No. 5 MAY 2012
FOOTBALL CAPITALS Euro 2012
Ihor HYRYCH
This issue of ‘The monuments of Ukrainy’ is dedicated to the football Euro-2012. The football fans of all Europe are going to visit Ukraine and they will be interested in both the football events and the cities where they will be held. We planned to tell in brief the history of Ukrainian football in this issue. We also wanted to give sight of the past of four cities of Ukraine where the European championship will take place: Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkiv, Donetsk. The guests and the residents of Ukraine will know more about historical and football memorial places of these cities of kopany m’iach. These cities are very different, they have different historical destiny. Kyiv accounts for 1500 years whereas Donetsk is only 150 years old. Lviv has been for a long period within the limits of European civilization ecumene and its appearance was formed under considerable influence of 350 German families populated the middle town area surrounding Rynok square. The terrain of Donetsk and Kharkiv several centuries ago was a part of endless nomadic step. Lviv and Kyiv became the centers where the newest Ukrainian national and liberation movement started whereas Kharkiv and Donetsk tended to their Euro-Asian historic center – the Russian capitals. The Ukrainian cities were always characterized as the multicultural centers. Their cultural policy if not to take into consideration the princely Rus’-Ukraine period was created by the states and the peoples which dominated at this territory: Rzech Pospolita, Moscowshchyna, Russian empire. These cities were predominantly populated by the Poles, the Russians, the Germans, the Jews and in a lesser degree by the Ukrainians. Lviv was originally populated by the Orthodox residents and later on by the Greek-Catholics, the Roman-Catholics, and the Jews. However, Kyiv, Kharkiv and Donetsk were predominantly Orthodox centers. Each city is the carrier of its philosophical vision. Kyiv is a spiritual capital of Ukraine-Rus’, the center of social and political aspirations of the Ukrainian people. Lviv is the national spiritual capital, the island of mental Europe in Ukraine. According to Yevhen Chykalenko, our outstanding patron, Kharkiv is ‘siny (lobby) of Ukraine’, the capital of Slobozhanshchyna and soviet Ukraine, the spiritual frontier between the Russian and Ukrainian worlds. Donetsk is the capital of heavy and mining industries, the cradle of the Bolshevik experiment on sovietization of Ukrainian spiritual space. All the essays about these cities are written in the author’s genre. They are deprived the sole preset approach. The materials about Kyiv and Donetsk are presented in a traditional way whereas Kharkiv and Lviv are described from the point of view of the life history. Their authors tried to present the historical image of these cities through the prism of their existence in separate historic period. The Ukrainian kopany m’iatch was far from original sources of this popular game. But its history has already accounted for more than a hundred years. We certainly are behind England, Germany, Spain and Italy. These countries’ football teams were founded at the end of the 19th century. But there are grounds for Ukraine to be proud as well. A. Sytnyk’s essay tells about football arenas and football memorial places and monuments in Lviv, Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donetsk. We hope that this issue of our magazine will not leave you untouched.
2012, MAY
No. 5 (175)
CONTENTS
The popular and scientific illustrated magazine has been published since 1969
THE MONUMENTS OF SPORTS 2
The football memory of Ukraine Anatolii SYTNYK
FOUNDER The Ministry of Culture of Ukraine
PUBLISHER ‘National magazine and newspaper publisher’ Doughter Company
FOOTBALL CAPITALS
PUBLISHING COUNCIL
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Kyiv the capital of Ukraine Dmytro MALAKOV, Ihor HYRYCH
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Vivacious Kharkiv Oleksandr ZINCHENKO
Olesia Bilash, Viktor Pasak, Maksym Budarin, Viktor Vechers’ky, Olena Voron’ko, Olha Darybohova, Oksana Ionova, Larysa Lebedivna, Ivan Mechkov, Lapysa Nikiforenko, Olena Cherednychenko, Mykhailo Shved, Ihor Hyrych, Liudmyla Hnatiuk, Olha Holynska, Alla Pidluzhna, Natalia Potushniak
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EDITORIAL BOARD Viktor Akulenko Volodymyr Aleksandrovych Serhiy Bilokin’ Lesia Bohoslov Hennadiy Boriak Ihor Hyrych Andriy Grechylo Ivan Dziuba Antonina Zhykhors’ka Leonid Zalizniak Vira Karpenko Serhiy Kot Nadiia Nikitenko Yaroslava Pavlychko Leonid Prybieha Dmytro Stepovyk Oleksandr Fedoruk When publishing the problematic materials, the editorial board provides only the author’s view if not specified otherwise. The reproduction and copying of text and illustrative materials of ‘The monuments of Ukraine’ are only possible with written permission of the editorial staff.
© The monuments of Ukraine: hystory and culture, 2012. All rights reserved.
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Lviv: the myths of time and space Roman HOLYK
Donetsk: between the past and the future Nadiia TEMYROVA
THE MONUMENTS OF SPORTS
Anatolii SYTNYK
One of the variations of game with the ball in Ancient Greece
FOOTBALL MEMORY OF UKRAINE
T
The monument devoted to the 110-anniversary of the first football match in lviv
2
he artistic tradition of perpetuation of the participants of sports competitions (and their winners even more) goes back to antiquity. Due to the archaic pictures we can have an idea about action games which were the prototype of modern football. Thus, the competitions where the ball was kicked with a foot existed in different nations long ago: ‘dziu-niu’ and ‘chzhu-chu’ in China, ‘kemari’ in Japan, ‘feninda’ and ‘episkiros’ in Ancient Greece, ‘garpastum’ in Roma. The Medieval French played ‘chollage’, the Italians – ‘guinachcho a calco’, the Aztecs populating the territory of modern Mexico – ‘tlatchi’, using the ball made of caoutchouc. In other terrains the balls were made of leather, bladders of animals, multicolored fabrics. The balls were filled with hair, rags, air, feathers, sand. The most ancient picture of the ball dated 2500 B.C. was found by the archeologists on Samothraceisland. The paintings with the fragments of game with the ball decorated the walls of Benny-Hasan tomb and Karnack temple in Egypt. The balls thoroughly made, as of that time, were found in the tombs of Egypt pharaohs (3–2 thousand B.C.). In Ukraine near Parutyne village at Mykolaiivschyna the clay vase of the IV century B.C. was excavated from antique Olvia dig. There was a picture of the youth who played a ball with a man in toga on the polished surface of the vase. So, the Black Sea region inhabitants were familiar with the game which had the elements of football. But, of course, England has been officially recognized as a birthplace of this game in its current form. England was a place where the solicitor Ebenezer Cobb Morley from Kingston-upon-Hull proposed to organize the governing body to football. The idea of Morley who was also associated with composing the first Rules of this game was supported. On 26 of October the representatives of newly organized football clubs gathered in Freemasons’ Tavern at Long-Aicr in London Covent Garden for their meeting of association. Morley was to become the Football Association’s first secretary (1863–1866) and its second president (1867–1874). By and by due to the British sailors the game was brought to the numerous port cities of the world, and from there it was spread to the countries of Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia to become the most popular and mass competitive sport. No wonder that nowadays the memorial signs to commemorate football and its outstanding players and coaches have
The monuments of Ukraine / histor y and culture
THE MONUMENTS OF SPORTS
The memorial stele in honor of USSR Cup-69. Lviv
been put in more than 40 states of the world. The majority of them (61 memorial signs) are in the British islands. It should be noted that by the number of football monuments Ukraine belongs to the leading trio of countries falling in England and a little Russia. Thus, the thousand s of football fans which is going to come to us during the final part of Euro-2012 will be able not only to enjoy watching matches but gain the knowledge about the history of Ukrainian football when visiting the memorial places associated with its creation, development and achievements. Thus, we are going to propose the illustrated guide for travelling about football Ukraine rightfully starting with Lviv. After all, the first documented match of the team formed exclusively from the local inhabitants at the Ukrainian terrains took place in this city. LVIV. In 1863 in the capital of Kingdom Halychyna and Lodymyriya the sport centers of ‘Sokil’ sport and gymnastics society appeared. This society was the first to practice football. In May, 1894 at the upper terrace of the Stryisky park founded in 1879 by the project of famous master of landscape architecture, engineer of the city plantations Arnold Rioring the stadium of the British style was opened with a football field of 100x120 m and the tribunes for 7000 seats. The intercity match between Lviv ‘Sokil’ and its mate from Krakow took place during the second Halytska regional exhibition of achievements on the newly built arena. According to observatory of Lvivska polytechnica on 14 of July, 1894 the day temperature was +24. The match started at 17.00. The representatives of both cities went on the field in white gymnastic suits with different trousers: the hosts wore grey trousers and the guests – dark blue. This match was judged by the professor Zigmund Vyrobek from Krakow. The game lasted till the first goal. There wasn’t any special strategy in actions of the footballers – the main task was to push the ball past the goalkeeper to the gate having two flags forced into the earth as the gate posts. Volodymyr Khomytsky was lucky to create ‘a little wonder’. His place in the game was at the left edge where the ball rolled away at the sixth minute of the game. The player of Lviv team with his right foot made well-directed shot and put end to combat. The author of the victory goal was born on 19 of April 1878. On the moment of the game he was student of the Teaching seminary. In 1890 the professor of this seminary Edmund Zenar brought real football ball and organized the team out of his students. The aforementioned match actually started the chronicles of the Ukrainian football. That date was fixed in 1999 as that of the first match by the Executive Committee of Federation of Football of Ukraine. In 2004 the majestic memorial sign made of granite and bronze was put in Stryisky park (by initiative of Bohdan Kobryn, sculptor Yaroslav Skakun, architect Roman Melekh). Paying tribute to all devotees of development of football life in multinational Lviv we consider that it is important to draw attention to the figure of the Ukrainian Ivan Bobersky, the pedagogue, the author of the text-books on physical edu-
Yuzef Daniel’ Harben’ (‘Tank’ nick name) – Lviv ‘Pohonia’ forward. Originated from Lemkivshchyna . 1932 . Photo of Marek Miunts
The monuments of Ukraine / histor y and culture
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FOOTBALL CAPITALS
Dmytro MALAKOV, Ihor HYRYCH
KYIV is the capital of Ukraine K
Trident of Volodymyr Sviatoslavych, performed on the plinth of Desiatynna Church
Photo of Roman RATUSHNY
The monument to the Princess Olha, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, St. Andrew the First-Called
yiv is the capital of Ukraine and an ancient European city, the city of unique character that has been formed by time, history and mentality of the nation. Kyiv stands on the Dnipro, the main Ukrainian river, in the geographic centre of historical settling of the Ukrainians. Inhabitation of the territory of contemporary Kyiv goes back to the late Neolithic period, i.e. 20,000 years ago. Sites of those distant ancestors were discovered by archaeologists almost in all picturesque localities of Kyiv. The most famous of them is the Kyrylivska site in the Podil district. Ancient people also lived in numerous precincts that have now become part of Kyiv: Solomianka, Protasiv Yar, Obolon, Priorka, Vyhurivshchyna, Lysa Hora, Pyrohiv, Sovky Korchuvate. The breath of antiquity comes from these names. There is a legend that the Holy Apostle Andrew the FirstCalled, preaching the Gospel, reached Kyiv. Here, on a steep Dnipro hill, he raised a cross and said: ‘Behold these hills. The grace of God will shine upon them and there will be a great city here wherein God will put up a great many churches’. In olden times Kyivites maintained relations with the Scythians, with ancient states of the northern Black Sea maritime re-
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The monuments of Ukraine / histor y and culture
Photo of Roman RATUSHNY
FOOTBALL CAPITALS
gion, with eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. There exist several theories as to the time of Kyiv’s appearance as the city with this name. As one of them has, it was back in the early 6th century, circa 1,500 years ago. According to Nestor, the Old Rus’ chronicler, who wrote The Tale of Bygone Years (Povist’ vremennych lit), Kyiv was founded by brothers Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv and their sister Lybid. The city was named after the eldest brother and the seat of Prince Kyi was on Zamkova Hill overlooking Podil. The first dated mention of the city refers to 862 when Kyiv was ruled by Princes Askold and Dir. Novgorodian Prince Oleg treacherously killed them, seized Kyiv, and uttered prophetic words: ‘This shall be the mother of all cities of Rus’. In the 9th century Kyiv united round itself the tribes of Poliany, Drevliany, Siveriany, Ulychi, and Tyvertsi, thus becoming the centre of East Slavonic tribes and later on that of the Kyivan Rus’ state. The subsequent development of the city was stimulated by its convenient geopolitical location at the crossroads of important trade routes between the East and the West and the waterway ‘from the Varangians to the Greeks’. Evidence of Kyiv’s role at that time can be found in works of Arab geographers and writers, and also in Byzantine sources. Kyiv’s grandeur and international prestige grew during the reign of Princes Oleg, Ihor, Olha, and Sviatoslav in the 9th and 10th century. Kyivan Rus’ reached its heyday during the reign of Prince Volodymyr Sviatoslavych (980–1015). The prophecy of the Apostle Andrew came true: in 988 Prince Volodymyr introduced Christianity as the state religion. Then in Kyiv the Church of the Mother of God (of the Tithes) was built, the first stone church for the maintenance of which the Prince donated the tenth part of his revenues. Volodymyr minted gold and silver coins with the representation of a trident, his ancestral emblem. The Prince’s name is perpetuated in the names of Kyiv streets, the cathedral, and a grand monument to immortalise him was erected on a slope overlooking the Dnipro river.
Kyiv is famous for its picturesque surroundings. High hills over the Dnipro impressed Princes and they built there beautiful churches and palaces that evidenced to the might of their power and the state. Prince Volodymyr Sviatoslavych also set up his summer residence over the Dnipro, at the village of Berestove (here he died in 1015); later the Princes Yaroslav the Wise, Sviatoslav Yaroslavych, Vsevolod Yaroslavych, and Volodymyr Vsevolodovych Monomach lived there. The locality is exceptionally beautiful. To our days there has remained the brick Church of the Savior, though with great alterations. The church was first mentioned in the chronicle under the year of 1072. Here the Prince Yurii Dolgoruky, the founder of Moscow, is buried. Prince Yaroslav the Wise, son and follower of Prince Volodymyr, extended considerably the boundaries of ‘the capital city’. The entire territory of ‘the city of Yaroslav’ was encircled with a high defensive rampart made of wooden frames and filled with earth, which had brick-and-stone gates. The remnants of one of them, the famous Golden Gates, can be seen in olden Yaroslaviv Val (Yaroslav’s rampart) Street. During the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise many churches and monasteries were constructed, including St. George’s and St. Irene’s Monasteries that have not survived, and also the majestic Cathedral of St. Sophia, an outstanding work of art deco-
The monuments of Ukraine / histor y and culture
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FOOTBALL CAPITALS
Roman HOLYK
The arch at St. Yura Cathedral precinct
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The city among cities. In World and European culture there are a lot of thoughts about the cities – true and fantastic, overpopulated and abandoned, completely new and those recently left in ruins. The ideal city-states of Old Greek philosophers, cities created by the Renaissance imagination of Leonardo da Vinci, the fantastic City of Sun of Tommaso Campanella, mythic Eldorado ‘golden cities’ which the conquistadors sought, real and at the same time eternal Roma as if hardened with time – this list can last long… Going this way one can reach ‘the lights of the large city’ – more exactly of the large cities – which attract modern man: Paris – the capital of the European world of 19th century, the center of artists and writers and the fashion trendsetter or New York striving for the role of global industrial and business center of the second half of the 20th– the beginning of this century. In such global system of coordinates the role of Lviv is naturally not so important. Its ambiguity can be noticed on the net of geographical maps of different epochs. From one hand Lviv occupies its special place. This is a regional capital, one of the cultural and even economic centers of Central-Eastern Europe. In certain periods its influence was very important. In different periods of time this city symbolized the presence of prince’s (within the borders of the Ancient Rus’ and the Galician –Volhynian principality), royal (as an integral part of Rzech Pospolita), the emperor’s (within the borders of AustroHungarian monarchy) or just the state power (in interwar Poland, the Soviet Union and independent Ukraine). However, in another perspective it was treated as the periphery lying on the edge of different cultural spaces, real and fancied communities and national worlds. The city and its names. Different ethnic groups and different generations of these groups called the city in various ways and in accordance with this they treated its past, present, future. They had different views of the same cultural monuments which resulted in appearing of the long rank of its names and their variations: Lviv, Lvov, Ilviv/Ilvov, Leopolis, Leopolia, Leontopolis, Leone, Liova, Lemberg, Lwo’w, Саstrum Liwow and others. Each community giving the city its name tried to stress its ‘ethnic and national affiliation’ and genea-
The monuments of Ukraine / histor y and culture
Photos of Roman RATUSHNY
LVIV: the myths of time and space
Photo of Oleksandr NESTERENKO
FOOTBALL CAPITALS
logy in a favorable light for themselves. In general, for community of ‘nations and statuses’ of that period the official Latin name Leopolis was acceptable. After 1772 when Galicia together with Lviv became an integral part of Austro-Hungary this city was called ‘Lemberg’ in common imperial discourse. The Polish community called it ‘Lwów’, and the Ukrainians – ‘Lviv’. In spite of that during the short-term Russian occupation in 1914–1915 the city was officially called ‘Lvov’. The period between the first and the second world wars saw an implicit opposition of the Polish (‘Lwów’) and the Ukrainian (‘Lviv’) names of the city. The accession of Halychchyna to Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic in 1939 at the beginning made Ukrainian ‘Lviv’ the official name though adding its Russian pair (‘Lvov’). A short period of Nazi occupation returned the German name ‘Lemberg’ on geographical maps of so called General Government (to which the district ‘Galicia’ was joined). At last with independence which Ukraine gained in 1991 the Ukrainian name of the city ‘Lviv’ is gradually becoming official. Lviv of princely period. The exact date of the city foundation is unknown. From time to time different dates (more or less logical) of this event appear, for instance, 1240. However, it is just a hypothesis. It is not very clear who actually was a founder of Lviv: well-known in Medieval Eastern Europe prince Danylo Romanovych (also known in more popular version as Danylo Halytsky), his son Leo Danylovych or the city was to some extent the joint urban construction project of the father and the son. The general look of Lviv during the period of Rus’ (Ukrainian) princes rule remains unknown as well. The reason is the lack of historical and parsimony of archeological sources. Thus, for the Rus’ (Ukrainian) author of GаlicianVolhynian chronicle which text has the first written mention of Lviv in 1256 the description of this city was not the primary goal. The Great Fire of the city of Kholm was the focus of his short description where there was something about ‘the city
From Korniakt tower to Bernardine monastery: the view from the townhouse
of Leo’. According to the chronicle the fire deserved greater attention than Lviv. However, well-known is the fact that Galician-Volhynian principality weakened and became attractive territory for annexation. The year 1340 is considered to be the turning point of this annexation. Then the Polish ruler Kazimir III the Great attacked Lviv. According to the ruler’s adherent Bartholomew Zimorowic he appeased the Rus’ city by setting it on fire. That is why, the initial look of the city was not known for its residents from the periods of the late Middle Ages and the early Newest Ages. Today one can only guess how it looked. On the opinion of 19–20th centuries’ scholars this was the city which surrounded the base of the mountain with the castle at the top. The urban buildings were mainly constructed of wood that was the reason why they have not been conserved. The relicts of the princes’ Lviv which have been only partially protected for the coming generations are considered St. Mykolai church (in contemporary Bogdan Khmelnytsky street) and St. Onufryi church (at the same street) – both were founded in the 13th century. But, at large extent those are just the signs and
The monuments of Ukraine / histor y and culture
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FOOTBALL CAPITALS
Oleksandr ZINCHENKO
VIVACIOUS
KHARKIV K
harkivites: the merchants, the artists and suicides, voivodes, coronels, sotnyks, desiatnyks, governors, excellencies, serenities, and other kinds of nobleness, vanky1, rakly and siavky2, blacksmiths, ry3 mari , shoemakers, kotsari4, seminarians and professor, aviators, physics splitting atom and inventors launching the first artificial Earth satellite to orbit – the mixture of grandeur, the urban legends and true banality, myriads of faces, 130 thousand 670 days of history, 358 years of experiment, vivacious Kharkiv! Chepela. This very name disappeared from my mobile phone. A kind of ‘glitch’. Paper is more reliable. The first list of the Kharkivites has been keeping this surname for 357 years. Exactly, my good acquaintance is Ivan Chepela’s great-greatgreat-great-great-great-great-great-great-grandson (eleven 1 vanky – the names of the horse-cab drivers, Kharkiv dialect 2 rakly, siavky – declassed population, Kharkiv dialect 3 rymar – a craftsman who processed leather and fur 4 kotsari – a craftsman who wove fluff y carpets and rugs of the sheep wool
Photo of Oleksii SAMOILENKO
The Constitution square appeared after Kharkiv fortress was extended at the beginning of 18th century
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The monuments of Ukraine / histor y and culture
Photo of Oleksii SAMOILENKO
Oleksandrivs’ka bell tower of the Assumption cathedral, the Big Ben and the Tour Eiffel of the old Kharkiv
FOOTBALL CAPITALS
Nadiia TEMIROVA
DONETSK: between the past and the future D
John Yuz (Hughes)
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onetsk (till 1924 – Yuzivka, in 1924–1929 – Stalinka, in 1929–1961 – Staline, since 1961 – it has got its present name) is an administrative center of Donetsk region situated at the South East of Ukraine. Its present name derives from picturesque river of Siversky Donets that runs at the North of Donetsk region. The distance from Kyiv is 871km. The Azov Sea is situated 95 km to the South of Donetsk. The largest water resources of the city are the river of Kalmius and artificial Kalmiuske water reservation and the Donetsk Sea. Its population amounts to 971,000 people. The remains of pre-historic people stay beginning from Neolith were found within the boundaries of the contemporary city. The known mounds of nomads belong to 11–13 centuries. Because of Mongol invasion the territory of the city got to so called ‘Dyke pole’ (Wild field). That is why at the end of the 17th century the new epoch of this terrain populating started. The first mention of inhabitation of Donetsk territory related to the end of the 17th century. The explorers of the Zaporozhian Cossacks who protected the way from the Don to Zaporizhia practiced cattle breeding and agriculture. Those settlements were not permanent and often changed its location. As a result of Kiuchuk-Kainardzhysky treaty after RussianTurkish war of 1775 Zaporozhian Host was eliminated and then the Russian government started to give out generously the Cossacks’ lands to clerks, landlords, Cossacks who were loyal to the government. It was the beginning of this territory colonization by the landlords. The first written mention of the permanently populated location on the territory of the contemporary city refers to 1779. In Theodosius Makariivsky research ‘The Materials for Historic and Statistic Description of Katerynoslavska Eparchy’ Oleksandrivska settlement was mentioned under this date. This populated location was founded by Yevdokym Shydlovsky (the North-Eastern part of Kyiv district of Donetsk) on the lands got by his farther after liquidation of Zaporozhian Host. In the mid-19th century these lands were sold to prince P. Liven. At the turn of 18–19th centuries such settlements as Krutoiarivka, Oleksiivka, Katerynivka, Liubymivka, Hryhorivka, appeared on the territory of contemporary Donetsk. The landlords were the Rutchenkys, the Karpovys, the Larinys, the Niesterovys, the Tutkevychis, the Manrykinys.
The monuments of Ukraine / histor y and culture
FOOTBALL CAPITALS
Photo of Roman RATUSHNY
The monument to John Yuz in Donetsk
Donetsk area saw a new developing impact in the first half of 19th century when Novorosiisk general-governor M. S. Vorontsov rented land from the landlord Shydlovsky and constructed on the territory of contemporary Donetsk the first coal mine Oleksandrivska where 76 civilian workers worked. The mine was equipped with the first steam hoisting machine as well as workshops for manufacturing the simple tools were arranged here too. Very soon Oleksandrivsky mining plant turned to the largest coal supplier at the South of Russia, approximately 400–500,000 poods (1 russ. pood = 16.38 kg). After the abolishment of serfdom many landless peasants rushed from the central regions of Russia to the South, they were hired at coal mines – ‘the coal fever’ covered the area. The production of coal brought big profit. In 1866 the Russian government gave the prince S. Kochubey concession on construction of the plant to manufacture the iron rails but this project was not realized because of lack of available funds. S. Kochubey conceded his rights to John Yuz for 24 thousand pounds sterling. In April, 1869 the contract establishing Novorosiisk joint stock Company for production of hard coal, iron and rails with capital assets of 300 thousand pounds sterling was signed. Eight persons became the major shareholders. John Yuz and John Guch were appointed as managing directors with the salary of 1 thousand pounds sterling. In 1869 the construction of the metallurgical plant started. The plant was set at the right bank of the river Kalmius 7 km
away from Oleksandrivka settlement. John Yuz brought his sons and about a hundred English specialists. In 1872 the plant star ted to manufacture cast iron. This enterprise laid the foundation of great metallurgy in Ukraine. At the beginning Novorosiiska company rented lands for their needs from the surrounding landlords but up to the end of the 19th century the English entrepreneurs bought 18,000 tenths of land and became the largest landlords of Bakhmuts’ky county. With construction of plant and mines of Novorosiiska company the working settlement was created which increasing in size very soon merged with mining settlement of Oleksandrivka mining plant. As a consequence Yuzivka appeared. It was the settlement ‘without center’ characteristic to the centers of heavy industry development in Europe. Pre-revolutionary Yuzivka was divided into two parts: the Southern part (Zavodska) where the plant buildings, a depot, a telegraph, a little hospital and a school were situated. So called English colony was situated a little further where the directors and engineers, the foremen and workers lived in cottages. Here the streets were lined with the sidewalks and paved with stones, there was an electricity and water supply. The Northern part was called Novyi Svit (the district of modern central department store) after the name of the Fair and the first Yuzivka tavern. The merchants, craftsmen and clerks used to live here. The central street with the streets adjacent to it was covered with one-, two-story buildings, shops, restaurants, hotels, various offices, banks. The most important and beautiful buildings of the Northern part of Yuzivka were the Transfiguration cathedral, Commercial college, Fraternal school, ‘Velykobrytania’ hotel, ‘Grand-hotel’, shops, ‘Coliseum’ and ‘Saturn’ cinematographs. The majority of workers lived in mud-huts and booths situated near the enterprise. A part of workers rented private flats. Coming to the place of future plant John Yuz settled at the farmstead of landlady Smolianynova (at present the territory of Kuibyshevsky district, called Smolianka among the people). In autumn of 1873 the
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ABOUT AUTHORS 2012 HISTORY AND CULTURE
No. 5 (175)
The popular and scientific illustrated magazine PUBLISHER ‘National newspaper and magazine publishing house’ Daughter Company Vasylkivska Str., 1, Kyiv, 03040 Ukraine Phone/fax:+38(044) 498 23 67 General Director Olesia Bilash
Roman Holyk – the Scientific researcher of I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the Candidate of Historical Sciences. Ihor Hyrych – the Head of the department of Mykhailo Hrushevsky Institute of Ukrainian Archeography and Source Studies of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the Candidate of Historical Sciences. Dmytro Malakov – Kyiv Researcher, Deputy Director for Scientific Work of the Museum of Kyiv History. Anatolii Sytnyk – the Honored Journalist of Ukraine.
Editor-in-Chief Lesia BOHOSLOV Releaser Ihor HYRYCH Editing and proofreading Vira KARPENKO Design and composition Nataliya KOVAL Translated from Ukrainian by Nataliia YEKYMENKOVA
Nadiia Temirova – the Doctor of Historical Sciences, the Professor of the Department of Historiography, Source Studies, Archeology and Methodology of Teaching History at Donetsk National University. Oleksandr Zinchenko – the Historian, the Permanent Author of ‘Historic Truth’, the Author and Anchorman at TVI television channel.
THE EDITORIAL OFFICE ADDRESS Vasylkivska Str., 1, Kyiv, 03040 Ukraine Phone/fax:+38(044) 498 23 67 E-mail: pamjatky.ukr@gmail.com The Certificate on the State Registration of Print Media – KB № 683 of 01.06.1994
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Lviv. The Armenian Cathedral of the Assumption of the Mother of God. Photo of Roman Ratushny
ISSN 0131-2685
The monuments of Ukraine: history and culture. – 2012. – No. 5. – P. 1–64.