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INTERGENERATIONAL ARTS CENTER
I AC
art center as community support center
PRESENTED BY
CRYSTAL KEERAN
aBSTRACT
TITLE
InterGenerational Arts Center Arts Center as Community Support Center AUTHOR
Crystal Keeran INSTITUTION
NewSchool of Architecture & Design THESIS CHAIR
Kurt C. Hunker PROBLEM
Demographic change is causing increased automobile use especially in counties like San Diego with its vast and diverse spatial characteristics - from ocean to mountain to desert. The generations that lack the most in regard to social interaction and independent transportation are children and seniors. The purpose of this study is to examine how architecture can be implemented to encourage interaction between ages while providing support for existing community resources without increasing automobile dependence. METHOD
Exploration of use, spatial organization and form were influenced by the analysis of case studies, generational surveys, journal articles, and other various literature selections. This collection led to an understanding towards the relation between ages and space. The most influential data gathered came from this Pilot Village strategy, the 2008 Village at Market Creek Social and Economical Impact Report, and direct observations of the site located at 4981 Market Street in southeastern San Diego.
RESPONSE
An architecture serving as community support center requires an integrated process between community and design team. This process can pose several political, cultural, economical, environmental, and social challenges. Because the selected community has successfully collaborated to revise the current Master Plan to better suite their needs and conditions through a series of focus groups, organizing involvement to ensure the success of the presented thesis design could also be made possible. A transit-oriented development providing an InterGenerational Arts Center is a prospective solution because it not only allows for child and senior interaction, but also fuels the underutilized entertaining arts facilities within the Encanto communities. For sake of our environment and social fabric, linking existing infrastructure and generations is crucial.
iNTERgENERATIONAL R E
art center as community support center
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T R a
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A thesis presented to the faculty of NewSchool of Architecture & Design in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture
PRESENTED BY
Crystal Keeran SAN DIEGO 2010
© 2010
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CRYSTAL KEERAN. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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INTERGENERATIONAL ARTS CENTER
I AC
art center as community support center
P RESENTED B Y
Cr ystal Keeran
NEWSCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN
Thesis Committee
_____________________________________________________________________________ Kurt Hunker, Thesis Chair Date
_____________________________________________________________________________ Andrew Duncan, Thesis Advisor Date
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T H A N K YO U
“ I wo u l d [ h o p e ] t h a t a rc h i t e c t u re we re m o re o f t e n t h o u g h t o f a s a b r i d g e b e t we e n a g e s - a c o n t i nu e r, n o t a s e g m e n t e r, o f t i m e ” Tim Culvahouse, FAIA, arcC A Editor iv
DEDICATION
To my family who continue to show me the best that every generation has to offer. To Cliff + Blink who have witnessed every day of my graduate journey - your love and support constantly motivates me to cross the finish line. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank all of those instructors that went beyond the checklist to help me understand and have my ah-hah moments. I would also like to thank Troy Dunnington and Todd Walling of Lightworks for their support, understanding and the opportunity to expose myself to the design/build profession.
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T A N T S
case studies site analysis programming
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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thesis statement theoretical framework [goals] importance of the study scope of the study definitions
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THESIS
general description statement of the problem background of the problem [rationale] purpose of the study
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INTRODUCTION
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signature page dedication and acknowledgments list of figures
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FRONT MATTER
FINDINGS
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massing studies schematic design design development final design
CONCLUSIONS
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summary limitations of study suggestions for future research
BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX
097 code analysis 106 cost analysis 108 outline project specification
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LIST OF FIGURES
TITLE
Figure 1.01 Figure 1.02 Figure 1.03 Figure 2.01 Figure 2.02 Figure 3.01 Figure 3.02 Figure 3.03 Figure 3.04 Figure 3.05 Figure 3.06 Figure 3.07 Figure 3.08 Figure 3.09 Figure 3.10 Figure 3.11 Figure 3.12 Figure 3.13 Figure 3.14 Figure 3.15 Figure 3.16 Figure 3.17 Figure 3.18 Figure 3.19 Figure 4.01 Figure 4.02 Figure 4.03 Figure 4.04 Figure 4.05 Figure 4.06 Figure 4.07 Figure 4.08 Figure 4.09 Figure 4.10 Figure 4.11 Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13
Interconnection diagram Crystal Keeran Historical Outline Crystal Keeran Interaction of all ages Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff Venn Diagram Crystal Keeran City of Villages logo sandiego.gov/planning/genplan/pilotvillage Global context map of influencing case studies Stock Photo, Crystal Keeran [CS1] Kindergarten-Sighartstein entry and stair Kadwittfeldarchitektur [CS2] Das Generationenhaus west facade Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff [CS3] “Miss Sargfabrik� courtyard BKK-3 [CS4] Villa Overgooi exterior NEXT Architects [CS5] Fruitvale Village entry courtyard McLarand Vasquez Emstek & Partners Case studies: distance to city center Google Earth, Crystal Keeran Case studies: proximity to transit Google Earth, Crystal Keeran Case studies: adjacent uses Google Earth, Crystal Keeran Case studies: building area Google Earth, Crystal Keeran Case studies: pedestrian circulation Google Earth, Crystal Keeran Case studies: users and organization Google Earth, Crystal Keeran Village at Market Creek Overview Jacobs Center Adjacencies and climate analysis Norbert Lechner, Crystal Keeran Natural features and vegetation Crystal Keeran Dimensions of children furniture Joseph DeChiara (et al), Crystal Keeran Dimensions of standard public restroom Joseph DeChiara (et al), Crystal Keeran Dimension within ADA compliant restroom Joseph DeChiara (et al), Crystal Keeran Dimensions of ADA compliant dining area Joseph DeChiara (et al), Crystal Keeran Tri-schematic parti massings Crystal Keeran Initial site plan and massing model Crystal Keeran Progress options Jacobs Center, Crystal Keeran Schematic one site plan Jacobs Center, Crystal Keeran Schematic one floor plan diagram Crystal Keeran Schematic one massing model Crystal Keeran Schematic two 2D to 3D diagram Crystal Keeran Schematic two materials, model and elevation Crystal Keeran Schematic two floor plans and sections Crystal Keeran Design development exploded axon Crystal Keeran Design development site plan and context Google Earth, Crystal Keeran Design development floor plans and elevations Crystal Keeran Design development sections and model Crystal Keeran
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SOURCE
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LIST OF FIGURES
TITLE
SOURCE
Figure 4.14 Figure 4.15 Figure 4.16 Figure 4.17 Figure 4.18 Figure 4.19 Figure 4.20 Figure 4.21 Figure 4.22 Figure 4.23 Figure 5.01
Site context maps Final design site plan Final design floor plans Final design elevation, model, and perspective Final design elevation, model and perspective Detail section of main stair Details supporting section of main stair Final design building section and roof framing Final design system integration and mechanical Final presentation boards Interaction amongst the ages
Crystal Keeran Google Earth, Crystal Keeran Crystal Keeran Crystal Keeran Crystal Keeran Crystal Keeran Crystal Keeran Crystal Keeran Crystal Keeran Crystal Keeran Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff
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069 070 071 073 075 077 078 079 081 083 090
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001
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1 INTRODUCTION
general description n statement of the problem background of the problem n purpose of the study 002
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Introduction
GENERAL DESCRIPTION 0
TYPOLOGIES
LOCATION
1
Child Day Care Adult Day Care Art Center 4981 Market Street San Diego, California
This thesis proposes to design an InterGenerational Arts Center as a prototype for design of a transitoriented development. The center will be built on an undeveloped parcel of land at 4981 Market Street in the Encanto Neighborhood of Chollas View in San Diego, California. There is a global change occurring to the age demographics [Culvahouse 2009] of the human species. This phenomenon has caused the transitional nuclear family and has segregated older adults as active members in society, which have both increased the travel distance for every generation. Consequently, there is a need for increased generational interaction and decreased automobile usage. If we appropriately
increase and organize the opportunities available to the people from one generation to relate to people from other generations, more of these people will decide to make use of such opportunities and there will be more intergenerational interaction [Jarrot 2006]. The research for this thesis aims to acquire an understanding towards the design of a facility that can provide a support system for the entire community without dependence on the automobile. Studies have shown the impact individuals and groups outside the family have on a child’s well-being, and how young people can brighten the lives of older generations [Niederhaus 2007]. These two age groups represent who truly belong in the center of the community.
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DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE
CHANGE IN TRADITIONAL FAMILY STRUCTURE
INCREASED OLDER POPULATION
DISPERSED FAMILIES
DISLOCATED SENIORS
INCREASED AUTOMOBILE USAGE
Figure 1.01 Interconnection diagram of several phenomena addressed in this thesis.
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Introduction
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 0
1
Demographic change is increasing usage The changing age demographic and transitional family structure are forging the issues of physical proximity and decreased social interaction amongst multiple generations resulting in an increase in automobile dependence. The traditional family structure is changing, and older adults are being forced away from communities they have considered home just to be outcast from society due to relocating to assistance facilities in less desirable or unfamiliar territories.These phenomena raise a question regarding how architecture should respond to these issues facing each generation. Demographic change involves an increased older population that has aided in the transformation of the nuclear family. This change in family structure has dispersed families over a larger region. The increased older population’s role has also changed within family structure even though they continue to be directed outside of society for care. Dispersed families and dislocated seniors have increased distance, and therefore automobile usage. Each phenomenon in the interconnection diagram [Figure 1.01] are linked - if one of them occurs, all other phenomena are possible. Ultimately showing that demographic change is increasing automobile usage and our affect on the environment.
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0
1
Introduction
BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM
Old Age defined by appearance + capacity
Old Age defined by pension + retirement Hor se-drawn Electric rapid streetcar transit, train + bus
1800
1847
1886
[1820-1870] Industrialization [1845-1920] Women’s Rights Movement [1847] American Medical Foundation founded
Figure 1.02 Impor tant historical events influencing presented phenomena.
CHANGING AGE DEMOGRAPHIC
Industrialization and the establishment of the American Medical Foundation in the 19th century has enabled older adults to live longer, and has decreased childhood deaths. The changing welfare system has further shaped how old age and older people are viewed by other generations. Age stereotypes of older people often include mental and physical decline, financial and social burden, and withdrawal from public and social life; however, there is an extension of the grandparent role due to change in family structure and longer life. Support provided by grandparents to their children as parents is on the rise. The 21st century generations of grandparents are healthier, wealthier and eager to help on a limited basis [Mann 2009].
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TRANSFORMING TRADITIONAL FAMILY STRUCTURE
The patterns of family formation and relationships between family members are directly influenced by demographic change. In 1971, 68% of living adults were part of a married couple; in 2001, this changed to 50%. The average age of marriage and child bearing has also increased. In the mid-1970s, the average age of first time brides was between 22-24; in 2000, this average changed to 27. Trends of the 21st century show a shift towards fewer marriages; increased cohabitation and births outside of marriage; increase in divorce, remarriages, and reconstituted families; and an increase in proportion of lone parent and smaller families. From 1991 to 2001, cohabitation doubled. The number of people living alone
Introduction
BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM 0
Dominated by married-couple families
1900
1
Increasing divorce rate
1970
2010
[1914-1918] WWI [1973] Abor tion Legalized [1929-1940] Great Depression [1939-1945] WWII [1945-1975] Vietnam War [1924-PRES] Gay Rights Movement
also doubled during this time from 3 million to 7 million. The reason most often brought forth through political and media attention is the rising divorce rate, which has increased steadily since the 1970s. Another reason is due to the increased desire for individuality. This brought forth changing ideas in regards to the right age to marry, greater sexual freedom, challenging gender norms, and increased opportunities in education, work and social roles for women.
INTERGENERATIONAL PROGRAMS
The importance of intergenerational programs was first recognized in the 1960s. There have been several intergenerational programs that invite young and old to interact and become involved in the community. In the mid-1990s, one goal of the United Nations was to create a society for all ages. There is still relatively little research on intergenerational relations at the community, neighborhood, or public space level - trends within family or the wider nation are still not necessarily replicated in neighborhoods [Kuehne 2005]. Although many such programs have been extensively researched, there is still a significant deficiency towards research in the design of architecture that responds to these programs.
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Figure 1.03 An example of interaction of all ages.
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Introduction
[RATIONALE] PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 0
1
So you think you are not effected by demographic change? Over a four-month period in 2008, my family incurred a few adjustments. Between July and October, my sister welcomed her first child, my great aunt passed away nearly reaching her 100th birthday, and my grandparents health declined forcing them into an assisted living facility. These circumstances speak directly to the transitional family structure and dislocated seniors. The purpose of this study is to understand how the changing demographics are affecting society, and to learn how to respond to the phenomenon architecturally. Demographic change occurring within society is increasing automobile usage and estranging generations. More specifically, San Diego recognizes that the spatial characteristics within its region have resulted in a lack of cohesive spirit amongst its occupants. In order to bring the generations and community together, this thesis proposes an InterGenerational Arts Center that will provide support for children, seniors and the surrounding community.
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011
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2 THESIS
thesis statement n theoretical framewor k [goals] impor tance of the study n scope of the study definitions 012
THESIS STATEMENT
An iNTERgENERATIONAL aRTS cENTER, located near transit, will provide an invaluable community support system by offering in-demand services for children and seniors. 014
Figure 2.01 Venn Diagram showing relationships within thesis.
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Thesis
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 0
2
The research problem has been narrowed down to the study of the following variables: seniors, children, and transit. SENIORS
There is an importance for seniors to remain active within their community. Senior day care facilities can offer the elderly a social environment that can improve life expectancy by increasing physical and mental activity. One method for seniors to remain active is through generational interaction, especially with children. Another method is to enable senior mobility through pedestrianoriented development that is in close proximity to transit. CHILDREN
Families are struggling to find suitable care for their young children, and are faced with an increased demand to maintain employment in a downed economy. A child care facility located near transit can strengthen the community by providing a central location that would generate family-oriented activity. The entire community can benefit from a family-oriented environment and generational interaction, which can be accomplished through a community arts center by placing different age groups under one roof and promoting creative interaction. TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
There is an increased amount of pressure for the middle generations to traverse the miles in between to assist their loved ones. Locating in-demand services for children and seniors near transit will create a better quality of life for the community by increasing pedestrian and family-oriented activity that will result in an increasingly interactive community of all ages.
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0
2
Thesis
[GOALS] IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
Some of the goals that the design project addressed were creating an Arts Center that encourages aging in place, seniors staying active, child community participation, interaction amongst the ages, and support for existing community infrastructure. The Village Center at Euclid and Market project was chosen during site selection because there are several undeveloped sites occurring around a major transit hub central to four of the Encanto Neighborhoods: Chollas View, Lincoln Park, Emerald Hills, and Valencia Park. Another goal is to utilize the benefits of this site’s central location that provides optimum regional access by adopting the Transit-Oriented Development guidelines. The Encanto neighborhoods are considered to have lower socioeconomic standing when compared to the greater San Diego region, which also presents an opportunity to expand the choices of existing residents and their children with services and resources that meet their needs and skill sets.
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Thesis
SCOPE OF THE STUDY 0
2
Lack of social interaction and independent The purpose of this thesis is to design an intergenerational arts center as a prototype for a typology of transitoriented development. Those generations that lack the most in regard to social interaction and independent transportation are children and seniors. The only difference being experience, or lack thereof, with mental and physical capacity. The project location is within one of the Pilot Village developments chosen under the city of San Diego’s City of Villages strategy that shares the goal of benefiting communities citywide. Some of the reasons this strategy came about include unmet public facility standards, a changing economic base, and environmental challenges. All of which could benefit from the development of an InterGenerational Arts Center.
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Figure 2.02 City of Villages logo used to represent a new development strategy proposed by the city of San Diego’s planning depar tment.
019
Thesis
DEFINITIONS 0 AGEISM
A form of stereotyping and discrimination against individuals or groups because of their age. AGING IN PLACE
The ability to live in one’s home for as long as comfortably possible. CHILD CARE
The act of caring for and supervising children from 0-16 years of age. COMMUNAL
Of or relating to the community. DEMOGRAPHICS
Characteristics of a population as used in government, marketing or opinions research.
2
PILOT VILLAGE
San Diego’s City of Villages strategy identified a select number of submitted development plans within the county that were chosen to move forward as a Pilot Village within this strategy. SENIOR CARE
A center specializing in providing activities and services for adults 50 years or older. TRADITIONAL / NUCLEAR FAMILY
A family support system involving two married individuals providing care and stability for their biological offspring. TRANSIT-ORIENTED DESIGN
A mixed-use residential or commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport, and often incorporates feature to encourage transit ridership.
FOCUS GROUP
A form of qualitative research where a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards a concept or idea. GENERATION
Cohorts of people who were born in the same date range and share similar cultural experiences. INTERGENERATIONAL
The interaction between members of different generations.
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021
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3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY case studies
site analysis programming
n
022
Many case studies [CS] looking at sharedsite support services and generational interaction were observed and analyzed for implementations of use. Each offer unique solutions to either increase generational interaction or to promote public transportation, but few are successful at combining these into one cohesive interactive solution.
[CS5] [site]
Figure 3.01 Global context map of influencing case studies.
023
Research Methodology
CASE STUDIES 0
3
[CS4] [CS2] [CS1] [CS3]
[S] Thesis Project Site_San Diego, CALIFORNIA] [CS5] Fruitvale Transit Village_Fruitvale, CALIFORNIA [CS3] “Miss Sargfabrik”_Vienna, AUSTRIA [CS1] Kindergarten_Sihartstein, AUSTRIA [CS2] Das Generationenhaus West_Stuttgart, GERMANY [CS4] Villa Overgooi_Almere, the NETHERLANDS
024
[CS1] Kindergarten_Sihartstein, AUSTRIA Architect: Kadwittfeldarchitektur_Year s Built: 2008-2009_Floor Area: 830sqm_Cost: 1.2mil Euro
Figure 3.02 [CS1] Kindergar ten-Sighar tstein entr y play area and stair.
025
[CS2] Das Generationenhaus West_Stuttgart, GERMANY Architect: Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff_Year s Built: 1999-2001_Floor Area: 5200sqm_Cost: 50mil Euro
Figure 3.03 [CS2] Das Generationenhaus West streetfacing facade.
026
[CS3] “Miss Sargfabrik”_Vienna, AUSTRIA Architect: BKK-3_Year s Built: 1999-2000_Floor Area: 4371sqm
Figure 3.04 [CS3] “Miss Sargfabrik” entrance cour tyard.
027
[CS4] Villa Overgooi_Almere, the NETHERLANDS Architect: NEXT Architects_Year s Built: 2007-2008_Floor Area: 1.3sqm
Figure 3.05 [CS4] Villa Overgooi lower level sunk into landscape.
028
[CS5] Fruitvale Transit Village_Fruitvale, CALIFORNIA
Architect: McLarand Vasquez Emstek & Par tner s_Year s Built: 1999-2004_Floor Area: 250k sf_Cost: $113/sf
Figure 3.06 [CS5] Fr uitvale Village central cour tyard and entrance.
029
Research Methodology
CASE STUDIES 0
3
[CS1] KINDERGARTEN-SIGHARTSTEIN
Children - kindergarten with interactive activity space.
[CS2] DAS GENERATIONENHAUS WEST
Seniors - shared senior living and child day care.
[CS3] “MISS SARGFABRIK”
Interaction - socially integrated live/work development.
[CS4] VILLA OVERGOOI
Generational - a small multi-family housing development focused on housing several generations.
[CS5] FRUITVALE TRANSIT VILLAGE
Transit-Oriented Development - child care development with senior housing.
The following analysis compares each case study with aspects relevant to the thesis project site including distance to city center, proximity to transit, adjacent uses, building area, and pedestrian circulation.
030
[CS1] Kindergar ten-Sighar tstein - 1.5 miles from center
[CS2] Das Generationenhaus West - 1.5 miles from center
[CS3] “Miss Sargfabrik� - 6 miles from center
[CS4] Villa Overgooi - 5.5 miles from center
Figure 3.07 Distance to city center.
031
Research Methodology
L E G E N D
CASE STUDIES 0 1 ring = 1 mile project site city center
[CS5] Fr uitvale Village - 7 miles from center
3
DISTANCE TO CITY CENTER
By analyzing the distance from the city center, the range of support densities are uncovered. Even though [CS1] and [CS4] are in a more rural area, they are still within proximity of some density.
[S] Thesis Project Site - 8 miles from center
032
[CS2] Das Generationenhaus West - spar se transit
[CS3] “Miss Sargfabrik� - scattered transit
Figure 3.08 Proximity to transit.
033
Research Methodology
L E G E N D
CASE STUDIES 0
[CS5] Fr uitvale Village - parallel transit
project site rail station bus / tram
3
PROXIMITY TO TRANSIT
Each project site’s proximity to transit shows the potential for integrating these existing systems into the planning of each program. [CS1] and [CS4] are not shown because they do not have transit available within the tested radius. [CS3] most closely mirrors the site chosen for this thesis, where [CS5] represents a more ideal infrastructure.
[S] Thesis Project Site - adjacent transit
034
[CS1] Kindergar ten-Sighar tstein - r ural
[CS2] Das Generationenhaus West - urban
[CS3] “Miss Sargfabrik� - urban
[CS4] Villa Overgooi - urban outskir ts
Figure 3.09 Adjacent uses.
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Research Methodology
L E G E N D
CASE STUDIES 0
[CS5] Fr uitvale Village - urban
project site housing community resource marketplace retail/restaurant commercial park/natural feature
3
ADJACENT USES
This thesis requires diverse adjacencies in order to gain a wider community audience to serve as a support system. Each of these case studies are surrounded by more singular uses, except for [CS5] as it was developed using transit-oriented design guidelines.
[S] Thesis Project Site - urban outskir ts
036
[CS1] Kindergar ten-Sighar tstein - post top arrangement
[CS2] Das Generationenhaus West - front/center
[CS3] “Miss Sargfabrik� - corner arrangement
[CS4] Villa Overgooi - side lot arrangement
Figure 3.10 Building area.
037
Research Methodology
L E G E N D
CASE STUDIES 0
built form property line setback
[CS5] Fr uitvale Village - full coverage arrangement
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BUILDING AREA
The parcel map of the selected thesis site provides information that leads to restrictions of buildable area. These case studies show different ways the buildable area can be arranged within the project site.
[S] Thesis Project Site - parcel map
038
[CS1] Kindergar ten-Sighar tstein - side entr y
[CS2] Das Generationenhaus West - flexible entr y
[CS3] “Miss Sargfabrik� - parameter entr y
[CS4] Villa Overgooi - nodal entr y
Figure 3.11 Pedestrian circulation.
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Research Methodology
L E G E N D
CASE STUDIES 0
project site pedestrian path
[CS5] Fr uitvale Village - infinite entr y
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PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION
This thesis is exploring opportunities for social and generational interaction. Each study offers a different methodology for pedestrian interaction with the site.
possible path
[S] Thesis Project Site - foot path
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[CS1] Kindergar ten-Sighar tstein - child prominent user
[CS3] “Miss Sargfabrik� - integrated user s
Figure 3.12 Users and organization.
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[CS2] Das Generationenhaus West - divided user s
Research Methodology
L E G E N D
CASE STUDIES 0 public space private space senior adult youth
3
USERS AND ORGANIZATION
One of the major goals of this thesis is to look at how to encourage user interaction, so ways in which the user is organized within each project provides essential information.
[CS5] Fr uitvale Village - divided user s
042
West view into thesis project site
Figure 3.13 The Village at Market Creek Development Over view.
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Research Methodology
SITE ANALYSIS 0
Malcolm X Librar y and Performing Ar ts Center
Euclid Transit Center, bus entrance
3
Current condition of Chollas Mar ket-Creek Plaza Outdoor Creek r unning on the east Amphitheater
Nor th
BASIC CLIMATIC CONDITION East
West
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP AUG OCT NOV DEC 64% a year COMFORTABLE [approx. 72-deg Fahrenheit] 08% a year TOO HOT [over 100-deg Fahrenheit] 28% a year TOO COLD [under 40-deg Fahrenheit]
South
73% = AVERAGE DAYLIGHT HOURS 13MPH MEAN DAILY WIND SPEED 10DEG ABOVE HUMIDITY RANGE OF COMFORT
Figure 3.14 [Top] Photos of Adjacencies [Bottom] Climate Analysis.
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0
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Research Methodology
SITE ANALYSIS
Typical condition of creek
Creek after high-rain
Salvia Apiana
Lotus Scoparius
Encelia Californica
Deinandra Fasciculata
Eriophyllum Confer tiflor um
Isomeris Arborea
CHOLLAS CREEK AND NATIVE VEGETATION
There is currently funding going towards the revitalization of Chollas Creek, which runs parallel to the thesis site. One aim of this development is to rejuvenate the natural vegetation of the area. Research shows that this particular area is dominated by several wild flower species, primarily yellow in color. Figure 3.15
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Site analysis of natural features and vegetation.
Research Methodology
PROGRAMMING 0
SF
SUMMARY
3800 600 900 500 200 3000
4 - Child Care Rooms @ 950SF (10 children/per) 6 - Child Standard Restrooms @ 100SF Indoor Playground @ 50SF/child 2 - Standard Restrooms @ 250SF 4 - Storage Rooms @ 50SF Outdoor Playground @ 75SF/child
2850 500 100 250 250
3 - Group Activity Spaces @ 950SF (15 seniors/per) 2 - ADA Standard Restrooms @ 250SF 2 - Storage Rooms @ 50SF Courtyard @ 250SF Vegetable Garden @ 250SF
9000
3950
200 2000 600 400 350 500 500 500
5050
75 600 100 775
65 Parking Spaces 18775
3
CHILD CARE TOTAL AREA
SENIOR CARE TOTAL AREA
2 - Check-in/Reception Stations @ 100SF 2 - Flexible Activity/Event Spaces @ 1000SF Exercise/Dance/Music Room @ 600SF Computer Center @ 400SF Group Reading Room @ 350SF Movie Room @ 500SF Food / Dining @ 500SF Garden / Creek Trails @ 500SF COMMUNAL RESOURCE TOTAL AREA
Reception @ 75SF Exhibition Space @ 600SF Restroom @ 100SF GALLERY TOTAL AREA
65 Parking Spaces TOTAL
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0
3
Research Methodology
PROGRAMMING
The InterGenerational Arts Center is a prototypical support center comprised of a child care facility, senior care facility, communal resources, art gallery and dining. The InterGenerational Arts Center will be a place where different generations learn from, interact with, and assist one another. The sharing of relevant program components is encouraged. It is also essential that the design of the facility take into consideration accessibility issues, and provide circulation that avoids institution-like hallways. The InterGenerational Arts Center must be designed to meet the Transit-Oriented Design (TOD) Guidelines, and must comply with the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The project site is located in San Diego, California. The proposed site occupies the parcel bounded on the north by Market Street, on the east by Chollas Creek, on the south by the trolley tracks, and on the west by future residential. The site is zoned RM-3-9V with a total area of 72,309SF. The Floor Area Ratio (FAR) designated for the site is 2.0. The required setbacks include a 10FT minimum front setback including a 25FT minimum lot/ street frontage, and a 10FT maximum side setback. The minimum lot coverage is 35%. The Pilot Village development guidelines suggests a maximum height limit of 55FT. There is currently a temporary structure on site that will be removed. Child Care Facility Requirements This facility will accommodate children ages 3 months to 12 years, and up to ten staff members. The facility will be open during the day and may also be open evenings for training, counseling, and other community activities and services as determined by the community. In the design of this facility it is essential that, above all else, the child’s safety is taken into consideration. The child Figure 3.16
047
Typical dimensions of children furniture.
Research Methodology
PROGRAMMING 0
3
must be seen at all times and there must be visual access between all rooms occupied by children. The facility program is divided into the following: child care rooms, child standard restrooms, indoor/outdoor playground, standard restrooms, and storage. CHILD CARE ROOMS
Learning aids are assigned to provide children with a variety of developmentally appropriate learning experiences, fostering intellectual, social, emotional, and physical growth as well as the development of selfhelp skills. The rooms provide a warm and supportive atmosphere in which children explore and develop at their own, individual rate. Daily activities are planned at the developmental level of each child and include: individual and group play; nutrition; arts and crafts; blocks/building materials; quiet play; and nap time. There is a minimum of two adults (one staff member and an assistant/volunteer) for every 15 children. CHILD STANDARD RESTROOMS
The child care rooms should have attached bathrooms and include a toilet and sink (appropriate to the scale of a child). The staff must have visual access to the children in the bathroom. INDOOR/OUTDOOR PLAYGROUND AREA
This area will be available to parents and children from the day care as well as members of the community. Security measures should be considered so that this area can operate day and evening. It should have access to both indoor and outdoor space. STANDARD RESTROOMS
Figure 3.17 Typical dimensions of standard public restroom.
Toilets for the staff should be close to the child care rooms, and public areas. Standard fixtures may be used
048
0
3
Research Methodology
PROGRAMMING
for this space, but intergenerational use of the space should be considered. STORAGE ROOMS
A storage area for supplies should be provided and out of the reach of children. Senior Care Facility Requirements This facility will accommodate mature adults 55, through (approximately) 80 years of age, and four to five staff members. The group activity rooms will be open during daytime hours for senior recreation and social activities. During evening hours these rooms may be accessed by community and civic organizations for various meeting and social activities. The facility should be equipped to serve approximately 50 seniors daily. The facility program is divided into the following: group activity rooms, outdoor courtyard, vegetable garden, ADA restrooms, and storage. GROUP ACTIVITY SPACES
The group activity rooms will be utilized for various activities ranging from conversation, debates, and workshops, to town hall meetings, dancing, film viewing, and other forms of recreation. These rooms should be full of light and provide a feeling of comfort and youthfulness. ADA STANDARD RESTROOMS
The design of the bathroom facilities has specific requirements for the seniors. Due to incontinence, health problems, and medications, seniors typically use the bathroom facilities more frequently than younger adults so all equipment should be very durable. More bathroom facilities are recommended for women than Figure 3.18 men. There should be at least one stall for every 25 restroom.
049
Typical dimension within ADA compliant
Research Methodology
PROGRAMMING 0 women, one stall for every 100 men, and one urinal for every 100 men. OUTDOOR COURTYARD
This area will be available to seniors and occasionally supervised children from the day care as well as members of the community. Security measures should be considered so that this area can operate day and evening. It should have access to both indoor and outdoor space. COMMUNAL AREAS
The most important factor of this project is ensuring generational interaction and support. The communal area program is divided into the following: lobby/ concierge, communal dining space, kitchen, event space, education/hobby rooms, computer center, garden/creek trails, and standard restrooms.
3
CHECK-IN / RECEPTION
The Check-in / Reception area is a reception area where occupants may receive assistance in organizing medical and dental care, community support, and information about community news and events. This space will also serve as a resource room with a space for books, magazines, and pamphlets. Above all, this space should be centrally located. COMMUNAL DINING SPACE
The dining option will serve as the dining space for a capacity of 20 adults, and should also have special accommodations for children. FLEXIBLE ACTIVITY SPACES
The flexible activity will be utilized for various activities ranging from conversation, debates, and workshops, to town hall meetings, dancing, film viewing, and other forms of recreation. These spaces are available to the users of the facility and the community abroad. The education and hobby spaces are to serve task oriented activity and instruction. The rooms should allow for an abundance of natural light, and include a variety of storage options. COMPUTER CENTER
This room will serve as a resource room with computers and a space for books, magazines, and pamphlets. The computer center should be a quiet area for after school study, tutoring, or group study. It should be soundproofed and include access to the Internet.
Figure 3.19 Typical dimensions of ADA compliant dining area.
050
051
0
4 FINDINGS
massing studies n schematic design design development n final design 052
Figure 4.01 Tri-schematic par ti massings.
053
Findings
MASSING STUDIES 0
SITE PLAN 0
50
4
As the design of the thesis project advanced, there was significant modifications to the site and program; however, the goal that remained constant throughout is the encouragement of intergenerational interaction, located near transit, with an emphasis on services for children and the aging population. From a mixed-use development, the project was later condensed to a community service center with senior care, child care, and outpatient care. The last transformation toward the final design developed toward an InterGenerational Arts Center. The impetus for this continued modification was largely influenced by exploring what would serve the existing and developing infrastructure within the selected area. INITIAL MASSING STUDIES
100FT
The initial massing studies [Figure 4.01] were made to compliment the initial phase in a mixed-use transitoriented development. Although each study is unique, all expressed the exploration of relationships between senior and child; building and community; form and space. FORM AND PROGRAM INTEGRATION
Euclid Transit Center
The first attempt at integrating form and program provided a larger plaza on the corner of Euclid Avenue and Market Street, a separate building and playground for the child care, and a large outdoor activity area designated on the site plan [Figure 4.02]. Reactions to this arrangement suggested moving the child care away from the street, reducing floor plate depth in the main structure, and reducing the scope of the existing program.
Figure 4.02 Initial site plan and massing model.
054
0
4
Findings
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
SCHEMATIC ONE
In order to further the design, three options were discussed: keep existing site and continue messaging developed form; expand site to include the lot directly behind current site and complete more of a master plan for mixed-use; or move to a smaller site adjacent to original site and reduce program significantly [Figure 4.03]. The third option was most appealing when taking into consideration the future development plan proposed within the scope for the Euclid and Market Pilot Village proposal approved in accordance with San Diego’s City of Villages planning strategy.
Option 1
In addition to senior care and child care, the initial program included a large portion dedicated to multifamily housing; however there are already several new residential projects planned in an area already dominated by single-family residential. Another unresolved issue in the previous massing was the large intersection children and seniors would have to cross to get to and from the Euclid Transit Station, potentially decreasing ridership. Option 2
Option 3
Figure 4.03 Progress options within the Village at Market Creek Development Over view.
055
Trolley
SITE PLAN 0 10FT
Figure 4.04 Future development plan with schematic one site plan.
056
Level: Par king
Level: One
Level: Two
Level: Three
FLOOR PLANS 0
50FT
Figure 4.05 Schematic one floor plan diagram.
057
EUCLID TRANSIT CENTER
RESIDENTIAL
CHOLLAS CREEK
MARKET STREET
Findings
SCHEMATIC DESIGN 0
4
The new site selected is directly across Chollas Creek from the transit center, which provided the opportunity to incorporate a pedestrian bridge into the project. This gesture could also allow for a safer passage for children and seniors visiting the facility by creating a direct link from the transit center to the residential project planned to the west of the newly selected site [Figure 4.05]. Another opportunity taken in this schematic massing [Figure 4.06] is recessing the child care into the site so the children have a view into the creek instead of into the transit center parking lot. Suggestions to advance this design included further study and exploration in the delineation of the form and increased interaction with Chollas Creek.
MASSING MODEL 0 10FT
Figure 4.06 Schematic one massing model.
058
0
4
Findings
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
SCHEMATIC TWO
Next, the concept for furthering the design was explored by examining the relationship between two supporting objects. Abstract drawings of hands placed together to express support inspired the concept of fractal symmetry. Seniors and children are a reflection of fractal symmetry defined here as similar parts with extending differences. The hand concept was then translated using the program into a bubble and massing diagram [Figure 4.07] to discover how the support relationship of fractal symmetry could begin to form architecture. Materiality and structure was initially developed during this scheme [Figure 4.08]. Particular interest was given to concrete masonry units [CMU] to serve as structural bearing walls for its economic, modular, and “building block� appeal. Steel web joist floors with metal decking and concrete topping was also researched and implemented. This design explored circulation patterns and the relationship between the space provided for each of the programmatic groupings: outpatient care, senior care, and child care [Figure 4.09]. Reactions to this plan suggested that the space where intergenerational interaction is to take place needed to open up current compartmentalized floor plans to allow interaction to take place.
Figure 4.07 Schematic two 2D to 3D diagram.
059
Acid-wash CMU
West entr y
Considered screen treatments for below-grade par king str ucture PACHINCO BLOCK by Loom Studio East entr y via pedestrian walkway
Proposed block pattern Nor th aerial view into site
NORTH ELEVATION 0 5 10FT
Figure 4.08 Schematic two materials, massing model and elevation.
060
LEGEND
v primary circulation ground below
1 child care 2 senior care 3 outpatient care
SECTION A 0 5 10FT
B
A
A
LOWER FLOOR PLAN 0 10
30FT
B
Figure 4.09 Schematic two floor plans and sections.
061
Findings
SCHEMATIC DESIGN 0
4
SECTION B 0 5 10FT
B
A
A
MAIN FLOOR PLAN 0 10
30FT
B
062
v
Figure 4.10 Design development exploded axon.
063
Findings
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 0
Malcolm X Librar y
4
The issue with the previous design was lack of an expressed need for interaction, not just between the inhabitants, but also within the community. This led to the observation of the under utilization of the Performing Arts Center in the Malcolm X Library just east of the site, and of the outdoor amphitheater recently constructed directly south of the site [Figure 4.11]. Another adjustment to the program brought forth the proposal for an Intergenerational Arts Center. This typology allows for a potential increase in generational interaction through the arts while also promoting seniors to stay active and teach children a way to participate in their community.
Outdoor Ampetheater
SITE PLAN 0 10FT
Figure 4.11 Design development site plan and context.
064
LEGEND
v 1 open art area 2 care rooms 3 playground
4 reading room 5 gallery 6 theater
7 dining 8 flexible activity [arts, music, performance] 9 shared garden
EAST ELEVATION 0 5 10FT
1
2
B
A
3
B
A
4
LOWER FLOOR PLAN 0 10
30FT
Figure 4.12 Design development floor plans and elevations.
065
Findings
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 0
4
SOUTH ELEVATION 0 5 10FT
5
6
7
B
A
8
9
A
B
MAIN FLOOR PLAN 0 10
30FT
066
v
East aerial view into site showing lower level child care and playground, and main floor shared garden and green roof
Senior Care Check-In
Child Care Check-In
SECTION A
0
5
10FT
Figure 4.13 Design development sections including system integration, and progress model.
067
Findings
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 0
4
SECTION B 0
10FT
This phase of design development [Figure 4.13] explored ways in which systems could be implemented to work together for optimum comfort and flexibility for the user. Several of these systems are illustrated in section B above. The building envelope includes CMU structural bearing walls [1], concrete slab and ordinary wood rafter roof structure [2], and concrete slab foundation and floors. Some sustainable strategies explored include an acoustic access floor system made with recycled materials [4], a rainwater drainage system used for irrigating the green roof adjacent to the shared garden [5], and solar shingles capturing the south-east sun angle. In addition, daylight control systems were introduced to include a handrail louver system [7] on the south-west glazing that also doubles as a clerestory, and other clerestory windows to
allow light into the double-volume space [8]. The active systems implemented involve environmental control and lighting systems. The environmental control elements include a displacement ventilation system under the access floor that forces cool air into the lower levels that gradually rises through a stratification process [9], awning windows in the care rooms to allow natural ventilation [10], and a cooling tower that ventilates the hot air and recycles the natural breezes. The lighting systems shown here includes a low wattage rail system attached to the concrete slab ceiling [12], decorative pendants for indirect light over the stair [13], in-ground light fixtures to highlight the wall and provide shadow play for the indoor play area [14], and a ceiling fan to help circulate natural ventilation [15].
068
v thesis site
MalcolmX Librar y
Location within San Diego
Euclid Transit Center
Playground
Outdoor Amphitheater
Figure 4.14 Site context maps.
069
Findings
FINAL DESIGN 0
4
The final design solution hoped to resolve a few issues noted on the previous design development. The orientation shifted to define the playground area for the child care, and provide direct views into this area from the Euclid Transit Center [Figure 4.16]. The pedestrian walkway from the Euclid Transit Center was split to provide a separate entrance for the senior care and also defines the playground below while providing shade from the south-east sun angles. Built-in seating is provided incrementally along the paths to provide preferred resting for seniors and observation points for all. The building form shifted away from Market Street to allow for a more functional passenger drop-off zone. A courtyard was added at the base of the curved wall feature housing the main stair.
SITE PLAN 0 10FT
Figure 4.15 Final design site plan.
070
v
0
4
Findings
FINAL DESIGN
B
Theater Reading
Cour tyard A
Par king A
Playground
C
Child Care Rooms
LOWER FLOOR PLAN 0 5
B
15FT
Figure 4.16 Final design floor plans.
071
Findings
FINAL DESIGN 0
4
Drop-Off
B
Galler y
A
A
Dining
Senior Activity Dance C
Open Activity Space
MAIN FLOOR PLAN 0 5
B
15FT
072
v
0
4
Findings
FINAL DESIGN
Charcoal splitface structural block
Extruded aluminium store front glazing
NORTH ELEVATION 0
5
15FT
Figure 4.17 [Left] Final design elevation, model photos, and material selection. [Right] Exterior perspective.
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Tinted yellow glazing
The exterior perspective above shows what the user experiences as they are dropped off and enter the site from Market Street. Seating is provided for observation and also for those waiting for transport. Windows also allow the user to get a glimpse of the art on display in the gallery space.
074
v
0
4
Findings
FINAL DESIGN
Child care room to outdoor playground
Recycled rubber eco-flooring
EAST ELEVATION 0
5
15FT
Figure 4.18 [Left] Final design elevation, model photos, and material selection. [Right] Exterior perspective.
075
Coloring book wallpaper
View into inner-cour tyard
The exterior perspective above shows what the user experiences as the come across the pedestrian path from the Euclid Transit Center. Participants are able to rest or observe from the seating areas down towards the playground and Chollas Creek.
076
v
STAIR ISOLATED SECTION A-A
0
5
15FT
Figure 4.19 Detail section of main stair.
077
Findings
FINAL DESIGN 0
4
2” DIA. PIPE RAIL CONCRETE SLAB
11” TREAD (TYP.)
1”
7” R (TYP.)
METAL DECK
POUR STOP STEEL CHANNEL (SEE STRUCT.)
CONCRETE FILL STEEL PAN TREAD AND RISER STEEL STRINGER
PARTIAL FLOOR PLAN
A. Metal stair to landing detail.
5
10FT
4” (TYP.)
2’-10”
0
B. Slide / Handrail Detail
C. Rail Detail
Figure 4.20 Details suppor ting section of main stair.
Interior Perspective
The main stair was designed as an interactive means of egress including a slide for the children that will also serve as the handrail.
078
v
0
4
Findings
FINAL DESIGN
Traditional wood framing
Dance
Possible rafter arrangement
BUILDING SECTION A-C 15FT
Figure 4.21 [Left] Final design building section and materials. [Right] Roof framing plan.
079
Dining
Open Activity Space Par king
0 5
White metal roofing
Child Care Room
Common Rafter s
Ridge Beam
Jack Rafter Flat Roof
Double Trimmer Joist
ROOF FRAMING PLAN 0
5
10FT
The initial concept explored for this project involved fractal symmetry. Implementing an architectural rafter system, similar to the rafter arrangement shown in the material detail [Figure 4.21], would provide an energy to the space that aims to inspire creative thinking.
080
v
0
4
4
Findings
FINAL DESIGN 2
Building systems were integrated in order to enhance the experience of the user [Figure 4.24]. The building envelope and structural system [1] is a combination of CMU bearing walls, wood rafter and wall framing, and concrete slab foundation and floors. Solar panels [4] run along the entire upper roof plane on the south to feed the active solar system. The environmental control system (2] is a displacement ventilation system
Solar panel combined with under-floor air distribution within a raised-access floor system
4
3
1
2
BUILDING SECTION A-C 0 5
15FT
Figure 4.22 [Left] Final design system integration section and materials. [Right] Lower level mechanical plan.
081
Diffuser s
Fan Powered VAV Box
Active Solar Energy Exchange
Under-floor Air Distribution Exhaust
Heat Exchanger Primar y AHU
[Under Access Floor]
LOWER LEVEL MECHANICAL PLAN 0
5
10FT
combined with the solar energy collected to provide active environmental control for the user. This system works by allowing cool air to be introduced on the lower level through the diffusers, as shown in the mechanical plan above, and released through the hopper windows on the main level. Natural and artificial light is brought
into the space through clerestory windows combined with diffused lighting shields [3] that reflect light back down into the main volume of the activity space. The combination of all these systems is meant to make the space flexible and inviting to users of all ages.
082
0
4
Findings
FINAL DESIGN
Figure 4.23 Final presentation boards.
083
Reactions to the final presentation [Figure 4.23] included improvements that would create more incentive for seniors to interact with the children by implementing
Findings
FINAL DESIGN 0
different parts of the program, like dining, in areas more occupied by children. Also matching this facility with an intergenerational arts program and altering the facility to
4
more directly serve the needs of such a program could be considered.
084
085
0
5
CONCLUSIONS
summar y n limitations of study suggestions for fur ther research 086
0
5
Conclusions
SUMMARY
Provide support without increasing usage There once was a time when the phrase “it takes a village to raise a child� meant that raising a child takes the love and care of not just parents but the whole community. With the emergence and popularity of the personal automobile, regions continue to spread dissolving the prior framework set forth for a cohesive civic spirit. Interaction amongst the ages has also suffered as children and seniors represent the generations that lack the most in regard to social interaction and independent transportation. Today, the evolution of youth continues towards a segregated society grouped into corresponding generations. Perhaps the before mentioned phrase is worth reinvestigating.
provide support for the community without increasing automobile dependence, and essentially return to the village model of community development.
The method best suited for this thesis was determined to be the guidelines for transit-oriented development.These guidelines provided direction towards implementing architecture that could have a high level of access by public transportation. Finding a community within San Diego that provided the best model suited for the goals of this thesis was deemed most important in site selection. Consequently, the site chosen for the design study is within one of the selected Pilot Village projects included in San Diego’s City of Villages strategy whose This thesis was initially generated on a personal goals compliment the aims of this thesis. The project observation of transitions within my own family. In a brief selected is the Village Center at Euclid and Market period of time my mother assumed responsibility for because it includes the Euclid Transit center centrally assisting my grandparents, who joined an assisted living located and surround by several undeveloped sites. facility, and helping my sister with her first child. In doing so, she was driving over 100 miles a day. This motivated In developing the site, several uses appropriate to the me to initiate research into how architecture could goals of this thesis were tested. Initially, a larger site directly
087
Conclusions
SUMMARY 0
across the Market Street intersection was selected because a larger program was being considered. This scheme combined child care and assisted living housing as components within a mixed-use development that mostly included multi-family housing. Immediately after presenting this scheme, the need for reconsidering the scope of the program was recognized. Continued analysis of the future master plan for the community projected several new multi-family housing projects within a 5 mile radius of the site. Considering the new information, various options were discussed and ultimately a new site and scheme was selected. The new site was closer to the Euclid Transit center separated only by an overgrown portion of Chollas Creek, which provided several opportunities. There is a plan to help finance the restoration of Chollas Creek that could benefit a development along its bank; recessing the building provides opportunity for increased exposure to nature; and a pedestrian bridge could be implemented as a direct link to the transit center
5
providing a safer route for children and seniors. As this new site is significantly smaller, the program was reduced to a Community Service center including outpatient care, senior care, and child care. The issue with the previous scheme was a lack of space allocated for interaction not only between the children and seniors receiving care, but also with existing community infrastructure. Further observation recognized the underutilization of the Performing Arts Center in the Malcolm X Library just east of the site, and of the outdoor amphitheater recently constructed directly south of the site. As a result, a transit-oriented development providing an InterGenerational Arts Center is the final prospective solution because it not only allows for child and senior interaction, but also fuels the underutilized entertaining arts facilities within the Encanto communities.
088
0
5
Conclusions
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Classifying uses most difficult phase
The Village Center at Euclid and Market is just 8 miles East of downtown San Diego, and has a strong development plan; however, it will most likely be implemented over a long period of time due to its location, which is currently dominated by residential and industrial uses with low socioeconomic conditions.This made creating the program and classifying uses the most difficult phase of development because I wanted to be meticulous in providing an architecture that would truly support the community by linking the existing infrastructure of community resources with multiple generations. Unfortunately, time limitations did not allow for the amount of community involvement and analysis that a project like this deserves in order to provide a stable support system.
089
Conclusions
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 0
5
Figure 5.01 Interaction amongst the ages.
The selected community has successfully collaborated to revise the current Master Plan to better suite their needs and conditions through organized charettes, so organizing community involvement to ensure the success of the presented thesis design could be possible. Assembling a series of community focus groups could provide a more efficient development strategy. The site selected is in a largely residential area. Placing a similar project type in a more urban area might prove to be a more successful community support system model. A similar study in an urban context would require further research into the preferences of current and potential mass-transit riders as to whether such a support system
would be more beneficial closer to residential or business districts. The advantage of an Arts Center is providing a medium and environment where children and seniors could relate and interact. Further study and discovery of programs that could help proctor such an institute could also provide valuable information towards the success of using art to aid generational interaction. Although an Art Center was selected for this study, further research should be devoted to other strategies that could provide support to other types of existing infrastructure while bringing generations together.
090
086
BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, Edward and Joseph Iano.The Architect’s Studio Companion. 4th Ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. Architecture and Urbanism: Possibilities of Collective Living. May 2002, 126-139. Balboni, Barbara, ed. RSMeans Square Foot Costs 2010. 31st Ed. Kingston, MA: R.S. Means Company, Inc., 2009. Bernard, Miriam and Stephen W. Ellis. “How Do You Know That Intergenerational Practice Works?” Center for Intergenerational Practice. United Kingdom: Beth Johnson Foundation, 2004. Brown, G. Z. and Mark DeKay. Sun, Wind & Light: Architectural Design Strategies. 2nd Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001. Calthorpe Associates.Transit-Oriented Development Design Guidelines. 4 August 1992. < http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/documents/pdf/trans/todguide.pdf> (18 September 2009). City of San Diego. Chollas Creek Enhancement Program. 14 May 2002. < http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/community/pdf/chollasenh1.pdf> (18 September 2009). City of San Diego. Municipal Code. Land Development Code. Chapter 13. December 2008. Council of the City of San Diego. City of San Diego General Plan: City of Villages. 10 March 2008. <http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/genplan/pdf/pilotvillage/ descriptionemat.pdf> (12 July 2009). Culvahouse,Tim, ed. Design for Aging.Vol. 2 of arcCA. AIA California, 2009. DeChiara, Joseph, Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik.Time-Saver Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991. Estrada Land Planning. Encanto Neighborhoods Urban Design Guidelines. June 2003. < http://www.encanto-neighborhoods.com/pdf/DesignGuidelines.pdf> (7 October 2009). Hutchison, Elizabeth D. Dimensions of Human Behavior:The Changing Life Course. 2nd Ed.Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc., 2003.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Jarrot, Shannon E., Christina M. Gigliotti, and Sara A. Smock. “Where Do We Stand? Testing the Foundation of a Shared Site Intergenerational Program.” Journal of Intergenerational Relationships.Vol. 4(2). United Kingdom: The Haworth Press, Inc., 2006. Kopec, Dak. Environmental Psychology for Design. New York: Fairchild Publications, Inc., 2006. Kuehne,Valerie S. Making What Difference? How Intergenerational Programs Help Children and Families. Baltimore: The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2005. Lechner, Norbert. Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Methods for Architects. 3rd Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. Lerner, Ralph and Denise Arnold. Intergenerational Learning Center Design Competition: Stage II Competition Conditions. Chicago: Endowment for the Arts, 2003. Local Investment in Child Care (LINCC). Building Child Care Into New Developments. <http://www.mve-architects.com/files/news/103_LocalInvestment_2008-08-01.pdf> (5 November 2009). Macht, William P.“Transit Dependent: A Child Care and an Indoor Transit Center Are Helping to Revitalize a Blighted Neighborhood.” UrbanLand. January 2005, 37-39. Mann, Robin. “Evolving Family Structures, Roles and Relationships in Light of Ethnic and Social Change.” Oxford Institute of Aging. United Kingdom: Oxford University, 2009. Newman, David M. Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life. 7th Ed.Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press, 2008. Niederhaus, Sharon G. and John L. Graham.Together Again: A Creative Guide to Successful Multigenerational Living. Maryland:The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2007. Pain, Rachel. “Intergenerational Relations and Practice in the Development of Sustainable Communities.” Center for the Study of Cities and Regions. London: ODPM, 2005. Reynolds, Jamie. “Intergenerational Housing Design Competition – Chicago.” Architecture. October 2003, 37-38.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Salmon, Karen. “Alternative Housing Models: Architects Respond to America’s Changing Demographics through New Dwelling Types.” Architecture. January 1993, 85-91. Schittich, Christian, ed. in DETAIL: Housing for People of All Ages. Germany: Institut fur Internationale Architektur Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, 2007. Thornburg, Douglas W. 2006 IBC Handbook: Fire- and Life-Safety Provisions. Illinois: ICC Publications, 2006. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Intergenerational Housing Needs and HUD Program Options. 7 April 2008. <http://www.huduser.org/Publications/pdf/ intergenerational.pdf> (21 October 2009).
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A APPENDIX
code analysis n cost analysis outline project specification 091
A
Appendix
CODE ANALYSIS
1. USE AND OCCUPANCY
Chapter 003, Section 303, Assembly Group A includes the following: Section 303.1, A-1 Theaters Assembly uses, usually with fixed seating, intended for the production and viewing of performing arts or motion pictures. Section 303.1, A-2 Restaurants Assembly uses intended for food and/or drink OCCUPANT LOAD (for areas with fixed seating) consumption. Section 303.1, A-3 Art galleries Assembly uses intended for displaying art, the gathering of persons for designated functions and any other assembly uses not classified elsewhere in Group A. Chapter 003, Section 305, Educational Group E includes the following: Section 305.2, Day Care The use of a building or structure, or portion thereof, for the educational, supervision or personal care services for more than 6 children older than 2-1/2 years of age operating on less than a 24-hour basis. The number of children housed in a day-care operation classified as Group E is not limited. Chapter 003, Section 308, Institutional Group I includes the following: Section 308.5, I-4 Day Care Facilities This group shall include buildings and structures occupied by persons of any age who receive custodial care for less than 24 hours by individuals other than parents or guardians, relative by blood, marriage or adoption and in a place other than the home of the person cared for. Section 308.5.1, Adult Care Facility A facility that provides accommodations for less
092
Appendix
CODE ANALYSIS then 24 hours for more than 6 unrelated adults and provides supervision and personal care services. Section 308.5.2 Child Care Facility* A facility that provides supervision and personal care on less than a 24-hour basis for more than 6 children 2-1/2 years of age or less. *A child day care facility that provides care for more than 6 but no more than 100 children 2-1/2 years or less of age, when the rooms where such children are cared for are located on the level of
A
exit discharge and each of these child care rooms has an exit door directly to the exterior shall be classified as Group E.
Chapter 003, Section 311, Storage Group S includes the following: Section 311.3, S-2 Low-Hazard Storage Includes, among others, buildings used for the storage of vehicles including parking garages, open or enclosed.
Chapter 010,Table 1004.1.1 MAXIMUM FLOOR AREA ALLOWANCES PER OCCUPANT (for areas without fixed seating)
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A
Appendix
CODE ANALYSIS
2. CONSTRUCTION TYPE
Chapter 006,Types of Construction
*Section 603.1, Group S-2 Enclosed or Open Parking Garage A basement and/or the first story above grade of a building shall be considered as a separate or distinct building for the purpose of determining area limitations, continuity of fire walls, limitation in number of stories and type of construction when the first story above grade plane is of Type IA Construction and is separated horizontally by a 3-hour fire rating. Chapter 006,Table 601 FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING ELEMENTS (hours)
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Appendix
CODE ANALYSIS
A
3. GENERAL BUILDING LIMITATIONS
Chapter 005,Table 503 ALLOWABLE HEIGHT AND BUILDING AREAS
Chapter 005, Building Heights and Areas Section 506.3, Automatic Sprinkler System Increase Where a building is equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.1.1, the area limitations is permitted to be increased by 200%. In addition, Section 504.2 states that the value for maximum stories is increased by 1.
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A
Appendix
CODE ANALYSIS
4. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
Chapter 005, Building Heights and Areas Section 508.3.1.2, Allowable Area and Height The allowable area and height of the building shall be based on the allowable area and height for the main occupancy in accordance with Section 503.1. The height of any accessory occupancy shall not exceed the tabular values in Table 503, without height and area increases in accordance with Sections 504 and 506 for such accessory occupancies. The main occupancy for this project is Assembly, and does not interrupt current compliance. 5. EXITING
Occupancy A-1 would only require one means of egress per Table 1015.1. However, since the actual use of occupancy A-1 is a theater, two means of egress are required. Section 1015.1, Exit or Exit Access Doorways Required Two exits or exit access doorways from any space shall be provided where, per Section 1015.1.1, the occupant load of the space exceeds the values in Table 1015.1. All occupancies require two means of egress per room. Section 1004.9, Multiple Occupancies Where a building contains two or more occupancies, the means of egress requirements shall apply to each portion of the building based on the occupancy of that space. Where two or more occupancies utilize portions of the same means of egress system, those egress components shall meet the more stringent requirements of all occupancies that are served.
Chapter 010, Means of Egress Section 1002.1, Definitions MEANS OF EGRESS. A continuous and unobstructed path of vertical and horizontal egress travel from any occupied portion of a building or structure to a public way. A means of egress consists of three separate Chapter 010,Table 1019.1 and distinct parts: the exit access, the exit, and the exit MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS FOR OCCUPANT discharge. LOAD (per story) Chapter 010,Table 1015.1, Number of exits per room SPACES WITH ONE MEANS OF EGRESS
a. Day Care maximum occupant load is 10.
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Section 1019.1.1, Parking Structures Parking structures shall not have less than two exits from each parking tier, except that only one exit is required where vehicles are mechanically parked. Vehicle ramps shall not be considered as required exits unless pedestrian facilities are provided.
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CODE ANALYSIS
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Chapter 010,Table 1005.1 EGRESS WIDTH PER OCCUPANT SERVED Sprinklered (inches per element)
Section 1009.1, Stairway Widths The width of stairways shall be determined as specified in Section 1005.1, but such widths shall not be less than 44-inches. Section 1017.2, Corridor Width The minimum corridor width shall be as determined in Section 1005.1, but not less than 44-inches. Section 1025.2, Assembly Main Exit Applicable exception: in assembly occupancies where there is no well-defined main exit or where multiple exits are provided, exits shall be permitted to be distributed around the perimeter of the building provided that the total width of egress is not less then 100% of the required width. Group A occupancies that have an occupant load greater than 200 shall be provided with at least 0.20-inch in width that adjoins a street or public way.
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Chapter 010,Table 1016.1 EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE
6. FIRE SPRINKLERS
Chapter 009, Fire Protection Systems Section 903.2.1.1 Group A-1, Section 903.2.1.3 Group A-3 A sprinkler system is required for Group A-1 and A-3 occupancies when located on a floor other than the level of exit discharge or with an area exceeding 12,000 sf. Section 903.2.1.2 Group A-2 A sprinkler system is required fro Group A-2 occupancy when located on a floor other than the level of exit discharge or with an area exceeding 5,000 sf. Section903.2.2 Group E A sprinkler system is required for Group E Occupancy when located on a floor other than the level of exit discharge or with an area exceeding 20,000 sf. Section 903.2.5 Group I A sprinkler system is required throughout buildings containing, in whole or in part, a Group I-4 Occupancy. Section 903.2.9 Group S-2 A sprinkler system is required throughout buildings classified as enclosed parking garages in accordance with Section 406.4 or where located beneath other groups.
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CODE ANALYSIS 7. GUARDRAILS
Chapter 010, Means of Egress Section 1002, Definitions GUARD or GUARDRAIL. A building component or a system of building components located at or near the open side of elevated walking surfaces that minimizes the possibility of a fall from the walking surface to a lower level. Section 1013.1, Where Required Guards shall be located along open-sided walking surfaces, mezzanine, industrial equipment platforms, stairways, ramps and landings that are located more that 30-inches above the floor or grade below. Section 1013.2, Height Guards shall form a protective barrier not less than 42-inches high, measured vertically above the leading edge of the tread, adjacent walking surface or adjacent seat board.
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Section 1013.3, Opening Limitations Open guards shall have balusters or ornamental patterns such that a 4-inch diameter sphere cannot pass through any opening. 8. PLUMBING FIXTURE COUNT
Chapter 029, Plumbing Systems Section 2901.1, Scope The provisions of the California Plumbing Code shall govern the erection, installation, alteration, repairs, relocation, replacement, addition to, use or maintenance of plumbing equipment and systems. Plumbing systems and equipment shall be constructed, installed and maintained in accordance with the California Plumbing Code. Private sewage disposal systems shall conform to the California Plumbing Code. Chapter 029,Table 2902.1 MINIMUM NUMBER OF REQUIRED PLUMBING FIXTURES
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9. ACCESSIBILITY
Chapter 011B, Accessibility to Public Buildings, Public Accommodations, Commercial Buildings and Publicly Funded Housing Section 1104B.3.1, Auditoriums, Assembly Halls, Theaters and Related Facilities | Seating In all assembly places where seating is provided, there shall be spaces for persons using wheelchairs and semi-ambulant persons. Section 1109B.2, Accessibility for Group I Occupancies | Entrance At least one accessible entrance shall be protected from the weather by canopy or roof overhang. Such entrances shall incorporate a passenger loading zone. Passenger loading zones shall provide an access aisle at least 60-inches wide and 20-feet long adjacent and parallel to the vehicle pull-up space. Section 1115B.1.2, Where Used by Children Where facilities are to be used solely by small children, the specific heights and clearances may be adjusted to meet their accessibility needs. See Table 1115B-1 for suggested mounting heights and clearances. Section 1115B.3.1, Toilet Facilities |Wheelchair Clearance A clear space measured from the floor to a height of
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27-inches above the floor, within the sanitary facility rooms, of sufficient size to inscribe a circle with a diameter not less than 60-inches in size. Other than the door to the accessible water closet compartment, a door, in any position, may encroach into this space by not more than 23-inches. Section 1118B.1, Wheelchair Passage Widths The minimum clear width for single wheelchair passage shall be 32-inches at at point and 36-inches continuously. Section 1133B.5.1, General | Ramps Ramps shall conform to the provisions of this section. Any accessible route of travel shall be considered a ramp if its slope is greater than one unit vertical in 20 units horizontal (5 % slope). Section 1133B.5.2, Width Ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 48-inches, unless required to be wider by some other provisions of this code. Ramps serving entrances to buildings where the ramp is the only exit discharge path and serves an occupant load of 200 or more shall have a minimum clear width of 60-inches.
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COST ANALYSIS
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SUMMARY Project Title: Cost Estimator Models: Construction: Location: Stories: Story Height [FT]: Community Arts Center Floor Area [SF]: Day Care Center Floor Area [SF]: Parking Garage Floor Area [SF]: Data Release: Community Arts Center Cost Per SF: Day Care Center Cost Per SF: Underground Parking Garage Cost Per SF: Building Cost [National Average]: San Diego Cost Index: Adjusted Building Cost: Escalation Factor: Project Budget Cost: 9% Architectural Fee: 10% Over-Budget Amount [2+ years for construction]:
InterGenerational Arts Center [M.170} Community Center, [M.195] Day Care Center, [M. 280] Underground Parking Structure [Balboni, 2009] Concrete Block Back-up / Bearing Walls 4981 Market Street, San Diego CA 92102 2 12 15,370 13,950 16,950 Year 2010 Quarter 1 TOTALS AND ADJUSTMENTS 144.50 148.70 73.90 5,497,935 1.05 5,772,831.75 15% 6,638,756.51 597,488.09 7,302,632.16
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COST REDUCTION STRATEGIES
I. Establishing the budget should be looked at from an overall planning perspective. Instead of cutting the costs by 10% to meet budget parameters, another strategy that needs to be implemented is the possibility and application of government grants that currently promote interaction and learning amongst the generations. These grants could offset the additional construction costs without having to jeopardize the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s services to the community. Maintenance costs could also be offset by income generated through events held at the facility such as community craft fairs and farmers markets. II. By leaving the CMU block walls and ceilings exposed, costs for finish materials and labor can be reduced. However, these walls/ceilings will still require fire proofing methods. III. Implementing native, drought-tolerant vegetation will reduce lifecycle costs. Less water will be needed and the plants natural ability toward regrowth will require less re-planting. Planting these types of species will also aid towards the rehabilitation program set for Chollas Creek. IV. Many of the service, equipment and furnishing calculations that went into the National Average Cost Per Square Foot is able to be shared between the separate uses within the facility. V. Substituting the CMU block walls with pre-cast concrete panels assembled off-site could potentially cut labor costs.
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OUTLINE PROJECT SPECIFICATION DIVISION 00 - PROCUREMENT AND CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS (OMIT) DIVISION 01 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (OMIT) DIVISION 02 - EXISTING CONDITIONS Section 02 30 00, Subsurface Investigation A. Geotechnical Report: A copy of the geotechnical report and boring logs are available from the Architect and Owner. B. Information Not Guaranteed: Information on the Drawings and in the Project Manual relating to subsurface conditions and existing utilities and structures is from information available from sources available to the Ownerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s engineering consultants. Such information is furnished only for the information and convenience of the Contractor, and the accuracy or completeness of this information is not guaranteed. DIVISION 03 - CONCRETE Section 03 30 00, Cast-In-Place Concrete A. Provide cast-in-place concrete, reinforcing and accessories. Application: Slabs on grade; Concrete on metal deck; Exterior site concrete and pads. DIVISION 04 - MASONRY Section 04 20 00, Unit Masonry A. Provide unit masonry construction. Application: Concrete masonry bearing walls; Concrete masonry non-bearing partitions. 1. Size: Face dimension of 7-5/8 inches high by 15-5/8 inches long by width required for application. 2. Special Finish: Standard aggregate, split face finish. 3. Special Shapes: As required by building configuration. 4. Bond Pattern: Running Bond. 5. Integral Water Repellent: Liquid polymeric admixture.
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Section 04 72 00, Cast Stone Masonry A. Provide cast stone fabrications. Application: Window sills; Lintels; Coping. DIVISION 05 - METALS Section 05 21 00, Steel Joist Framing A. Provide steel joists. Application: Floor support; Roof support. Section 05 31 00, Steel Deck A. Provide steel deck. Application: Acoustical steel roof deck; Composite cellular metal floor deck with electrical distribution. Section 05 71 13, Fabricated Metal Spiral Stairs A. Provide prefabricated interior spiral and circular stairs. 1.Type: Central supporting column and radiating treads. 2. Treads and Platforms: Rubber over steel. 3. Handrails: Metal. Section 05 73 00, Ornamental Handrails and Railings A. Provide ornamental handrails and railings. Application: Post-supported railing systems with glass infill; Illuminated ornamental handrails and railing systems. DIVISION 06 - WOOD, PLASTICS, AND COMPOSITES Section 06 10 00, Rough Carpentry A. Provide rough carpentry. Application: Framing with dimension lumber; Rooftop equipment bases and support curbs; Wood grounds, nailers, and blocking; Wood furring; Sheathing; Subflooring. Section 06 20 13, Exterior Finish Carpentry A. Provide exterior finish carpentry. Application:
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Exterior Wood Decking and Railings. 1. Species: Clear fir. 2. Finish: Semi-transparent stain. DIVISION 07 - THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION Section 07 13 00, Sheet Waterproofing A. Provide sheet membrane waterproofing. 1.Type: EPDM Rubber Sheet: ASTM D 6134,Type I, 60-mil-thick flexible sheet, unreinforced. 2. Accessories: Primers, surface conditioners, termination bars, and protection board.
Section 07 81 00, Applied Fireproofing A. Provide applied fireproofing. 1. Type: Low density. DIVISION 08 - OPENINGS Section 08 11 16, Aluminum Doors and Frames A. Provide interior aluminum doors and frames. 1. Aluminum: Extruded aluminum 6063 or 6463-T5 alloy. 2. Door Type: Flush aluminum. 3. Door Type: Glazed aluminum 4. Finish: Powder coated.
Section 07 19 00, Water Repellents Section 08 32 00, Sliding Glass Doors A. Provide water repellent coating for concrete surfaces. A. Provide sliding glass door assemblies. Application: Vertical concrete surfaces; Horizontal 1. Frames: Aluminum extrusions. concrete surfaces. 2. Finish: Clear anodized. 1. Appearance: Clear, non-gloss, non-yellowing. Section 08 41 13, Aluminum Entrances and Storefronts Section 07 21 00, Thermal Insulation A. Provide entrances and storefront. A. Provide thermal insulation and vapor retarders. 1. Door Style: Wide stile and rail doors. Application: Exterior walls. 2. Storefront Style: Aluminum framed, butt glazed vertical joints. Section 07 25 00, Weather Barriers 3. Glass and Glazing: Insulating glazing, tempered. A. Provide air and moisture barriers. 4. Glazing Color: Clear with Low-e coating. 1. Type: Self-adhering, vapor retarding, 40 mils. 5. Door Hanging Devices: Offset pivot sets. 2. Transition Materials: Silicone sheet. 6. Closer Operation: Double acting closers. 7. Aluminum Finish: Clear anodized. Section 07 32 00, Roof Tiles A. Provide roof tiles. Section 08 44 00, Curtain Wall and Glazed Assemblies 1. Material: Recycled rubber and plastic compounds. A. Provide curtain wall and glazed assemblies. 2. Appearance: Slate. 1. Type: Aluminum stick-type glazed aluminum curtain wall with interior and exterior exposed metal Section 07 72 00, Roof Accessories framing. A. Provide roof accessories. 2. Glazing Color: Clear glass;Tinted glass. 1. Material: Corrugated plastic.
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OUTLINE PROJECT SPECIFICATION Section 08 44 26, Structural Glass Curtain Walls A. Provide structural glass curtain walls.
2. Floor Panel Covering: Static-dissipative solid vinyl tile; Floor Panel Covering: Carpet tile.
Section 08 51 13, Aluminum Windows A. Provide aluminum windows. 1. Window Operation: Fixed windows.
Section 09 70 00, Wall Finishes A. Provide wall coverings and surface preparation. 1. Materials:Vinyl Wall Covering; Wallpaper.
Section 08 62 00, Unit Skylights A. Provide plastic unit skylights.
Section 09 91 00, Painting A. Provide painting and surface preparation. Application: Interior unfinished surfaces; Exterior unfinished surfaces.; Exposed mechanical and electrical items. 1. Primary Coating Type: Zero VOC paints. 2. Primary Paint Systems: Primer plus two finish coats.
Section 08 71 00, Door Hardware A. Provide door hardware. 1. Quality Level: Commercial. 2. Hardware Finishes: Oxidized satin brass finish on exposed surfaces. DIVISION 09 - FINISHES Section 09 21 13, Plaster Assemblies A. Provide plaster assemblies. 1. Type: 3 coats over substrate. 2. Finish: Floated finish. Section 09 65 00, Resilient Flooring A. Provide resilient flooring and floor preparation. 1. Materials: Cork Flooring; Rubber Tile Flooring;Vinyl Tile Flooring. Section 09 68 16, Sheet Carpeting A. Provide sheet carpet and floor preparation. 1. Installation Method:Tackless mounting with carpet cushion. Section 09 69 00, Access Flooring A. Provide raised access flooring. 1. Construction: Lightweight-concrete-filled steel pan panels.
DIVISION 10 - SPECIALTIES Section 10 13 00, Directories A. Provide directories and bulletin boards. 1. Type: Internally illuminated. 2. Frame: Aluminum. 3. Cover: Sliding glass cover. Section 10 14 00, Signage A. Provide signage. 1. Material: Bronze, satin finish; Wood. Section 10 28 13, Toilet Accessories A. Provide toilet, bath and laundry accessories. 1. Accessory: Grab bars. Section 10 73 13, Awnings A. Provide awnings and support framework. 1. Type: Fixed fabric. DIVISION 11 - EQUIPMENT Section 11 40 00, Food Service Equipment A. Provide commercial food service equipment.
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Application: Food storage and refrigeration equipment. Application: Food preparation equipment; Exhaust hoods with integral fire suppression system; Food preparation line; Pot washing and dishwashing equipment;Garbage collection and storage equipment; Utility hook-ups for owner-furnished equipment. DIVISION 12 - FURNISHINGS Section 12 10 00, Art A. Provide artwork. 1. Painted murals;Tile murals; ; Wall decorations.; Sculptures; Glass art; Commissioned artwork. DIVISION 14 - CONVEYING EQUIPMENT Section 14 21 00, Electric Traction Elevators A. Provide pre-engineered electric traction elevators. 1. Control Systems: Single elevator controls. 2. Hoistway Finishes: Bronze, alloy 220 commercial bronze. 3. Cab Wall Finish: Bronze, alloy 220 commercial bronze. 4. Cab Floor: Vinyl tile. DIVISION 22 - PLUMBING Section 22 00 00, Plumbing A. Provide plumbing systems. 1. Application: Facility water distribution. 2. Sustainable Design: Waterless urinals; Low-flow toilets; Gray water recycling system; Optimize energy performance; Energy efficient equipment and fixtures. DIVISION 26 - ELECTRICAL Section 26 00 00, Electrical A. Provide electrical systems. Application: Interior lighting; Emergency lighting.; Exit signs; Exterior lighting;
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Photovoltaic collectors. 1. Sustainable Design: Occupancy sensors.; Perimeter daylighting controls; Energy efficient equipment and fixtures; Energy efficient bulbs. DIVISION 27 - COMMUNICATIONS Section 27 00 00, Communications A. Provide communications systems. Application: Data communications;Voice communications for telephones, fax, modems and messaging. 1. Sustainable Design: Energy efficient equipment and fixtures. DIVISION 31 - EARTHWORK Section 31 10 00, Site Clearing A. Provide site-clearing. Application: Clearing of designated existing site improvements and landscaping. 1. Type:Tree protection, erosion control, siltation control, and dust control materials suitable for site conditions. Section 31 20 00, Earth Moving A. Provide earthwork operations. Application: Suitable fill from off-site if on-site quantities are insufficient or unacceptable, and legal disposal of excess fill off-site. DIVISION 32 - EXTERIOR IMPROVEMENTS Section 32 90 00, Planting A. Provide plantings. Application: Trees, shrubs, plants, and ground cover; Finish grading and lawns.; Topsoil and soil amendments.; Initial maintenance of landscape materials.; Pruning and relocation of existing plant materials. 1. Plant Materials: Deciduous trees and shrubs; Coniferous trees and shrubs; Ground cover and plants. 2. Topsoil: Site stockpile.
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