Crain's Chicago Business, February 19, 2024

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CHICAGOBUSINESS.COM I FEBRUARY 19, 2024

Underground climate change is gradually sinking Chicago We know Venice is sinking. But what about the Windy City, which accounts for nearly 234 square miles of land? By Nicole L. Cvetnic, Chicago Council on Global Affairs

Eréndira “Ere” Rendón is vice president of immigrant justice at The Resurrection Project.

Beneath Chicago’s iconic skyline lurks a sinking problem: underground climate change. Over time, its effects could jeopardize the durability of buildings and infrastructure across the city. Also known as subsurface heat islands, heat emitted from underground structures, such as parking garages, basements, subway tunnels, and sewers, gradually deforms the surrounding earth. Existing structures aren’t designed to withstand those variations, so subtle shifts, tilts, and even cracks in infrastructure can occur. This silent hazard is a slow but continual process, and it’s affecting urban areas worldwide. “You don’t need to live in Venice to live in a city that is sinking — even if the causes for such phenomena are completely different,” said Alessandro Rotta Loria, assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at Northwestern University.

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Though the effects of underground climate change have been examined for years, researchers at Northwestern, led

by Rotta Loria, were the first to study this phenomenon from a civil engineering perspective. Using computer simulations and a wireless network of more than 150 temperature sensors above and below ground, for three years Rotta Loria’s team transformed Chicago’s Loop — the most densely populated district in the U.S. after Manhattan — into a testing ground. They also installed sensors beneath Grant Park for comparison. According to their findings, temperatures below Chicago are rising by about 0.25 degrees Fahrenheit (0.14 Celsius) each year. This has caused layers of soil to swell and expand upward in some locations by as much as 0.47 inches (12 millimeters), and contract and sink downward in other locations by as much as 0.31 inches (8 millimeters). They also found that the ground under the Loop was often 18 F (10 C) warmer than the ground beneath Grant Park, an unbuilt environment. “Chicago clay can contract when heated, like many other fine-grained soils,” said Rotta Loria. “As a result of temperature increases underground, many foundations downtown are

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