CRTS Bulletin 2008 Winter Special

ထ 】 ঽ ᵟ প ⽡ ⽡ ⡂2 0 0 8π ঝ ϫ 2008 Winter Special Publication

೟ ǂ ǂ ܻ 䛉 䊛 Ꮖ Ҭ ৄ࣫䛉ሔ䀅ৃ䄝 ৄ࣫ᄫ㄀ 㰳 䲰 䁠 串

ⱐ㸠᠔ 䉵೬⊩Ҏᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌᅷᬭ᳗ ৄ࣫ᏖफҀᵅ䏃ಯ↉ Ꮛ 㰳 ⱐ㸠Ҏ 㫵ᘽ䊰 Џ㎼ 呹ᅝ䖾 ෋㎼ ᵫᗵ৳

www.crts.edu crts@crts.edu 02-27181110

ৄ☷䛉ᬓৄ࣫䁠ᄫ㄀ 㰳෋✻ⱏ㿬⚎䲰䁠Ѹᆘ ⛵⊩ᡩ䘲䂟䗔ಲᴀ᷵

㕸㕞䳔㽕⠻Ҏ Rev. Dr. John MacRae 㕸㕞䳔㽕⠻Ҏ 㕢೟෎ⴷᕦᰃ䍞՚䍞䊊ᡥ෎ⴷᬭ″ᾟⱘᄬ೼‫ؐۍ‬њDŽϔᴀ䷫ফℵ䖢ⱘᇣ䁾ᔋᡞҹϟ 䗭ѯ䁅䁾៤ᰃ㘊〠ⱘЏᔉ˖Nj៥䁾䘢ˈ៥Ϻ≦᳝ࡉ䕺ӏԩ″ᾟ˗䙷ᰃϔѯᛇᡂⓨϞᏱⱘ Ҏ᠔‫ⱘخ‬џDŽ㟇ᮐ៥ਸ਼ʽ៥≦᳝䙷咐໻ⱘᅫᬭ䞢ᖗDŽnj ✊㗠ˈ⭊៥‫ץ‬Ҩ㌄՚䮅䅔㘪㍧ᰖ ˈህ᳗ⱐ⧒ϡᰃ䙷咐ϔಲџDŽ ᕲ㟞㋘㺵ⳟ㽟ˈϞᏱⱘᄤ⇥䗤┌ഄᔶ៤ϔ‫ן‬೟ᆊˈ᳔㌖᳝њ㞾Ꮕⱘ৯⥟DŽ㟞㋘Ёৠ ᰖг᳝⽁ৌࠊᑺǃ㊒ᖗ䀁㿜ⱘ┨⎼‫۔‬ᓣǃҹঞ㻛䲰ⱘᭀᢰ㽣ⶽDŽ঺໪гⱐ⧒԰䭋㗕ⱘˈ ᦤկњ䀅໮䷬ᇢഄᮍⱘᣛ῭DŽ㘪↓㹿Ꮘ↨‫׿‬ᨻ↔ϺϨҹ㡆߫Ҏ䙁ᬒ䗤ᕠˈҪ‫ⱐ֓ץ‬ሩߎ ⬅䭋㗕ᐊ䷬ⱘ⤊໾᳗ූˈ㗠ҹ㡆߫Ҏ⅌ಲᕠˈ㌖ᮐᔶ៤њℷᓣⱘ⤊໾᳗݀DŽ ៥‫ⱘץ‬Џ㘊〠෎ⴷ䙌᪛њकѠ‫ן‬䭔ᕦ䎳ᕲ⼖ˈϺࠄ৘ഄ‫ڇ‬䘧ˈ⼖䊰㌺䭔ᕦ੠Ҫ‫ⱘץ‬ ᕠ㑐㗙໽೟ⱘ䩄࣭ ໾क݁ DŽᕲ㘊〠ᇡᕙҎⱘᜟᑺЁˈ៥‫ץ‬㛑⥆ᕫϡᇥⱘଳⱐDŽ㘪㍧ 㿬䓝᳝ϔ⃵⼖㽕㟛䭔ᕦ⤼㰩ˈҹ֓ৃҹᅝℛ੠ᬭᇢDŽԚᰃ⭊Ҫ‫ץ‬՚ࠄᲴ䞢ᰖˈⳟ㽟໻ᡍ ⱘ㕸ⴒᏆ㍧㘮䲚೼䙷㺵ˈNjህᝤ᝿Ҫ‫ˈץ‬಴⚎Ҫ‫ץ‬བৠ㕞≦᳝⠻Ҏϔ㠀ˈᮐᰃ䭟ষᬭ㿧 Ҫ‫ץ‬䀅໮䘧⧚DŽnj ৃ݁ ⴒҎ㔎ᇥᭀ㰨䷬㹪ⱘ᱃⊕ˈ䖿Փ៥‫ⱘץ‬Џ᳈ᬍњ⼖ॳ߱ⱘ㿜 ⬿ˈ䔝㗠䘆ࠄ㕸ⴒПЁDŽ 侀໾೼঺ϔ㰩г᳝㿬䓝ˈ⭊˖㘊〠䍄䘡৘ජ৘䛝ˈ೼᳗ූ㺵ᬭ㿧Ҏˈᅷ䃯໽೟ⱘ⽣ ䷇ˈজ䝿⊏৘ῷⱘ⮙⮛DŽҪⳟ㽟䀅໮ⱘҎˈህᝤ᝿Ҫ‫˗ץ‬಴⚎Ҫ‫ץ‬ೄ㢺⌕䲶ˈབৠ㕞≦ ᳝⠻Ҏϔ㠀DŽᮐᰃᇡ䭔ᕦ䁾˖㽕ᬊⱘ㥞【໮ˈ԰ᎹⱘҎᇥDŽ᠔ҹˈԴ‫∖⭊ץ‬㥞【ⱘЏᠧ ⱐᎹҎߎএᬊҪⱘ㥞【DŽ ໾б

䗭↉㍧᭛ⱘ䞡㽕ᗻˈϡ‫ڙڙ‬ᰃᣛߎњ㘊〠ᝤ᝿ֵᕦ≦᳝དⱘ䷬㹪ˈՓᕫ⼖㽾㞾伉仞 Ҫ‫ⱘץ‬䳔㽕ˈԚ᳈䞡㽕ⱘᰃˈ⼖㽕∖䭔ᕦ৥㥞【ⱘЏ⼜∖ˈᠧⱐᎹҎߎএᬊ㥞【DŽ Փᕦֱ㕙ਞ䀈៥‫⭊ˈץ‬㘊〠छ໽ᕠˈ⼖䊰㌺⼖ⱘᬭ᳗᳝Փᕦǃ᳝‫ⶹܜ‬ǃ᳝‫ⱘ䷇⽣ڇ‬ ǃ᳝⠻᏿੠ᬭ᏿ ᓫಯ DŽ䗭ѯ‫٭݋‬ᘽ䊰ⱘ‫ן‬Ҏˈᰃ⚎㽕䷤‫٭‬ϞᏱⱘⱒྦྷߎএ᳡џˈ ϺᐿࡽҪ‫ץ‬೼෎ⴷ㺵䭋໻៤❳DŽֱ㕙೼Ҫ㄀ϔ⃵ᅷᬭПᮙⱘᕠञᳳˈᆺ䏤њ䗭‫ˈ⧚ⳳן‬ Ҫ੠ᏈᣓᏈNjѠҎ೼৘ᬭ᳗Ё䙌ゟњ䭋㗕nj ᕦकಯ DŽৠῷഄˈֱ㕙೼ᆿ㌺Ҫⱘᑈ䓩 ࡽ᠟ᦤ໮ⱘֵ㺵ˈ䁾ᯢњ䗭‫˖⧚ⳳן‬Nj៥ᕲࠡ⬭Դ೼䴽ઽᑩˈᰃ㽕Դᇛ䙷≦᳝䕺ᅠⱘџ 䛑䕺ᭈ唞њˈজ✻៥᠔৽੤Դⱘˈ೼৘ජ䀁ゟ䭋㗕nj ᦤ໮ϔ DŽᕜ⏙ἮഄˈՓᕦֱ㕙 њ㾷ࠄ㘊〠ϡ᳗⬭ϟ⼖᠔ᣃᬥⱘⱒྦྷᄸᄸஂ​ஂⱘˈড‫צ‬㽕᢯㘮Ҫ‫ץ‬៤⚎᳗ⴒˈϺᣛ⌒ᭀ 㰨ⱘ䭋㗕՚⠻仞Ҫ‫ץ‬DŽ೼ᦤᨽ໾ࠡ᳌Ёˈֱ㕙々䅮䙷ѯ㕼ᜩ୘Ꮉˈゟᖫᕫⲷⴷ㙋ӑⱘҎ DŽҪᬭᇢᦤᨽ໾ˈ䭋㗕ᖙ䷜ᰃቀ䴜Ϻ᳝དৡ㙆ⱘ˖NjҎ㢹ϡⶹ䘧ㅵ⧚㞾Ꮕⱘᆊˈ⛝㛑✻ ㅵ⼲ⱘᬭ᳗ਸ਼DŽnj ᦤࠡϝ ಴ℸˈ㘪䴜ਞ䀈៥‫ˈץ‬ϞᏱⱘᬭ᳗ũũ෎ⴷ᠔ᬥ䋪ⱘⱒྦྷ ˈ䳔㽕㹿ㅵ⧚੠✻主ˈ⭊✊гህ䳔㽕䀁ゟϔѯ㌘㐨њDŽ 1

RAFFAELLO Sanzio, The Handing-over the Keys, 1515 Victoria and Albert Museum, London

⧒Ҟ᳝ѯҎৃ㛑᳗䁾˖Nj៥া䳔㽕㘊〠njDŽህᶤ‫ן‬ᛣ㕽՚䁾ˈ៥᳗䋞ৠഄ䁾䰓‫ץ‬ʽ ៥‫ץ‬᠔䳔㽕ⱘϔߛˈ䛑ৃҹ೼෎ⴷ㺵ᡒࠄ 㽓Ѡ DŽ៥‫ⱘץ‬Џᰃ៥‫ⱘץ‬ད⠻Ҏ ㋘क

DŽ⼖Ꮖ㍧ᕲ⅏㺵ᕽ⌏ˈᰃ㕸㕞ⱘ໻⠻Ҏ Ꮰकϝ DŽ䴴㨫ϞᏱⱘᘽ‫ˈ݌‬៥‫ץ‬བҞᏆ ⅌ಲࠄ㘊〠䗭ԡ໻⠻ҎⱘⲷⴷПϟ ᕐࠡѠ DŽ⼖Ꮖछࠄ催໽Ϻᰖᐌ⚎៥‫ץ‬ҷ∖ˈԚ⼖ Ϻ䴲≦᳝⬭ϟᅝᝄ㌺៥‫ˈץ‬㗠ᰃᏂ䘷⼖ⱘ㘪䴜՚ࠄ៥‫⫳ⱘץ‬ੑЁˈҹ⼖ⱘᘽ‫݌‬᳡џ៥‫ץ‬ DŽ⼖ᰃ៥‫ץ‬᠔䳔㽕ⱘϔߛDŽ ✊㗠ˈЏ㘊〠⼖ϡ‫ڙ‬㞾Ꮕᮑᘽ㌺៥‫ˈץ‬г⬅៥‫⭊ץ‬Ёˈ੐ী䀅໮⼖ⱘ⠻Ҏߎ՚᳡џ DŽ⼖ਞ䀈ᕐᕫ˖Nj伉仞៥ⱘᇣ㕞njǃNj⠻仞៥ⱘ㕞nj੠Nj伉仞៥ⱘ㕞njDŽ䲪✊ᮄ㋘㘪㍧ 㺵ˈϺ≦᳝ӏԩⳈ᥹⬅෎ⴷ㗠՚ⱘੑҸˈ㽕៥‫ץ‬এ䀁ゟ䭋㗕ˈԚॏⱐ⧒᳝໮㰩ਞ䁵䭋㗕 Njࢭ㽕⠻仞೼Դ‫ץ‬Ё䭧⼲ⱘ㕸㕞ˈᣝ㨫⼲ᮼᛣ✻ㅵҪ‫ץ‬nj ᕐࠡѨ DŽџᆺϞˈՓᕦֱ 㕙ਞ䀈ҹᓫ᠔ᬭ᳗ⱘ䭋㗕˖Nj㘪䴜ゟԴ‫ץ‬԰ܼ㕸ⱘⲷⴷˈԴ‫ץ‬ህ⭊⚎㞾Ꮕ䄍ᜢˈг⚎ܼ 㕸䄍ᜢˈ⠻仞⼲ⱘᬭ᳗ˈህᰃ⼖⫼㞾Ꮕ㸔᠔䊋՚ⱘDŽnj ᕦѠक 䂟⬭ᛣˈϝԡϔ储⼲ ⱘ㄀ϝԡˈे㘪䴜ˈ䀁ゟ㕸㕞ⱘⲷⴷˈ㕞㕸Ϻϡቀᮐ䭋㗕㗠ᰃቀϞᏱⱘˈᰃ⼖⫼㞾Ꮕⱘ ᇊ㸔䊋䋪ಲ՚ⱘDŽ᠔ҹ≦䤃ʽ㘊〠ᰃ៥‫Ⳑⱘץ‬ᳯˈᰃ៥‫ץ‬᠔ᅷਞⱘ䙷ϔԡDŽԚ៥‫ץ‬гᳳ ᕙϞᏱᇛᭀ㰨ⱘҎߚ߹ߎ՚ˈ೼ᬭ᳗᪨ӏ䭋㗕ˈ⠻仞㕸㕞DŽ ៥㽕᳈䘆ϔℹ䮵䗄䗭‫⧚ⳳן‬DŽे֓ᰃ䭋㗕 ࣙᣀ⠻᏿੠⊏⧚䭋㗕 г䳔㽕㹿⠻仞DŽ‫؛‬ བ䗷Փᕦᕐᕫ䛑᳗㹿䀺᥶㗠㸠ߎ᳝᧡⽣䷇ⱘ԰⚎ ࡴѠ DŽ䙷咐↣ԡ䭋㗕гህ᳈ឝ ⲵ݊᠔㛑ഄএপᕫᐿࡽњDŽ䗭гᰃ⚎Ҕ咐Ꮰԃ՚᳌ⱘ԰㗙᳗ᆿࠄ˖ ᓳ‫ˈץܘ‬Դ‫ץ‬㽕䄍ᜢˈ‫ܡ‬ᕫԴ‫ץ‬Ё䭧ˈ៪᳝Ҏᄬ㨫ϡֵⱘᚵᖗˈᡞ∌⫳⼲䲶ẘњˈ 㐑㽕䍕㨫䙘᳝Ҟ᮹ˈ໽໽ᕐℸⳌ࣌ˈ‫ܡ‬ᕫԴ‫ץ‬Ё䭧ˈ᳝Ҏ㹿㔾䗋ᚥˈᖗ㺵ህ࠯⹀њDŽ Ꮰϝ

៥㹿ᣝゟ⚎ᬭᇢ䭋㗕᳝ ᑈПЙњDŽ೼䗭ᳳ䭧ˈЏϡ‫ڙ‬Փ⫼៥԰⚎ϔԡ⽣䷇ᬭ᏿ǃ ⠻᏿੠‫ⱘ䷇⽣ڇ‬Ҏˈৠᰖг⠻仞݊Ҫⱘ⠻㗙DŽ໮ᑈ՚៥᪨ӏ䭋㗕᳗ᬭ⠻ྨવ᳗ЏᐁˈϞ ᏱՓ⫼៥੠ྨવ᳗㺵ⱘ݊Ҫ䭋㗕՚⠻仞݊Ҫ᳗ⴒⱘ䴜儖੠Џᣕූ᳗ VHVVLRQV DŽ✊㗠ˈ 2

᳔߱ϞᏱᰃ㮝⬅ϔԡ⤼ゟⱘഄᮍᬭ᳗⠻᏿ⱘ∖ࡽ䳏䁅ˈ੐ী៥՚‫خ‬䗭‫ן‬᳡џDŽ䗭ԡ⠻᏿ ੠ᬭ᳗ϔԡᕜ䞡㽕ⱘ෋џ Ⳍ⭊ᮐ䭋㗕 䱋೼㸱さⱘ‫ۉ‬ሔ㺵DŽ಴ℸˈ䂟∖঺ϔԡ䴜ੑ៤❳ ⱘҎˈनࡽܽҎ㛑ᣝ㘊〠ᬭᇢⱘᮍᓣˈ՚㾷≎Ҫ‫ⱘץ‬㸱さDŽ⭊ᰖ៥‫ץ‬䲪ৠᛣ㌺ќनࡽˈ Ԛ䗭ԡ෋џॏᢦ㌩᥹ফӏԩᬭ᳗ҹ໪ⱘҎ᠔㌺ќⱘᐿࡽDŽ᳔ᕠ⠻᏿ᬒẘࡾ࡯ˈ䲶䭟њᬭ ᳗ˈ㗠ᬭ᳗ⱘ‫ܝ‬᱃г಴ℸϔ㨑गϜDŽ ៥‫ץ‬䮅䅔ᮄ㋘ᰖˈ䅔ࠄ᳗ⴒ⚎ϞᏱⱘᾂ㗔唞ᖗࡾ࡯DŽ᳝ᑒ‫ן‬ᕲ⤊໾՚ࠄᅝᦤ䰓ⱘҎ ˈ䭟ྟ‫ڇ‬ϡৠᮐֱ㕙੠ᏈᣓᏈⱘᬭᇢDŽֱ㕙੠ᏈᣓᏈϺ≦᳝ෙᣕҪ‫ץ‬ᰃ⤼ゟ᳗ⴒⱘ⃞߽ ˈড‫⬅צ‬ᅝᦤ䰓ྨ⌒ҷ㸼এ䀶ଣՓᕦ੠䭋㗕䗭‫ן‬䞡㽕ⱘ⼲ᅌଣ丠DŽՓᕦ੠䭋㗕⚎ℸী䭟 ᳗䅄ˈ⚎䮵ᯢϞᏱⱘⳳ⧚㗠⠁䖃ˈ᳔ᕠᣝ㟞㋘㍧᭛⺎ゟњҪ‫ⱘץ‬㌤䂪ˈ㗠ᕠ೼ᆿ㌺໪䙺 ֵᕦⱘֵЁˈᅷ々㘪䴜ⱘ⃞࿕㽟䄝Ҫ‫ⱘץ‬㌤䂪 ᕦकѨ DŽ ಴ℸ೼ᮄ㋘㘪㍧㺵ˈ៥‫ࠄⳟץ‬ϔ‫ן‬ϡདⱘ᱃⊕ ህᰃֵᕦϡ㛑㟛݊Ҫֵᕦᕐℸ೬༥ ϡ䷚᳡೼䭋㗕ⱘ✻ㅵПϟDŽ↣‫ן‬ᬭ᳗䛑᳝໮ԡⱘ䭋㗕 㜧ϔ ˈϔ‫ן‬໻ජᏖ㺵ⱘ᳗ⴒ㹿 々⚎Njᬭ᳗nj WKH FKXUFK ᕦѠक DŽϞᏱ᠔᳝ⱘⱒྦྷ䛑㹿々⚎ᰃ㘊〠᠔ᛯⱘNjᬭ᳗ nj ᓫѨ DŽህ៥ⳟ՚ˈ䭋㗕᳗ⱘㅵ⧚ᮍᓣ⺎ᆺ䙉ᕾњ䗭ѯॳࠛˈϺᕄ乃њϞᏱᇡ⼖ᄤ ⇥ⱘᮼᛣDŽ ᆍ៥ҹ䭋㗕᳗​᳗টⱘⱘ䑿ߚˈህ‫ן‬Ҏᆺ䱯ⱘ㽟䄝՚㐑㌤DŽ៥೼ϔ‫ן‬ᕜᇣⱘ䭋㗕᳗ᅫ ⌒㺵䭋໻ˈᕲ⼲ᅌ䰶⬶ὁᰖˈ᠔ቀⱘᅫ⌒г೼䗤┌ᓣᖂDŽ಴ℸ៥䲪೼䗭‫ן‬ᇣᅫ⌒㺵㹿ᣝ ゟˈॏᖙ䷜೼ᅫ⌒П໪঺㽧џ༝ⱘᎹจDŽᭈᭈकϔᑈⱘᰖ䭧ˈ䲪ᰃ䭋㗕᳗​᳗টˈԚ៥ॏ ᰃ೼⤼ゟⱘᬭ᳗⠻᳗DŽ໮ᑈ՚៥ѿফ⤼ゟᬭ᳗᠔㌺ќⱘ㞾⬅ˈԚৠᰖг储᳗䗭⭊Ё᳝㨫 Ὁ໻ⱘ䀺᥶DŽ៥ⱐ⧒㔎Уᬺ֗䉴䊀ⱘ㕸储ˈ䅧៥ⱘ倩‫چ‬ǃᚙᝒ੠ӏᗻ᳝њ⒟䭋ⱘ″᳗DŽ ᳔䖥ⱘѠकಯᑈˈ៥ѿফᮐ⠻仞ϔ‫ן‬〡Ὁগ㟛䭋㗕᳗ᅫ⌒ⱘᬭ᳗ˈ៥੠៥‫ץ‬ᭈ‫ූⱘן‬᳗ ৥᳗ট䉴䊀ӏDŽ᳝ᰖ䲪᳝ѯ䰤ࠊˈԚ䴜㺵ॏ᪕᳝༛཭ⱘ㞾⬅ʽ៥ᰃϔ‫ן‬䭋㗕᳗​᳗টˈ᳔ ߱ህᰃ೼ϔ‫ֵן‬᳡ᮐ㘪㍧ǃ⫮㟇催㟝㘪㍧ⱘ䭋㗕ᬭ᳗ˈ㗠៥г㽾䑿ⱘ㩭ফ䭋㗕⊏᳗ⱘⲞ 㰩ˈᅗᇡ៥ⱘ䴜儖੠᳡џ䛑᳝᠔ࡽⲞDŽ㕞㕸≦᳝⠻Ҏᰃϡདⱘˈৠῷⱘˈ⠻᏿㔎ᇥⲷⴷ ǃϡ䳔৥݊Ҫ⠻㗙䉴䊀гᰃϡདⱘDŽ៥‫ץ‬䛑ᰃϞᏱⱘ㕞ˈ᳝෎ⴷ‫⚎خ‬៥‫ⱘץ‬ད⠻Ҏ੠໻ ⠻㗙DŽԚ៥‫ץ‬ৠᰖг䳔㽕෎ⴷ੐ীҎˈҷ㸼⼖՚ㅵ⧚៥‫ץ‬DŽ

ANGELICO, Fra St Peter Preaching in the Presence of St Mark, c. 1433 Tempera on panel, 39 x 56 cm, Museo di San Marco, Florence

3

䭋㗕⊏᳗ Rev. Dr. John MacRae 䭋㗕⊏᳗ ᳜ ᮹ü ᳜ ᮹ ਼݁ǃ᮹䰸໪ ˈ݅㿜 ໽ ᮽϞ 咲ü 咲 ߚ ᅌߚ ˘᳝Ё᭛ষ䅃ˈ䭟ᬒ䘴䎱䙌ׂ˚ Ǐ䂆⿟ㇵҟǐ 㘊〠෎ⴷᰃᬭ᳗ⱘ丁DŽ⼖བԩ䅧⼖ⱘᬭ᳗㹿㌘㐨੠ᐊ䷬ਸ਼˛ᴀ䂆⿟ᇛ᥶㿢Ҕ咐ᰃᮄ㋘㘪 ㍧ᬭᇢⱘᬭ᳗ㅵ⧚ˈҹঞ䭋㗕᳗ᬭ᳗ᰃབԩ՚㨑ᆺDŽ Ǐ䂆⿟㽕∖ǐ 䅔㽓ᬣֵṱঞ໻㽕⧚ଣㄨ ଣ丠 ǃ 㚠ᇣ㽕⧚ଣㄨ ଣ丠 ǃ⍋ᖋ෵㽕⧚ଣㄨϔ 䅔Nj෎ⴷᾂ㗔ⱘ䑿储njⱘ ǃ ǃ 䂆ˈNj෎ⴷᬭ⼲ᅌnjⱘ ゴDŽ 㚠㍧᭛˖ᕦ݁ ǃᕦѠक ǃᕐࠡѨ ǃᦤࠡϝ ǃᦤࠡѨ 䅔0RUWRQ 6PLWKⱘNj䭋㗕᳗ࠊᑺnj 3UHVE\WHULDQ 3ROLW\ ϔ᭛៪: 6 5HLGⱘNj䭋㗕 ᳗ᬭ㕽nj 3UHVE\WHULDQLVP ᭛ゴDŽ ᬭ᳗䂓ᶹฅਞϔӑ˖㿾䂛ϔԡᬭ᳗ⱘ⠻᏿៪䭋㗕 䴲㞾Ꮕⱘᬭ᳗ ˈ᪄ᆿϔ㆛䮰ᮐᬭ᳗ ㅵ⧚ࠊᑺⱘฅਞˈฅਞܻᆍ䷜ࣙᣀ㟛䂆⿟ᬭᇢⱘ䭋㗕᳗ࠊᑺ԰↨䓗DŽ Ǐ᥼㭺᳌Ⳃǐ ᮄ䅃㽓ᬣֵṱˈ⥟⨲⦡ǃᔉ㘪Շ㎼䅃ˈৄ࣫˖Ё㧃⽣䷇ᅌ䰶ߎ⠜ˈ⇥ DŽ ⅋ҷᬭֵ᳗ṱ㊒䙌ˈ䍭Ё䓱 ⥟ᖫ࢛䅃ˈৄ࣫˖ᬍ䴽ᅫߎ⠜⼒ˈ⇥ DŽ ෎ⴷᾂ㗔ⱘ䑿储ˈ߅⊶⠒ 5 % .XLSHU 㨫ˈ䍭Ё䓱䅃ˈৄ࣫˖ᬍ䴽ᅫߎ⠜⼒ˈ⇥ DŽ ෎ⴷᬭ⼲ᅌˈ+HUPDQ %DYLQFN㨫ˈ䍭Ё䓱䅃ˈৄ࣫˖ᬍ䴽ᅫߎ⠜⼒ˈ⇥ DŽ Ǐ䃯᏿ㇵҟǐ 'U -RKQ 3 0DF5DH⠻᏿ˈ ᑈ㘪㍧ ⼲ᅌ䰶䘧ᅌ⹽຿⬶ὁDŽ ᑈপᕫ䁆 ⼲ᅌ䰶6DFUHG

7KHRORJ\⹽຿ᅌԡDŽ

ᑈ⥆䷦㘪㋘ &RYHQDQW ⼲ᅌ䰶ᬭ ⠻म຿DŽ ᑈᣝゟϺ⠻仞ܽ䭧⤼ゟ ⱘᬍ䴽ᅫᬭ᳗DŽ㞾 ᑈ㹿੐ী៤⚎ 䊧Ꮂ4XDUU\YLOOHⱘ)DLWKᬍ䴽ᅫ䭋㗕 ᳗ᬭ᳗⠻᏿㟇ҞDŽϔⳈ⌏䑡ᮐ䭋㗕᳗ औ᳗ SUHVE\WHU\ ੠㐑᳗ *HQHUDO $VVHPEO\ ⱘ᳡џˈϺϨᐊ䷬䭋㗕᳗ᬭ ⠻ྨવ᳗䖥Ѡक们ᑈDŽ

ANGELICO, Fra St Peter Consacrates Stephen as Deacon 1447-49 Fresco Cappella Niccolina, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican

4

ሐᏠ㉇㿬ⱘ⠻᳗⼲ᅌ ᔉҹ䃒⠻᏿ ሐᏠ㉇㿬ⱘ⠻᳗⼲ᅌ ᳜ ᮹ü ᳜ ᮹ ਼݁ǃ᮹䰸໪ ˈ݅㿜 ໽ ᮽϞ 咲ü 咲 ᅌߚ ˘᳝Ё᭛ষ䅃˚ Ǐ䂆⿟ㇵҟǐ ձ᪮ሐᏠ㉇㿬ⱘЏ丠˖䞡ᓎජ⠚ ϔ ϗ ঞ䙌⇥ᕽ㟜䘟ࢩˈᡞᭈो᳌ᕲ ゴˈᣝ䷚ ᑣ䃯ᯢᬥ䋪⅋৆ⱘ⼲ⱘᮼᛣབϟ˖ ᑣ䂪˖⅋৆㚠᱃ ≎ᖫ⅌ಲ ϔ DŽ 䙔䂟⅌ಲ˖⾅ਞⱘឝ倫ǃқᭉὉッⱘ↕䃫 Ѡ DŽ 䞡ׂජ ⠚˖ᇡқᭉ䰆㸯ⱘᖍᑩ⑪‫ ٭‬ϝ DŽ ජ⠚Ꮉ԰ⱘོᆇ˖℺㺱԰Ꮉ ಯ DŽ ⇥і ㍧△ଣ丠 ˖ⱒྦྷⱘϡⓓǃᛯ೟ᖗ Ѩ DŽ 䖿ᆇ੠㨑៤˖қᭉⱘ䁁㿜੠ࢱ߽ⱘ䏃 ݁

DŽ ⅌ಲ㗙ⱘᆊ䄰˖џ༝㗙䊛Ḑ੠ৡஂ ϗ DŽ ᳫ䅔ᕟ⊩˖䴜儖ᕽ㟜ⱘ⾬㿷 ܿ DŽ ᙨᬍⱘ⾅ਞ˖ᖍᑩⱘ⫳⌏ǃᘽᚴⱘ⫳⌏ б DŽ ㈑ৡゟ㋘˖ߚ߹⚎㘪 ⱘ⫳⌏ क DŽ ሙԣҎষⱘ䂓ᭈ˖㘊䏃ᩦ‫ދ‬੠݊Ҫഄᮍⱘऔ߹ कϔ DŽ ⅌ ಲᆊ䄰˖ዛᢰǃℵ୰ǃ㨑៤ᓣ कѠ DŽ ᬍ䴽੠ᕽ㟜䘟ࢩ˖㘪߹੠ᾂ㗔 कϝ

DŽ Ǐ䂆⿟Ⳃ῭ǐ 䁡䄬ሐᏠ㉇㿬ⱘᬥ䋪⅋৆ᛣ㕽 ឝ⫼ሐᏠ㉇㿬ⱘᬥ䋪⅋৆ᛣ㕽ᮐ⠻᳗㟛ᅷᬢ Ǐ䂆⿟ᬢᴤǐǍሐᏠ㉇㿬ⱘ⠻᳗⼲ᅌǎˈᔉ᱃᭫㨫DŽ Ǐগ㗗᳌㈡ǐǍሐᏠ㉇㿬ǎˈ䚉᰼‫ܝ‬ 㨫ˈ໽䘧ߎ⠜⼒ˈ DŽ Ǐ䃯᏿ㇵҟǐ ᔉҹ䃒⠻᏿ˈ᳝ ໮ᑈ⠻᳗㍧⅋DŽ㕢 ೟ԯ㕙䞠䘨Ꮂ+HLWDJH &ROOHJHৡ䅑 ⼲ᅌम຿DŽᇜ㙋ᮐ೟ܻ໪ᬢ᳗෍䴜Ԝ 䘧᳗ঞ⠻᳗⠻㗙ⱘᓊԌᬢ㚆DŽ ᑈ 䭟ྟˈ᥹ফ䶧೟*06Ꮒ⌒⚎⍋໪ᅷᬢ ຿DŽ᳒ӏफ䞰⇥Ё༂ǃ㘪䛑ঞ⋾䱉ᬢ ᳗Џӏ⠻᏿ˈ㟛㐑⼲໻ᅌ䉵೬⧚џDŽ Ⳃࠡгᰃᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶ᅶᑻᬢᥜDŽ㨫 ᳝˖Ⳳℷⱘֵӄǃᇡ៥⇥䀎ᮋ㟛䘆䏃 ǃ⠆Ҏ㄀ϔⳂⱘǃ㟛⼲ৠ㸠ⱘ⫳⌏ǃ 㟾⍋ⱘҎ⫳ǃϗ‫ן‬ᬢ᳗㟛ܿ⽣䃯㾷 ǃ㋘ᣓ᳌ⱘᬢ㿧㟛㩭ᘽⱘ⾬㿷ǃⳲᛯ П℠ǃᕽ㟜П䏃ǃҹঞ⠻㗙㿧㏈䲚ㄝ क们ᴀ㨫԰DŽ

Gustave Dore Nehemiah viewing secretly the ruins of the walls of Jerusalem

5

ฅৡǃ䙌䂆㟛䀏‫ݞ‬ Ǐᆦ‫؛‬ᆚ䲚䂆⿟䀏‫ݞ‬᮹ǐ ᑈ ᳜ ᮹᯳ᳳϔDŽ ᳜ ᮹ Ѩ 䍋ˈϡফ⧚䀏‫ݞ‬ঞࡴ䗔䙌DŽ ǏᓊԌࠊᮄ⫳ܹᅌ⬇䂟᠟㑠ǐ ᆘѸᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶ᬭࢭ㰩 ഄഔ˖ ৄ࣫ᏖफҀᵅ䏃ಯ↉ Ꮛ 㰳 ϟ߫⬇䂟᭛ӊ˖

⬇䂟㸼Ḑϔӑ ᅌ᷵㎆キZZZ FUWV HGXϟ䓝㸼Ḑ

ϔয᳔়䖥Пञ䑿✻⠛ܽᔉ

䑿ߚ䄝ℷড䴶ᕅॄᴀϔӑ ⍋໪೟䱯ᅌ⫳䅋✻ᕅᴀ

‫ן‬Ҏⱘ㽟䄝˄Ѩⱒࠄϔगᄫ˅

᥼㭺ֵܽᇕ˄݊Ёϔᇕ⚎᠔ቀᬭ᳗ⱘ⠻᏿៪䉴䊀䭋㗕П᥼㭺ˈᅌ᷵㎆キZZZ FUWV HGX ϟ䓝㸼Ḑ˅

⬇䂟䊏⫼ᮄৄᐷ ‫ ܗ‬⍋໪ᅌ⫳䊏⫼ϔᕟҹ㕢䞥㿜ㅫˈᣝ17 86 㿜ㅫ

⬅ᬭࢭЏӏḌৃ⬇䂟ˈ㢹᳝䳔㽕䴶䂛ˈ᳗঺㸠䗮ⶹDŽ ᮕ㙑ϡ䙌ׂᅌߚ㗙ˈҡ䳔㽕ᮐ䂆⿟䭟ྟࠡˈᆘѸᬭࢭ㰩㄀

䷙᭛ӊDŽ Ć 䂆⿟䭟ྟࠡˈ᳾ᅠ៤⬇䂟᠟㑠㗙ˈৃ⬇䂟⚎ᮕ㙑⫳ˈᠡ㛑‫ܜ‬㸠䙌䂆䀏‫ݞ‬DŽ⬇䂟᠟㑠䳔㽕೼䁆ᅌᄷ ៪䂆⿟㌤ᴳࠡᅠ៤ˈ᳾ᅠ៤㗙ˈᅌ᷵ᇛϡֱ⬭៤㐒DŽ

Ǐ䀏‫ݞ‬䙌䂆ǐ 䂟՚᷵䀏‫៪ݞ‬฿ᆿ䙌䂆ஂ ᅌ᷵㎆キZZZ FUWV HGXϟ䓝㸼Ḑ ˈ‫៪ ⳳڇ‬H PDLO OXOX FUWV#JPDLO FRPDŽ Ǐ䂆⿟䊏⫼ǐ ⍋໪ᅌ⫳䊏⫼ϔᕟҹ㕢䞥㿜ㅫˈᣝ17 86 㿜ㅫ

ᅌߚ䊏˖↣ᅌߚᮄৄᐷ ‫ܗ‬DŽ 䘴䎱ᬭᅌ㋏㍅ᑇৄᅌ䊏˖ᆚ䲚䂆⿟ ‫ܗ‬DŽ 䀏‫ࡴݞ‬䗔䙌᠟㑠䊏˖ᆚ䲚䂆⿟ ‫ܗ‬DŽԚᮐ䀏‫ݞ‬᮹՚ᅌ᷵䀏‫ݞ‬㑇Ѹᅌ䊏ϺϨ⛵ࡴ䗔䙌㗙 ˈৃ‫ܡ‬㑇DŽ Ǐ㑇䊏ᮍᓣǐ ᴀഄᅌ⫳㑇䊏ᮍᓣ˖

䛉ᬓࡗ᩹ᐇ㰳˖ ˈ᠊ৡ˖Ё㧃⇥೟ᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌन᳗

฿ᆿֵ⫼वᠷℒᥜ⃞᳌ ᅌ᷵㎆キZZZ FUWV HGXϟ䓝Ё᭛㸼Ḑ ˈ‫ⳳڇ‬㟇ᅌ᷵ DŽ ⍋໪ᅌ⫳㑇䊏ᮍᓣ˖

฿ᆿֵ⫼वᠷℒᥜ⃞᳌ ᅌ᷵㎆キZZZ FUWV HGXϟ䓝㣅᭛㸼Ḑ ˈ‫ⳳڇ‬㟇ᅌ᷵ DŽ

ҹ3D\SDOᮍᓣ㑇䊏ˈᐇ㰳 UWI WZ#PV KLQHW QHWˈ᠊ৡ˖㫵ᘽ䊰DŽҬℒᕠˈ䳏䛉ਞ ⶹᬃҬ᮹ᳳǃྦྷৡ੠䞥両DŽ 䂟‫ܜ‬㟇ZZZ SD\SDO FRP ⱏ䣘⬇䂟‫ן‬Ҏᐇ᠊

䳏ः㟛ᬃ⼼ᮍᓣ㑇䊏㗙ˈ䂟⌑䀶䳏䁅 䔝 ˈ䳏䛉˖ OXOX FUWV#JPDLO FRP 6

ᵟ প ᳦ࠉ๲᪤

Master of Theology

Ǐ⡍㡆㟛Ⳃⱘǐ ᴀᅌ⾥ПⳂⱘ⚎‫⼲٭܆‬ᅌ䰶߱㋮䂆⿟П᏿䊛ˈ㛑ҹᬭᥜᴀᅌ䰶⍋ܻ໪ⱘᓊԌࠊ䂆⿟DŽᴀᅌ ⾥П⡍㡆ҹᇜⷨᬭ᳗⅋৆Ёⱘᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ⚎ЏDŽ᥵ᇣ⧁ࠊˈҹकѠԡᅌ⫳⚎䰤DŽ Ǐ᢯⫳ᇡ䈵ǐ ޵⏙Ἦ㩭ীǃNj䘧ᅌ⹽຿⾥nj⬶ὁ៪ৠㄝᅌ⅋㗙ˈ೼ᬭ᳗㟛⼲ᅌ䰶᷵ᕲџᬭ⠻џ༝ˈᇡNj ᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌnj᳝ᖗ䁡䄬ˈ៪䘆⏅ⷨお㗙ˈⱚ⚎ᴀ䰶᠔ℵ䖢ⱘᇡ䈵DŽׂ⬶Ѡᑈࠊ㘪㍧⹽຿䂆 ⿟ˈ‫݋‬ᬭᇢџ༝㍧⅋㗙ˈгৃ⬇䂟ᴀ䂆⿟DŽ㢹㩭䀅ৃܹᅌˈࠛᖙ䷜㺰ׂϔᑈ䘧ᅌ⹽຿䂆⿟ DŽ

Ǐܹᅌ㗗䀺㟛⬇䂟᠟㑠ǐ ܹᅌ㗗䀺⬇䂟᠟㑠˖⬇䂟㸼ǃञ䑿ܽয়✻⠛ܽᔉǃ䑿ߚ䄝ℷড䴶 ៪䅋✻ ᕅᴀǃ䘧ᅌ៪ 㘪㍧⹽຿⬶ὁ䄝᳌ᕅᴀǃ៤㐒ஂǃ‫ן‬Ҏ㽟䄝 Ѩⱒࠄϔगᄫ ǃ᥼㭺ֵܽᇕ ϔᇕឝ⚎᠔ቀᬭ ᳗⠻㗙᥼㭺 ǃ݀⾕ゟ䝿䰶៪䀎᠔储⁶ฅਞ᳌ϔӑ 储⁶䷙Ⳃ䷜৿㛌䚼;‫ܝ‬ǃࣙᣀ㸔㋙㋴ǃⱑ 㸔⧗ǃ㙱ࡳ㛑ǃ㜢ࡳ㛑ǃ仃ࠡ㸔㊪ǃ㸔㛖㙾ㄝ㸔⎆⁶倫DŽህᅌᳳ䭧㢹䳔᳡⫼㊒⼲⮒⮙ǃⰠ ⮛ǃⴵ⳴ㄝⳌ䮰㮹⠽ˈᖙ䷜Џࢩᦤߎ䁾ᯢˈࡴ䀏᳡㮹៪ህ䝿㿬䣘DŽ ǃ⬇䂟䊏 ‫ܗ‬ঞᖗ㺵 㸯⫳ଣो ‫ܗ‬DŽ ܹᅌ㗗䀺䷙Ⳃ˖ㄚ䀺ǃষ䀺ঞᖗ⧚㸯⫳ଣोDŽㄚ䀺⾥Ⳃࣙᣀ㘪㍧ǃᆺ⫼Ꮰ㞬᭛੠Ꮰԃ՚ ᭛ǃ㣅᭛ǃᬭ᳗⅋৆ЁПᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌDŽᮐ↣ᑈⱘ᳜݁੠᳜ܿ㟝䕺ܹᅌ㗗䀺DŽ ᅌ⫳ৃ⬇䂟‫ܜ‬ҹᮕ㙑៪䀺䅔ᮍᓣܹᅌˈ䊛Ḑ㟛ܹᅌᅌ⫳Ⳍৠˈ⬇䂟ᰖϡ䳔㽕㗗䀺ˈԚ䷜㑇Ѹ㟛ℷᓣ ⫳ܹᅌ㗗䀺ПⳌৠ⬇䂟᭛ӊ੠䊏⫼ˈϺ㍧ᬭࢭЏӏৠᛣDŽ䀺䅔⫳ৃ䀺䅔 ᅌߚᕠˈগࡴܹᅌ㗗䀺DŽᮕ 㙑⫳ϡৃᮐ䂆⿟䘆㸠Ёˈ⬇䂟䔝⚎䙌ׂDŽ

Ǐᮄ⫳⬇䂟ฅৡ៾ℶ᮹ᳳǐ ᑈ ᳜ ᮹᯳ᳳѠ 䘒ᳳϡќফ⧚

℆‫ܜ‬ҹᮕ㙑៪䀺䅔⫳ᮍᓣܹᅌህ䅔Пᮄ⫳ˈᮐ⬇䂟ฅৡ៾ℶ᮹ࠡˈ৥ᅌ᷵ᬭࢭ㰩ᦤߎ⬇䂟 Ϻᅠ៤⬇䂟᠟㑠᠔䳔᭛ӊˈ㍧ᬭࢭЏӏৠᛣᕠˈᠡৃҹ䭟ྟ䙌䂆៪ᮕ㙑DŽϡ䭟ᬒ᳾㍧⬇䂟 Ḍ‫ޚ‬Пᅌ⫳䀺㙑䂆⿟DŽ Ǐ䂆⿟ᅌ䊏ǐℷᓣ⫳㟛䀺䅔⫳⚎↣ᅌߚ ‫ˈܗ‬ᮕ㙑⫳⚎↣ᅌߚ ‫ܗ‬DŽ 7

NjᅍᏭáŹ?ä´˝ÇŒŕˇŽâť˘âˇ¨ă ŠĂźâź˛á…Œă&#x;›â…‹ŕ§† NjᅍᏭáŹ?ä´˝ÇŒŕˇŽâť˘âˇ¨ă ŠĂźâź˛á…Œă&#x;›â…‹ŕ§† Dr. Jeffrey K. Jue âź˛á…Œâš˝ŕşżâ§ á‘ˆĎ”áłœä‚†âż&#x; áłœ ᎚ Ѩ Ăź áłœ ᎚ Ѩ áŻłáłłáŽšä°¸ŕťŞËˆÝ… ŕť˝ ᎽϞ 咲ßĎ&#x;ŕ¤œ ĺ’˛ ßš â†Łŕť˝ ᇣᰖ

Ç?䂆âż&#x;ㇾŇ&#x;Ç? 䂆âż&#x;âą˜âł‚áż­ŕłźâ śă˝Şŕ¤•Ý ĎŞă‹”â„¤âŒ†á…ŤáŹ­áŹ?ä´˝â…‹ŕ§†ŕŠ âź˛á…Œá—ąâ•‚ËˆŇšŕŚžŕ¤•Ď—ĎŞă‹”âą˜ŕˇŽâ´ˇáŹ­â„ˇă?… DŽ⎉ăŞ&#x;áŹ?ᏭĐ?ă˝•ŕ´„ŕ¤”Đ âą˜Ď”ŃŻŃ&#x;ÓŠâą˜âą?ሊă&#x;›â“¨ä…žËˆŇšŕŚžŕˇŽâ´ˇáŹ­â€ŤÚ‡â€Źă?…ăşľĐ?ă˝•âź˛á…Œá†Šâą˜á—ąá›‡ Ç„ă¨ŤäžĄä–ĽŇˇáŽ˝áłłâ„¤âŒ†â…‹ŕ§†ăš áąƒĐ â…‹ŕ§†âź˛á…Œâą˜âą?ሊDŽ Ç?áĽœä‚†ă—•á?żÇ? äŠ§áŽ˛ă˝“áŹŁâź˛á…Œä°śáŹ­áł—â…‹ŕ§†ă‹?ŕĄƒáŹ­áĽœËˆĎşŕ§ á°–ä‰´äŠ€ŕ¤¨ä‚“ă‹?ࢭ㸠ᏓDŽ á‘ˆŕŚŞá•ŤŕĄ´áŽ˛ŕťťá…Œâ ’ â˜ˇ ,UYLQH ßšáˇľá…ŒŕşżËˆ á‘ˆă˝“áŹŁâź˛á…Œä°śŕĄ´áŽ˛ßšáˇľä˜§á…Œâš˝ŕşżâŹśá˝ ËˆĎşáŽ? á‘ˆâĽ†äˇŚŃ˛Ôƒ Ď• $EHUGHHQ ŕťťá…Œŕ¤Žŕşżá…ŒÔĄÇ„áł’Ó?㕢ŕł&#x;áŹ?ä´˝á…Ťâź˛á…Œä°ś 576 äƒŻá?żËˆáŽ? ᑈä?‹Ó?ᏭáŽ?㽓Ꮳ âź˛á…Œä°śÇ„ă¨Ťáł?Ë– Heaven Upon Earth: Joseph Mede (1586-1638) and the Legacy of Millenarianism, and a contributor to Justified in Christ (2007) and The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism (2008). ä€?Ë–ă˝“áŹŁâź˛á…Œä°śŕĄ‰áˇľáŽ? á‘ˆËˆá°ƒâšŽăşąâ€ŤŮ­â€ŹăŠ­ŕ§€âšŽâ ťá?żÇƒäˇ¤â€ŤŮ­â€ŹŕłźáŹ­áł—á&#x;Şŕ „ĎŞâŹ ŕ§˜ă°ŠáłĄŃ&#x;âą˜Öľá•ŚËˆŇš ŕŚžâšŽŕˇŽâ´ˇáŹ­Đ á–—á&#x;Şá…Œă¸§â€łáž&#x;‍٭܆‏á?żäŠ›ă— ä€ ă‚&#x;âą˜Ď”á ”âź˛á…Œä°śáˇľÇ„ŕŠ â„ˇă?…ä­‹ă—•áŹ­áł—Çƒă•˘ŕł&#x;ä­‹ă—•áł—Çƒă•˘ ăˆĄäś§ăş¨ŕˇŽâ´ˇä­‹ă—•áŹ­áł—ÇƒŇšŕŚžâłŒä¸˛Ô?âą˜Öąá…œáŹ­áł—áł?ă¨Ťä´˛â„ˇá“Łâą˜äŽ°Ö–Ç„ă— ă˝“áŹŁâŹśá˝ âŤłĐłßšßšŕłźä—­Ď?‍×&#x;‏ á…ŤâŒ’âą˜áŹ­áł—ŇšŕŚžÝŠŇŞáĽšä–Ľă‹˜ á ”âą˜ĎĄŕ§ áŹ­áł—ăşľáłĄŃ&#x;Ç„âł‚ŕ Ąáł?á…Œáˇľáł? ÔĄŐšăžž ‍×&#x;‏ϥৠŕł&#x;á†Šâą˜á…Œ âŤłáˆ…ä…”Ç„ä°¸äŠ§áŽ˛*OHQVLGHĐ?ă˝•áˇľŕ¤”ŕťŞËˆĎşáł?á–‹áŽ˛ä˜¨á˘?áŽƒßšáˇľËˆŇšŕŚžßšßšŕłźă‹¤ă‹˜Çƒâ€Ť×żâ€ŹáŹşŕŠ äś§ŕł&#x;佪⠒ ä­&#x;䕺䂆âż&#x;Ç„

Ç?áŁ›á…ŽäŽ…ä…”áłŒăˆĄÇ?

1.Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (Oxford, 1991).

2.Denis Janz (eds.), A Reformation Reader (Minneapolis, 2002).

3.David Bagchi & David Steinmetz (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology (Cambridge, 2004).

4.John Coffey & Paul Lim (eds.) The Cambridge

Companion

to

Puritanism

(Cambridge, 2008).

Reformation Wall William the Silent (1533–1584), Gaspard de Coligny (1519–1572), Frederick William of Brandenburg (1620–1688), Theodore Beza (1519–1605), John Calvin (1509–1564), William Farel (1489–1565), John Knox (c.1513–1572), Roger Williams (1603–1684), Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), Stephen Bocskay (1557–1606) (left to right) Along the wall, to either side of the central statues, is engraved the motto of both the Reformation and Geneva: Post Tenebras Lux (Latin for After darkness, light).

8

Ç?䂆âż&#x;ă˝•âˆ–Ç?äŽ…ä…”Ďžä—„áłŒăˆĄá• ËˆáŞ„á†ż ϔ㆛ 䡕⡨㠊ฅਞDŽ

ࡴ⠒᭛ 䘅ᑈ䁩䖄 ⼲ᅌ㟛⅋৆ⷨ㿢᳗ Dr. Jeffrey K. Jue ᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶⼲ᅌ⹽຿䂆⿟ˈᙁ䗶ࡴ⠒᭛ 䘅ᑈ䁩䖄ˈ䙔䂟㽓ᬣ⼲ᅌ䰶ᬭ᳗⅋৆㋏ࡃ ᬭᥜ-HIIUH\ -XHम຿՚ৄᬭᥜNjǍᅫᬭᬍ䴽 ǎ෎⻢ⷨお˖⼲ᅌ㟛⅋৆nj䂆⿟DŽϡ‫᥶ڙ‬㿢क ݁Ϫ㋔ℤ⌆ᅫᬭᬍ䴽⅋৆੠⼲ᅌᗱ╂ˈҹঞक ϗϪ㋔ⱘ෎ⴷᬭℷ㍅DŽгҟ㌍⭊ᰖЏ㽕ᬍᬭഄ औ᠔ⱐ⫳ⱘϔѯџӊ㟛݊ⓨ䅞ˈҹঞ෎ⴷᬭ‫ڇ‬ ㍅㺵Џ㽕⼲ᅌᆊⱘᗱᛇDŽ䘽䗶 䘅ᑈˈಲ主 䖥ҷᮽᳳℤ⌆⅋৆㚠᱃Ё⅋৆⼲ᅌⱘⱐሩˈ‫ݡ‬ ⃵ᦤ䝦៥‫ץ‬ϞᏱ䍙㞾✊ⱘ㞼೼ǃগ㟛ҟܹҎ串 ⱘ⅋৆ˈϡᮋഄ䗣䘢⼖ᖴᖗ䷚᳡ⱘ‫ک‬Ҏⱘⳳᆺ 㽟䄝ˈ೼⅋৆ⱘ䘢⿟Ёϡᮋᇡ៥‫ץ‬䁾䁅DŽಲ主 ⅋৆Ϻ䴲‫ڙڙ‬াᰃⱐᗱসПᑑᚙⱘ㏀់ˈ㗠ᰃ ᳈ࡴෙᅮ៥‫ץ‬᠔ֵⱘḍ෎ˈϺ㨑ᆺϞᏱѸ㿫㌺ ⼖↣ϔԡᦔ䙌ᄤ⇥ⱘ⅋৆ՓੑDŽ 'U -HIIUH\ -XH೼ℸ⃵䂆⿟ⱘܽจ݀䭟ⷨ㿢᳗ˈгᇛ䞱ᇡNjϞᏱⱘ䁅䁲˖㋘㗄ࡴ⠒ ᭛੠㘪㍧䂪njঞNjϞᏱⱘ೟˖ᬍᬭ‫ܜ‬候ⱘ᳿Ϫ㾔njˈℸܽ䷙䖥ҷⴒ໮ᅌ㗙໮᳝৘㞾ϡৠ ゟจ䂪䗄ⱘЏ丠ˈህࡴ⠒᭛㟛ᬍᬭ‫ܜ‬候ⱘゟ䂪ˈᦤߎ㊒䮶ⱘ䮵䗄DŽ'U -HIIUH\ -XHϡ‫ڙ‬ ᅌ᳝ᇜ㊒ˈ᳈ᰃℸ䷬ඳⱘ㗍ἮDŽ᳗Ё䰸њ㊒䮶ⱘⓨ䃯໪ˈ䙘᳝ᅌ䰶㗕᏿ⱘಲឝҹঞ㟛᳗ Ҏવଣㄨᰖ䭧DŽℵ䖢㞾⬅ܹจগ㟛ˈߛ࣓䤃༅䲷ᕫ″᳗DŽ Ć⚎ᝊ⼱ࡴ⠒᭛ 䘅ᑈ䁩䖄ˈᬍ䴽ᅫߎ⠜⼒⡍߹᥼ߎǍࡴ⠒᭛ᇜ᳌ǎˈ⬅݊⫳ᑇǃ⫳⌏ᬭᇢǃᬭ 㕽ǃ⅋৆ⱐሩㄝಯ‫ן‬ϡৠ㾦ᑺˈ՚᥶㿢ࡴ⠒᭛੠ࡴ⠒᭛Џ㕽ᇡϪ⬠ⱘᕅ䷓DŽ᳗จгᇛҹ⡍‫ۍ‬௝ᚴ গ㟛ℸ⃵ⷨ㿢᳗ⱘ䭋෋ৠᎹ㟛ᓳ‫ྍྤܘ‬DŽ

Ǐ㄀ϔจⷨ㿢᳗ǐ Џ丠˖ϞᏱⱘ䁅䁲˖㋘㗄ࡴ⠒᭛੠㘪㍧䂪 :RUG RI *RG -RKQ &DOYLQ DQG WKH 'RFWULQH RI 6FULSWXUH ᰖ䭧˖ ᳜ ᮹ ಯ ˈᰮϞ 咲ࠄ 咲 Ǐ㄀Ѡจⷨ㿢᳗ǐ Џ丠˖ϞᏱⱘ೟˖ᬍᬭ‫ܜ‬候ⱘ᳿Ϫ㾔 7KH .LQJGRP RI *RG 7KH (VFKDWRORJ\ RI WKH 5HIRUPHUV ᰖ䭧˖ ᳜ ᮹ Ѩ ˈᰮϞ 咲ࠄ 咲 ⷨ㿢᳗㟝䕺ഄ咲˖ᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶໻ᬭᅸ ৄ࣫ᏖफҀᵅ䏃ಯ↉ Ꮛ 㰳

݀䒞˖फҀ ᆻᅝ㸫ষキˈ᥋䘟˖ᨁẩ㎮ࠄफҀᵅ䏃キˈ䔝ЬफҀᑍ㎮݀䒞DŽ ᅌ᷵ഄ೪ˈৃ㟇KWWS ZZZ FUWV HGX DGPLQ FRQWDFW,QIRUPDWLRQ KWPϟ䓝 ⌑䀶䳏䁅˖ 䔝ߚ″ ˈᵫྤྍDŽ 9

7 ᑈᆦ‫؛‬ᆚ䲚䂆⿟ ᳜ ᮹ˈᮽϞ 咲ञˈ䭋㗕⊏᳗ 37 ˈ5HY 'U -RKQ 0DF5DHˈ ᅌߚ 䭟ᬒ䘴䎱; OHDUQLQJ

᳜ ᮹ˈᮽϞ 咲ˈሐᏠ㉇㿬ⱘ⠻᳗⼲ᅌ 27 ˈᔉҹ䃒⠻᏿ˈ ᅌߚ

⼲ᅌ⹽຿ ᑈϔ᳜䂆⿟ঞⷨ㿢᳗ ᳜ ᮹ 䘅᮹⛵ ˈᮽϞ 咲ࠄϟज 咲ञˈNjᅫᬭᬍ䴽nj෎⻢ⷨお˖⼲ᅌ㟛⅋৆ˈ'U -HII -XHˈ ᅌߚ ㄀ϔจⷨ㿢᳗ ᰖ䭧˖ ᳜ ᮹ ಯ ᰮϞ 咲 Џ丠˖ϞᏱⱘ䁅䁲˖㋘㗄ࡴ⠒᭛੠㘪㍧䂪 ㄀Ѡจⷨ㿢᳗ ᰖ䭧˖ ᳜ ᮹ Ѩ ᰮϞ 咲 Џ丠˖ϞᏱⱘ೟˖ᬍᬭ‫ܜ‬候ⱘ᳿Ϫ㾔

7 ᯹ᅌᄷ䂆⿟ ᳜ ᮹ü ᳜ ᮹ 䀏‫ݞ‬᮹˖ ᳜ ᮹ܼ໽ ᯳ᳳϔ ᯳ᳳѠ ᯳ᳳϝ ᯳ᳳಯ ᯳ᳳѨ Ꮰԃ՚᭛ Ѡ 㘪㍧㾷㍧ᅌ Ꮰ㞬᭛ ෎ⴷᕦⱘ⫳⌏ ෎ⴷ䂪ǏḌǐ Ϟज ᰖ 'HDQ 8OULFK ǏḌǐ Ѡ ಯ 䅔㍧ 㟛‫⧚׿‬ǏḌǐ 㽓ᬣֵṱ 㨝ᦤ໮⠻᏿ 呹ᅝ䖾⠻᏿ 咗〢㟾⠻᏿ ⱑ໻㸯⠻᏿ ီ࿏ᆊᒁ䓨ᇢᅌ ᮽᳳᬭ᳗৆ ⬇ੑ㿬 Ꮰԃ՚᳌ 䃯䘧᪡㏈ ϟज ᰖ 㨝ᦤ໮⠻᏿ 䛁ᯢ⩟⠻᏿ 咗⾝⦷⠻᏿ 呹ᅝ䖾⠻᏿ 㨝ᦤ໮⠻᏿ 䘴䎱 [OHDUQ 䘴䎱 [OHDUQ

ҹᓫ᠔ ℠㕙㽓 ⅋ҷֵṱ ᨽ㽓Ѩ㍧ ᰮ䭧 ᰖ 㜧߽䭔᳌ ᴢ䦂❭⠻᏿ 'HDQ 8OULFK ৆ᓬ᦮⠻᏿ ᓊԌࠊ䘴䎱 [OHDUQ

᷵໪ᓊԌ Ꮰԃ՚᳌ ᮄ㥞ˋ໰䭧 ᔉᰅ೟⠻᏿ ᷵໪ᓊԌ 侀໾⽣䷇ ‍ᵫˋ໰䭧 ྮ㟜෎⠻᏿

'9' 䂆⿟ 㟞㋘㍰㾑ˈ'U 'HDQ 8OULFKǏḌǐ ᅌߚ

侀ৃ⽣䷇ˈ呹ᅝ䖾⠻᏿ ᅌߚ

෎ⴷᬭ೼㧃৆ ϔ ˈ䛁ᯢ⩟⠻᏿ ᅌߚ

ᇣ‫ⶹܜ‬᳌ ԩǃᨽǃᣓ ˈ咗⾝⦷⠻᏿ ᅌߚ

ଳ⼎䣘 Ϟᅌᄷ;OHDUQ䂆⿟ ˈ㨝ᦤ໮⠻᏿ ᅌߚ

ᬭ⠻ᅌϔ Ϟᅌᄷ;OHDUQ䂆⿟ 㫵ᘽ䊰⠻᏿ǏḌǐ ᅌߚ

ᮄ㋘⼲ᅌˈਖ≯⏉⠻᏿ ᅌߚ

ᬍ䴽ᅫ䅋ᬭᅌˈᵫ᜜ֵ⠻᏿ ᅌߚ

⼲ᅌὖ䂪 ᵫ᜜ֵ⠻᏿ ᅌߚ

Ꮰ㞬᭛ ϔ 呹ᅝ䖾⠻᏿ ᅌߚ

Ꮰԃ՚᭛ ϔ 'U 'HDQ 8OULFK ᅌߚ

7 ᱥᳳᆚ䲚䂆⿟䷤ਞ ᳜ ᮹ˈᮽϞˈ'U .LQJ &RXQWVˈ᭛࣪૆ᅌ 3KLORVRSK\ RI &XOWXUH ᅌߚDŽ ᳜ ᮹ ϔǃϝǃѨϞ䂆 ˈϟज SP ˈ'U 'HDQ 8OULFKˈᏠԃ՚᭛䅔㍧ˈ ᅌߚDŽ ⊼ᛣ 䙌ׂᏠԃ՚᭛ᅌ⫳ˈϡ㛑䙌ׂ'U &RXQWVᆚ䲚䂆⿟

᳜ ᮹ˈᮽϞ DP ̢ SP ˈਖ≯⏉⠻᏿ˈ㣗⋄⠒䅋ᬭᅌ 9DQ 7LOV $SRORJHWLFV ᅌߚDŽ ᳜ ᮹ˈᮽϞ DP ̢ SP ˈᵫ᜜ֵ⠻᏿ˈ㘪䴜䂪 'RFWULQH RI WKH +RO\ 6SLULW ˈ ᅌߚDŽ 10

ᬍᬭᆊࡴ⠒᭛ ᬍ䴽ᅫߎ⠜⼒呹ᅝ䖾⼒䭋 ࡴ⠒᭛ ᑈֵЏˈ ᑈ䗱ϪDŽℷབⴒ᠔਼ⶹⱘˈࡴ⠒᭛ ᑈⱘ෎ⴷᕦⅆ᳜ˈᬍ 䅞њ䗭‫ן‬Ϫ⬠DŽҪ䘢Ϫ⭊ᰖⱘ⨲຿ǃ⊩೟ǃ㥋㰁ǃ㣅೟ǃ㯛Ḑ㰁ǃᵅℤҹঞ䚼ߚᖋ೟ⱘ ෎ⴷᬭ জ々ᮄᬭ៪᳈ℷᬭ ᬭ᳗䛑ᰃᬍ䴽ᅫⱘᬭ᳗DŽᕲ䙷ᰖ䍋ˈࡴ⠒᭛੠Ҫⱘ㨫԰⏅⏅ ഄᕅ䷓㌩໻䚼ߚⱘ෎ⴷᬭᬭ᳗DŽे֓ᰃ䙷ѯ≦᳝ᣕᅜNjᘽ‫݌‬njᬭ㕽ⱘᬭ᳗ˈҪ‫ץ‬᳝ϔ䚼 ߚⱘ⼲ᅌᗱᛇǃᭀᢰⱘᮍᓣঞ݊Ҫ৘ᮍ䴶г‫⫼׳‬њࡴ⠒᭛ⱘ⼲ᅌᗱᛇDŽϡ‫ڙ‬ᮐℸⱘᰃˈ ࡴ⠒᭛Џ㕽гᒷ⊯ഄᕅ䷓њ⭊ҷ⫳⌏ⱘ↣‫ן‬ሸ䴶DŽ Ϫ㋔߱ᳳˈ䶟ԃ 0D[ :HEHU ህᣛᯢ 䊛ᴀЏ㕽ᰃ⑤㞾ࡴ⠒᭛Џ㕽˗ৠῷഄˈг᳝Ҏ䁡⚎⧒ҷ⾥ᅌǃҎ⃞Џ㕽੠݊Ҫ䚼ߚⱘ⧒ ҷ᭛࣪ˈг䛑ᰃ⬅ࡴ⠒᭛Џ㕽㗠՚DŽབᵰ㽕ଣ䂄ᰃ⭊ҷ᳔‫݋‬ᕅ䷓࡯ⱘҎˈ៥䁡⚎⛵Ҏ㛑 ߎ݊েˈ䴲ࡴ⠒᭛㥿ቀњDŽ ᑈҷ᳿ᳳˈ៥ⱘϔ‫ן‬᳟ট೼㘪↡ 1RWUH'DPH ໻ᅌᬏ䅔ᅫᬭ૆ᅌम຿ˈ⭊ᰖҪ 䙌ׂⱘϔ䭔䂆ⱘᬭᥜˈ䂆ූЁ䭟ࡴ⠒᭛Џ㕽ⱘ⥽ュDŽҪҹ⚎ࡴ⠒᭛Џ㕽Ꮖᰃ䢋㙆ओ䎵њ ˈϡ㍧ᛣഄଣ೼ᑻⱘᅌ⫳‫˖ץ‬Nj䗭㺵᳝ӏԩࡴ⠒᭛Џ㕽㗙஢˛nj៥ⱘ᳟টᮀ䞬៾䨉ഄᡓ 䁡Ҫህᰃˈ䗭㨫ᆺ౛њ䗭ԡᬭᥜ੠ܼ⧁ৠᅌϔ໻䏇ʽϡ䘢ˈᑒᑈᕠ䗭᠔໻ᅌ㘬䂟᱂㰁ϕ Ḑ $OYLQ 3ODQWLQJD ᪨ӏᅫᬭ૆ᅌ㋏ⱘ㋏Џӏˈ䗭‫㋏ן‬гህ䅞៤њNjᬍ䴽ᅫ䁡䄬䂪njⱘ ⷨおЁᖗDŽ䑿⚎Njᬍ䴽ᅫnjⱘֵᕦϡ‫ڙ‬ᰃৃԽⱘˈгᰃҸҎᓩҹ⚎‫῭ⱘچ‬㿬DŽ 䗭ᰃϔӊিҎࣾ་᠔ᗱⱘџᆺʽ⅋㍧ ᑈᕠⱘҞ᮹ˈ䲪✊Ϫ֫ⱘᅌ㗙ϔ‫ⱘݡ‬ᅷ々 Njࡴ⠒᭛Џ㕽ᮽᏆ䘢ᰖњnjʽԚᰃˈҸҪ‫ץ‬䳛倮ⱘᰃˈࡴ⠒᭛Џ㕽ϡԚ䍋⅏ಲ⫳ˈⳈ㟇 Ҟ᮹ᅗձ✊ᄬ೼Ϩ᱂ঞDŽ ᑈҷˈᮄ⽣䷇䘟ࢩ㟜䍋ᮐ㕢೟ǃ㣅೟੠Ϫ⬠৘ഄˈ䀅໮ᮽᳳⱘ䷬ᇢ㗙བ䥒侀⬄ 0DUW\Q /OR\G -RQHV ǃᏈࠏ - , 3DFNHU ǃ㭯㧃 )UDQFLV 6FKDHIIHU ㄝˈ䛑ቀᬍ䴽 ᅫⱘ⽣䷇⌒DŽ䱼㨫䗭‫ן‬䘟ࢩⱘ᥼ሩˈг䗴ህњ໻ᡍⱘᬍ䴽ᅫ⠻᏿ǃ԰ᆊ੠ᅌ㗙DŽ⏅‫݋‬ᕅ ䷓࡯ⱘᬍ䴽ᅫ⽣䷇⌒԰ᆊ᳝৆᱂㕙 5 & 6SURXO ǃ⌒म -RKQ 3LSHU ǃ㋘㗄呹‫ܟ‬䰓⨳ -RKQ 0DF$UWKXU ੠䀅໮݊Ҫⱘ԰㗙DŽህ䘟ࢩ㗠㿔ˈNjᮄ⽣䷇Џ㕽njৃ䁾ᰃ᳝ߎҎᛣ᭭ П໪ⱘ៤ࡳDŽḍ᪮ ᑈⱘϔ䷙䂓ᶹˈ ⱘ㕢೟Ҏ㞾䁡⚎ᰃ⽣䷇⌒ⱘֵᕦ˗ԚҞ᮹䀅 ໮㞾々ᰃ⽣䷇⌒ⱘᬭ᳗䷬㹪ϡⳌֵ㘪㍧ᰃ⛵䁸ⱘˈ៪ᛇ᳈ᬍNj㘪㍧⛵䁸njⱘܻ⎉ˈ⫮㟇 䗷侀ϕ䏃ᖋNj಴ֵ々㕽njⱘᬭ㕽г䙁ফ䊾⭥DŽ಴ℸˈህ⼲ᅌ㗠䂪ˈ䗭‫ן‬䘟ࢩᏆ㍧䗋༅њ ᮍ৥DŽ⭊៥‫ץ‬᩹䭟⽣䷇Џ㕽ПϞⱘ䗋䳻ᕠˈ֓⏙Ἦⳟ㽟ˈ䙷ѯᖴᮐ㘪㍧ⱘ⽣䷇⌒ᐊ䷬㗙 ໻໮ᰃࡴ⠒᭛Џ㕽㗙DŽ㌤ᵰˈབৠࡴ⠒᭛ⱘᰖҷϔ㠀ˈ໻䚼ߚֱᅜ⌒ⱘ෎ⴷᕦ䛑䔝৥ಲ ࠄᬍ䴽ᅫⱘֵӄ⭊ЁDŽ ljҞ᮹෎ⴷᬭNJˈϔӑ᪕᳝ᒷ໻䅔㗙ⱘ㣅᭛෎ⴷᬭ䲰䁠ˈ᳔䖥᳝ϔ䷙䮰ᮐNj㕢೟ࡴ ⠒᭛Џ㕽njⱘฅᇢˈ丠Ⳃ⚎LJᑈ䓩ǃ⌏࡯ⱘǃᬍ䴽ᅫLj

<RXQJ

5HVWOHVV

DQG 11

5HIRUPHG 6HSW DŽ԰㗙倮㿱ഄⱐ⧒㕢೟⭊ҷ䀅໮ᑈ䓩ǃ‫ܙ‬ⓓ⌏࡯ⱘ෎ⴷᕦˈ䛑ᰃ ᬍ䴽ᅫⱘֵᕦDŽ䗭㆛᭛ゴฅᇢ㕢೟㌩໻໮ᭌⱘ⍌ֵ᳗⼲ᅌ䰶⧒Ҟᰃᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌⱘЁᖗ˗ ೼ϝϔ⼲ᅌ䰶੠ៜⱏᒋ㎁⠒ *RUGRQ &RQZHOO ⼲ᅌ䰶Ёˈᬍ䴽ᅫⱘ⼲ᅌ⫳г᳝乃㨫ⱘ๲ ࡴ˗᳈䞡㽕ⱘᰃˈஂ೼㕢೟ህ᳝कѠ᠔ҹϞⱘᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶ˈ݊ᅌ⫳ҎᭌгⳌ⭊ⱘৃ㾔 DŽ ᕲ䗭ⴒ໮ⱘᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶ǃ԰ᆊǃ᳌㈡ǃ⠻᏿ǃ㎆キЁˈৃ㽟ᬍ䴽ᅫֵӄ‫䷬⃵ݡ‬ᇢ ෎ⴷᬭᬭ᳗DŽ ⚎њᝊ⼱ࡴ⠒᭛ ਼ᑈ䁩䖄ˈᴀ⼒ᕜ催㟜ⱘ᥼ߎ䗭ᴀҟ㌍ࡴ⠒᭛ঞࡴ⠒᭛Џ㕽ⱘ ᇜ䲚ˈᅗᕲಯ‫ן‬ϡৠⱘ㾦ᑺ՚ਜ⧒ࡴ⠒᭛䗭‫ן‬Ҏ੠݊ᬍ䴽䘟ࢩDŽⳐᳯ㮝⬅ℸ᳌ᇢᓩ໻ᆊ 䘆ϔℹ䮅䅔᳈໮ᬍ䴽ᅫⱘ᳌㈡DŽࡴ⠒᭛ᴀ䑿ⱘ㨫԰Ꮖ∫⠯‫ܙ‬ẳˈফҪᕅ䷓ⱘ᳌㈡᳈ᰃ໮ ᕫৃҹ㪟དᑒẳ೪᳌仼˗᳈ৃ䊈ⱘᰃˈ䗭ѯ䛑ᰃ៥‫ץ‬ቀ䴜ⱘᇊ㮣ʽ ᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶 5HIRUPHG 7KHRORJLFDO 6HPLQDU\ ᳝ ‫ן‬᷵औǃ䍙䘢 ԡⱘᅌ⫳ህ䅔ǃ㟛䖥 ԡⱘܼ㙋ᬭ㙋વᎹDŽ䊏ජⱘ䶟ᬣᮃᖋ⼲ᅌ䰶 :HVWPLQVWHUˈे㽓ᬣ⼲ᅌ䰶 ᳝㋘ ԡᅌ⫳ህ䅔ˈ ঺໪䙘᳝㽓औ䶟ᬣᮃᖋ⼲ᅌ䰶ˈ㟛ԡᮐ䘨ᢝᮃⱘ䶟ᬣᮃᖋ⼲ᅌ䰶DŽ݊ҪЏ㽕ⱘᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶䙘᳝ 㘪㋘⼲ᅌ䰶 &RYHQDQW 6HPLQDU\ˈ ԡᅌ⫳ ǃࡴ⠒᭛⼲ᅌ䰶 ԡᅌ⫳ ǃ䃒‫ܟ‬ᮃ⼲ᅌ䰶 .QR[ 6HPLQDU\ˈ ԡᅌ⫳ ǃ㕢Ёᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶 0LG $PHULFD 5HIRUPHG 6HPLQDU\ ǃঞ⠒ᮃ䞥⼲ᅌ 䰶 (UVNLQH 6HPLQDU\ DŽᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌन᳗ᰃቀᮐ࣫㕢ᇣൟᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶ⱘϔ‫ן‬न᳗ˈᅗࣙᣀњԃ ᯢ㔩⼲ᅌ䰶 %LUPLQJKDP 6HPLQDU\ ǃ儕࣫‫⊩ⱘܟ‬ᛍࢦ⼲ᅌ䰶 )DUHO 6HPLQDU\ ǃ᮹ܻ⪺ᬍ䴽ᅫ ⼲ᅌ䰶 *HQHYD 5HIRUPHG 6HPLQDU ǃḐ䱉㎁㘇䭋㗕᳗⼲ᅌ䰶 *UHHQYLOOH 3UHVE\WHULDQ 6HPL QDU\ ǃᮄ᮹ܻ⪺⼲ᅌ䰶 1HZ *HQHYD 6HPLQDU\ ǃ⏙ᬭᕦᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶 3XULWDQ 5HIRUPHG 6HPL QDU\ ǃ㸔ⱘ෎ⴷቅᅌ䰶 6DQJUH

GH

5HIRUPHG 6HPLQDU\ DŽ

Merry Christmas &

Happy New Year

೼㟇催П㰩ˈᾂ㗔⅌㟛ǂ⼲ʽ ೼ഄϞˈᑇᅝ⅌㟛Ҫ᠔୰ᙙⱘҎʽ

2008 㘪䁩Ԝ䘧᳗ 䘆ܹ⅋৆ⱘЏ ૤ዛᾂम຿Џ䃯 ⡍䙔䷇ῖᆊ݅ৠⓨߎ 䱇䀴᰼ǃᔉ呫ṙǃ㯛ℷ䗨ǃ⋾䷠ᘽ ᳜ ᮹ Ѡ ᰮ䭧ϗᰖܹจ ೟⠊㋔ᗉ仼 䳏䁅

䳏䛉 VWHPLWZ#JPDLO FRP ZZZ VWHLP RUJ WZ ‫ܡ‬䊏ܹจ

12

&KULVWR

6HPLQDU\ ҹঞ㽓ᮍᬍ䴽ᅫ⼲ᅌ䰶 :HVWHUQ