studio C, Vertical Farming Diagram

1 01

fig. 50, Studio C, Solar Placement Diagram

fig. 51, Studio C, Family Housing Illustration

Functionality All of this farming comes as a cost however. A huge influx of power is required to produce enough energy to have the farms running 24/7. Luckily Panama as a country is transitioning to Hydro power from fossil fuels. As previously mentioned, it is also one of the best for potential solar energy in the world. As this is the case, solar will be utilised on site and offset or entirely facilitate the energy required.

The The solar panels will be located on the roofs of the new housing proposals where excess energy will be sent to the industrial buildings

1 02

such as farms and recycling centres instead of into the main Panama grid. This saves massively on wasted energy going through the grid; instead being used directly on site.

Many of these processes are a high in energy demands so maximising the energy gained from solar power is essential to keeping this process as sustainable as possible.

With progress towards sustainable energy production by the government, this could be the most globally sustainable fashion producers globally.

EVENTS SPACE The population of Panama is 85 percent Roman Catholic. The two largest public holidays revolve around church-related events: Christmas and Carnaval. A Christmas parade is held in Panama City on December 25 with floats and a marching band of drummers. Afterwards carols are sung around a huge tree. Carnaval is a ritual celebrated for the five days prior to Ash Wednesday. A queen is chosen and other festivities occur.

Mola poses a fantastic oportunity to create more community drive events within the new woven landscape.

HOUSING DESIGN The extended family is the most important social unit for the native population and the city dwellers. There are almost no elderly care facilities in Panama because families care for their own. The extended family is their backbone. (Fact File, 2020)

1 03

As incentive to donate their plastic bottles rather than fly tipping there will be a points system in place to reward people of Panama for their recycling. This could consist of having some sort of points card that they swipe and the recycling machines count the amount they are donating.

When the person reaches a certain number of points they can use them to purchase an item of clothing made from their recycled plastic and sustainably farmed cotton.

dumped into the drainage systems and this in turn will reduce the flooding and overall benefit the lives of the citizens. People with time on their hands may take up collecting litter from the streets and oceans to help reduce what is already there.

This micro intervention could help reduce ocean waste in the process.

Through this process it will hopefully reduce the amount of litter that is

fig. 52, Studio C, Rewards System - Clean Seas Illustration

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1 05

Cotton - Panama has an ideal climate for growing cotton 30C and lots of rainfall. Vertically farming sets a trend for the rest of the Juan Diaz to begin building skywards, balancing out the skyline and slowing horizontal expansion. It also starts a cycle for providing for itself instead of relying on imports.

Cotton is a facilitator for the area, giving quality job opportunities and an exportable resource. Skilled workers can make boutique fabrics and meshes to keep mosquitos at bay.

Waste from cotton production can be used to make burnable pellets which smoke, also keeping mosquitos away. Cotton typically takes 5-6 months of growth for harvest, with vertical farming, this can be reduced to just 3 months. No pesticides are required either, making the cotton good quality for fabric making.

With traditional farming methods, 1sqm of land can produce about 0.1kg of cotton whereas a vertical farm 50m tall could produce up to 10kg per sqm of land area.

This process takes into consideration that when harvested from the field is called unginned cotton and does not represent a traded product. The harvested cotton is put in a ginner which is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibres from their seeds and other objects. It is estimated that 1 lb. of unginned cotton contains 32-33% cotton fibers, 52-54% cotton seeds and around 15% foreign objects (stones, leaves, dirt etc.). However, as we are vertically farming the cotton, the cotton fibres can be as high at 60%.(Cotton Roots, 2019)

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Water - Daily rainfall, we will see a predictable cycle of water coming through the site and flooding typically once every 3 days. This replaces stagnant water with fresh, flushing away mosquito eggs. Water is essential for cotton growing as a lot is required. It is also used in the plastics recycling process and cotton pellet production.

Promotion of animal and mangroves within the water will give essential minerals, encourage further growth.

There is an estimated 119 Billion Litres of water falling in Panama yearly.

Of which, 27 Billion is used to produce Hydro-energy, 2.5 Billion for Transportation (canal), 500 million on Agriculture and 8 million on Industry .

This means that only 25% of water is actually used by humans in Panama.

(Water Sector of Panama, 2018) 1 08

1 09

Plastics Recycling - With litter being the main

Mangroves - The re-establishment of mangroves in the area helps to filter water in and out of the site whilst locking the soil together, preventing further erosion.

Animal life will flourish within these mangroves; fish eat scum and flies that are attracted to the area, keeping any non-cycled water fresh. Termites help to breakdown dead or fallen bits of mangrove. Both of which fertilise the water and soil with their waste, promoting more growth and providing cotton farms with quality water. With a site area of 385,500sqm, there is the possibility for over 50,000 Mangroves to inhabit the area. There is also potential to grow and harvest Bamboo as a construction material with it’s amazing growth speed of 1-1.5m per year. This amount of foliage will also help reduce CO2 emissions from surrounding roads and factories.

cause of flooding in the area, it is essential to deal with it on site instead of exporting it elsewhere.

This smart process of shredding then heating and spooling into a twine to be used as so desired.

This gives a huge range of opportunities for exports, skilled labour and boutique goods when combined with the cotton production.

A large majority of the plastic that is dumped in the rivers and drains are plastic bottles which are made from a a type of plastic known as PET. This is perfect for recycling into yarn that can then be made into clothes, shoes and bags. There are already many examples of this process being

fig. 53, Mangroves

done with many sportswear and outdoor compa-

Solar - Vertical cotton and Plastic recycling are energy intensive. To reduce the master-system’s footprint, solar power will be adopted wherever possible. Houses on the site will produce their own electricity and excess can be directly fed into the industrial process. As Panama is in an ideal location for solar potential, it is essential to promote the use of it.

Watts

=

W/m2

x

Efficacy

nies using it in the production of their garments such as Patagonia, Adidas, Nike and many more.

A start-up called “Ecoalf” have a similar infrastructure where they collect sea-trash and turn them into wonderful clothing items. In buying these goods, you are actively contributing to

(15-42%)

a sustainable future. From 70 bottles you can

Average solar panels range from 15-35% efficiency.

make 1 .sqm of fabric not including cotton. 135g

Panama city average daily sunlight – 12h16mins

of fish net can also create 1 .sqm of fabric.

Juan Diaz – 1500kWh/kWp Yearly average portn-

By comparatively, virgin fabrics for mak-

tial = 4kWh per day. 4kWhx0.35ef.= 1.4kW/h per m2.

Daily output per m2 -

ing clothes use 20% more water, 50% more

12.27x1.4 = 17.2kW/m2

energy and cause 25 - 50% more green-

Yearly potential - 17.2kW/m2 x 365 = 6278kW/m2/year.

house gas emissions whilst contributing Average Micromole per joule - umol/j - for every joule of electrical energy (joule = watt * second) a certain number of photon micromoles are produced. One micromole = 602,000,000,000,000,000J.

to the global marine pollution problem.

This new industrial eco-system sets a new trend across the global fashion industry and with proper promotion and showcasing/work-

Highly efficient LED grow light can be up to 3.5 μmol/j.

Ty p i c a l 200W/m2

W/m2 with

for high

growing

is

efficiency

shops, could see engagement with foreign brands.

around

Panama being a shipping hub provides an

LED’s

unique opportunity to also be a sustainable dis-

2400Wh required for 1m3 cotton – 17200Wh generated per m3

fig. 54, Solar

Sage, 2020) 110

tribution node which house-hold name brands

1m2 solar panels = 7.2m2 cotton planting. (Energy

fig. 55, Plastics Process Drawing

engage with. ( ECOALF, 2020) 111

It is important to highlight that throughout his-

is a calorific energy analysis in cotton plants

tory, cotton farming has transitioned from a

could be helpful in developing highly applicable

horrible historic background of slavery and

and productive planning for energy policies. The

mis-treatment of ethnic minorities to todays

results shows that the calorific energy in different

mechanically driven farming. Technology has

organs of cotton is different. The lowest calorific

facilitated this new system where one machine

energy value in all plant organs was observed

and one operator can harvest incredibly fast.

at leaves(15.955 KJ/g), while seeds contains the

There is now an opportunity to transition once

highest energy value varied between 22.750-

again to a fully automated system within the

23.078KJ/g. The calorific values of dry cotton

vertical farms which could be optimised for

stalks are varying from 15.861 to 15.100 KJ/g. (the

cotton growing and non-human interaction.

following figure shows calorific energy distribu-

Illustrated below is a concept f how these verti-

tion in cotton plant organs).

cally farmed cotton plants could be harvested

The usual pelletizing process includes: crushing,

whilst sweeping up excess waste to be sent to

drying, pelletizing, cooling and packing as illus-

bio-pellet processing.

trated below. There are some differences in the cotton stalk pellet production line. Because of

fig. 56, Cotton Pellet Processing Machinery In the world, cotton accounts for nearly 40%

low moisture content of cotton stalk, the drying

of global fibre production. High cotton pro-

is unnecessary during the whole process, which

duction is accompanied by generation of tons

bring a lot of convenience during production.

of cotton waste each year. Development of fig. 57, Automated Cotton Extraction concept

economical and efficient methods for uti-

As previously discussed, Mosquitos in wet areas

lizing or disposing of cotton waste can be

can be a problem. However with this cotton pellet

used as biomass fuel like cotton stalk pellets.

production, it can be burned in open areas on site which keeps them away as well as being useful in

In terms of heating value, heating value ( or cal-

homes around the site where open fire

orific value) is essentially a material for burning

cooking is traditional. (Bio Pellet Machine, 2018)

as fire or as a thermal source of energy. There

112

113

Recycling drop off points dispersed 2km distance apart across the City to allow for easy access. The site weaves itself into the city, engaging and improving quality of the entire city.

Through a points system when a customer reaches 100 points they recieve a token to collect a free item of clothing from the produce of their recycling. Collected via a loop the plastic is taken to the recycling center to be made into sustainably sourced synthetic yarn. fig. 58, Studio C, Juan the Mola Mascot

fig. 59, Studio C, Drop Off Recycling Points

114

115

Investment The Panamanian government don’t show interested in resolving this issue therefor private investment would be crucial.

However there would be little private investment interest in solving the issue of flooding in Juan Diaz so the idea needs to be larger than this.

fig. 61, Studio C, Green Bonds Initiative HIghlighting that the Litter causing the flooding in Juan Diaz eventually makes its way to the ocean contributing to the pollution in the Pacific opens up an angle for private investment. Jumping on the trend of sustainable fashion opens up the possibility of solving a Micro problem (flooding) as well as contributing to solving a Macro problem (Ocean Pollution). Giving investors a green and sustainable banned for future fashion exports.

With the help of green bonds investment this could be possible.

Litter

in

Industry 116

fig. 60, Studio C, Investment Strategy

Juan

Diaz

Possibilities

=

=

Ocean

Private

Pollution

Investment

= =

Recycling

Good

=

Publicity 117

118

119

“ We live in a world where great incompatibles co-exist: the human scale and the superman scale, stability and mobility, permanence and change, identity and anonymity, comprehensibility and universality” - Kenzo Tange

fig. 62, Kiyonori Kikutake, Modular Removable Pods Model Metabolism is a modern architecture

1961, Kahn and his associates designed

movement originating in Japan. The

stacked, modular towers for the Richards

expression occurred already in the urban

Medical Research Lab at the University

sociologist Ernest Burgess’ article ‘The

of Pennsylvania. This modern, geometric

Growth of Cities’. Young Japanese archi-

idea for using space became a model.

tects used this to describe their beliefs about how buildings and cities should be designed; emulating a living being.

(Metabolism in Architecture, 1977)

Metabolism Case Study

Metabolism is inherently a sustainable ecosystem of cells , death and rebirth, adaption and overcoming. It is an embodiment of the city itself; a grow-

Influences of this style are often drafted

ing metropolis. Kenzo Tange, a huge

from Frank Lloyd Wright for his organic

influence of the Metabolism movement

approach to building design. Some of the

described one of his projects, not as a

work at the Kenzo Tange Lab was influ-

‘Master plan’ but as a ‘Master System’

enced by the architecture of American

(Kenzo Tange, 2010)

Louis Kahn as well. Between 1957 and fig. 63, Kenzo Tange, Metabolism Sketch 120

121

Resist, Delay, Store, Discharge OMA have proposed a comprehensive urban water strategy which deploys programmed hard infrastructure and soft landscape for coastal defence (resist); policy recommendations, guidelines, and urban infrastructure to slow rainwater runoff (delay); a circuit of interconnected green infrastructure to store and direct excess rainwater (store); and water pumps and alternative routes to support drainage (discharge).

“The Sandy-affected region is a long coastline with many assets, and as we now know, at risk. A fully comprehensive solution is beyond our means, so we need to prioritise, build smart, and recognize where best to focus our resources. Integrated into our built environments our investments in risk reduction should also empower our communities and our economy, allowing us

to grow resiliently. approach is framed by a desire to understand and quantify flood risk. In doing so, we are better positioned to identify those opportunities that present the greatest impact, the best value, and the highest potential – our areas of focus.”

(OMA) Their objectives are to manage water – for both disaster and for long-term growth; enable reasonable flood insurance premiums – through the potential redrawing of the FEMA flood zone; and deliver co-benefits – that enhance cities.

These are replicable innovations that can help guide communities on a sustainable path to living with water.

fig. 64, Metabolism Study concrete model 122

123

Lecture Reflection - Reclaiming Tectonics - A. Stoane

Infrastructure

Megastructure

Before conception of the “Hyperobject”

traditional amusement complex, finidng a

(Timothy Morton, 2013), megastructures had

new way to reincorperate them into every-

been developing. Not to be mistake for big-

day life of a regional society. This naturally

ness; it is in fact a term used to describe a

makes the space non-permanent, easy to

frame for which all hangs from, the truck for

move, disassemble, change. Meeting the

branches to grow. Kenneth Frampton made

local requirements. Such a building would

an attempt to describe the term;

never reach completion, a process of endless change and flexibility. A form of metabolism

“One may illustrate this distinction by comparing the Centre Pompidou in Paris, which is surely a megastructure, to Arthur Erickson’s Robson Square development in Vancouver which is ultimately a megaform.”

(Megaform, 1999) Cedric Price depicted “The Fun Palace” in 1961, a complex comprised of various movable entertainment facilities. A place expendable and changeable. In essence, a place to dismantle the tired formalism of 124

in a sense.

“This complex which enables self-participatory education and entertainment, can only work - and then only for a finite time - if it is not only accessible to those living and working in the immediate neighbourhood but also, through it’s varied communication links, accessible by as a region and national amenity” (Re:CP, 2006)

This above quote in some ways predicts problems to come for the megastructure.

During the ‘Reclaiming Tectonics’ lecture

centres “failure”, some calling it “dull”.

series, an analysis of the Cumbernauld Town

However, when stepping back, the architec-

Centre ended megastructure showed it’s 50

ture is far from dull, it is unique and arguably

year demise from revolutionary intervention

exciting.

to the mall by which it inadvertently invented.

A reading of a paper by David Roberts reflecting on the Balfron Tower had me

Political and fashion changes, neglect and

convinced.

decay, each a battle for the Centre. As mentioned by the quote from Cedric Price, a complex which enables itself but be accessi-

“Forty suggested the mistake historians have made is to look in the wrong place for the causes of failure.” (David Roberts, 2017)

ble to all. So how can this new typology hold it’s own when it has a 9-5 curfew?

Roberts notes that almost all examples of “failed” architecture has been for architecture of the state. The poor management

In an exchange between myself and A. Stoane, I came to appreciate that this tragic case of architecture. From initial face value and public opinion, I had assumed that

of these buildings have lead to their true demise. This dialogue is evident in the Pruit Igoe Myth film as occupiers liked it until disrepair took over. (Pruit Igoe, 2011)

change of taste was the real reason for the 125

Lecture Reflection - Humanities - L . Holms

Urban Imagination

Flows

This final lecture in the series begins by

Melun-Senart, a project that focuses on what

discussing heterotopia and enclaves to show

not to build and where not to build.

developed in Melun-Senart.

In the competition “Parc de la Villette”, Koolhaus noted that these was too much program, leaving no room for park. He proposed

“At the core of Rem’s criticism is the architects’ tendency to retreat back to architectural solutions when tackling urban problems. Still traumatized by the scam of modernism, architects express their dissatisfaction with the modern city not with attempts at new approaches or ideas, but rather “only more refined ways of articulating dissatisfaction.”” ( Strategy of the Void, 2018)

a schedule of room uses, cutting strips along the site and stacking them. He uses verticality

Bands of free space freed from architec-

to maximise park space and open oppor-

ture run through the masterplan. These voids

tunities for unexpected connections from

frame islands of chaotic growth.

not as enclaves, but as a flow of programme, materials or activities; a Fordism of sorts. This is then developed on in the

“The built is now fundamentally suspect. The unbuilt is green, ecological, popular. If the built, le plein, is now out of control, subject to permanent political and financial turmoil. the same is not yet true of the unbuilt; nothingness may be the last subject of plausible certainties.” (Melum-Senart, 2020)

This relationship with the popular unbuilt and the required, programmatic infrastructure gives potential for a new form; instead of

programme to programme. (Holms, 2020) This re-conceptualization of architecture,

through diagramming (fig. 64), will help give reason to the placement.

Rem Koolhaus walked away from this urban strategy through first his La Villette, then

The development of layers and connections

The process of linear banding and flow

allocated unplanned voids from above, can

could be something to consider when pro-

these overlap and have a systematic rela-

posing the industrial processes within what

tionship, requiring one for the other.

will essentially become a public Panamanian Park.

126

fig. 65, Rem Koolhaus, Melun-Senart Program Flow

127

The Magic and Metaphysics of Shit:

“Alexa! Do You Love Me?”

fig. 67, Unknown fields Collage

fig. 66, Menger Sponge Collage The paper “The Magic and Metaphysics of

The reason that producing space is so unu-

I first read this paper after watching the

dreams world they claim to be. Connected to

Shit: The Production of Space and Digital

sual is down to the concept of constructing

documentary, “Unknown Fields: Tales from

our everyday lives through complex networks

a material space. Space in face does not

the Dark Side of the City” (Unknown fields,

of criss cross pathways in crisis, an inter-

exist, nor is it a container (Lefebvre, 2016). It

2019), produced by a studio which claims to

connected world which only looks one way;

is socially produced.

be nomadic; going to the ends of the Earth

forwards. Not to in the alien landscapes they

to find distinct landscapes.

benefit from.

Technology” (Carpenter, 2020) reads Henri Lefebvre alongside Bernard Stiegler to explore changes in the production of space within our digital age. It may seem strange to read both together, Lefebvre sensed radical change in how space is produced; Stiegler on the other hand looks at how digital technologies change memory through external storage devices - this is in fact space and in a way answers Lefebvre’s question.

“To speak of ‘producing space’ sounds bizarre, so great is the sway still held by the idea that empty space is prior to whatever ends up filling it.”

(Lefebvre, 2016) 128

A data centre in Stiegler’s eyes is a space. A produced space. Something that can expand the memory of the human.

“When thought alongside Bernard Stiegler’s work on tertiary retention we are able to understand how the epochal shift in the means of production from analogue to digital radically alters the mechanics of the production of space and consequently the kinds of spaces that are produced.”

(Carpenter, 2020)

“the iconic and the ignored, the excavated, irradiated and the pristine, are embedded in global systems that connect them in surprising and complicated ways to our everyday lives.” (Unknown Fields Division, 2018)

These hard hitting projects show how this new digital space is truly produced. From the intensionally forgotten landscapes.

The City depends on these shadow cast

It is important to consider that as these landscape slowly dry up, cities will eventually be forced to confront these problems.

Self sustaining cities are inevitable or they shall collapse. Will Panama one day be able to provide for itself before the canal teet stops; as these networks erode and leave the forgotten landscapes behind?

alternative landscapes to operate as the 129

130

1 31

Implementation

This section begins to attempt an implementation for the system previously conceptualized through a series of sketches, analysis and finally a concept and it’s future.

The wetlands pose an challenging architectural problem to solve. The balance of sustainability and programme will be key to a successful outcome. Attempting to stay lo-tech and avoid imports to make a usable solution will also be difficult under the circumstances. Not having access to an extremely skilled work force involves it’s own challenges too.

The final concept should prioritise the requirements for the system to operate successfully.

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Target Audience The target audience for the housing in Juan Diaz would be Young professionals and PHD students that want to come and work for the MOLA initiative.

Young designers would be integral to the brand to keep it on trend and so attracting these people to come and live and work at the site would be key to its success. A research lab would also be key to the development of the brand through developing the synthetic fibres, treatments for the textiles (UV protection etc), dyes and pigments.

‘Many people associate innovation in the fashion industry with of-the-moment designers in New York, London and Paris, when in fact the true fashion revolutionaries are the innovators of the chemical industry working away in labs.’ (Chemistry and Fashion, 2011)

134

fig. 68, Metabolism Study concrete model

1 35

Think Space

fig. 69, Very early sketch plan

136

Initial approaches to the site were

have a more integrated system

similar to proposals on the first

similar to the master-system. A

site. Individual systems spaced

mega-structure of sorts that is mod-

out, branching the river. Linked by

ular and adaptable through time.

walkways which were above the

By creating a framework which

floodable water plane. However

each service and occupation could

we felt that instead of plonking

function, grow or shrink within the

individual services on allocated

same landscape will become a key

sites, it would be beneficial to

theme from here on.

fig. 70, Early sketch of layering and weaving

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fig. 72, Tectonic vs Stereotomic sketch What might this “weave” look like? The

Another point raised in these sketches

sketches above illustrate options for how we

is how to stop this wetland spilling onto

might approach it. Does the grid become a

the road to the North. Could a build-

lightweight tectonic frame for which we can

ing act as the barrier to the road or

fill? Something Cedric price might propose...

is a more holistic approach required?

Or is it a stereotomic form that has ‘canals’ which flow when flooded?

fig. 71, Urban weave and River management sketch developed

Above shows some of the driving

The need for relief zones

sketches for much of our propos-

prompted piercings within this

als. Top left shows the relationship

weave like a needle through fab-

between the river and the road. The

ric. A pierce in the mesh to relieve

river provides the opportunities for

tension and open to the air.

us to export to the road. The upper

The lower sketch through the river

middle sketch rotates that grid to have

begins to concept how the flooding

a North-South orientation which is a

could be managed. Having a solid

popular typology in Latin American

edge reduces the rivers movement

climates. These overlayed grids cre-

and errosion, however this approach

ate and oportunity for life above and

was adapted to a softer edge

industry below within the floodplane.

through natural means. fig. 73, Wetland boundary sketch

138

fig. 74, Concepting stilts + connections 1 39

fig. 75, Collage of layered living

To try and find an answer to questions

throughout. Only touching the ground

raised through sketching, I began

where necessary and gracefully.

to collage references together to depict and describe what might be.

Both of these approaches are valid in their own right, however, the concept of raised walkways remained vivid

Maximising floodable area was the core of the system. Taking this on board helped to distil the idea into what it has become.

fig. 76, Early stereotomic illustration 140

fig. 77, Studio C, Canal and grid concept 141

fig. 79, Organic Walkways - Inhabiting the site

fig. 78, Studio C, Natural rivers edge Illustration

It quickly became apparent that

whilst acting as a natural filter.

by creating a solid boundary to the

This also promotes further growth

river was not appropriate for our sys-

and animal life within the site.

tem. The above illustration inspired

This lo-tech solutions nicely compli-

us to make take a softer approach,

ments the system instead of being

using lo-tech, natural solutions.

harsh and counter productive.

Mangroves, as previously discussed can lock in soil to prevent erosion

fig. 80, Organization of modular buildings within the site

142

143

Mosquitoes have always been a problem in Panama. Yellow Fever was a huge problem during the construction of the canal and lead to over 40% of deaths during the Darien Scheme.

Urban areas thankfully are not as badly effected but if we are to establish a wetland, we must design with them in mind.

Loren’s Holm mentioned in a lecture that we must sometimes look in unusual places for inspiration.

It may seem unusual at first, but indigenous tribes have learned to live with these pests through design of their houses. A central firepit becomes the hub of the home, cooking happens all day and smoke keeps the mosquitoes away. Having no walls also allows a constant flow of wind through the house, wafting the smoke out and the mosquitoes. The roof and being on stilts become the 2 defining elements for these homes - one to shelter from heavy daily rain 144

and the other to stay up from flooding and animals.

145

fig. 81 Studio C, Smoke Diagram

fig. 82, Modular housing above urban wetland sketch fig. 83, Adaption to flooding levels 146

147

fig. 85, Site Connections

148

fig. 84, Studio C, Public - Private Overlap Diagram

As previously noted, crime in Juan

opportunity to feel safe at night, walking

Diaz is very high. As we wish to attract

alone in nature with little access to lighting.

a global audience to the area, we

Situating housing on site near roads

must make sure that the site is safe.

will also be key for giving police

With the urban wetland becom-

and fire services quick access.

ing a sort of public park, we must

There are already a few gated communi-

engage with the problem and

ties around Juan Diaz, however to fully shut

try to make it as safe as possible.

off the wetland would not fit the narrative

With the implementation of public and

of engagement with the neighbourhood.

private walkways, people who live on

The above diagrams show some of the

site or work there can have the unique

connections that we think will be impor-

feeling of being safe walking at night.

tant, keeping a close relationship with

Not many public parks globally give you the

our neighbours.

149

Growth

Mesh

Case Study

Case Study

This eco-friendly luxury arts complex has been inspired by it’s natural surroundings in Mexico.

Designed by Eduardo Neira, attempting to explore new forms, learning from native tribes and living in harmony with the environment.

It’s floating bridges and meandering paths appear to have grown from the earth.

This unique approach, embracing available materials and reducing impact on nature is something we can take forward

In Argentina, this unique theme-park and bird sanctuary by Hampton Rivoira Architects adapts to the unique requirements through the use of mesh. Their goal is to separate birds from humans for protection and prevent bird escape whilst being as close as possible.

This warped mesh is something that we could adopt to have an immersive experience with nature while keeping invasive insects like mosquitos out and keep human litter in.

to inspire our future temporary walkways.

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151

Permanant

fig. 86, Walkways and 2nd River

Case Study

BuroLandschap and De Gregorio & Partners exhibit a perfect example of a permanent walkway. The corten steel helps what would be otherwise harsh steel, blend into the surrounding trees. Their ambition was to have

Here you can see an attempt to integrate these

implemented whilst modelling flood situations

networks of walkways. Overlapping, incli-

that to give more even distribution of flood

nations as devices, trees overhanging. All

water across the site. A 2nd canal would be

tools for movement and observation, bring-

needed. This can also house the event space

ing people into the natural surroundings.

and potentially be a hub for river tours if the site

These early models do a poor job of illustrat-

adapts to the growing Panama tourism industry.

ing the softer nature some of these walkways

Popular events like the Panama Fashion

have, however it is a good generator of what it

Festival could use this site to pro-

might start to look like on a broad-strokes level.

mote

The 2nd river can clearly be seen in these images. This is the first mention of it as it was

an

eco-friendly

approach.

The 2nd river also acts as a fail safe for one being

clogged by litter. fig. 87, Event space and look-out

minimal impact on the area whilst making is a structurally sound and long-term solution.

One user of the facility described it as “magical” being above the trees on a bike.

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153

Viable Materials

Ve n i c e h a s c o n q u e r e d w a t e r , embraced it and set strict terms with it. Water has become a unique street typology. How it has done so can help to give options for our own project.

This surprisingly lo-tech solution is an ideal example of embracing available materials to inhabit water prone zones.

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fig. 88, Studio C, Materials Diagrams

155

fig. 89, Oil Rig Inspired Sketch When originally thinking about how to develop a vertical farm on site, problems arose with how to go upwards ,cheaply this oxmoron is inherently difficult to solve.

This is especially difficult when incuding attemps to leave as little carbon footprint as possible in a wet area. When cycling through Dundee, it struck me that oil rigs are infact one of the most efficient structures for going upwards. They are also designed purely for wet environments.

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fig. 90, Studio C, Lebbeus Woods Inspired Sketch

157

After some extensive research into Jack-up oil rigs, a question continually came up - what happens to disused rigs? Could they be re-established for construction?

As

it

turns

out,

oil

companies spend billions decommissioning rigs. (Decommissioning Rigs, 2019) Many of which are done in Europe and the UK at a massive cost when including labour and transportation.

Many Latin American countries like Peru send their rigs North to the US to be decommissioned, passing Panama city.

It may be possible to shorted this journay for a few rigs and upcycle these structures into vertical farms.

These models show potential forms the farms may take. Inspiration has been drawn from Lebbeus Woods futuristic vision of machine buildings.

Large screens move up and down the rig with solar panels which gather energy by day and limit light pollution at night by moving up and down the structure.

This fully automated system pumps water up from the wetlands, stores it, farms cotton, refines it, processes the waste into cotton pellets and turns the cotton into usable fabrics.

These exciting initial concepts may be developed in future.

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fig. 91, Rig Farm Concept Models

159

Phasing

Mola is in essence a buisness proposition which revitalises the surrounding landscape and influences the fashion industry.

As such, is is only appropriate to set out a 5-year buisness stratagy on how the master-system will be implemented.

Below is a timeline of how the project

will

be

implemented.

With a focus on fixing the flooding issue, work will start with landscaping before progressing onto exports. This will help fund continued growth of the site and begin processing litter.

The last part to be implemented will be habitation once the cycle is in motion.

fig. 92, Studio C, Early Development Concept 1 60

161

fig. 93, 5 Year Business Plan

fig. 94, Phase 1 1 62

163

Phase 2 begins by establishing transport links to the newly formed “Mola Island”.

These transport links will be vital in the transportation of equipment, workers and materials for the initial buildings. Wether is be conveyors for produce or simple walkways. These will be constructed of strong materials for permanency.

Cotton farms will be erected one by one to maximise growing time

fig. 95, Phase 2

and spread the harvesting dates.

“The island thus, is a place par excellence appearing as an ‘isolated’, clearly defined figure. Existentially the island brings us back to the origins; it rises out of the elements from which everything was originally born.” - Christian Norberg-Schulz Phase 3 overlaps with Phase 2. As the first vertical farm is erected and producing cotton, some of the task force can transition to building the Recycling Centre where litter donated and collected can start to be broken down. Placing the Recycling plant on the island is a symbolic representation of the once destructive plastic being “reborn” at the core of Mola. More transport links are established to keep up with the

fig. 96, Phase 3

expanding infrastructure and produce.

Phase 4 is where focus shifts from making raw materials to the production

of

quality

exports.

The first batch of material will be used to create a mesh covering for walkways.

Thereafter, produce will either be exported, sold locally to reduce reliance on imports and give out items to loyalty card holders who have donated.

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fig. 97, Phase 4

165

fig. 98, Phase 5

fig. 99, Public-Private Map

The 5th Phase is the final which we will be pro-

centre of the site which can be used for work-

posing. More walkways are implemented to

shops and creating exposure for Mola.

From comments made earlier during the develop-

connect the university, metro and existing

Housing will help to offset energy usage by the

ment of the system, making the mola landscape

housing into the site, allowing humans to inhabit

infrastructure as they will have solar installed.

as safe as possible was of upmost importance.

the site. Housing will be developed in 2 points

New temporary walkways allow people to

The phase 1 permanent walkway in Grey

(Top Left and Bottom Right of the Plan) which will

walk around the now well developed mangroves

will be used by workers and people who

facilitate workers, students and researchers.

and bomboo stalks, appreciating nature.

live within the site. These will be acces-

There will also be an events space in the

Public

Private

sible only by people with a working fob.

The rest of the walkways are public which will not typically be used at night by people who live there for safety. This should make the site pleasant and comfortable at night, a unique experience in many city parks. Especially with the Panama City curfew for all under 18’s past 10pm.

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167

Frayed Edge To lock this site into it’s context and engage with it’s community, the urban fabric of mola’s frayed edges should weave into the existing community, locking itself firmly into the woven landscape.

Taking inspiration from Manhattans Highline and Luchtsingel pedestrian bridge in Rotterdam, linking nodes together on an upper walkway. As Scofido says, “I see a lot of proposals where people want to create High Lines and it’s just too much architecture”. (Highline, 2014) We should allow this connecting web to develop naturally and quietly as it is required and not as an architectural statement.

This weave brings opportunities for collaborations, expansion and potential to spread the Mola effect across the entire city, not just Juan Diaz.

fig. 100, Woven Community

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169

When venturing along these permanent walkways, one can view the mangroves from above or below depending on flood levels.

With inclines as a device located around the site, people can quickly scale from level to level, use an upper level as a shade, rain protection just somewhere to stop and ponder.

With meshes slung over a ridged frame, humans are enclosed, protected from the outside world and it protected from us.

fig. 102, Studio C, Upper permanent Mesh Walkway

fig. 101, Studio C, Smoke Square

Moments The typology of the traditional street has

also be combatted by burning cotton pellets

been warped into covered paths and walk-

off-cast from the farm in the centre of these

ways within the site. However, just like

squares, producing smoke which rises out

streets, relief is required. As such, break-

the vault and keeps them away. There is pos-

out zones illustrated above come out from

sibilities of markets and exchanges to take

the mesh covered walkways and provide a

place in this area like a traditional plaza.

public gathering space. A place-maker.

Bold, striking colours are something of a theme

With sever heat in Panama making the traditional

in Latin America. There is potential for this to be

piazza an intimidating space, a vaulted shade

implemented within these break-out zones.

embraces and protects people from the sun.

Mosquitos being a problem in Panama, can 1 70

Non-permanent walkways can be developed from materials like bamboo. Using methods of construction mentioned earlier, mesh can also be used here, pulled taught over stakes.

Both typologies; permanent and temporary, work together to keep the eco-system producing and protecting.

fig. 103, Studio C, Lower Mesh Walkway 171

Set in Motion Phase 6 is a loose interpretation of the word “Phase”. Really, it is a hand-over. The mastersystem has been established and will continue to develop, even once we have taken a step back..

The thought that someone could grow up within this zone and come back later in life to a new but still fresh and working landscape is exciting.

Permanent features will remain, allowing them to orientate themselves in an adapted space. It may shrink, grow, adapt, but it’s surroundings will always benefit from it.

Ideally, the site could become a global hub for science research when associated with the university, a fashion trend setter with the events space and sustainable produce. A benefit to Panama and an excellent place to live with, a forward thinking and productive community.

There is potential for other sites to be developed by other architects with their own style to bring some charming diversity to the landscape fig. 104, Phase 6

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as long as they stick to the Master System’s requirements.

173

Manifesto As we are promoting future developments on

5.

1.

the site by other designers, creating a col-

5. New housing should have access to private, permanent walkways.

5.

laboration hub to bring charm to the area; it is important that there are some guide-

6. Materials should be carefully considered in regards to sustainability and impact on site.

Innovative solutions are promoted.

lines that everyone has in mind in order to preserve the Master System’s operation.

In essence, this is a brief that will coincide with all potential developments on site, similar to what Maggie Keswick Jencks did with the

2.

“Architectural Brief for Maggie’s Centres”.

7. Infrastructure should attempt to be carbon neutral where possible. Excess energy generated should go towards other infrastructure.

7.

(Maggies, 1995) 8. All infrastructure should aim to assist the ecosystem of Mola and cause little detriment.

1. High level routes on site should try to allow for 2.5m+ growth height of plant-life underneath.

3.

2. Newly established routes on site should be constructed using lo-tech solutions to minimise long-term impact on the site. Newly established routes should attempt, where possible, to reduce damage to existing mangroves.

9. Engagement with the surrounding community should be measured and carefully planned so as not to gentrify the area.

8.

10. Infrastructure should be designed to a good standard, exceeding the Panamanian current standards (2020).

9.

3. For each tree removed for the construction of a new facility on site, 2 more must be planted in a suitable location.

4.

With these measures in place, we should see a collaborative and hopeful future for the Mola System.

4. Houses should implement suitable protection from pests, i.e Mosquitos and not assist their growth with the avoidance of stagnant water across the whole development.

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10.

175

Moving Forwards For the next steps, I will take forwards what has already been established, refining and implementing the system. The aim is to focus in on a select portion of the system and fully realise it from a strategic and technical stand point, whilst meeting the programmatic aims of Mola.

Delving into a more architectural scale will allow for the development of a detailed spacial programme to meet the usage requirements. Fitting the unique context and overcoming the design challenges this involves through interesting detailing. Structural and environmental design will each play an important roll in making this work.

Spacial characteristics will be investigated and defined for both automated and humane units.

Continuing some of the themes already raised such as oil-rig reclamation for vertical farms, will be something I will focus on. It may also be worth developing live-work units for residents of Mola on one of the proposed sites. Both of these options open interesting avenues for discovery.

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177

Glossary Craig McCracken

Lorna Scanlan

fig. 15, Studio C, Bocas Del Toro Sketch fig. 16, Studio C, Darien Typology Sketch fig. 17, Studio C, El Nino Diagram fig. 18, Average Annual Precipitation fig. 19, Canal capacity fig. 20, Canal Route fig. 21, Canal Water Saving Function fig. 22, Panama Broken Cycle fig. 23, Population Density Map fig. 24, Economy Map fig. 25, Homicide Rates Map fig. 26, Studio C, Juan Diaz Location Map fig. 27, Studio C, Juan Diaz Social Mapping

@cmcc_arch

@lornascanlan_archnart

fig. 28, Studio C, Juan Diaz Public Space Nolli fig. 29, Studio C, London Public Space Nolli fig. 30, Studio C, Rome Public Space Nolli **Figures marked “Studio C” relate to Mola group work in collaboration with Lorna Scanlan (University of Dundee, Year 4)

fig. 31, Studio C, Venice Public Space Nolli fig. 33, Studio C, Deforestation Erosion fig. 34, Flooding Sketch

1 78

fig. 1 - Yorgos Berdos, Urbanization Landscapes

fig. 35, Flood Map Juan Diaz

fig.2, Panama Location

fig. 36, Studio C, Gutter Litter Sketch

fig. 3, Geography Comparison

fig. 37, Studio C, Pre-Development Flooding

fig. 4, Deforestation Map 2000

fig. 38, Studio C, Post-Development Flooding

fig. 5, Deforestation Map 2020

fig. 39, Studio C, Post-Development Flooding

fig. 6, Deforestation Sketch

fig. 40, Out of Focus Collage

fig. 7, Solar Gain Map

fig. 41, Studio C, Fashion Hub Diagram

fig. 8, Solar Farm Sarigua National Park

fig. 42, Mapping the Solution V.1

fig. 9, Protected zones (green), Indigenous zones (yellow)

fig. 43, Studio C, Fashion Collage

fig. 10, Family Flood Sketch

fig. 44, Site Massing Diagrams

fig. 11, Destruction Sketch

fig. 45, Site Zoning Concept

fig. 12, Drained River Sketch

fig. 46, Flooding Map

fig. 13, Studio C, Spanish Typology Sketch

fig. 47, Studio C, Plastics to Fabrics

fig. 14, Studio C,Afro Caribbean Sketch

fig. 48, Studio C, V-Farm Comparison Diagram 179

fig. 49, Studio C, Aquaponics Diagram

fig. 81, Studio C, Smoke Diagram

fig. 50, Studio C, Solar Placement Diagram

fig. 82, Modular housing above urban wetland sketch

fig. 51, Studio C, Family Housing Illustration

fig. 83, Adaption to flooding levels

fig. 52, Studio C, Rewards System - Clean Seas Illustration

fig. 84, Studio C, Public - Private Overlap Diagram

fig. 53, Mangroves

fig. 85, Site Connections

fig. 54, Solar

fig. 86, Walkways and 2nd River

fig. 55, Plastics Process Drawing

fig. 87, Event space and look-out

fig. 56, Cotton Pellet Processing Machinery

fig. 88, Studio C, Materials Diagrams

fig. 57, Automated Cotton Extraction concept

fig. 89, Oil Rig Inspired Sketch

fig. 58, Studio C, Juan the Mola Mascot

fig. 90, Studio C, Lebbeus Woods Inspired Sketch

fig. 59, Studio C, Drop Off Recycling Points

fig. 91, Rig Farm Concept Models

fig. 60, Studio C, Investment Strategy

fig. 92, Studio C, Early Development Concept

fig. 61, Studio C, Green Bonds Initiative

fig. 93, 5 Year Business Plan

fig. 62, Kiyonori Kikutake, Modular Removable Pods Model

fig. 94, Phase 1

fig. 63, Kenzo Tange, Metabolism Sketch

fig. 95, Phase 2

fig. 64, Metabolism Study concrete model

fig. 96, Phase 3

fig. 65, Rem Koolhaus, Melun-Senart Program Flow

fig. 97, Phase 4

fig. 66, Menger Sponge Collage

fig. 98, Phase 5

fig. 67, Unknown fields Collage

fig. 99, Public-Private Map

fig. 68, Metabolism Study concrete model

fig. 100, Woven Community

fig. 69, Very early sketch plan

fig. 101, Studio C, Smoke Square

fig. 70, Early sketch of layering and weaving

fig. 102, Studio C, Upper permanent Mesh Walkway

fig. 71, Urban weave and River management sketch developed

fig. 103, Studio C, Lower Mesh Walkway

fig. 72, Tectonic vs Stereotomic sketch

fig. 104, Phase 6

fig. 73, Wetland boundary sketch fig. 74, Concepting stilts + connections fig. 75, Collage of layered living fig. 76, Early stereotomic illustration fig. 77, Studio C, Canal and grid concept fig. 78, Studio C, Natural rivers edge Illustration fig. 79, Organic Walkways - Inhabiting the site fig. 80, Organization of modular buildings within the site

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181

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Highline is “Pulling back from Architecture”, Dezeen, (2014) (accessed last – 05/12/2020) - https://www.dezeen.

Strategy of the Void, Space Collector, (2018), (accessed last – 05/12/2020) - https://spacecollector.wordpress.

com/2014/11/03/elizabeth-diller-ricardo-scofidio-interview-high-line-new-york/#:~:text=Originally%20launched%20to%20 reclaim%20part,York’s%20most%20popular%20public%20spaces.

com/category/melun-senart/

Ville Nouvelle Melun-Senart, OMA, (2020), (accessed last – 15/12/2020) - https://oma.eu/projects/ Panama’s Natural Normal, The Panamanian Perspective, (2020), (accessed last – 18/10/2020) - https://panamaad-

ville-nouvelle-melun-senart

visoryinternationalgroup.com/blog/

Young, L; Davies, K, Unknown Fields: Tales from the Dark Side of the City, (2019), (accessed last – 17/12/2020) Trash in Panama, Living in Panama, (2017), (accessed last – 25/11/2020) - https://livinginpanama.com/panama/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgH-v5CAID0

about-trash-panama/

Young, L, Unknown Fields Division, (2018), (accessed last – 18/12/2020) - http://www.unknownfieldsdivision.com/ 1 82

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Books/ Journals/ Papers -

Additional Reading –

Kurokawa, K., Metabolism in Architecture (1977)

Koolhaus, Rem, Delirious New York, The Monacelli Press (1978)

Zhongjie, Lin., Kenzo Tange and the Metabolism Movement, Urban Utopias of Modern Japan ( 2010)

Brenner, Neil, Implosions/Explosions, Jovis (2014)

Carpaij, S., Living with water & wetlands: flood risk reduction in Panama City, Wetlands International (2019)

Butler, C, Henri Lefebvre, Spatial Politics, Everyday Life and the Right to the City, GlassHouse (2015)

Fuson, Robert H., House Types of Central Panama, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 54, no. 2 (1964): 190-208.

Weinstock, Michael, System City: Infrastructure and the Space of Flows, Architecture Design (2013)

Veenhuizen, Rene., Cities Farming for the Future, Urban Agriculture for Green and Productive Cities (2006) Briegel, F., Country Report PANAMA, Rabobank, (2012) Bolchover, J; Lin, J; Christiane, L., Designing the Rural: a Global Countryside in Flux, AD, Wiley (2016) Niesten, E, Economic Considerations on the Panama Canal Watershed, Conservation strategy Fund (2001) Maggies, Maggie’s Architecture and Landscape Brief (1995) Water Sector in Panama, Report, Kingdom of the Netherlands (2018) González Quiel, J., Study and Cataloguing of Indigenous Vernacular in Panama, SENACYT (2020) Giedion, Siegfried, Mechanization Takes Command, Oxford University Press (1970) Morton, T, Hyperobjects, Minnesota (2013) Frampton, K, Megaform as Urban Landscape, Raoul Wallenberg (1999) Isozaki, A, Re:CP, Erasing Architecture into the System (2006) Stoane, A., Reclaiming Tectonics Lecture Series. Lectures 1-6 (2020) Holm, L., Humanities. Lectures 1-10 (2020) Freidrichs, C, The Pruit-Igoe Myth (2011) Roberts, David, Make Public: Performing Public housing in Erno Goldfinger’s Balfron Tower (2017) Norberg-Schulz, Christian, Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture (1979) Carpenter, David, The Magic and Metaphysics of Shit: The Production of Space and Digital Technology (2020) Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, Malden, MA: Blackwell, (2016), p-15 Ibid. p-94

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