Design
Table of Contents
Design Research and Analysis Conceptualization
98
Schematic Design
108
Interior perspective rendered
126
Neighborhood
98
Corridor Development
109
Front perspective rendered
127
Block
100
Massing
110
Side perspective rendered
128
Metropolitan Radiography
101
Preliminary prototypes
112
Front perspective rendered
129
Contemporary ‘shotgun’ design
114
Floor Plans
130
Vernacular parameters
122
Elevations
132
Systems integration
134
Masterplanning
102
Design Development
24
Environmental Control Systems
GIS Data
102
Top view of a complete block
124
and Sustainable Strategies
Comprehensive Site Analysis
104
Side views of a complete block
125
Building Envelope
Proposed modifications
101
Side view of a complete block rendered
126
and Structural Systems Exploded Axon 136
134
Design Process
Literature Review
CHAPTER four:
Introduction
Conceptualization n e i g h b o rh o o d
www.flickr.com/groups/mobilealabama/pool/
4.1
Vacant lots offer permeability. The neighborhood can be further fragmented based on land value and potential for improvement, which forms the basis of the future grid of public corridors. These will, ultimately, rejoin the urban fabric that they once severed.
Understanding of the context relies on the accumulation and simultaneity of data that can either coexist in harmonious continuity or collide to eliminate jarring alternatives. Typology alone does not inform the design; the city has a structural function that organizes and articulates the contemporary urban space.
To the Park, the new recreational/ social center
S o u t h e r n O a k d a l e Interstitial Space: infills as per block in purple, orange and blue.
To Broad Street, the retail and transportation center
I-10 is the infrastructure barrier
To Downtown, the constant center
4.2
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4.4
4.3
Single Family Residential Space
Vacant Space
Multi Family Residential Space
Commercial Space
4.5
Industrial Space The GIS map of Oakdale and its vicinity gives evidence to the complexity of land use, environmental determinants, transportation infrastructure, open space, green areas, and regional distinction between neighborhoods.
New urban fabric comes from restructuring interstitial open spaces via new interventions
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Interstitial relationships
Finding
the
Flood Control
Social Space
Preservation
VOIDS
4.6
4.7
www.flickr.com/groups/mobilealabama/pool/
B
l
o
c
Developing the VOIDS
k
4.8
Envisioning the manipulation of these interstitial urban spaces, ‘voids’, via the city’s historical record but also the restructuring capacity of new data sets that emerge from more pragmatic processes supported by technology.
Making
These open spaces can also be interpreted as syncopes, intervals or interruptions that have the potential to generate new relationships between the urban build fabric and the human social realm. The consolidation process evokes a dual role for a residential project: occupation and liberation of the urban fabric according to volumetric and social needs.
new
VOIDS
4.9
Hence, the resulting built environment has to maintain open loci for future permutations and present needs for ecological rehabilitation. Moreover, the architecture itself has to be permeable to the sun, light and air, and include open spaces where the social fabric can be mended.
Courtyards
Shade-Sun
Wind
Urbanism
C o r r i d o r s
Block-Relationships Mature Landscape
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Metropolitan Radiography
Open spaces
can become manipulated voids.
Mixed Developments
Open Spaces New Green Corridor
4.10
Infrastructure/Network New Park
Ideas Growth Communications Landscape
Reference
Mixed Developments Structural Networks Open Spaces
concept
Complex Formations Dynamic Guidelines 4.11
Manipulated Voids
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M A S T E R P L A NNING GIS Data
4.12
Major Roads 4.15
Culture
4.13
Trail Rails
4.14
Mass Transit
4.16
churches
4.17
schools
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4.18
4.19
Wetlands
Drainage 4.21
Bike Trails 4.26
Multifamily
4.20
Flood Levels
4.22
Hiking Trails
4.23
Greens
4.25
low income
4.24
Development
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Comprehensive Site Analysis based on GIS Data
4.27
Historic Districts Broad Street / Virginia Street Commercial / Civic / Mixed-Use Revitalization District
Texas Stre e
t
nt nme
er
et
Stre
Light Industrial
eet
Gov
Multi-Family Residential Revitalization Initiative
Broad Str
Industrial Park
Neighborhood-Wide Parks and Trails System Plan
eet
Corridor Improvement and Redistribution of I-10 to Downtown Traffic
High School
Elementary School Baltimore
Proposed North-South Connector
Virginia S tr
eet
Tennesse e
Street G
reenway
treet
St. Matth ews Catholic Church
Tr a d i t i onal School
Intersection Improvement via Roundabouts (TYP) Broad Street / Virginia Street Mass Transit
Kentucky S Street
Wa shi ng
Mognolia Cemitery , Black Heritage Memoria l Park and Muse um and Civic Services Corridor
ton
Str
Ladd Peebles Stadium Mixed-Use / Residential Development
Rail-Trail
Hank Arron Loop
to the R
iverfront
Dauphin / Government Streets Mass Transit
Martin Luther King Mass Transit
Proposed Riverfront Park
Proposed Pedestrian and Bicycle Paths
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Proposed modifications
4.28
LEGEND New green corridor to the proposed waterfront park. Accommodates cars, bikes and pedestrians. New mass transit stops ancillary to the green corridor and supportive of the increased community density. Walking pathways through the redevelopments intended to foster social interaction, deter flooding, and create a riverfront focus. New senior-living housing to allow older members of the neighborhood to remain in the community. Convenience shopping shop, small grocery, etc.)
(coffee
Day-care to accommodate greater density of young families. New neighborhood playgrounds.
parks
and
New businesses along Broad Street from vacant premises. Existing retail parking.
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Courtyards
Corridors
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The most versatile blocks are those that allow for a square courtyard, nestled between four enveloping rows of houses. There are numerous blocks on the upper section of Oakdale that could be formatted according to this layout. All of the wind directions are adequate to bring air flow through the block. The interior space is large enough to accommodate a water feature or a community center. Each side of the block can be landscaped differently in order to better offset the effects of flooding. The separation between the rows of buildings allows for more sunlight, hence, there are more opportunities for having two-story back additions. The existing mature landscape can be fully enjoyed by the community. Landscape berms not only deter flooding but also provide privacy, visual interest, and a more interactive playground. Rows that are parallel to one another could have different height in order to force greater wind circulation: building additions on the leeward side ought to be taller than those on the windward side. The second model explores the possibility of a single addition per row, one that would be inclusive to all the buildings.
A second story in the lower section of Oakdale would have a view over the I-10, towards the river and the new Park. Vertical structures also shade the courtyard and can induce wind currents, particularly if the buildings on the windward side are shorten than those on the leeward side. Consequently, it will make more sense in this hot and humid climate to seek passive conditions that create both shade and air flow. The second concept block illustrates such a case scenario, with second story additions exclusively on the leeward side. The horizontally of the courtyard is further emphasized by having a continuous corridor between blocks. The courtyards are landscaped in an undulating manner to avert flooding. This configuration also creates a wind tunnel that brings solace to the humid summer conditions by channeling river/bay winds.
The need of landscape berms to avert flooding, a functional determinant, had important consequences on the development of the block, in general, and the courtyard, in particular. An unexpected turn of events, though, was the inspiration that I drew from this organic feature and how it came to inform the design. The Gulf Coast ‘Shotgun’ cottage is a rectilinear building, made of wood layout out horizontally, typically with a rectangular floor plan that is perpendicular to the street, and toped by a relatively sloped roof. Even though many are white, there are a variety of colorings that are appropriate. Originally, I envisioned a modern addition, even one that was being conceived more as a contrasting than as a compatible addition, to be essentially streamlined, metal and glass, and very rectilinear. However, the landscape berms, just like the roof façades from afar, have a rather undulating, organic rhythm from which perhaps some architectural inspiration can be drawn. Just like each house has a slightly different roof slope, each new addition could also have a non-symmetrical roof line. Similarly, just like each house has different decorative/ornamental elements, each addition could have different materialities; as long as the material of choice is congruent with the lighting needs, for each building itself as well as the combined effect on the block.
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Schematic
Design
4.34
4.35
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Corridor Development Addition as an extension of the existing houses: Regular ‘camelback’
Addition comprehended in between the existing houses: Offset ‘camelback.’
Materiality expressed by exposed by an exposed steel frame and glazing. Privacy and resistance to water damage present a case for a potential third material: cast-in-place concrete. Additions are proposed in the in between spaces. A 30 feet corridor is delineated. The third story of the additions is limited to the repeating atrium element; it houses the mechanical systems, holds and controls the solar panels, and collects and processes nonpotable water. Surplus space can accommodate an office and provides a balcony. Cantilever second story over the back to provide shade and potential area for interaction (barbecue). Courtyard addition to be extensively fenestrated on the yard side but to allow for privacy adjacent to the neighboring property.
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Massing
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Section cut through the spaces along the corridor
Section cut through the Perpendicular to the corridor
Vertical circulation tower endorses passive ventilation
Living and circulation complete each other
Extend walls and eliminate steel beam.
Outer wall incloses plumbing and is contiguous to all units (its added thickness reinforces support)
Second story incloses private spaces
Cantilever floor and walls, which is allowable by the structural system up to 6 feet.
Kitchen and bathroom located along plumbing wall
spaces
Cantilevered second story allows shaded social area
Balconies face the inner courtyard
Exterior circulation on the second story promotes passive ventilation and daylighting
Circular stairs make available additional living space
Courtyard facing fenestration facilitate cooling
Preliminary modifications physical model
based
on
Shutters to be rolled along the lip of the floor plate. Create more interesting widow openings compatible with vernacular shapes and sizes.
1
4
2
3
4
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Preliminary prototypes
Back elevation Back entrance with social patio. Third story for mechanical/office/balcony. Window placement/size allows for privacy. Circulation atrium promotes passive ventilation.
mechanical/ office/balcony bedroom circulation
Articulated steel frame and circular stairs
Thin cast-in-place concrete and corrugated floors
bathroom
kitchen
bedroom
living
Corrugated steel roofs and solar panels, and glazing
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Front elevation Courtyard views from all rooms. Exterior circulation on second story. Abundance of shaded openings blur the transition between indoor and outdoor rooms.
bathroom
mechanical/ bedroom office/balcony
circulation bedroom
circulation
living
Articulated steel frame and circular stairs
Thin cast-in-place concrete and corrugated floors
Corrugated steel roofs and solar panels, and glazing
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Contemporary ‘shotgun’ design
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4.64
Building Studio, New Orleans, LA Scheme intended to have a purpose for the area below the house (flooding deterrent) and conform to the needs of varying family types. Lower central space in open to the sky, which allows plants to grow and create shade/permeability. On either side of the lower central space are two distinct spaces for outdoor activities: Private and public gatherings, storage,and parking. Pier foundation minimize site disturbance. Open courtyards allow breezes and porches provides overhang to eliminate south-facing heat gain at glazing. Cistern collect rainwater used for landscape and flushing toilets. Several floor plan options, some of which designate an efficiency (ecodensity). Operable windows using low-E insulated glass and thermally broken panels are placed on opposite sides of the room for cross ventilation and natural cooling. Exterior metal siding mimics the quilts from Gee’s Bend in Southwest Alabama. Lang Architects, New Orleans, LA
Restoration of a historic shotgun by connecting the original structure to a new camelback shotgun. The resulting volume has a newly configured 3,000 sq. ft. area. The structures are connected by a grass bridging volume; the materiality is intended to suppress and dematerialize the distinction between the new and the old. The former is scaled in relation to the latter but its architecture is clearly contemporaneous, hence a clear departure from the accepted building practices. The site strategy allows the ‘parabuilding’ to coexist seamlessly among it’s small and low lying neighbors, while enjoying generous spaces both interior and exterior to the building proper.
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South
Summer
North
4.74
Materials
Billes, New Orleans, LA
Building materials specified with regard to local sourcing, durability, non-toxicity, recycled content, and environmental responsible manufacturing:
Form is a function of climate and culture: Natural ventilation Controlled daylighting High ceilings with fans Shading devices Thermal mass
Durable, low maintenance Impact resistant glass Solar panels Water/Energy conserving systems Permeable paving to reduce runoff
Winter 4.75
Engages the community via both front porch and terrace at the center of the house. Bald Cypress tree in the terrace is the only feature providing shading/ cooling. Operable walls and windows allow cross ventilation. Reduced sun exposure. Sustainable material selection.
4.76
Overhang and porch on the south side provide passive solar protection for the building’s interior. Openings along the east and west sides are protected by overhangs, vertical screens and porches. North side is flat and exposed, allowing daylighting with a minimum of heat gain. Inclined roof slope induces airflow. Wood pallets and perforated cement boards offer shading and a thermal break.
Added a hallway Maintained stoop and porch Elevated 5 Ft. above the ground Attic storage and emergency refuge
Shigeru Ban, Tokyo, Japan Structural furniture: Integrated structural component Constructed off-site of prefabricated SFU Allows for an open floor plan and walls of glass that open to the outside Storage Insulation Lower construction cost Greater quality and flexibility C-channel shape can withstand lateral forces parallel to the backboard and also those in the perpendicular orthogonal directions (albeit less efficiently)
Pugh and Scarpa, Santa Monica, CA Flexible, multifunctional home for a modern family on a limited budget. Private space is de-emphasized in favor of large public living areas. Inspiration from geometric patterned quilts is reinterpreted as wood pallet cladding. Together with decoratively perforated cement board, they provide shade and privacy but allow vistas and breeze. High ceilings and operable windows allow for crossventilation, a process enhanced by fans and the roof’s incline.
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Roof as the main architectural feature: Entry, circulation and interior space organizer High performance component (galvanized steel frame and zinc louvers) Shading device Solar energy and rainwater collector Solar water heater 4.87
Trahan Architects, New Orleans, LA Connectivity between figure and ground allowed by displaced landscape. Shotgun typology as a function of lot constraints, environmental conditions, and efficient planning (traditional) but with a contemporary take. Efficient plan with elevated slab, centralized entry/ porch and minimal interior corridor. Program divides living and serving spaces, and public and private spaces.
4.88
Yellow is onsite stick-built construction
4.89
Kieran Timberland, Philadelphia, PA Flexible and integrated system that allows a wide range of customized options in terms of aesthetics and environmental systems: Sun screens, slatted trellis, and area of refuge
Green is offsite panelized assembly
Floor plan separated based on ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ spaces to maximize efficiency and options: Plumbing systems consolidated into linear clusters
Black is offsite modular fabrication
Modularity and prefabrication: Safe and healthy working conditions, minimal waste, minimal site impact, better product 4.90
Private Intermediate
Merges metaphorical abstractions of traditional and modern architecture: Exaggerated gable roof and generous front porch Areas to encourage socialization
Public
Graft, Los Angeles, Berlin, Beijing Affordable modern sustainable amenities: Solar panels Water catchment system Geothermal system with heat pump Tankless water heater High ceilings for stack ventilation Highly insulated hurricane-resistant, operable windows aid stack ventilation and promote cross ventilation High-R-value insulation Non-off-gassing paint and finish materials
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www.studioedr.com
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4.101
Morphosis, Santa Monica, CA Macro-scale vision that synthesizes the unique local social, cultural, economic and ecological conditions. Floating house: Foundation enables the house to function independently of the basic infrastructure House is integrated in the environment, enriched with sustainable technologies, and respectful of cultural traditions. Foundation of polystyrene foam encased in glass fiberreinforced concrete.
4.102
4.103
MVRDV, Rotterdam, Netherlands Adapting vernacular architecture to the constraints of flooding. Bending the structure along a medium axis creates a place at ground level that functions as a cooling buffer and facilitates natural ventilation: Carport in the front and shadow garden in the back. Bedrooms and living spaces are above flood level.
Impervious materials (gravel, grass and stone pavers) prevent localized flooding, decrease ambient temperature (vegetation shade and evapotranspiration) and provide outdoor shaded spaces for socialization.
4.104
Eskew+Dumez+Ripple, New Orleans, LA Transforms local housing traditions to accommodate modern living standards: Spatial segregation between private and public spaces. Highly efficient envelope and shutter system: Maximizes natural ventilation Protects against solar radiation and damaging winds. Roof slope: Aids in water collection Optimizes solar panel exposure to direct radiation Allows hot interior air to rise and be exhausted to the rear.
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Vernacular parameters
4.106
‘Shotgun’ cottage, Gulf Coast
880 Sq. ft. 14 Ft. width 20 ft. X 100 ft.
4.105
4.109
4.107
A ridge beam spans the entire length of the house, resulting in a gable roof that pitches towards the sides; rainwater runs off the sides of the roof rather than the front or the rear. Nonetheless, the front of the roof may also be hipped to meet the street and include a dormer window for light and ventilation.
880 Sq. ft. 34 ft. X 100 ft.
4.110
4.108
One room wide and three or more rooms deep, all of which are organized en suite. A half bay is located near the rear of the sequence for service functions such as a bathroom. Doors and windows are aligned to each other in order to induce cross-ventilation. Double wide floor plans have a central wall and rely on cross ventilation along the long direction.
1600 Sq. ft. 28 Ft. width 34 ft. X 100 ft.
4.111
The structure is often a balloon frame comprised of either woodframe or barge-board construction, both of which raised on a low brick pier foundation and capped by either metal or asphalt roofing materials. Common decorative elements include Victorian spindlework or bargeboard and decorative balustrades. The houses occupy narrow, rectangular lots with a little frontage. Such an alignment results in a row of dwellings with minimum building separation and creates a definite streetscape rhythm.
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4.113
Distinct Pediments Colonnade French doors Stairs Front porch Shutters Cornices Paneling Spindles Iron railings Colors
4.112
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Design
Development
Top view of a complete block
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Side views of a complete block
South Elevation
North Elevation
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Side view of a complete block rendered
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Interior prespective rendered
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Frontal prespective rendered
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Side prespective rendered
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Front prespective rendered
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Floor Plans
39
39
39
38
30
38
Living 397 SF 31 Sleeping 400 SF
38
38
Washing 69 SF
33 Cooking 164 SF
REF.
REF.
32
Eating 159 SF
34
38
1
3
2
12' - 0"
18' - 0"
38
18' - 0"
Living 567 SF
14' - 4"
5
Cooking 181 SF
15' - 4"
22' - 10"
18' - 0"
6
Circulation 484 SF
4
UP
18' - 0"
EQ38EQ38EQ
1
Crawlspace 1/16" = 1'-0"
2
Level 1 1/16" = 1'-0"
4.122
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Floor Plans
18
20
12
13
14
Sleeping 460 SF
15
29
23
22
Circulation 297 SF
UP
39
24
DN
4' - 0"6' - 4"4' - 0"
27
Circulation 165 SF
37 Washing 264 SF
Sleeping 210 SF
Room 247 SF
DN
25
EQ
4
Level 2 1/16" = 1'-0"
38
3
43
EQ
Level 3 1/16" = 1'-0"
4.123
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Elevations
Roof 32' - 0"
Level 3 24' - 0"
Level 2 16' - 0"
Level 1 4' - 5" Crawlspace 0' - 0"
4.125 North 2 1/16" = 1'-0"
Roof 32' - 0"
Level 3 24' - 0"
Level 2 16' - 0"
Level 1 4' - 5" Crawlspace 0' - 0"
4.124 South 1 1/16" = 1'-0"
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Elevations
Roof 32' - 0"
Level 3 24' - 0"
Level 2 16' - 0"
Level 1 4' - 5" Crawlspace 0' - 0"
4.127
1
East 1/16" = 1'-0"
Roof 32' - 0"
Level 3 24' - 0"
Level 2 16' - 0"
Level 1 4' - 5" Crawlspace 0' - 0"
4.126 2
West 1/16" = 1'-0"
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Elevations
Roof 32' - 0"
Roof 32' - 0"
Roof 32' - 0"
Level 3 24' - 0"
Level 3 24' - 0"
Level 3 24' - 0"
Level 2 16' - 0"
Level 2 16' - - 0"
--Level 2 16' - 0"
Level 1 4' - 5"
Level 1 4' - 5"
Level 1 4' - 5"
Crawlspace 0' - 0"
Crawlspace 0' - 0"
Crawlspace 0' - 0"
-
---
4.129 Elevation 1 - a 1 1/4" = 1'-0"
Elevation 2 - a 2 1/4" = 1'-0"
4 A-11
Elevation 3 - a 3 1/4" = 1'-0"
Roof 32' - 0"
Roof 32' - 0"
Level 3 24' - 0"
Level 3 24' - 0"
Level 2 16' - 0"
Level 2 16' - 0"
Level 1 4' - 5"
Level 1 4' - 5"
Crawlspace 0' - 0"
Crawlspace 0' - 0"
4.128 4
Section 9 1/4" = 1'-0"
5
Section 8 1/4" = 1'-0"
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Details
-
---
Level 2 16' - 0"
Level 3 24' - 0"
Level 3 24' - 0"
Level 2 16' - 0"
3
Section 13 3/4" = 1'-0"
4.133
Level 2 16' - 0"
Level 1 4' - 5"
Crawlspace 0' - 0"
Level 1 4' - 5"
4.130 Section 10 1 1/4" = 1'-0" Crawlspace 0' - 0"
4.132 4
Section 14 1/4" = 1'-0"
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2
Section 12 3" = 1'-0"
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Systems integration
1
2 3
1
2
3
4 6
5
Environmental Control Systems and Sustainable Strategies
1
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1. Windows align for cross ventilation. 2. Shutters provide shade, privacy and protection during storms.
1
3. Fans move the air within the rooms. 4. Delta lighting fluorescent suspended fixtures. 5. Crawl space is a flooding deterrent and diminishes humidity levels. 6. Courtyard decks both in the front and the back.
1. Adsorptive cooling system housed on the thirdstory. Ancillary solar panels also provide electrical energy benefits. 2. Chimney (@ utility wall) provides an hearth both figuratively and effectively.
4.135
3
4.136
4
3. Tower unit cools the building via stack effect and provide a vantage point for river vistas. 4. Circular steel stairs allow for additional living space. 1. Underground cistern collects daily rainfall and provides protection against flooding and graywater for irrigation and sanitary uses. 2. Gutter system around the roof divert water to the ground or directly to an above ground cistern that meets the needs of the household (located at back porch).
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5
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2
Plumbing wall at back immediately adjacent to greywater cistern, first floor kitchen and second floor bathroom. 4.139
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Building Envelope and Structural Systems Exploded Axon
a. Steel trusses and metal roofing. b. Metal decking filled with concrete for flooring. c. Outswing casement windows featuring high-performance thermal qualities and hurricane resistance. d. Aluminum sunshades help reduce energy consumption. e. Pre manufactured modular wall panels. Cold Formed Steel and Lightweight Concrete), enable speed of design, rapid deployment of structures, and efficient use of eco-friendly and recycled materials. Steel manufacturing is an important component of the local economy.
4.141
Steel studs sized for the anchoring steel frame structural system Utility punchout Standard Gyp board interior 18 gauge expanded lath Steel track Thermal insulation on the interior 1� concrete on the exterior and4.142 interior lath and studs
f. Steel studs sized for anchoring steel frame structural system. Articulated joints between steel members form a flexible structural frame onto which modular prefabricated panels can be introduced. Columns to be filled with concrete for thermal break. h. Three-dimensional brick wall along the perimeter of the crawlspace. 4.144
i. Wood decking and stairs.
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