B tech I final project

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 (BLD61403) Assignment 2 – Construction Solutions Name: Cryslyn Tan Student ID: 0324249 Tutor: Mr. Edwin

Contents

1. Introduction 2. Precedent studies 2.1. Structural system – Steel and concrete structure 2.2 Roof system – Sawtooth roofing 2.3 Floor system – Composite steel and concrete system 2.4 Façade system A – Brickwork system 2.5 Façade system B – Perforated metal screen

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3. Façade system proposal 3.1 Brickwork system 3.2 Perforated metal screen

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4. Sectional perspectives 4.1 Sectional perspective A – Ground floor 4.2 Sectional perspective B – Upper floor

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Introduction The Experiential Library Building function : Community library Building type : Infill site of 3 shophouses Area : 1200sqm Height : 3-5 storeys Location : Jalan Besar, South Klang, Malaysia Design Intention : The community library in South Klang intends to revitalize it by building a stronger sense of community between the elderly and the youth. This common node for both users would allow interaction and the sharing of experiences which in return builds a youthful and lively energy to the site.

The main focus of the library are the programmes where the community expresses and bond among each other bringing them together through the exchange of experiences.

Permeability of faรงade is important as the climatic conditions of South Klang is very hot and humid with little shading from the surrounding short buildings. It is important to the concept as experiences are felt by the senses of sight, smell, sound and touch which can be permeated through the building.

Site plan Scale 1:500

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1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM STEEL & CONCRETE STRUCTURE Precedent study: Steel family home Location: Thailand Architect: Mee-D Architect Co.

Introduction Steel frame is a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame. These components are connected to one another by bolting or welding.

Installation Components of the steel construction are fabricated off-site accurately by softwares and machinery, brought to the site and then bolted in place. The on-site process is fast as the work that has to be done is lifting the steel members into place and bolting them. Pad foundation are used for the construction where the weight is carried by columns. Vertical steel columns are bolted into the foundations where it is reinforced with a steel grid anchored to the ground.

Advantages 1.

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Disadvantages

There is quality control as the members are fabricated off-site in a controlled environment.

Cost can be estimated.

Steel is strong but flexible to withstand bending unlike concrete.

It is lightweight and can span large areas with smaller columns that do not obstruct views.

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Column base holding down bolts

High skilled labourers are required to connect members properly increasing cost.

Prone to corrosion in humid and marine environments.

Steel loses strength in high temperature and is weak against fire.

Steel structural members

Reason of choice 1.

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Steel construction gives off a modern feeling contrasting with the old architecture of the site, making it interesting for locals there.

It is able to withstand the weather conditions such as strong winds and storms without wear and tear.

The site is more elongated so steel structure allows the beams to run a long span without repetitive number of columns for a more open and less disruptive space.

Speed of construction is fast, easy and chances of defect is low.

As it is more sustainable and has a longer lifespan, constant maintenance is not needed which could disrupt the white collars during work hours.

Welded H-section

Rectangular hollow section

End plate beam to column and beam to beam connections

Hot-rolled H section

Fin plate beam to column and beam to beam connections

Splice connections

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2. ROOF SAWTOOTH ROOFING SYSTEM Precedent study: Levering Trade Location: Mexico Architect: ATELIER ARS° Area: 1184 square metre

Introduction Sawtooth roofing was the standard roof for a factory or mill, but because of the ample amount of daylight they let in, the sawtooth roof a popular choice for eco-conscious homebuilders. The profile of this roof looks like a row of tents leaning against each other, but actually they are built according to strict measurements that will allow in the most daylight.

Installation To create the unique sawtooth profile, the principal C-channel rafters are attached onto the roof beam at respective angles. The supporting elements of post and struts are bolted onto the principal rafters. The C-channel purlins are then attached to the rafters to support the roofing materials. After each sawtooth are completed into singular modules, they are bolted to one another at required angles to form a complete sawtooth roof construction.

Advantages 1.

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They allow a significant amount of light to enter decreasing the energy consumption of heating and lighting It allows for a higher ceiling for an open concept design.

Problems of glare and overheating can be reduced if planned properly.

Protective film

Disadvantages 1.

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Angles of the sun need to be measured and planned perfectly so extra thought and design can mean more costs.

Improper inspections of the construction can cause leakages to occur.

There can be an increase of cost due to the amount of materials used and labour costs.

Insulation Steel covering Steel trusses I-beam columns

Reason of choice 1.

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Fast and convenient construction as the trusses can be casted off site.

The light that enters is indirect and can spread throughout the whole library due to the many voids and open plan of the design.

It can reach a large span of more than 25m requiring less columns so that the library is less obstructed and more open.

Stack ventilation can be promoted by this roofing system, decreasing the need of mechanical ventilation for the open design of my library.

As compared to flat glass roof, light penetration is not as direct and intense, controlling the heat in the building making it comfortable for users.

Components

Detail

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3. FLOOR COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE SYSTEM Precedent study: Discovery center Location: India Architect: Architecture Discipline Area: 37000 square ft

Introduction Composite slabs consists of profiled steel decking with an in-situ reinforced concrete topping on steel beams to form a single unit. This combination results in a highly efficient and lightweight component suitable to be used in multi-storey buildings. In case of a fire, there are steel bars embedded in the concrete slabs which prevent cracking and safeguards against degradation of the decking.

Installation This floor system is built on-site where steel decks are layered on the primary and secondary beams of the building. The decks are fastened by shear connectors through welding technique. A metal mesh reinforced concrete is layered on top by first installing the reinforcement and pouring concrete over to thickness. After drying, different finishes are then installed for the different spaces.

Advantages 1.

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Disadvantages

They are durable and have a long lifespan with little maintenance.

It has a high level of fire resistance due to its concrete coating which can further enhanced by spray coating.

It can be installed rapidly on or off site as it consists of a few components.

It has excellent spanning capacities for greater strengths and less deflection.

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There is a high cost for cold formed steel decks Improper inspections of the construction can cause slurry runs which will weaken the strength overtime.

There can be an increase of cost due to the inclusion of installation of shear connectors into the operation schedule.

Reason of choice 1.

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The steel decks allows a long distance span of the floor which is beneficial as the library is an infill and is long in length.

As it is a public library, there would be a larger live load with additional dead loads from the cooking studio, book shelves, etc so this composite structure will be able to withstand the weight.

The properties of the composite slab allows for the reduction of size of other structural members, allowing a more open plan for my library.

The depth of composite slabs are significantly less than traditional concrete slabs allowing for a higher ceiling height.

As it is more sustainable and has a longer lifespan, constant maintenance is not needed which could disrupt the white collars during work hours.

Layers composite of steel deck, steel beam, joist cast in situ topping, reinforcement mesh and stud connectors

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4. FACADE SYSTEM A BRICKWORK Precedent study: Poroscape Location: Korea Architect: younghan chung architects

Introduction Derived from the cultural weaving of hemp cloth, an exterior of woven masonry units features pores to screen and selectively reveal an internal framing of concrete and glass. Brick may often be seen as boring and traditional, but that’s not the case in this building where it is arranged in a way that catches the attention of passerby as well as promotes natural ventilation.

Installation The first brick is laid so that it is staggered and have one brick sitting on top of two bricks.

Spaces between bricks are up to the architect and according to advice of the engineer. A spirit level is used to make sure it is flat. They are laid next to each other with mortar placed by the sides of the brick. This is repeated until the desired height. The brick system should be complemented with a suitable superstructure.

Advantages 1.

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Simple design allows natural ventilation at minimum cost with privacy while creating play of light and shadow internally.

Bricks typically have high fire rating.

Can provide good sound insulation.

Stone masonry is very durable and has good moisture resistance.

Possess various textual qualities when applied to facade.

Disadvantages 1.

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Masonry is rarely used in a loadbearing capacity as part of a building’s structure.

There is little thermal insulation value in most bricks Depending on thickness and type, when used in load-bearing situations, it can crack and crumble in very hot fires.

Laying of complicated patterns may require more labour work.

Reason of choice 1.

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1. T1.6 steel plate 2. steel plate capping 3. traditional brick 4. 30×30 square pipe 5. 20×20 square pipe 6. L-angle 100x100x10 7. Finish

8. grass on light soil 9. T3 steel plate molding 10. T50 insulation 11. plant box 12. T12 tempered glass 13. cedar exposed concrete finish

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Facilitation of ventilation and shade suitable to design intention regulating comfort in tropical context.

Ability to screen as shade from the hard high sun and allowance of soft low sun crucial to design scheme.

Surrounding built environments are of masonry structure. A prominent material in the architecture of old chinese chophouses, can relate the building in terms of materiality to surrounding context.

Flexibility of brick pattern allows for seamless regulation of perforation intensity throughout facade.

Allows for a unique light and shadow effect in the interior due to different layering technique of bricks.

Different variations of installing

Command burnt clay bricks

Concrete bricks

Fly ash bricks

Fire clay bricks

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5. FACADE SYSTEM B PERFORATED METAL SCREEN Precedent study: Sarphatistraat Offices Location: Amsterdam Architect: Steven Holl architects

Introduction An architectural metal cladding system, whether used to embellish new construction or refresh an existing building — makes a functional and aesthetically pleasing statement that enhances the project’s image. In this building, the layers of perforated materials, from copper on the exterior to plywood on the interior, contain all services such as lighting, supply, and return air grilles.

Advantages

Installation During site erection, steel frames are installed to hold the copper metal screens in position and guidelines are locked in. The connections are fixed by driving stainless steel screws into the external wall through metal sheets. The facade is then installed by fixing the perforated copper sheet with the stainless steel screw.

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Disadvantages

Can withstand harsh weather environments, with the ability to control or equalize pressure due to its high strength-toweight ratio.

Very versatile as it comes in different patterns, colours and easily bent and configured.

Allows a unique shadow effect due to perforation.

By balancing light & ventilation, perforated metal can allow architects to manage interior heat build-up from the sun.

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Will rust if not treated with protective finishing such as galvanization.

Can experience wear and tear due to large impact because of its softness.

Higher cost of construction due to construction of better quality metal sheets to withstand longer duration.

Reason of choice 1.

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Colourful, fun and vibrant facade can be achieved using this method, relating to concept of library.

Ability to screen as shade from the hard high sun and allowance of soft low sun crucial to design scheme.

Buildings surrounding the library are made of masonry so metal facade would be a contrast which attracts the attention of people, making it a stop point.

Perforated skin allows for cross-ventilation reducing the dependence of mechanical ventilation.

Allows for a unique light and shadow effect in the interior due to different layering techniques of the metal screen.

Different variations of metal screen

Ornamental

Round Straight

Round Staggered

Slotted

Square

1. Steel T-section, 60 x 60 x 5mm 2. Steel flat, 100 x 6mm 3. Patinated copper sheet, perforated, panel size 1000 x 2100 x 4mm, fixed with stainless steel screws to powder coated supporting construction. Glass fibre panel with synthetic resin coating. 80mm rigid foam thermal insulation, 150mm calcium silicate masonry. 60 x 55mm timber section. 16mm medium density fibreboard, perforated with birch veneer.

4. Double glazing, transparent 5. Double glazing, transclucent 6. Lighting

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FACADE SYSTEM A: Brickwork

Front elevation Scale 1:100

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FACADE SYSTEM A: Brickwork

Back elevation Scale 1:100

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FACADE SYSTEM B: Perforated metal screen

Front elevation Scale 1:100

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FACADE SYSTEM B: Perforated metal screen

Back elevation Scale 1:100

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Sectional perspective 1: Ground floor

Ground floor: amphitheatre

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Sectional perspective 2: Upper floor

Third floor: reading area

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