FINAL Chapter 4

Design

Table of Contents

Design Research and Analysis Conceptualization

98

Schematic Design

108

Interior perspective rendered

126

Neighborhood

98

Corridor Development

109

Front perspective rendered

127

Block

100

Massing

110

Side perspective rendered

128

Metropolitan Radiography

101

Preliminary prototypes

112

Front perspective rendered

129

Contemporary ‘shotgun’ design

114

Floor Plans

130

Vernacular parameters

122

Elevations

132

Systems integration

134

Masterplanning

102

Design Development

24

Environmental Control Systems

GIS Data

102

Top view of a complete block

124

and Sustainable Strategies

Comprehensive Site Analysis

104

Side views of a complete block

125

Building Envelope

Proposed modifications

101

Side view of a complete block rendered

126

and Structural Systems Exploded Axon 136

134

Design Process

Literature Review

CHAPTER four:

Introduction

Conceptualization n e i g h b o rh o o d

www.flickr.com/groups/mobilealabama/pool/

4.1

Vacant lots offer permeability. The neighborhood can be further fragmented based on land value and potential for improvement, which forms the basis of the future grid of public corridors. These will, ultimately, rejoin the urban fabric that they once severed.

Understanding of the context relies on the accumulation and simultaneity of data that can either coexist in harmonious continuity or collide to eliminate jarring alternatives.

Typology alone does not inform the design; the city has a structural function that organizes and articulates the contemporary urban space.

To the Park, the new recreational/ social center

S o u t h e r n O a k d a l e Interstitial Space: infills as per block in purple, orange and blue.

To Broad Street, the retail and transportation center

I-10 is the infrastructure barrier

To Downtown, the constant center

4.2

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4.4

4.3

Single Family Residential Space

Vacant Space

Multi Family Residential Space

Commercial Space

4.5

Industrial Space The GIS map of Oakdale and its vicinity gives evidence to the complexity of land use, environmental determinants, transportation infrastructure, open space, green areas, and regional distinction between neighborhoods.

New urban fabric comes from restructuring interstitial open spaces via new interventions

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Design

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Interstitial relationships

Finding

the

Flood Control

Social Space

Preservation

VOIDS

4.6

4.7

www.flickr.com/groups/mobilealabama/pool/

B

l

o

c

Developing the VOIDS

k

4.8

Envisioning the manipulation of these interstitial urban spaces, ‘voids’, via the city’s historical record but also the restructuring capacity of new data sets that emerge from more pragmatic processes supported by technology.

Making

These open spaces can also be interpreted as syncopes, intervals or interruptions that have the potential to generate new relationships between the urban build fabric and the human social realm. The consolidation process evokes a dual role for a residential project: occupation and liberation of the urban fabric according to volumetric and social needs.

new

VOIDS

4.9

Hence, the resulting built environment has to maintain open loci for future permutations and present needs for ecological rehabilitation. Moreover, the architecture itself has to be permeable to the sun, light and air, and include open spaces where the social fabric can be mended.

Courtyards

Shade-Sun

Wind

Urbanism

C o r r i d o r s

Block-Relationships Mature Landscape

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Design

100

Metropolitan Radiography

Open spaces

can become manipulated voids.

Mixed Developments

Open Spaces New Green Corridor

4.10

Infrastructure/Network New Park

Ideas Growth Communications Landscape

Reference

Mixed Developments

Structural Networks

Open Spaces

concept

Complex Formations Dynamic Guidelines 4.11

Manipulated Voids

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101

M A S T E R P L A NNING GIS Data

4.12

Major Roads 4.15

Culture

4.13

Trail Rails

4.14

Mass Transit

4.16

churches

4.17

schools

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4.18

4.19

Wetlands

Drainage 4.21

Bike Trails 4.26

Multifamily

4.20

Flood Levels

4.22

Hiking Trails

4.23

Greens

4.25

low income

4.24

Development

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Comprehensive Site Analysis based on GIS Data

4.27

Historic Districts Broad Street / Virginia Street Commercial / Civic / Mixed-Use Revitalization District

Texas Stre e

t

nt nme

er

et

Stre

Light Industrial

eet

Gov

Multi-Family Residential Revitalization Initiative

Broad Str

Industrial Park

Neighborhood-Wide Parks and Trails System Plan

eet

Corridor Improvement and Redistribution of I-10 to Downtown Traffic

High School

Elementary School Baltimore

Proposed North-South Connector

Virginia S tr

eet

Tennesse e

Street G

reenway

treet

St. Matth ews Catholic Church

Tr a d i t i onal School

Intersection Improvement via Roundabouts (TYP) Broad Street / Virginia Street Mass Transit

Kentucky S Street

Wa shi ng

Mognolia Cemitery , Black Heritage Memoria l Park and Muse um and Civic Services Corridor

ton

Str

Ladd Peebles Stadium Mixed-Use / Residential Development

Rail-Trail

Hank Arron Loop

to the R

iverfront

Dauphin / Government Streets Mass Transit

Martin Luther King Mass Transit

Proposed Riverfront Park

Proposed Pedestrian and Bicycle Paths

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Proposed modifications

4.28

LEGEND New green corridor to the proposed waterfront park. Accommodates cars, bikes and pedestrians.

New mass transit stops ancillary to the green corridor and supportive of the increased community density.

Walking pathways through the redevelopments intended to foster social interaction, deter flooding, and create a riverfront focus.

New senior-living housing to allow older members of the neighborhood to remain in the community.

Convenience shopping shop, small grocery, etc.)

(coffee

Day-care to accommodate greater density of young families.

New neighborhood playgrounds.

parks

and

New businesses along Broad Street from vacant premises.

Existing retail parking.

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Courtyards

Corridors

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106

The most versatile blocks are those that allow for a square courtyard, nestled between four enveloping rows of houses. There are numerous blocks on the upper section of Oakdale that could be formatted according to this layout. All of the wind directions are adequate to bring air flow through the block. The interior space is large enough to accommodate a water feature or a community center. Each side of the block can be landscaped differently in order to better offset the effects of flooding. The separation between the rows of buildings allows for more sunlight, hence, there are more opportunities for having two-story back additions. The existing mature landscape can be fully enjoyed by the community.

Landscape berms not only deter flooding but also provide privacy, visual interest, and a more interactive playground. Rows that are parallel to one another could have different height in order to force greater wind circulation: building additions on the leeward side ought to be taller than those on the windward side. The second model explores the possibility of a single addition per row, one that would be inclusive to all the buildings.

A second story in the lower section of Oakdale would have a view over the I-10, towards the river and the new Park. Vertical structures also shade the courtyard and can induce wind currents, particularly if the buildings on the windward side are shorten than those on the leeward side. Consequently, it will make more sense in this hot and humid climate to seek passive conditions that create both shade and air flow. The second concept block illustrates such a case scenario, with second story additions exclusively on the leeward side.

The horizontally of the courtyard is further emphasized by having a continuous corridor between blocks. The courtyards are landscaped in an undulating manner to avert flooding. This configuration also creates a wind tunnel that brings solace to the humid summer conditions by channeling river/bay winds.

The need of landscape berms to avert flooding, a functional determinant, had important consequences on the development of the block, in general, and the courtyard, in particular. An unexpected turn of events, though, was the inspiration that I drew from this organic feature and how it came to inform the design. The Gulf Coast ‘Shotgun’ cottage is a rectilinear building, made of wood layout out horizontally, typically with a rectangular floor plan that is perpendicular to the street, and toped by a relatively sloped roof. Even though many are white, there are a variety of colorings that are appropriate. Originally, I envisioned a modern addition, even one that was being conceived more as a contrasting than as a compatible addition, to be essentially streamlined, metal and glass, and very rectilinear.

However, the landscape berms, just like the roof façades from afar, have a rather undulating, organic rhythm from which perhaps some architectural inspiration can be drawn. Just like each house has a slightly different roof slope, each new addition could also have a non-symmetrical roof line. Similarly, just like each house has different decorative/ornamental elements, each addition could have different materialities; as long as the material of choice is congruent with the lighting needs, for each building itself as well as the combined effect on the block.

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Schematic

Design

4.34

4.35

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Corridor Development Addition as an extension of the existing houses: Regular ‘camelback’

Addition comprehended in between the existing houses: Offset ‘camelback.’

Materiality expressed by exposed by an exposed steel frame and glazing. Privacy and resistance to water damage present a case for a potential third material: cast-in-place concrete.

Additions are proposed in the in between spaces. A 30 feet corridor is delineated. The third story of the additions is limited to the repeating atrium element; it houses the mechanical systems, holds and controls the solar panels, and collects and processes nonpotable water. Surplus space can accommodate an office and provides a balcony.

Cantilever second story over the back to provide shade and potential area for interaction (barbecue).

Courtyard addition to be extensively fenestrated on the yard side but to allow for privacy adjacent to the neighboring property.

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Massing

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Section cut through the spaces along the corridor

Section cut through the Perpendicular to the corridor

Vertical circulation tower endorses passive ventilation

Living and circulation complete each other

Extend walls and eliminate steel beam.

Outer wall incloses plumbing and is contiguous to all units (its added thickness reinforces support)

Second story incloses private spaces

Cantilever floor and walls, which is allowable by the structural system up to 6 feet.

Kitchen and bathroom located along plumbing wall

spaces

Cantilevered second story allows shaded social area

Balconies face the inner courtyard

Exterior circulation on the second story promotes passive ventilation and daylighting

Circular stairs make available additional living space

Courtyard facing fenestration facilitate cooling

Preliminary modifications physical model

based

on

Shutters to be rolled along the lip of the floor plate.

Create more interesting widow openings compatible with vernacular shapes and sizes.

1

4

2

3

4

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Preliminary prototypes

Back elevation Back entrance with social patio.

Third story for mechanical/office/balcony.

Window placement/size allows for privacy.

Circulation atrium promotes passive ventilation.

mechanical/ office/balcony bedroom circulation

Articulated steel frame and circular stairs

Thin cast-in-place concrete and corrugated floors

bathroom

kitchen

bedroom

living

Corrugated steel roofs and solar panels, and glazing

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Front elevation Courtyard views from all rooms.

Exterior circulation on second story.

Abundance of shaded openings blur the transition between indoor and outdoor rooms.

bathroom

mechanical/ bedroom office/balcony

circulation bedroom

circulation

living

Articulated steel frame and circular stairs

Thin cast-in-place concrete and corrugated floors

Corrugated steel roofs and solar panels, and glazing

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Contemporary ‘shotgun’ design

4.55

4.57

4.56

4.58

4.59

4.60

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4.61

4.62

4.63

4.64

Building Studio, New Orleans, LA Scheme intended to have a purpose for the area below the house (flooding deterrent) and conform to the needs of varying family types.

Lower central space in open to the sky, which allows plants to grow and create shade/permeability.

On either side of the lower central space are two distinct spaces for outdoor activities: Private and public gatherings, storage,and parking.

Pier foundation minimize site disturbance.

Open courtyards allow breezes and porches provides overhang to eliminate south-facing heat gain at glazing.

Cistern collect rainwater used for landscape and flushing toilets.

Several floor plan options, some of which designate an efficiency (ecodensity).

Operable windows using low-E insulated glass and thermally broken panels are placed on opposite sides of the room for cross ventilation and natural cooling.

Exterior metal siding mimics the quilts from Gee’s Bend in Southwest Alabama.

Lang Architects, New Orleans, LA

Restoration of a historic shotgun by connecting the original structure to a new camelback shotgun. The resulting volume has a newly configured 3,000 sq. ft. area. The structures are connected by a grass bridging volume; the materiality is intended to suppress and dematerialize the distinction between the new and the old. The former is scaled in relation to the latter but its architecture is clearly contemporaneous, hence a clear departure from the accepted building practices. The site strategy allows the ‘parabuilding’ to coexist seamlessly among it’s small and low lying neighbors, while enjoying generous spaces both interior and exterior to the building proper.

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4.65

4.66

4.67

4.68

4.69

4.70

4.71

4.72

4.73

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South

Summer

North

4.74

Materials

Billes, New Orleans, LA

Building materials specified with regard to local sourcing, durability, non-toxicity, recycled content, and environmental responsible manufacturing:

Form is a function of climate and culture: Natural ventilation Controlled daylighting High ceilings with fans Shading devices Thermal mass

Durable, low maintenance Impact resistant glass Solar panels Water/Energy conserving systems Permeable paving to reduce runoff

Winter 4.75

Engages the community via both front porch and terrace at the center of the house.

Bald Cypress tree in the terrace is the only feature providing shading/ cooling.

Operable walls and windows allow cross ventilation.

Reduced sun exposure.

Sustainable material selection.

4.76

Overhang and porch on the south side provide passive solar protection for the building’s interior.

Openings along the east and west sides are protected by overhangs, vertical screens and porches.

North side is flat and exposed, allowing daylighting with a minimum of heat gain.

Inclined roof slope induces airflow.

Wood pallets and perforated cement boards offer shading and a thermal break.

Added a hallway Maintained stoop and porch Elevated 5 Ft. above the ground Attic storage and emergency refuge

Shigeru Ban, Tokyo, Japan Structural furniture: Integrated structural component Constructed off-site of prefabricated SFU Allows for an open floor plan and walls of glass that open to the outside Storage Insulation Lower construction cost Greater quality and flexibility C-channel shape can withstand lateral forces parallel to the backboard and also those in the perpendicular orthogonal directions (albeit less efficiently)

Pugh and Scarpa, Santa Monica, CA Flexible, multifunctional home for a modern family on a limited budget. Private space is de-emphasized in favor of large public living areas.

Inspiration from geometric patterned quilts is reinterpreted as wood pallet cladding. Together with decoratively perforated cement board, they provide shade and privacy but allow vistas and breeze.

High ceilings and operable windows allow for crossventilation, a process enhanced by fans and the roof’s incline.

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4.77

4.78

4.79

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4.81

4.82

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4.84

4.85

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4.86

Roof as the main architectural feature: Entry, circulation and interior space organizer High performance component (galvanized steel frame and zinc louvers) Shading device Solar energy and rainwater collector Solar water heater 4.87

Trahan Architects, New Orleans, LA Connectivity between figure and ground allowed by displaced landscape.

Shotgun typology as a function of lot constraints, environmental conditions, and efficient planning (traditional) but with a contemporary take.

Efficient plan with elevated slab, centralized entry/ porch and minimal interior corridor.

Program divides living and serving spaces, and public and private spaces.

4.88

Yellow is onsite stick-built construction

4.89

Kieran Timberland, Philadelphia, PA Flexible and integrated system that allows a wide range of customized options in terms of aesthetics and environmental systems: Sun screens, slatted trellis, and area of refuge

Green is offsite panelized assembly

Floor plan separated based on ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ spaces to maximize efficiency and options: Plumbing systems consolidated into linear clusters

Black is offsite modular fabrication

Modularity and prefabrication: Safe and healthy working conditions, minimal waste, minimal site impact, better product 4.90

Private Intermediate

Merges metaphorical abstractions of traditional and modern architecture: Exaggerated gable roof and generous front porch Areas to encourage socialization

Public

Graft, Los Angeles, Berlin, Beijing Affordable modern sustainable amenities: Solar panels Water catchment system Geothermal system with heat pump Tankless water heater High ceilings for stack ventilation Highly insulated hurricane-resistant, operable windows aid stack ventilation and promote cross ventilation High-R-value insulation Non-off-gassing paint and finish materials

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www.studioedr.com

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120

4.100

4.101

Morphosis, Santa Monica, CA Macro-scale vision that synthesizes the unique local social, cultural, economic and ecological conditions.

Floating house: Foundation enables the house to function independently of the basic infrastructure House is integrated in the environment, enriched with sustainable technologies, and respectful of cultural traditions.

Foundation of polystyrene foam encased in glass fiberreinforced concrete.

4.102

4.103

MVRDV, Rotterdam, Netherlands Adapting vernacular architecture to the constraints of flooding.

Bending the structure along a medium axis creates a place at ground level that functions as a cooling buffer and facilitates natural ventilation: Carport in the front and shadow garden in the back.

Bedrooms and living spaces are above flood level.

Impervious materials (gravel, grass and stone pavers) prevent localized flooding, decrease ambient temperature (vegetation shade and evapotranspiration) and provide outdoor shaded spaces for socialization.

4.104

Eskew+Dumez+Ripple, New Orleans, LA Transforms local housing traditions to accommodate modern living standards: Spatial segregation between private and public spaces.

Highly efficient envelope and shutter system: Maximizes natural ventilation Protects against solar radiation and damaging winds.

Roof slope: Aids in water collection Optimizes solar panel exposure to direct radiation Allows hot interior air to rise and be exhausted to the rear.

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Vernacular parameters

4.106

‘Shotgun’ cottage, Gulf Coast

880 Sq. ft.

14 Ft. width 20 ft. X 100 ft.

4.105

4.109

4.107

A ridge beam spans the entire length of the house, resulting in a gable roof that pitches towards the sides; rainwater runs off the sides of the roof rather than the front or the rear. Nonetheless, the front of the roof may also be hipped to meet the street and include a dormer window for light and ventilation.

880 Sq. ft.

34 ft. X 100 ft.

4.110

4.108

One room wide and three or more rooms deep, all of which are organized en suite. A half bay is located near the rear of the sequence for service functions such as a bathroom. Doors and windows are aligned to each other in order to induce cross-ventilation. Double wide floor plans have a central wall and rely on cross ventilation along the long direction.

1600 Sq. ft.

28 Ft. width 34 ft. X 100 ft.

4.111

The structure is often a balloon frame comprised of either woodframe or barge-board construction, both of which raised on a low brick pier foundation and capped by either metal or asphalt roofing materials.

Common decorative elements include Victorian spindlework or bargeboard and decorative balustrades.

The houses occupy narrow, rectangular lots with a little frontage. Such an alignment results in a row of dwellings with minimum building separation and creates a definite streetscape rhythm.

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4.113

Distinct Pediments Colonnade French doors Stairs Front porch Shutters Cornices Paneling Spindles Iron railings Colors

4.112

4.114

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Design

Development

Top view of a complete block

4.115

C 4

Design

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Side views of a complete block

South Elevation

North Elevation

4.116

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Side view of a complete block rendered

4.117

Interior prespective rendered

4.118

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Frontal prespective rendered

4.119

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Side prespective rendered

4.120

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Front prespective rendered

4.121

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Floor Plans

39

39

39

38

30

38

Living 397 SF 31 Sleeping 400 SF

38

38

Washing 69 SF

33 Cooking 164 SF

REF.

REF.

32

Eating 159 SF

34

38

1

3

2

12' - 0"

18' - 0"

38

18' - 0"

Living 567 SF

14' - 4"

5

Cooking 181 SF

15' - 4"

22' - 10"

18' - 0"

6

Circulation 484 SF

4

UP

18' - 0"

EQ38EQ38EQ

1

Crawlspace 1/16" = 1'-0"

2

Level 1 1/16" = 1'-0"

4.122

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Floor Plans

18

20

12

13

14

Sleeping 460 SF

15

29

23

22

Circulation 297 SF

UP

39

24

DN

4' - 0"6' - 4"4' - 0"

27

Circulation 165 SF

37 Washing 264 SF

Sleeping 210 SF

Room 247 SF

DN

25

EQ

4

Level 2 1/16" = 1'-0"

38

3

43

EQ

Level 3 1/16" = 1'-0"

4.123

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Elevations

Roof 32' - 0"

Level 3 24' - 0"

Level 2 16' - 0"

Level 1 4' - 5" Crawlspace 0' - 0"

4.125 North 2 1/16" = 1'-0"

Roof 32' - 0"

Level 3 24' - 0"

Level 2 16' - 0"

Level 1 4' - 5" Crawlspace 0' - 0"

4.124 South 1 1/16" = 1'-0"

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Elevations

Roof 32' - 0"

Level 3 24' - 0"

Level 2 16' - 0"

Level 1 4' - 5" Crawlspace 0' - 0"

4.127

1

East 1/16" = 1'-0"

Roof 32' - 0"

Level 3 24' - 0"

Level 2 16' - 0"

Level 1 4' - 5" Crawlspace 0' - 0"

4.126 2

West 1/16" = 1'-0"

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Elevations

Roof 32' - 0"

Roof 32' - 0"

Roof 32' - 0"

Level 3 24' - 0"

Level 3 24' - 0"

Level 3 24' - 0"

Level 2 16' - 0"

Level 2 16' - - 0"

--Level 2 16' - 0"

Level 1 4' - 5"

Level 1 4' - 5"

Level 1 4' - 5"

Crawlspace 0' - 0"

Crawlspace 0' - 0"

Crawlspace 0' - 0"

-

---

4.129 Elevation 1 - a 1 1/4" = 1'-0"

Elevation 2 - a 2 1/4" = 1'-0"

4 A-11

Elevation 3 - a 3 1/4" = 1'-0"

Roof 32' - 0"

Roof 32' - 0"

Level 3 24' - 0"

Level 3 24' - 0"

Level 2 16' - 0"

Level 2 16' - 0"

Level 1 4' - 5"

Level 1 4' - 5"

Crawlspace 0' - 0"

Crawlspace 0' - 0"

4.128 4

Section 9 1/4" = 1'-0"

5

Section 8 1/4" = 1'-0"

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Details

-

---

Level 2 16' - 0"

Level 3 24' - 0"

Level 3 24' - 0"

Level 2 16' - 0"

3

Section 13 3/4" = 1'-0"

4.133

Level 2 16' - 0"

Level 1 4' - 5"

Crawlspace 0' - 0"

Level 1 4' - 5"

4.130 Section 10 1 1/4" = 1'-0" Crawlspace 0' - 0"

4.132 4

Section 14 1/4" = 1'-0"

4.131

2

Section 12 3" = 1'-0"

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Systems integration

1

2 3

1

2

3

4 6

5

Environmental Control Systems and Sustainable Strategies

1

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1. Windows align for cross ventilation.

2. Shutters provide shade, privacy and protection during storms.

1

3. Fans move the air within the rooms.

4. Delta lighting fluorescent suspended fixtures.

5. Crawl space is a flooding deterrent and diminishes humidity levels.

6. Courtyard decks both in the front and the back.

1. Adsorptive cooling system housed on the thirdstory. Ancillary solar panels also provide electrical energy benefits.

2. Chimney (@ utility wall) provides an hearth both figuratively and effectively.

4.135

3

4.136

4

3. Tower unit cools the building via stack effect and provide a vantage point for river vistas.

4. Circular steel stairs allow for additional living space.

1. Underground cistern collects daily rainfall and provides protection against flooding and graywater for irrigation and sanitary uses.

2. Gutter system around the roof divert water to the ground or directly to an above ground cistern that meets the needs of the household (located at back porch).

4.137

5

4.138

2

Plumbing wall at back immediately adjacent to greywater cistern, first floor kitchen and second floor bathroom.

4.139

4.140

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Building Envelope and Structural Systems Exploded Axon

a. Steel trusses and metal roofing. b.

Metal decking filled with concrete for flooring. c. Outswing casement windows featuring high-performance thermal qualities and hurricane resistance. d.

Aluminum sunshades help reduce energy consumption. e.

Pre manufactured modular wall panels. Cold Formed Steel and Lightweight Concrete), enable speed of design, rapid deployment of structures, and efficient use of eco-friendly and recycled materials.

Steel manufacturing is an important component of the local economy.

4.141

Steel studs sized for the anchoring steel frame structural system Utility punchout Standard Gyp board interior 18 gauge expanded lath Steel track Thermal insulation on the interior 1� concrete on the exterior and4.142 interior lath and studs

f. Steel studs sized for anchoring steel frame structural system.

Articulated joints between steel members form a flexible structural frame onto which modular prefabricated panels can be introduced. Columns to be filled with concrete for thermal break. h.

Three-dimensional brick wall along the perimeter of the crawlspace.

4.144

i. Wood decking and stairs.

4.143

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