Process Book Year 4 // 2014

Chalk:

The Structure Beneath 

  

Contents :

Workshop 1 - Life drawing Study Trip Study on the Ridgeway Spatial Intervention Design Thesis Process sheets

Workshop 1 Life Drawing The objective of the workshop is to train us students to be intuitive in observing to recording and eventually helps us in proposing through out the year.

The exercise had many techniques of drawing by observing a real life person in front of us.

Life drawings that were produced:

Study Trip 1: Avebury to Goring

During the first trip you are asked to carry out three exercises.

Observation - Chalk In this exercise you are asked to observe and make photography and drawing studies of chalk.

What is the impact chalk has had on the place we are in at different scales? This might be in the form of the land, the industry or agriculture, or in the buildings of the area. Look for clues and reminders of the structure beneath. Of course, there will be other relationships that you should seek our.

Observation - Place and sites You are asked to look carefully at the places we will be visiting along the Ridgeway recording them as potential sites. At this points you don’t know what it is you will be proposing, this is not a problem.

We want you to respond intuitively with other consideration such as : - The north or south face of the scarp; - Top of ridge, views, draining land; - Corner site/ cross roads; - Edge of village; - Addition to existing hamlets, or collection of farms; - Historic or mythical narrative; - Relationship to chalk & geology; - Look at existing settlement patterns. What is the structure of the place, streets, houses, public buildings, how do the buildings front the streets?

- How does this place compare to successful places you are familiar with London?; - What are the economies nearby?

The list is not exhaustive and there will be other reasons why a site might appeal to you. Think back to the first presentation and the seminar with Paul, what is it we are investigating this year. It is important you record a collection of places that could be sites, not just one. As with the previous exercise this should be recorded with photographic and drawing studies.

Proposition - Adding to character During the walk, we would like you to respond to a place, perhaps one of the potential sites as outlined in the previous exercise, complimenting and adding to an existing character you have started to understand. Look out for opposrtunities to make a small, spatial intervention, don’t worry too much about the programme. The intervention should enhance the experience of the place, drawing on the drawing out the character of the place; and of course, adding to the character of the place. This might be an urban proposition, or one in the landscape.

This could be as simple as making a new path to a site with a great view, redefining a public space, or a room to offer protection whilst on an exposed part of the Ridgeway, etc.

Think about what it is made from, what size is it, the proportion of it, the feel and the smell of it. As in the previous workshop we encourage you to be intuitive; observing to recording to proposing - it should be fluid. Forget what you think it should look like!

- Present this work discussing your findings through drawings and photographic studies.

Sketches during the trip :

Ivinghoe Beacon River Thames

Aylesbury

Tring

Wendover

River Thames

Hemel Hempstead

Thame Princes Risborough

Oxford

Chinnor

High Wycombe

Abingdon

Wallingford

Faringdon Wantage

Didcot

Henley-on-Thames

Goring-on-Thames

Swindon The Ridgeway

Streatley

River Thames

Reading Hungerford Avebury

Marlborough

Overton Hill

Newbury

Maidenhead

100 million years ago, fluctuating climates, changing environments, falling and rising sea levels has each affected the geology and landscape of the area as well as the forming of the chalk.

The chalk was deposited in Late Cretaceous times, from around 100 to 65 million years ago, when the sea level was very high and most of Britain was submerged under the sea. Chalk is mainly composed of the tiny fossil skeletons of algae,called coccoliths,that would have lived in this Cretaceous sea. Since each coccolith is only a few thousandths of a milimetre in diameter, it is estimated that it would have taken about 30 years to form just 1mm of chalk. The chalk sea was home to many Cretaceous creatures and, although they can be difficult to spot, it is possible to find fossils in the chalk, such as ammonites, echinoids (sea urchins), shelfish, and even lobsters.

The chalk has been used as a building stone, particularly in the Downs, and can be seen in many of the buildings in villages such as Bishopstone, Ashbury and Uffington, as well as in the walls of Ashdown House. However, rainwater causes chalk to weather easily, so many chalk cottages have a thatched roof that overhangs the building to stop rain hitting the walls.

Features along The Ridgeway a. West Kennett Long Barrow b. Silbury Hill c. Avebury Stone Circle d. Barbury Castle Country Park e. Uffington White Horse f. Ashdown House

a. b. c.

d.

e.

f.

a. West Kennett Long Barrow West Kennett Long Barrow is a Neolithic burial mound dating back about 5,500 years. It is one of the largest and best-preserved examples of a chambered tomb in Southern England.

Excavations have revealed that the barrow was used as a communal tomb - at least 46 people were buried here over a 1,000 year period.

The chambers contained the remains of a croess section of the community, men and women, and from the very young and elderly. Few complete skeletons were found intact and it appears that bones were rearranged, or sometimes removed altogether, probably as ritual practices.

About 4,000 years ago, the tomb was deliberately filled in and the entrance blocked.

b. Silbury Hill Silbury Hill is a prehistoric artifical chalk mound near Avebury in the English county of Wiltshire. It is part of the Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites UNESCO World Heritage Site.

At 40 meters (131 ft) high, Silbury Hill - which is part of the complex of Neolithic monuments around Avebury, which includes the Avebury Ring and West Kennet Long Barrow - is the tallest prehistoric human-made mound in Europe.

c. Avebury Stone Circle Avebury is a Neolithic henge monument containing three stone circles, around the village of Avebury in Wiltshire, in southwest England. Unique amongst megalithic monuments, Avebury contains the largest stone circle in Europe, and is one of the best known prehistoric sites in Britain. It is both a tourist attraction and a religious importance to contemporary Pagans.

d. Barbury Castle Country Park Barbury Castle is an Iron Age hill fort situated in Wiltshire, England. It is one of several such forts found along the ancient Ridgeway route. The site, which lies within the Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, has been managed as a country park by Swindon Borough Council since 1971. It is situated on Barbury Hill, a local vantage point, which, under ideal weather conditions, commands a view across to the Cotswolds and the River Severn. It has two deep defensive ditches and ramparts.

The Old Ridgeway runs close by and the modern Ridgeway crosses through the castle.

In the surrounding area are to be found round barrows, Celtic field systems and 18th-19th Century flint workings.

e. Uffington White Horse The internationally-renowned Bronze-Age Uffington White Horse can be seen for miles away leaping across the head of a dramatic dry valley in the Ridgeway escarpment.

The horse is only part of the unique complex of ancient remains that are found at White Horse Hill and beyond, spreading out across the high chalk downland.

The Manger, a dramatic dry valley has steep rippled sides left from the retreating permafrost during the last Ice Age. These ripples are known as the Giant's Steps.

To the east of the Manger lies Dragon Hill, a small roundish hill with a flattened top.

It is said to be the site where St. George, England's patron saint, slew the dragon.

The blood poisoned the ground and left a white chalk scar for all to see.

f. Ashdown House This extraordinary building with a dolls'-house appearance nestles in a beautiful valley on the Berkshire Downs, surrounded by woodland.

It was built by an Earl, William Craven, as a house fit for the queen he loved, Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia in 1662.

The substantial C17 hunting lodge of Ashdown House was built of fine white Chalk Stone with quoins and dressings of stronger limestone. The chalk is thought to have been qurried from a hard band such as Melbourn Rock (3m thick) within the Grey Chalk.

In recent years a quarry at Compton Beauchamp was temporarily re-opened to provide stone for repairs at Ashdown House. A similar stone is seen in a few buildings around Watlington and Shirburn, at the foot of the Chilterns in the southeast of the county.

Villages along The Ridgeway a. East Kennett b. Avebury World Heritage c. Ogbourne St. George d. Liddington e. Bishopstone f. Idstone g. Ashbury h. Letcombe Regis

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

a. East Kennett In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described East Kennett like this: KENNET (EAST), a parish in Marlborough district, Wilts; on the river Kennet, near its source, 4½ miles N of Woodborough r. station, and 5 WSW of Marlborough, Post town, Marlborough. Acres, 808. Real property, with East and West Kennet, £2, 228.

Pop., 78. Houses, 20. The living is a vicarage in the diocese of Salisbury.

Value, £113.* Patron, R. Mathews, Esq. The church was rebuilt in 1864, on the site of the previous one; and is in the early English style.

b. Avebury World Heritage Built and altered over many centuries from about 2850 BC to 2200 BC, it now appears as a huge circular bank and ditch, enclosing an area of 281 â „2 acres (111 â „2 hectares), including part of Avebury village.Within this 'henge' ditch is an inner circle of great standing stones, enclosing two more stone circles, each with a central feature. he site's present appearance owes much to the marmalade heir Alexander Keiller, who excavated and re-erected many stones during the 1930s, and whose archaeological collections are displayed in the nearby museum. Many stones had been broken or buried in medieval and later times, one crushing its destroyer as it fell.

Avebury is part of a wider complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments, with many other ritual sites in English Heritage care. West Kennet Avenue joined it to The Sanctuary, and another stone avenue connected it with Beckhampton.

West Kennet Long Barrow and Windmill Hill are also nearby, as is the huge and mysterious Silbury Hill. This extraordinary assemblage of sites seemingly formed a huge 'sacred landscape', whose use and purpose can still only be guessed at.

Avebury and its surroundings have, with Stonehenge, achieved international recognition as a World Heritage Site.

c. Ogbourne St. George Ogbourne St George is a small village located amongst the Marlborough downs - a designated area of outstanding natural beauty. It sits astride the Ridgeway National Trail, which is claimed to be Britain’s oldest road, and has exceptional access to a wide network of paths and trails.

The village can trace it’s history back to Saxon times and the Doomsday book records it as a valuable estate in 1066. Today it’s a quiet village, still possessing a large number of thatched cottages, a large medieval church and a manor house. The village also has a small primary school, village hall, pub and hotel although it’s unable to support a village shop or post office any more.

The population of the village has been very stable for the past two hundred years at around 500 residents. During WW2 and for a while after, a military camp boosted the census up to 1500.

d. Liddington Liddington is a village near Swindon in Wiltshire, England. The settlement lies south east of Swindon town, close to the M4 motorway, junction 15 which is approximately 1.5 kilometres away via the B4192 - known as Purley Road, where it passes through Liddington village.

The parish, as a whole, has been an area of settlement since the earliest times.

The ancient Ridgeway traverses the parish just north of the village and the Iron Age hill-fort known as Liddington Castle overlooks the present-day village.

Liddington is recorded in the late Saxon period, around 940 AD. The Domesday Book of 1086 refers to the settlement as Ledentone. Records indicate that Liddington was a fairly prosperous parish in the 14th century Population of the parish was 454 in 1841. Though, it gradually declined thereafter

e. Bishopstone Bishopstone is a village and civil parish in the Swindon unitary authority of Wiltshire, England, about six miles east of Swindon, and just west of the county border with Oxfordshire. Since 1934 the civil parish has included the village of Hinton Parva. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 648.

Bishopstone is located between Wanborough and Ashbury on the historic Icknield Way. It is a picturesque village with two pubs and a large number of thatched cottages, centred around a mill-pond. The village is often used as a base for walkers with excellent access to the Ridgeway National Trail.

On the downs above Bishopstone there are impressive ancient field systems known as l ynchets and many other historic earth-workings.

f. Idstone Idstone is a hamlet in the civil parish of Ashbury in the Vale of White Horse.

Idstone was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred the Vale of White Horse to Oxfordshire. Idstone is about 6 miles (10 km) east of Swindon in neighbouring Wiltshire.

g. Ashbury Ashbury is a rural village of around 500 people located at the southern tip of Oxfordshire close to the boarders of Wiltshire and Berkshire.

It dates back to Saxon times and is situated near important ancient historical monuments and remains such as Uffington White Horse, Waylands Smithy and Alfred’s Castle. Today it is surrounded by working farms and there are many lovely walks nearby.

h. Letcombe Regis Letcombe Regis is a village and civil parish in the Vale of White Horse.

It was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred the Vale of White Horse to Oxfordshire. The village is on Letcombe Brook at the foot of the Berkshire Downs escarpment about 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of the market town of Wantage.

Spatial Intervention The Ridgeway

Task : Spatial Intervention Proposing a small intervention that responds to a potential space and at the same time enhances the experience as well as adding to the character of a place.

To create an intervention that could have a great view, a public space, or a room to offer potection whilst on an exposed part of The Ridgeway,etc.

Responding to a place / Potential site Ashdown House - Compton Beauchamp The hunting lodge of Ashdown House was built with fine white chalk stone with quoins and dressings of stronger limestone. The chalk is thought to have been quarried from a hard band such as the Melbourn Rock within the Grey Chalk. In recent years, a quarry at Compton Beauchamp was temporarily re-opened to provide stone for repairs at the Ashdown House.

Compton Beauchamp

Ashbury

Intervention

Ashdown House

The idea of reusing a chalk quarry was derived from the fact that the Ashdown house had a refurbishment programme by reopening an old quarry located in Compton Beauchamp.

Since the site I picked for my intervention is in between the Ashdown house, Ashbury and Compton Beauchamp, I feel that it is suitable to provide like a resting spot for hikers of the Ridgeway. Not only it has a seating function but it also enhances the nature of the Ridgeway.

It also gives some sort of a link on the history of chalk quarries.

Research for intervention Chinnor cement quarry

Chalk has been extracted for cement-making from this quarry since 1908. At the height of production the quarry manufactured 5,600 tonnes per week. It closed in 1999, its life extended by a sudden need for more cement for the Channel Tunnel. Cement requires a vast amount of Lower Chalk which, unlike the Middle and Upper Chalk, is not hard but is a soft chalky clay. Extraction leaves large pits that fill with rainwater which looks blue due to fine particles in suspension.

Epidauros - theatral area

Phaistos - theatral area

Pergamon - general plan

Chalk is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of mineral calcite.

It is composed mostly of calcium carbonate with minor amounts of slit and clay. Chalk is normally formed underwater, commonly on the sea bed, then consolidated and compressed during the physical and chemical changes occurring in sediments between the times of deposition and solidification into the form commonly we see today.

It also has greater resistance to weathering and slumping than the clays which it is usually associated.

Design Thesis: Urbanism The Ridgeway

The research you have carried out into the chalk landscape of the Ridgeway has brought to light the specific conditions the region has to offer including it’s natural resources, geological constituents, settlement patterns and the legislative conditions controlling future urban growth such as, development plans and areas with protected status.

Mutual urbanism We have tried to gain a delicate balance between space for private investment and how the careful placement of buildings and their territories can have mutual benefit to the public space and shared experience of a settlement.

We have begun to refer to these buildings and territories as, ‘infrastructural’.

These investigation will now form the foundation of regional and urban development stratergies out of which your building proposals will grow.

These stratergies can be thought of as intergrated systems adding to, and interacting with the existing networks found in the landscape.

Design Thesis : Minimum Outputs 4th & 5th years : An urban stratergy and attitude towards future development in the area.

Regional consolidation Over the past few years the unit has been exploring stratergies that add to the economy and therefore the future viability of a landscape, consolidating existing settlement and considering new patterns of inhabitation within the landscape.

Abstract

The purpose of the proposal is to facilitate a used to be working chalk quarry and also at the same time to provide a revenue for the village Compton Beauchamp. Compton Beauchamp is a hamlet and civil parish lying in a long strip of land from the northern edge of the downs and low-lying meadows of the Vale of the White Horse. It is traversed by the Ridgeway, by the Portway or Icknield Street, and by the former Wilts canal. The project will be owned by the Compton Beauchamp parish council as a job opportunity placement for the villagers and to promote the village to outsiders. It will also be supported by Swindon borough council as it will be part of Swindon’s development plan.

The project is hoped to develop the village in terms of size, facilities and usage. Having public spaces will allow public interaction between the workers of the quarry and also the villagers. It could also be an attraction of the village because the quarry was reopened in 2005 to supply chalk blocks for a refurbishment program for Ashdown House. It would also be one of the highlights for people to walk during their Ridgeway walk from one town to another. Besides the existing manor house in the village, the chalk quarry will also be able to enlighten and probably rejuvenate the village. Since it used to be a working quarry, it is also relevant to have the opportunity to reopen it again to help develop Compton Beauchamp.

Local Legislation

The entrance of the Manor house.

St. Swithun church Site – Compton Beauchamp

Compton Beauchamp is a hamlet and civil parish lying in a long strip of land from the northern edge of the downs and low-lying meadows of the Vale of the White Horse. It is traversed by the Ridgeway, by the Portway or Icknield Street, and by the former Wilts canal.

Compton Beauchamp is close to the well known monuments such as the White Horse, Uffington Castle and Wayland’s Smithy. Other local names within the parish are Knighton and Hardwell.

It has been transferred from Berkshire to Oxfordshire in 1974 although, due to its Swindon postcode, it is sometimes erroneously placed in Wiltshire.

Based on the map below, Compton Beauchamp is one of the spring line villages beside Bishoptone, Idstone and Ashbury. Because the village has no proper public facilities such as school and shops, people living here send their kids in Ashbury to go to school.

The parish consists of church St Swithun, Compton House which is an old moated grange manor house, a few stables, a farm called Knighton farm and around up to 25 cottages.

Located within this parish is also an old chalk quarry that was used and reopened in 2005 to provide new chalk blocks for a restoration programmed for Ashdown House.

Site geology of Compton Beauchamp

Gault formation

Zig Zag Chalk formation

Upper Greensand formation

Aluvium

Head

Chalk Strip foundations are commonly used in chalk.

Providing the chalk is not too soft, widths of 450mm for low-rise buildings are generally acceptable. The depth of the foundation must be below any frost action (700mm). If the chalk is soft it will need to be excavated until firm chalk is reached.

Chalk soils can be prone to erosion so be wary of hollows or caves.

Strip Foundation A continuous strip of concrete supporting load-bearing walls. For a single storey building strip foundations will typically be 450mm wide and at least 200mm deep, and for two storeys 600mm wide and 200mm deep.

Climate Climate Type The climate type under consideration can be broadly described as cool temperate, where winter heat loss is the major energy efficiency design criterion. Within the general cool temperate climate, a number of variations occus. In terms of macro-climate there are the cold dry winters and hot dry summers typical in inland continental areas and cool wet winters with moderate, humid summers typical maritime regions.

sun

In terms of microclimate, there are variations caused by local topography and vegetation or existing buildings.

All these variations must be considered in the design to reduce energy consumption.

The external climatic conditions which influence energy consumption are the daily average seasonal temperature (winter and/or summer), the daily and seasonal solar radiation, the winter and summer wind (speed and prevailing direction) and, to a lesser extent, the precipitation.

Internally, air temperature is the major internal environmental factor which effects energy consumption as the building heat loss is directly proportional to the inside/outside temperature difference.

wind

1. Wind Speed Average wind speed at 10m above ground - 4.8 m/s

Knots Beaufort m/s Km/h Mph Label Eect on sea

Eect on land

7 - 10 3 3.4 – 5.4 12 - 19 8 - 12 Gentle Breeze Large wavelets. Crests begin to break. Foam of glassy appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses.

Leaves and smaller twigs in constant motion

Energy Availability Current locally available energy sources are mostly renewable energy defined as solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind, biomass (wood from fuel from sustainablesources, energy from organic waste, and some small-scale hydro power.

These energy sources produce significantly lower levels of other environmental pollutants.

But all these sources are not specifically located in Compton Beauchamp as the village is small and can be catered by other villages.

Based on the wind speed on the site, it is believed that there’s a potential to have its own energy source which is by installing wind turbines in the village itself.

Renewable energy can provide economic and social benefits through the development of new, sustainable local industries.

The South West Renewable Energy Strategy estimated that this could create 12,000 new jobs in the region over a ten year period, worth ÂŁ260 million. Renewable energy sources could also contribute to providing a more secure energy supply for the UK, which is now increasingly dependent on imports. Energy efficiency complements the development of renewable energy and there is an active energy efficiency programme within Wiltshire and Swindon.

Environmental impact of energy The majority of energy used in the UK is currently generated using fossil fuels. It is generally accepted that this situation is not sustainable in the long term.

Not only is there potential for significant environmental degradation but security of supply is also an issue. There are serious economic and social implications to consider as a result of becoming increasingly dependent on imported supplies of fossil fuels.

The table here shows the list of current renewable electricity projects in Wiltshire and Swindon. (Source Regen SW) The majority of current renewable energy generation is from landfill gas.

Landfill gas plant has a role to play in reducing greenshouse gas emissions in the short term; however, it should only be used within the context of sustainable waste management within the County Waste Management Stratergy.

Material and Construction Potential

Walling : Construction and materials With choice of walling material there is related to the choice of structural system, though, as we shall see, the two are not necessarily directly related. Broadly speaking there were two structural systems available to the designer: mass construction and frame construction. In the former, the loads of roof and floors were carried to foundations by means of walls which also provided the weather protective envelope to the activities carried out within the building. In the latter, the loads of roof and floors were carried by a frame which concentrated these loads until they were redistributed by the foundation; the weather protective envelope was non-loadbearing (though it may carry its own weight), and could be independent of the frame (though sometimes it filled spaces between the members of the frame). Both mass walling and frame construction have been used at one time or another virtually the whole country and, even at the present day, it is not certain that one or the other has become the inevitable choice in domestic construction.

Materials used for mass construction included stone, flint, cobble, brick and earth. Of these, only earth produces a homogenous mass; all the others are jointed and rely on the skill with which the individual pieces have been put together, and the suitability of the jointing material as well as the quality of the basic material, for stability and weather excluding properties.

The succeeding pages examine briefly the characteristics of walling employing these various materials.

The material used for frame construction was almost invariably timber; there are very few examples in which iron has been used in vernacular building. Timber frame construction may follow the box-frame or the cruck-frame schools of carpentry, and the problems of distinction between these two schools will be noted.

Buildings of box-frame construction may have panels of wattle and daub, exposing the structural and nonstructural timber, or the frame may be entirely concealed behind a cladding of plain tiles, mathematical tiles, wheatherboard, or lath and plaster; alternatively the panel may be brick filled. Buildings of cruck-frame constructuin may have timber framed walls- in which case they are difficult to distinguish externally from box-framed buildings- or they may have walls of some normally associated with mass construction: stone, brick, flint, cobble or earth, when they would outwardly be indistinguishable from buildings entirely of mass construction.

As a rule, the walling materials used in vernacular construction were exposed in their natural state, but for reasons of weather protection or fashion they were often concealed. Thus, both wattle and daub panels, lath and plaster cladding and earthen walls were lime-washed, while, especially during the early 19C. , buildings of any material might be stuccoed and painted in order to meet the prevailing architectural fashions.

The attractive variety of building styles across the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) reflects the diversity of building materials available including chalk, flint, sarsen and clay for brick and tile making.

In most areas, there is a direct link between the building materials used and the local, underlying geology. Although there are a wide of building materials available across the region, these materials by themselves make rather poor building stones. Hence, we see these diverse materials used in combination for building.

Indeed, it is these combinations of materials used in different areas that have produced such unique and contrasting architectural building styles so easily seen when exploring the region.

The map above shows the predominant building materials used across the North Wessex Downs AONB in relation to the local geology. You can clearly identify areas across the region where different building materials have been used.

This diversity gives each area its own contrasting and unique character.

Upper, Middle and Lower Chalk underlies most of the region. Generally, the chalk is too soft, porous and friable to be used as a building stone.

However, chalk is used as building stone along the northern edge of the region where, historically, chalk block was quarried from localy occuring harder bands of chalk in the Lower and Middle Chalk.

The use of flint as a building material matches the distribution of Upper Chalk well. This pure, soft, white chalk locally contains thin bands of flint and flint nodules which weather out easily and are found scattered in fields across the Downs.

Not shown in the map are scattered monuments of locally hardened sandstone of Palaeogene age called sarsen stones. These durable, cemented sandstones are found as isolated boulders overlying the Chalk in the valleys west of Marlborough and around Lambourn and other areas in West Berkshire. Sarsen stone is used as building stone in the west of the region.

Gault Clay and Upper Greensand have not been used as building materials in the North Wessex Downs.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

a. Chalk block Harder bands of chalk such as the Melbourn Rock (occuring at the boundary between the Lower and Middle Chalk) have been quarried in the past and cut into regular creamy-white blocks for use as a building stone in the north region. c. Brick Brick is the dominant building material used across the region. Houses built solely of brick with clay roof tiles dominate the areas underlying by Palaeogene clay.

However, in areas where chalk, sarsen and flint building materials are available, brick has been used for framing and strengthen these materials. e. Flint Flint is a very hard glassy material, resistant to weathering and is used in walls as a protective facing stone. Rough, field flints are used in their original nodular form to give a rubbley appearence, or they can be shaped to give a glassy surface which is then arranged to face outewards.

b. Ground chalk or cob Ground chalk is mixed with a slurry of chalk clay, chopped straw, horsehair and other binders.

This material known as cob is compacted from broad boundary walls with rounded outlines.

Cob is an ingredient of wattle and daub. d. Limestone The Jurassic colitic limestones quarried in the Costworlds of Wiltshire and Oxfordshire are the most commonly used in this region.

Traditionally, it was only used for prestigious buildings such as churches and wealthy merchant or manor houses and then only for parts of the buildings which could not be constructed of other local materials. f. Sarsen stone Sarsen stone has been used as a building stone since Neolithic times - the best known example in the region being that of the megalithic monuments at Avebury. Commonly used in their original state as roughly broken blocks of sarsen fitted together in a jigsaw patters because they are difficult to cut and shape.

Client & User

The chalk quarry is owned by the Compton Beauchamp parish council and it is a development to help expand the village. It is also to provide more working opportunities for the villagers and also to promote the village from people living outside the area.

Strategically the project hopes to give a long term revenue for the village and if the chalk quarry is no longer needed in the future, the building can change responding to what it is needed for.

The fact that it is already a ficility to facilitate the area, it will definitely be able to fit to whatever future opportunities the site holds.

C

o

waste

4. Digrammatic layouts for water and waste routes within the proposal, and how waste is managed once it has exited the building and the site

Public space Semi private space Private space spaces

Public space for housing

Spatial Arrangement

3 4 5

6

1 2

7 8

Ground Floor Plan 1. Entrance 2. Reception area 3. Pub 4. Kitchen’s Pub

5. Open area 6. Changing/Locker room 7. Toilets 8. Staircase to housing units

10 17 16 18

9 19

20 15

11 12

21 25

22 23

13 24

14 First Floor Plan 9. Staircase to office 10. Office & Meeting Room 11. Living Area House 1 12. Kitchen & Eating Area 13. Bedroom 1 14. Bedroom 2 15. Bathroom 16. Living Area House 2 17. Kitchen & Eating Area 18. Bedroom 1 19. Bathroom 1 & 2 20. Bedroom 2

Second Floor Plan 21. Living Area House 3 22. Kitchen & Eating Area 23. Bedroom 1 24. Bedroom 2 25. Bathroom

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Environmental Diagrams

1. Solar Penetration & how solar is used or mitigated in relation to comfort The skylights are installed to give a dual-function of providing light and air and also to give an aesthetic add-ons to the building.

The four spaces that have been constructed with skylights are the office and meeting area, the living areas for two of a two bedroom housing unit and also the reception area.

The idea of a spacious living area bathed in sunlight from the overhead, its owners protected from and yet still able to enjoy is a compelling argument in favour of installing a skylight or purchasing a skylit unit.

The skylights are are made of laminated glass and it is one of the ways to let the sunlight penetrates the building.

It also gives a dramatic and fun effect to the building.

wind

2. Internal climate and air-change and the principles the project uses in relation to the specific activity requirements that the spaces contain

a. For the pub, air circulates from the outside through the main door and also the laminated glass walls and door into the area. The kitchen for the pub has windows to exhaust the air out and also to get fresh air in.

b. The changing room and the toilets provided have a window for ventilation so that fresh natural air will circulate the spaces. c. All the kitchens and bathrooms for the housing units have openable windows to ventilate the spaces.

acoustic

3. Acoustic design in relation to external and internal noises.

Material used for main spaces: Rammed Chalk

Material used for housing units : Concrete

Rendered 3d

Process sheets

Intervention Model

Clay Model

Final Model

Progress Model