TECHNICAL STUDIES PRECEDENT STUDY REPORT
LEUTSCHENBACH SCHOOL TAN CHAO ZHE DIPLOMA IN ARCHITECTURE SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC
CONTENT PAGE
REPORT SEQUENCE AT A GLANCE
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
03
LIGHTWEIGHT FACADE
21
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
06
DRYWALL
23
SUPERSTRUCTURE
14
ROOF STRUCTURE
24
LONG SPAN STRUCTURE
15
SUSPENDED CEILING
28
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
17
AIR CONDITIONING
29
COMPOSITE FLOOR
18
LIGHTNESS
35
RAISED FLOOR
20
CIRCULAR DESIGN
38
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The building concept is to preserve the spaciousness of the site, all the rooms inside the building were reduced to the lowest common denominator and stacked atop one another, with public functions accommodated in mezzanines.
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
DESIGN CONCEPT - STARTING POINT
In Leutschenbach, Switzerland, a quiet suburban nook north of Zurich, Switzerland, where the city is converting a former industrial site into a mixed-use, middle-class community filled with green spaces, the schoolhouse as we know it has been upended. A crystalline new school built by Christian Kerez that rises six stories above the trees, housing complexes, and remnant factories not only provides pupils with panoramic views from the top-floor gym, but also symbolizes a clear vision for the future of a town and its children.
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DESIGN METHODOLOGY
DESIGN STRATEGY
Reconfigure the typical school layouts to ensure the open plan from the spaces.
Minimise the numbers of corridors and stairwell to consolidate the main circulation flow
The stacking formation of the building, to have a strong hierarchy and segregation of the spaces
The arrangement of the steel trusses to maximise the span of the truss and to perform the structure lightness
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Design Exploration of Leutschenbach School
Redefined Convention Hall and Leutschenbach School
Characteristics of Steel Structure in School Buildings
Adaptability of the Steel Structure
The steel structure plays an important role in this building as Chirstian Kerez was intended to express the steel structure loads as well as the lightness of the structure. Christian Kerez has been well collaborated will the structural engineer. During his design process, he redefined the convention hall and its building. As a result, he reconfigured the spatial and programmes. As shown on the image above, the models show the exploration of the facade treatments, proportions as well as the structure frame configuration.
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
DESIGN PROCESS - IMPLEMENTATION
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CLIMATE ANALYSIS
AIR TEMPERATURE
Dry Bulb Temperature Graph (Singapore)
Singapore air temperature (dry bulb temperature) is constant throughout the year, in between an average of 25°C - 31°C. This is because Singapore has no season, hence the weather is always hot and humid.
Dry Bulb Temperature Graph (Switzerland)
Whereas for Switzerland, the air temperature changes over the year as it is a 4 seasons country, therefore the climate would change in different seasons. The climate is considered moderate with no excessive cold and heat.
The temperature in both Singapore and Switzerland are totally different due to the region and zone difference. In architecture perspectives, Singapore has to focus more of the cooling treatments for the sake of human comfort. As for Switzerland, the design treatments tend to be more flexible. This is because buildings need to be interchanged between heating and cooling in different seasons.
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CLIMATE ANALYSIS
AIR TEMPERATURE (SINGAPORE)
This graph is showing the dry bulb temperature throughout the year in Singapore. The hottest season falls in between March to April, reaches 31°C during the day. While the mildest season starts from October to December, it reaches the peak at 29°C during daytime.
The graph is showing the daily air temperature in Singapore. The air temperature starts to rise at 7am onwards and reaches the peak at 12pm. Afterwards, it slowly decreases from afternoon to late evening. 7
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
AIR TEMPERATURE (SWITZERLAND)
This graph is showing the dry bulb temperature throughout the year in Switzerland. The hottest season falls under July and August, reaches 26°C during the day. While the coldest season starts from November to February because of their winter season. It hits at 3°C - 7°C during the noon
The graph is showing the daily air temperature in Switzerland. The air temperature starts to rise gently at 5am and reaches the peak at 2pm. Afterwards, it slowly decreases from from 5pm to late midnight. 8
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
HUMIDITY
Humidity Graph (Singapore)
Singapore: Singapore is considered as high humidity throughout the year. Therefore, it is hot and humid, especially in December and January because of the Northeast monsoon season. Based on the graph on the right, Singapore context has fallen outside the comfort zone therefore, it requires more natural ventilation and cooling design treatments while at the same time, control the humidity in the interior or living spaces. Psychrometric Chart (Singapore)
Humidity Graph (Switzerland)
Switzerland: Switzerland has four seasons, hence the humidity varies to certain period of time. It has the highest rainfall in June so it reaches the peak of the humidity at this period. The humidity in Switzerland is higher during spring and summer as there tends to be more rainfall during these two seasons. Based on the graph on the right, it shows that most of the times require passive solar heating and humidification to ensure the human comfort in a space. Psychrometric Chart (Switzerland)
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CLIMATE ANALYSIS
RAINFALL
Rainfall (Singapore)
Rainfall (Switzerland)
Singapore:
Switzerland:
In February, Singapore has the lowest rainfall. However, as the monsoon seasons change, the rainfall are gradually increased. In December, it has the highest rainfall throughout the month because of the interchanging between Inter Monsoon period and Northeast Monsoon season.
Switzerland as compared to Singapore, has a abruptly rainfall throughout the year. This is because Switzerland has 4 seasons and thus will affect the weather in every seasons. Therefore, it has a lower rainfall between January to March due to the winter season and has a higher rainfall between June to August due to the summer season.
The rainfall in Singapore is relatively higher than Switzerland because of the climate and monsoon seasons. Therefore, it will be more efficient for Singapore’s developments to pick up water harvesting systems as there will be constant rainfall throughout the year. Whereas for Switzerland, it might not be efficient to harvest rainwater as there are lesser rainfall in certain months. Besides, during winter season, water will freeze out hence water harvesting system will be malfunctioned. 10
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
WIND (SINGAPORE)
Wind Speed Graph (Singapore)
Singapore has an average of wind speed at about 2.5m/s as throughout the year and is generally considered as light wind. However, the wind speed will rise up to 10m/s only with the presence of Northeast Monsoon surge.
Wind Direction in between December to early March
Wind Direction in between March to early May
Wind Direction in between May to late September
Wind Direction in between October to November
The wind rose in Singapore is mainly coming from North-north-east and South. This is because Singapore is affected by the Northeast and Southwest monsoon seasons. The winds are coming from South, Southwest and Northeast because of the Inter Monsoon period. With that said, most of the buildings usually have its openings orientated towards the Northeast and South to ensure the natural ventilation, enhancing the user experience. 11
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
WIND (SWITZERLAND)
Wind Speed Graph (Switzerland)
The wind speed in Switzerland is unstable as at certain days of the months, the wind will rise drastically. The wind speed can rise up from 3m/s to 13m/s within a day. This is because
Wind Direction in between January to March
Wind Direction in between April to June
Wind Direction in between July to September
Wind Direction in between October to December
From the graphs, they are clearly shown that the winds are mainly coming from Northwest and Southeast. This is because Switzerland is not occurred by monsoon seasons hence having a consistent wind direction throughout the year. However, it turns up to be a constraint for architects which have to consider about the unpredictable high wind flow. When providing the openings for the buildings or otherwise it would affect the user experience. 12
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
COMPARISON
Comparison between Singapore’s Weather Climate and Switzerland’s In architecture perspective, Singapore’s design strategies are more direct towards passive cooling design, sustainable design etc. Whereas for Switzerland, the design considerations should be more flexible to deal with their four seasons climate. For instances, it requires cooling strategies during the summer and spring while heat gain strategies within a building are required during winter. Besides, the approaches to achieve human comfort in both regions are different. As Singapore climate is hot and humid, thus an efficient indoor cooling strategies are needed while at the same time, ensure that it’s an energy efficient design.
13
According to Heino Engel’s structural classification, the Leutschenbach School uses 1 type of structural systems which is vector-active, Ebene Fachbinder structure. It branches out into 2 parts. As for all the habitable storeys, it uses Zweigurt Two-chord system for the truss system. This system ensures that the loads are well distributed down to the tripods that hold the entire structure. It allows a more rectilinear configuration at the interior. Whereas for the roof, it applies the Uberhonte Chambered System. Mansard Roof is adapted in this building in order to have sloping ceiling towards the centre from all 4 sides at the 6th storey.
STEEL FRAME AND COMPOSITE FLOOR I
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Superstructure
Uberhonte Chambered System
Zweigurt Two-chord System Zweigurt Two-chord System
Zweigurt Two-chord System
Tripod Columns Superstructure (Color coded)
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LONG SPAN STRUCTURE
AXONOMETRIC VIEW OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Superstructure with Composite Floor Slabs
The axonometric view illustrates the hybrid structural system (Steel & Concrete) of Leutschenbach School. It shows the composite concrete floor slabs are resting on the truss system with expansion out at all 4 sides for balcony spaces. This is to ensure no obstructions at the balcony areas. Besides, the entire truss system is sitting on 6 tripod columns, allowing free flow circulation on first storey. Furthermore, the trusses on 4th storey are recessed in for a larger activity areas. It also serves as a transition storey from the classrooms floors to the highest storey, which is the gymnasium floor.
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Facade Details
LONG SPAN STRUCTURE
SECTION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Composite Floor Details
Columns and Beam Connection
Structural System (Section)
This section shows the longer structure span of Leutschenbach School. It illustrates the hybrid system as well as the steel trusses and the composite concrete floor slabs. On the first storey, 6 tripod columns are supporting the entire truss system which minimise the numbers of structure elements. The composite floor slabs are resting on the truss structure. All 4 sides are cantilevered out to form outdoor spaces (balconies). The truss structure on 5th storey is recessed in. This is to give in a bigger spaces for administrative office and library. It also serves as a transition storey between the classrooms and gymnasium floor. On the highest storey, it is a double volume space to ensure students have a bigger volume space to conduct activities.
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STEEL FRAME AND COMPOSITE FLOOR II
COLUMNS AND BEAMS CONNECTION
Tripod Columns (Front View)
Tripod Columns (Side View)
This illustrates one of the tripod columns at Leutschenbach School. On the first storey, it is mainly supported by these 6 tripod columns. This is to express the lightness of the building. Besides, the architect wanted to invite and welcome people to enter the building hence providing a free flow circulation at the first storey, in order to ensure more activities can be held here. From the drawings, the steel structural tubings are sitting on top of the tripod columns, connecting all the 6 columns together to form a core are at the center of the building. This is to improve the efficiency of supporting the entire truss system. On every tripod columns, there is a connection grouted the base of the column together, forming a triangular base to prevent deformation of the tripods columns as well as to enhance the rigidness of the columns 17
Outdoor Raised Floor
STEEL FRAME AND COMPOSITE FLOOR II
COMPOSITE FLOOR DETAILS
Composite Floor Details
The composite floor slab is fully constructed with cast in-situ method. Therefore, all the M&E services and floor systems are grouted in the steel structure frame before the concrete is poured, The floor slabs are segregated into 2 parts on every storeys, interior floor and exterior floor slabs. The interior floor slabs are sitting on the steel trusses whereas the exterior floor slabs are fully cantilevered, creating the outdoor spaces for balconies. Therefore, the external floor slabs need additional steel I-beams that tieback from the interior floor slabs. The setbacks of I beams are sufficient to tie back the entire cantilevered concrete floor slab. In addition, there is a thermal break structural connection in between the slabs to prevent additional heat gain. 18
STEEL FRAME AND COMPOSITE FLOOR II
COMPOSITE FLOOR DETAILS
M&E Services Illustration
M&E Services & Floor Systems that Embedded into the Floor Slab ● ● ● ● ●
Fire Detector/ Movement Detector Sprinkler Access for Sprinkler Maintenance Leakage Air Outlet Junction Box
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Acoustic Inlay Lamp Ventilation Outlet Cable Loop Box Loud Speaker
The wavy floor slab soffit is to allow more surface areas for the floor system. In view of different climate for different seasons, thermal radiation floor system is adapted in this building. This system is able to interchange between cooling and heating for the floor slab hence no HVAC system is required in this building. This system is environmental friendly and required a high maintenance check up. 19
This is an outdoor raised floor system. It is raised by the rubberised pedestal as rubber is a water resistance material which will sustain for a longer lifetime. The placement of pedestals will be based on the floor slab sizes. The rubberised pedestals are height adjustable as the outdoor based floors are always slanted towards the gutter points.
DRY CONSTRUCTION
RAISED FLOORS
Outdoor Raised Floor
This is an indoor raised floor system. It is raised by the steel pedestal to accommodate a heavier load as well as to provide a wider span of the floor slabs. The steel pedestals are always slimmer to give the allowance for the m&e services running beneath the raised floor. The indoor raised floor system is not recommended unless special scenario like thermal radiation floor system. Indoor Raised Floor
20
Facade Details 1
LIGHTWEIGHT FACADE SYSTEMS
FACADE DETAILS
Facade Details 1
Facade Details 2
Facade Details 2
Part Section (Facade)
21
The facade is implemented as a structural glazing system. On the highest storey (gymnasium floor), the structural glazings are lifted up to avoid obstructions at the activities zone. The structural glazing are connected to the top frame and are resting on the transom frame.
LIGHTWEIGHT FACADE SYSTEMS
FACADE DETAILS
Facade Details 1
This diagram illustrates the window wall profiling at typical storeys. The glass frames are lifted up by steel plate to prevent water exposure. Besides, the silicon joiner is to resist the air pressure and ensure it is waterproof to improve the durability of the window frame connection.
Facade Details 2
22
DRY CONSTRUCTION
DRYWALL DETAILS
HOLLOW STRUCTURE
DRYWALL DETAILS
Part Section
This is a drywall construction details. The U-channel section is mounted on the floor slab to hold the entire drywall. The intermediate drywall structure must have a galvanised steel hollow structure to prevent deformation of the wall. The infill will be the rock wool insulation and finished with plasterboard shaft liner panels. 23
Drainage Details
Roof Details
ROOF, SKYLIGHT AND DRAINAGE
ROOF STRUCTURE
Suspended Ceiling Details Roof Structure (Part Section)
This is a part section drawing that illustrates the roof structure of Leutschenbach School. It is indeed an interesting structure as it compromises the truss structure as well as the suspended ceiling beneath the steel truss structure. Even though it is located at a double volume storey, the technical details are fascinated. This drawing clearly shows that the roof are resting on the steel truss and the suspended ceiling is mounted on it to conceal the m&e services. The roof performs as a whole system by integrating all the components. The callouts are roof, drainage and suspended ceiling. They will be illustrated in larger scale to show the technical assembling details. Furthermore, skylight will be implemented based on this structure which is essentially workable in this building. The implementation of skylight is merely for the understanding of skylight detailings and might not be coincide with the architects’ ideas and approaches. 24
ROOF, SKYLIGHT AND DRAINAGE
ROOF DETAILS
Roof Details
The roof details drawing illustrates the roof is sitting on top of the steel trusses. There are purlins that raised up the metal corrugated sheet to prevent expansion and contraction of the roof elements to the steel trusses. The purlins also help to reduce the span of the roof elements. After the sheet is installed, the roof clip will be mounted on it to hold up the seam roof sheet. Then, a rock wool insulation will be laid onto the corrugated sheet to prevent heat gain from the sun during the summer and trap heat from the building system during the winter. Thereafter, the standing roof sheet will be fixed to the roof clip. 25
ROOF, SKYLIGHT AND DRAINAGE
SKYLIGHT DETAILS
Skylight (Implementation)
Gypsum Board Termination
The skylight is implemented at the pitched roof as the central part of the roof is accommodate with the m&e services. The gypsum board is extended up to the skylight to conceal the roof structure. The skylight is double glazed to prevent excessive heat going into the building. The steel glass clamp is to hold the window frame tighten for safety purposes. Skylight Details
26
ROOF, SKYLIGHT AND DRAINAGE
DRAINAGE DETAILS
Drainage (Key Plan)
The gutter is interconnected with the steel structure as well. The gutter is indirectly sitting on top of the steel truss structure. There is an additional UPE section that raised the gutter up to meet the roof eaves in order to function it efficiently. Below the gutter has an insulation layer that being boxed out. This insulation layer helps to prevent heat gains from the outside. Moreover, there is a ventilation zone beside the gutter to prevent rainwater splashing out of the gutter.
Drainage Details
27
DRY CONSTRUCTION
SUSPENDED CEILING DETAILS
Gypsum Board Junction
Angled L-plate
Suspended Ceiling Details
Gypsum Board Termination
This drawing illustrates the gypsum board and plaster suspended ceilings. It is directly mounted to the steel truss roof structure. Therefore, the main grid hangers need to be provided to support the keels (T-Channels). Additional angle plates are needed to brace the hangers and steel trusses to keep them in place. Next, T-bar main keel need to be set up to form the grid according to the gypsum board size. The first diagram shows the junction of the gypsum board where it has a 20mm allowance before the boards meet. On the next diagram, it shows the gypsum board termination with an angled L-plate. This is to ensure a smooth edge is shown at the ceiling soffit. 28
Thermal Radiation Floor System (Heating)
AIR CONDITIONING
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Thermal radiation is used to generate heat in radiant floor heating systems. They offer indirect, diffused heat that spreads from the floor up by heating the floor rather than the surrounding air. This heat is absorbed by the items in the immediate vicinity, which then serve to warm the entire space.
Advantages of Radiant Floor Heating System: ●
All radiation flows from warmer emitting surfaces to colder absorbing surfaces
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When radiation is absorbed by a substance, it creates heat
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Any colder surface within sight of a hot surface can release radiation
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Certain surfaces can partially reflect thermal radiation
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Objects having a surface temperature below 970 degrees Fahrenheit emit infrared radiation, which is invisible to humans
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The speed of light is the same for all electromagnetic waves
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Thermal radiation is not the same as nuclear radiation
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The heat emitted by a "radiant" panel is not entirely due to thermal radiation
Radiant heat travels in all directions equally well Air absorbs only a little amount of heat radiation
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AIR CONDITIONING
APPLICATION OF HVAC SYSTEM IN LEUTSCHENBACH SCHOOL
Leutschenbach School uses 2 types of HVAC system: thermal radiation floor system(classrooms) and ground source cooling system (activity areas & corridors). This 2 systems are well implemented in this building which provide the users the ideal human comfort.
Thermal Radiation Floor System
Ground Source Cooling System
30
Heater
Main Water Supply and Return (Running side by side)
AIR CONDITIONING
STOREY PLAN - THERMAL RADIATION FLOOR SYSTEM
31
Main Cooling Pipes
Cold Air Supply
AIR CONDITIONING
STOREY PLAN - GROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM
32
AIR CONDITIONING
SECTION - GROUND SOURCE COOLING SYSTEM
Legends: Incinerator Heater Fan Coil Unit Water pipe Supply Water Pipe Return 33
LIGHTNESS - LITERAL AND PHENOMENAL
STRUCTURAL LIGHTNESS
Truss Structure
From this axonometric view, it illustrates the lightness of the structural as the entire massive truss block is resting on 6 tripod columns only. Unlike typical block buildings, Christian Kerez wanted the building to float in the air, creating the visual lightness for Leutschenbach School. The structure of this building is well planned and designed as the profiling of the tripod columns are maximising the tension of the steel structure to support the massive block. Additionally, Christian Kerez did consider about the interior layout planning as well as the programme distribution.
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On the first storey, you can look through from one to another the entrance as there is no obstruction. The intention of creating this visual lighting is to hook out the curiosity of the users to explore and visit this building. Besides, it is spacious and can have multiple activities happening here. Christian Kerez wanted the first storey to link to the park, inviting relaxing atmosphere at the building entrances.
On the highest storey, where the gymnasium is located, it has a double volume space and is fully supported by steel trusses at 4 sides of the perimeter only. It is like an open space because of the double volume spaces that supports the structural lightness at this storey. This has created a huge volume of spaces for the users. This place is one of the student favorite gathering spaces as it is so spacious. This has ensured that a big group of activities can be happening here without occupying the entire spaces.
LIGHTNESS - LITERAL AND PHENOMENAL
VISUAL LIGHTNESS
35
The glass facades make the buildings phenomenally light. As the transparency of the glass is physically and visually lighter than an opaque object like concrete walls or brick walls. In addition, the architects have implemented it as the entire building facade which makes this building literally lighter than other facade materials. As a result, it works out successfully and looks like it is floating from a distance.
Whereas for the interior spaces, the architects did consider about the user experience while turning the building to phenomenal light. Translucent glass panels are replacing the opaque walls throughout the interior spaces. This has allowed the human visual interactions between the common corridors and classrooms. It also invites the indirect sunlight into the central core. From the image, the floor slab is sitting on the steel trusses and the translucent glasses are acting as screens to vary the interior spaces.
LIGHTNESS - LITERAL AND PHENOMENAL
MATERIAL SELECTION
36
The materials that applied are synchronized with the architect’s ideas which were to invite indirect sunlight into the building, cutting down the energy consumption. The materials are mainly translucent. This has ensured the privacy of the rooms while inviting the indirect sunlight into the core area. During the day when the classrooms are occupied, one can see the silhouette of an individual at the room inside. This has created an indirect visual connection and interactions between the users.
On the highest double volume storey, the gymnasium is always well lit during the day. This is because there is no obstructions but the trusses and the glass panels. This has bring up the enthusiasm of an individual when one is conducting an activity here. Since the glass panels are triple glazed panels hence no excessive heat gain will happen during summer season. Besides, the habitable height from this storey, gives the users a full panorama of city district views. This has made the students favorite gathering space.
LIGHTNESS - LITERAL AND PHENOMENAL
DAYLIGHT ILLUMINATED SPACES
37
High-grade Steel Truss
CIRCULAR AND ADAPTIVE DESIGN
DEFINE CIRCULARITY IN LEUTSCHENBACH SCHOOL
Composite Concrete Floor
Glass Panels
Leutschenbach School does not apply circular and adaptive design. The architect, Christian Kerez, did not consider about the circular design because it is an unconventional design approach in Switzerland. Although the materials grading are above average, but they do not completely follow the full concept of circular design. For instance, the steel trusses are high graded steel however, they were welded to one another which is not recommended. This is because additional energies are needed to disassemble the elements for recycling purposes. Furthermore, the concrete was used for the composite floor slabs. Even though concrete is recyclable and renewable material, however the m&e services were embedded into the concrete slabs and required additional workloads to extract the concrete out. In short, there is no circularity in this building hence can circular design work out in this building? 38
Cycle of Circular Design
Pre-design Phase: New high-grade products with high recycled content End-of-life Phase:
Design Phase:
Selective Demolition
Design for Disassembly
Use Phase: Lifetime Extension of Existing Structures
CIRCULAR AND ADAPTIVE DESIGN
CYCLE OF CIRCULAR DESIGN
Construction Phase: Materials Passports
This illustrates the lifecycle of a circular design. It starts off with pre-design phase where all the high-grade and high recycled content products will be done/ prefabricated off-site. During design phase, the architects has to take into account of design for disassembly to ensure that the materials can be disassembled effectively. When the building is constructing, the contractors have to ensure that the materials that being used are qualified with materials passports. During use phase, the developers and owners should maintain the services regularly to extend the structures lifetime. When building comes to end of life phase, the components and elements that were proposed in early stage, will be disassembled to recycle as a new raw material. 39
Introduction to New High Grade Product (Pre-design Phase) High-quality products are defined herein as materials or components used in construction elements of a building or infrastructure with high durability. This refers to products or components that can withstand deterioration under the prevailing conditions of use, such as products with sufficient strength. The durability of components has a direct impact on the life of the final product. The use of waste in high value products means that the waste retains its value and contributes to the supply of raw materials; recycling of high energy content materials can lead to significant CO2 savings and keeping waste in the material cycle reduces the amount of waste for disposal.
High-grade Concrete
High-grade Steel
Tempered/ Laminated Glass
High-grade Concrete is added with special properties not attributed to normal concrete. It is aimed to be low shrinkage, low permeability, high modulus of elasticity and high strength.
High-grade Steel differs from concrete in the compressive strength attributed as well as in its tensile strength. It has a high strength, stiffness, ductile properties and required low maintenance
High-grade Glass differs from the properties of visual transparency, solar optical, infrared optical etc. A high efficient glass can indirectly lead to the reduction of CO2 consumption.
CIRCULAR AND ADAPTIVE DESIGN
PRE-DESIGN PHASE - NEW HIGH-GRADE PRODUCT WITH HIGH RECYCLED CONTENT
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Introduction to Design for Disassembly/ Deconstruction (DfD)
Design for Disassembly or Deconstruction (DfD) is a resource and waste efficient design approach that considers the entire life cycle of products. The main concept is to design products that can be easily disassembled into their component parts so that they can all be reused, reassembled, reconfigured or recycled, thereby extending their useful life.Applied to the construction sector, Design for Disassembly allows the recovery of individual components without damaging others and without loss of quality or value.
CIRCULAR AND ADAPTIVE DESIGN
DESIGN PHASE - DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY
When applying steel frame structure, the architects should have considered the deconstruction method of the truss structure. This is because the joints are welded together. In fact, it consumes additional energy to disassemble the structure and might destroy the structure elements when disassembling. Instead of having welded joints, bolted joints are preferably recommended for Design for Disassembly. This is to enable the ease of disassembling. By unbolting the joints, the structure will come in parts which requires zero energy consumption in disassemble the elements.
Proposed to be Raised Floor
The cast in-situ floor slabs were embedded with the m&e services as well as the thermal radiation floor system hence defined as composite floor slabs. Therefore, it requires additional energy and manpower to filter the concrete material for recycling purposes. It is redundant to undertake such procedure to extract the concrete. However, by implementing raised floor system with precast slabs (as indicated), it will maximise the value of disassemble the concrete floor slab. This is because during deconstruction the precast concrete slabs will send to the factory for reconfiguring. This will greatly minimise the CO2 consumption as compared to the previous assembling method. 41
Introduction to Materials Passports Materials Passports can provide the essential methods and data structure for gathering, processing, and disseminating this data. The passports help to bridge the existing information gap between relevant actors in the construction value chain by cataloging and sharing the circularity and other features of building materials, components, and products.Their goal is to keep or even increase the value of materials, products, and components over time, as well as to make reverse logistics and take back easier, and to encourage reversible design.
CIRCULAR AND ADAPTIVE DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION PHASE - MATERIALS PASSPORTS
Materials Passports’ Advantages: ●
Covers with detailed products/ materials physical properties ○ Tensile Strength ○ Ease of Maintenance
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Have a better understanding of its reuse potentials
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Covers with detailed materials physical properties
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Consist of Biological Information with no harmful substances
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Environmental Friendly
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Biodegradable
Material Passport
During the construction stage, the architects should look out for materials with materials passports. As a material passport will ensure its quality which known as a high quality material. As mentioned, a high quality material has a greater performance that stance from its strong properties. Even though, the costs might be higher than the typical material’s, however some material will give a longer service life yet requires low maintenance. Afterall, the architects should understand the materials and select it based on its requirements and situation.
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Introduction to Extension of Services Life
In general, extending the lifespan of construction products and buildings will lead to less waste; however, the amount of energy (energy use), materials needed and renovation waste generated will affect the overall environmental impact. The use of resources like water and energy over the remaining lifespan of a building's service life is only beneficial if the environmental load created by maintenance and renovation operations is less than the load caused by destruction, sustainable new construction, and usage. Therefore, It is possible to extend the lifetime of existing buildings through the use of maintenance, upgrades and rehabilitation.
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High-grade Concrete Clean the dirt and grime regularly Apply PH Neutral Cleaner when cleaning Avoid condensation of water
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High-grade Steel Perform Maintenance Check Make Minor Repairs Maintenance of Mooring Fittings Refurbish the Finishes
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CIRCULAR AND ADAPTIVE DESIGN
USE PHASE - LIFETIME EXTENSION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
Tempered/ Laminated Glass Clean the dirt and debris regularly Approach maintenance workers when it cracks Avoid crashing on it
The owners/ developers should regularly maintain the building elements in order to extend their services lifetime. By following the maintenance guidelines, it will definitely enhance the elements’ durabilities. Apart from that, it will ensure the elements are functioning thoroughly as well as to prevent restoration of the elements. 43
Introduction to Selective Demolition
Based on information from the pre-demolition audit, the ultimate goal of selective demolition is to salvage high-quality (pure) material fractions for recycling or reuse. The goal of such an audit is to identify hazardous items that must be removed prior to destruction and to determine whether or not they may be recycled.To achieve high-quality recovery, selective demolition is followed by material fraction processing. Selective demolition does not reduce overall waste production, but it does allow for the recovery of fractions for high-quality recycling.
CIRCULAR AND ADAPTIVE DESIGN
END-OF-LIFE PHASE - SELECTIVE DEMOLITION
The building will eventually come to an end where demolition work becomes mandatory to prevent accident. Therefore, all the procedures that being carried out in the earlier stage will contribute a lot at this stage. For instance, building elements will be disassemble according to the design of disassembling. This has minimise the CO2 consumption to the environment as well as requiring lesser manpower on site to deconstruct the structure. Besides, most of the materials will be sent to the factories for recycle, reuse, reconfigure and reassemble. Material passports will play an important role as the reuse potentials are all stated in the passport. By following it, it will reduce the amount of time to deconstruct while maximising the materials recycling values.
When the materials were sent to the factories, it will be recycled and reconfigured under a strict control regulation to ensure a new high-grade materials are prefabricated. The lifecycle of the circular design will impact on the circular economy which eventually links back to the built environment. As pollutants on Earth are getting worse, we should raise our concerns to minimise the waste from the built environment sector. 44
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