First Quarter Recovery - Dallas Mahaney - Architectural Design Master Thesis by Dallas Mahaney

FIRST QUARTER RECOVERY DALLAS MAHANEY

FIRST QUARTER RECOVERY A new model for disaster relief sustainable housing in Galveston, Texas.

Dallas Mahaney

Thesis Advisor: Claudia Bernasconi External Advisor: Virginia Stanard University of Detroit Mercy Master Thesis Studio (ARCH 5100-5200) Master Thesis Supplement (ARCH 5110-5210) Fall 2019 - Winter 2020

Acknowledgements Before beginning the documentation of the thesis, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to the people who have supported me along my journey. To all the time spent working long hours, sacrificing time with loved ones and friends, and all the countless times I was moody. Your continued support and love is greatly appreciated. To Claudia Bernasconi, my thesis advisor and professor, thank you for your guidance and wisdom. Your feedback and challenges to push my work further have made me the designer I am today. It has been an honour to be able to work with you throughout my time at UDM. Without your support, the thesis would have been a carte blanche. To Virginia Stanard, my external thesis advisor and professor, thank you for always making time to provide direction and knowledge to my research. In a time of doubt, you always gave me the confidence I needed. To my Mother, thank you for all your support and unconditional love. All my hard work and drive is to make you proud. I love you, always. To Brian, my stepfather, there is not enough thanks and praise that I can give you. Without your love and support, this would not have been possible. I am forever thankful and appreciative of you. To Asia, my sister, thank you for all your support and the times spent listening through the hard and bad times. I am forever proud of you. To Nathalie, my best friend, thank you for all the times spent talking about god knows what. They are memories that will be with me forever. We did it, and I am so proud of us. To Morghan, my best friend, thank you for all the words of encouragement and memes I needed to get me through the challenging times. I am forever grateful to call you, my friend. To the rest of my friends and family, thank you for your continuous support and encouragement along this journey. This oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s for you.

table of contents 00 PREFACE Abstract Thesis Statement Research Questions Key Terms

2 3 4 5

01 INTRODUCTION

02 NATURAL DISASTERS Introduction Disasters in North America FEMA Disaster Relief Precedents Abaco Sketch Problem Critique & Reflection

9 11 13 14 17 20

03 NATURE'S ROLE Introduction Biomimcry Studying Biomimicry Nature's Principles Implementing Biomimicry in Design Nature Inspired Precedents Ilam Sketch Problem Critique & Reflection

21 23 24 25 27 28 31 34

04 MODULARITY'S ROLE Introduction Precedents Types of Modular Construction Transportability Sketch Problem Critique & Reflection

08 SITE SELECTION 35 36 39 41 42

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

06 TIMELINES OF RECOVERY Introduction Preparedness Short-term Intermediate Long-term Timeline Critique & Reflection

51 53 53 54 54 55 56

07 ISSUES WITH DISASTER RELIEF Introduction People Communities Physical Infrastructure Nature Urban Environment Biomimicry

71 73 77 78

09 FIRST QUARTER MODEL

05 PERSONAL IMPACT Introduction Disaster Impact Heroic Honeymoon Disillusionment Reconstruction Critique & Reflection

Introduction Texas Harris & Galveston San Leon

57 59 61 63 65 67 69

Introduction Main Intentions Core Unit Recovery Model & Timeline Critique & Reflection

89 91 93 103 106

10 CONCLUSION

107

REFERENCES

113

LIST OF FIGURES

115

iii

APPENDECIES

Appendix A: Mapping Appendix B: Research Appendix C: Design Appendix D: Presentations

122 129 129 130

00 PREFACE is a rich tool for designers to â&#x20AC;&#x153; Biomimicry innovatively integrate the local environment into their projects, supporting a more sustainable way of building and living.

Architecture Follows Nature, Ilaria Mazzoleni

ABSTRACT

PREFACE | ABSTRACT

A new model of sustainable housing is called for by the growing number of natural disasters. Current disaster relief housing fails to meet sustainable standards and does not consider personal impacts of natural disasters as the driving force of the design of the home module. This master thesis outlines strategies for resilient and adaptative housing to be deployed in natural disaster relief with a primary focus in San Leon, Texas. This location is used as a case study to test approaches for addressing the issue of flooding. The key concepts explored as a lens of investigation are modularity, transportability, sustainability, desirability, and improving personal responses. Based on research conducted on these key concepts, the research will critique the current response to disaster relief, and propose new tactics driven by the needs of the individual, the community, the environment, and the sustainability of the modular unit. The proposed strategy, First Quarter Recovery, suggests a new organizational structure and housing unit that is incrementally built, using biomimetic principles that allow humans and nature both to prosper while mitigating the effects of natural disasters. Analysis of the First Quarter home concerning the ability for the unit to be adaptive, transported, resilient and respond to the psychological impacts proved that this method greatly enhanced existing current disaster relief home modules. Further research is needed to explore the home in various climatic conditions, and how the proposed housing unit reduces stigma related to mobile homes.

THESIS STATEMENT Architects and designers continue to seek new innovative ways to house individuals that are reproduced at a large scale sustainably. Modular buildings are changing how architects create structures. Modularity allows for these spaces to be adaptable, which allows the unit to be easily changed over, rapidly produced, shortens the construction time and overall costs. It is the responsibility of the architect to consider how the unit is constructed in a sustainable manner. Architects should also consider the sustainability measures that improve the efficiency of the unit and its impact on the environment. Biomimicry is being used to integrate the local environment into the project and challenge designers to build and live more sustainably. Biomorphic describes anything resembling or suggesting the forms of a living organism. It is critical to think of new innovative solutions to house individuals through a lens of sustainability to ensure both humans and nature are both prospering while achieving a level of sustainability for the future. This thesis will bring light to a new way of thinking about sustainable biomimetic modular units. The unit will be used as a response to the natural disaster events, but as a model that can house individuals in various types of living conditions in North America. Climate change is giving rise to severe natural disasters on a global scale that is displacing and killing millions of people annually. The United States contributes the most carbon dioxide emissions globally and spends the most on natural disaster relief efforts. Many of these relief efforts used are the same type of construction, which is prone to failing, and some mitigation efforts harm the natural ecosystem. People in poverty typically face the brunt of the effects of natural disasters because of the lack of resilient homes and the destruction of the land they harvest. We must rethink the way we prepare for natural disasters, mitigate, and recover from these natural disasters. If we consider these tactics through the lens of nature, it will help to lower our greenhouse gas emission and create new resilient strategies that allow for nature and humans to prosper while mitigating the effects of natural disasters. The thesis research builds upon the FEMAs Housing Strategy and various precedents to understand the current challenges that face natural disaster relief in North America.

The master thesis outlines strategies for resilient and adaptive housing to be deployed in natural disaster relief with a primary focus in San Leon, Texas, as a case study to test approaches for addressing the issue of flooding. This research will critique the current response to disaster relief, and propose new tactics driven by the needs of the individual, the community, the environment, and the sustainability of the modular unit. The proposed strategy is investigated through the lens of biomimicry to design more sustainably and allow humans and nature both to prosper while mitigating the effects of natural disasters. The thesis aims to develop a core unit that will replace the current FEMA trailer model with the new tactics outlined. The core unit will show simulations that will propose how one unit can be adapted in multiple ways. The intention of the core unit will provide a model that is primarily intended to deal with natural disaster relief, but also as a potential model that can be implemented in any living condition in North America.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

PREFACE | THESIS STATEMENT & RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research began with the following questions that addressed ideas relating to the issue of natural disaster relief. However, investigating this issue through the lens of biomimicry, modularity, adaptability and the personal responses to a natural disaster were considered. 1.

How might biomimicry inspire the future development of sustainable modular structures used for natural disaster relief? What does that future look like, and how can it transcend into avant-garde architecture in terms of form, material, and uses.

What type of materials used for construction best suit rapidly deployed biomimetic modular units for avant-garde uses? (Conventional materials, prefabrication, 3D printed)

What is lacking in current uses of modular prefabrication units that are rapidly produced and deployed? Can nature solve issues surrounding the use of modular units in creating more sustainable units?

What methods and tactics are currently used for natural disaster relief in North America? How can they be improved while considering the architectural, social, cultural and site strategies needs?

How can these new strategies and tactics of employing a natural disaster relief home change and improve the psychological timeline of impacted individuals?

BIOMORPHIC

RESILIENCY

An approach to innovation that seeks sustainable solutions to human challenges by emulating natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s timetested patterns and strategies.1

Sometimes confused with biomimicry, biomorphic describes anything resembling or suggesting the forms of living organisms.2

A strategy to enhance the ability of a building, facility, or community to both prevent damage and to recover from damage.3

BIOMIMICRY

PREFACE | KEYTERMS & RESEARCHC QUESTIONS 6

MODULARITY

ADAPTABILITY

Construction or design with standardized parts or units that allow for flexibility, variety in use, and/or expansion.4

Ability of an entity or organism to alter itself or its responses to the changed circumstances or environment. Adaptability shows the ability to learn from experience and improves the overall performance.5

TRANSPORTABILITY The capability of material to be moved by towing, self-propulsion, or carrier via car, truck, airplane, railways, etc.6

01 INTRODUCTION grounding the research on conceptual ideas that will lead the thesis discussion

Modular systems offer many benefits for building and the potential for growth and adaptability. Modular buildings have been used more commonly today for affordable housing because it allows for these units to be reproduced at a large scale. Some of the modular systems that will be discussed include prefabricated, precut, panelized, manufactured, and 3d printed homes. All of these systems have their benefits to them, and that will be investigated to determine the best solution for the design implementation

Innovation from nature can inform designers how we solve the biggest challenges that face humanity. One of these challenges is how to accommodate the growing and ageing population. The population is increasing, and how designers innovate to house these people are very critical both from the standpoint of the individual and the building itself. There are several issues within this idea that are relevant to the overall discourse of the thesis. There is increasing pressure to build to accommodate these individuals, the majority of this happens in urban settings, but it is still essential to address this at all types of environments. A tool that is investigated to solve this issue is modular systems. A modular system can take many different forms and will be discussed at length in Chapter 4: Modularity. Modular systems are allowing designers to replicate a home or unit that can be replicated more affordable than typical construction. An important idea that this leads to is sustainability in terms of how these units are built and transported. Making these modular units feel like home is essential for people to want to live there and make the investment to purchase one. Not all types of individuals like modular homes, there is much stigma attached to these homes for various reasons. Understanding the importance of how individuals see these modular systems and the desire to want to live in one is vital for the success of the unit. The introductory to this thesis on establishing the grounding concepts deal with modularity, transporting considerations, sustainability, desirability and the personal impact and response.

of the thesis. Generally, people do not like mobile homes for the aesthetics of the building and the stigma that is perceived with living in one. Typically they are seen as being the last resort for homeowners. They offer challenges in how these modular building types are shipped to the location affordably, how people can customize them and the social stigma with living in one. Tiny homes have become more desirable, but there are still challenges with these spaces. They are not typically able to be classified as a permanent housing option because of the square footage of the unit does not qualify it to be a permanent residence as well as it is hard to obtain a mortgage on smaller homes. In many cases, an individual will have to buy the house from their savings or means, and this is not typically an option available for everyone, especially since the majority of mobile homeowners are individuals who do not have the ways to buy a typical home. Although this is a generalization, some people enjoy mobile home living or just desire to downsize. Sustainability means meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.7 When designers are innovatively looking to achieve sustainability, they are capable of looking beyond just sustainable building techniques and materials. Designers can look at nature on how to house individuals on a large scale, and it is crucial to consider that whatever the method used is sustainable. For a modular system to be rapidly deployed and produce, the sustainability of the process and unit itself must be considered. Modular systems today can be sustainable, but this is dependent on how much the individual is going to pay for the unit. Typically the base product or standard model is not sustainable. In many cases, the primary goal is to house individuals at a low cost without taking into considerations how the model performs. How the unit performs in the context in which it is place is critical to the design. Also, how the unit uses its natural surroundings to deliver efficiency in terms of airflow and ventilation, solar positioning, how the building uses abundant resources, and so on. The natural surroundings offer many benefits that designers should utilize to improve the performance of the unit. These strategies should be considered because they are free to incorporate and enhance the qualities of the space for the individual to live. The goal of the thesis, as alluded to in research question number one, was questioning if biomimicry can be implemented in a housing unit in general, but specifically a natural disaster relief model. Biomimicry is a topic that was heavily researched and will be expanded on in detail in Chapter 3: Nature.

How a home is desirable and affordable were two important topics. When creating a modular home that is a replicated module, it lacks customization from the owner, and this is one of the critical issues with modular homes. Purchasing a home is one of the key milestones in an individual's life, and they want it to be a reflection of who they are as well as have a say in the details of the home. Thinking of how to create a home that is a module system, but allows the space to have a level of flexibility and adaptability in the space for growth and customization is critical when dealing with how desirable the home will be. There are ways designers can improve modular systems to become more of an expression of the individual through customization options and general desired architectural elements from the context where the unit is placed. Another lens that was important in this discussion is how affordable the unit is. When considering natural disaster relief in general, the units being produced are more affordable, because this allows more units to be provided as well as people who typically qualify for these units are low-income. Finding a balance between how affordable it is but also not sacrificing any qualities that truly make it a home is vital to an individual with recovery from a disaster, but also in general for a long term investment.

This thesis takes into consideration the psychological responses to a natural disaster, as well as the stigma and perception of how the modular unit will be incorporated into the individual's life. The psychological reaction to a disaster will be explained in length in Chapter 6: Personal Impact. This was studied to see if it was possible to create a modular home that improves the psychological responses to a disaster. Taking into consideration research from a timeline of recovery events, how the individual feels going through this event, and what aspects of the process of receiving the home and how it grows can improve the recovery. This is a subjective conversation, that is not always one-sided. Not every person recovers the same way, but looking for strategies that could help was investigated to test how they could be deployed into disaster relief housing was an important discussion. Typically this concept is not considered in disaster relief and was one of the areas this thesis wanted to expand on and fill the missing gap with the current research investigated. Understanding these concepts surrounding the human response is essential when considering a new type of modular unit. The critical thing to recognize when implementing a new type of modular unit is that this is intended to be someone's home and how the individual feels within the space, and the desirability of owning the house should be at the forefront of the design process. In conclusion, the main concepts that this thesis is grounded on are modularity, transportability, sustainability, desirability, and improving personal responses. Throughout the discourse of the book, these five themes will be explored and expanded on to understand how the design implementation can achieve these goals. The main intention is to investigate a disaster relief home that considers these five main concepts and implement a new housing model that tests the new idea proposed. Then, in conclusion, critique what the thesis design implementation proposed and make suggestions on the future development of the thesis and summarize the takeaways.

02 NATURAL DISASTERS framing the issue and investigating the current disaster relief efforts in North America

Natural disasters has been used in this thesis to provide a need for a rapidly deployed unit through nature. At the beginning of the thesis, the main intention was to explore a biomimetic home. Much of the research that began in the thesis project focused on biomimicry and how designers can incorporate this into their designs of a home. As a general response to critiques early on in the thesis process, it was evident that there needed to be an issue or reason for a design to implement biomimicry. It had to respond to certain circumstances for it to need to be rapidly deployed, incorporating biomimicry, and have main intentions that related to a broader theme. If there was not a broader topic to explore the need for the home the thesis would not be as thorough and only exhibiting a small perspective; and this was not the route that was intended. It was decided that looking at natural disasters as a reason behind the need would fit the topic well for a few reasons. One being homes are needed for disaster relief very quickly and sustainability is not always considered in this process. Also, disaster relief housing is needed at a large scale and should not be site specific to one area, and this idea resulted from the desire to not be so site specific that this home could not work in other areas.

Number of Declared Disasters Per State (1953 - 2019) WA

147

ND 72

WY 34

315

PA 60

KS 34

AZ 74

181

226

FIGURE 2.1 Map illustrating each declared disaster using FEMAs visualization tool

AL 87

GA 68

LA 226

226

Climate change is giving rise to severe natural disasters on a global scale that is displacing and killing millions of people annually.

FIGURE 2.1 illustrates the declared disasters which was a map produced using FEMAs disaster visualization tool.9 This map also assisted in the discovery of site selection. However, it was useful to acknowledge what areas face disaster events the most often. With the growing number of natural disasters and displacement of individuals a new model of disaster relief housing should be considered. Through the discourse of this thesis it was made apparent that the current methods used it mitigation and natural disaster relief were not sustainable and didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t take into consideration the impact the disaster recovery model had on the individual. Within the United States, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) oversees most of the disaster recovery process, however a large percentage of how the state and county level respond is up to the state. There is not a model that is used on a national scale that is the same at every state, which makes it very confusing for the state and the impacted individuals that go through disasters. It became apparent that seeking a model to replace FEMAs overall recovery strategy and the housing unit that FEMA supplies is critical in a world that is experiencing high levels of displacement and disasters.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE The cost of adapting coastal areas to rising sea levels Relocation of whole towns Shrinkng productivity of harvests Disases will spread due to higher temperatures More wars to gain access to limited resources

FIGURE 2.2 Social and economic impact of climate change

LEGEND

FIGURE 2.3 Global Reported Natural Disasters by Type

400

300

200

100

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

2018

EMDAT (2019): OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Université catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgium

The United States contributes the most carbon dioxide emissions globally and spend the most on natural disaster relief efforts. Many of these relief efforts used, use the same type of construction which is prone to failing and mitigation efforts used harm the natural ecosystem. People in poverty typically face the brunt of the effects of natural disasters because of the lack of resilient homes and the destruction of the land they live off of. Rethinking the way we prepare for natural disasters, mitigate, and recover from these natural disasters through the lens of nature will help to lower our greenhouse gas emission and create new resilient strategies that allow for nature and humans to prosper while mitigating the effects of natural disasters. This thesis outlines strategies for resilient and adaptive housing to be deployed in natural disaster Another important consideration was why biomimicry has been investigated within this topic. Using nature as inspiration can inform designs how to build more sustainably. The idea and motivation to research biomimicry came from a response that because humans are negatively impacting our world, especially in North America, which has the highest rate of carbon dioxide emission in the world. In Figure 2.3 the data shows that as a result of human activities global warming is occurring, which in turn causes more disasters. The rise of this warming occurred following the industrial revolution.

GLOBAL REPORTED NATURAL DISASTERS BY TYPE

Society is acknowledging that our impact on the world and climate change is a critical issue that needs to be addressed to ensure the future of all generations If designers look to nature to design more sustainably this would positively impact the way individuals and nature live. Allowing both nature and humans to prosper while mitigating the effects of natural disaster is important, both parties should be considered to ensure the best outcome. This concept cannot just be considered for the design of the home but also how the unit is transported and built. Transporting homes is not only very expensive but very bad for the environment. It is evident that innovation from nature can improve how the homes are built, transported and resilient.

Why is United States the area for these natural disaster relief modules?

NATURAL DISASTERS | DISASTERS IN NORTH AMERICA

As mentioned early, North America, and the United States specifically spends the most annually on disasters. Many of the current disaster relief units are investigated in second and third world countries. The reason for this is because the lack of resilient homes and low-income residents provide a greater demand for this area to be researched to help those countries. Natural disaster relief homes have not been fully investigated in North America from the research this thesis conducted. Many homeowners in North America have insurance that could provide assistance for them to rebuild. However, this still offers many challenges because the response is not fast at dealing with the recovery. Low-income and people in poverty typically face the brunt of natural disaster events. These individuals do not have the means to purchase basic insurance or flood insurance. But also their homes are not typically built with materials that would allow them to withstand disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, and flooding. People who have a mid-level income to high can afford to fix their homes following a disaster and have the proper insurance to deal with events. They also can relocate to a safer area if accidents are prominent in their area. For low-income residents, they do not have this luxury. Not only do they have a home that is unfit for a disaster, but they are unable to relocate to a safer locationâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;understanding this lead the discussion with who would benefit from these homes and what target residence would be used for the design implementation of the thesis. Many different types of disasters occur in North America. Using a FEMA data visualization Map of declared disasters was used to determine what natural disaster event, the thesis would respond too.9 The data collected from each disaster event was noted and placed on a map of the United States. It shows what states have the most declared disasters, and this would help to determine what area to select for the main focus. It shows that California and Texas have the most disasters in the United States. California has several declared disasters, and further maps and information can be viewed in Appendix A, FIGURE A.2. California was not the area selected because many of their disasters are related to earthquakes, fire, and droughts. A modular home would not be able to address these issues, and it would likely only be transported to a different site. The reasoning behind the site selection will be discussed in Chapter 8: Site Selection.

UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF FEMA Much of the research conducted throughout the thesis is on FEMA's resources and projects. FEMA is the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency. Their mission is to support the citizens and first responders to promote that as a nation, they work together to build, sustain, and improve the capacity to prepare for disasters. They also provide resources on how to protect, respond, recover and mitigate all hazards.10 They are a federally funded agency that acts as a resource to surplus supplies when needed. The majority of disasters are dealt with at a state level. Local management agencies are equipped with the necessary tools to deal with the disaster. In the case that the demand for a product exceeds the capacity of that regional organization, a state of emergency is called, and FEMA can provide supplies they need to get through the disaster. FIGURE 2.4 Old FEMA trailer model

When a disaster occurs, and people's homes and the property is destroyed, FEMA typically helps out in four main ways. To qualify for this assistance, you have to apply and meet a set of criteria. Temporary housing is supplied for up to 18 months of rental payments while they rebuild or relocate. Also, providing reimbursement for minor home repairs to make the existing home habitable again. FEMA offers small business loans and other grants for medical assistance, furniture and storage. One of the challenges that FEMA has is that a specific law does not allow them to provide shelter for longer than 18 months. This law is called the Stafford Act, and it states that housing assistance must be temporary and only be provided for up to 18 months following a disaster declaration.11 This law is a problem with disaster relief because some places need assistance to last longer than this timeframe. It also creates sustainability issues with transporting the units from place to place. The trailers shown in FIGURE show the existing trailer. These trailers cost roughly $40,000-120,000 for the entire life span of the unit.12 The trailer is fairly affordable to produce, but moving the container to multiple locations runs significantly higher than the hard costs of the home.

FIGURE 2.6 FEMA trailer new mobile home models

To better understand what disaster relief looks like in the world precedents were considered within this realm. Many precedents were investigated to understand the building materials used, how the floor plan was laid out, what was required and how long the type of unit took to produce. These precedents were helpful because many of them provided an in-depth case study that look at how the community input was used, how the performance of the model was achieved both structurally and sustainably.

FIGURE 2.5 FEMA trailer model with sticker that says "NOT TO BE USED FOR HOUSIING"

FEMA trailers are typically stored in FEMA property in various states. In the case of a disaster, FEMA will send large amounts of trailers to the area, and they will be stored in airports or farmland outside of the disaster zone. These trailers are not typically used now because there were a lot of issues with the trailers. The trailers had a formaldehyde problem, which caused most of them to be decommissioned. They can still be found around the United States, where low-income residents will live because they can get the trailer for next to nothing. FEMA trailers have transitioned to look more like a mobile home and are larger than the trailer.

FIGURE 2.7 (LEFT) Exterior of stacked protypes (Courtesy Garrison Architects) FIGURE - 2.8 (RIGHT) Two workers constructing the shelter (Courtesy of Garrison Architects)

NATURAL DISASTERS | FEMA & DISASTER RELIEF PRECEDENTS

NYC EMERGENCY HOUSING13 architect(s) / organization: location: year: size: type of construction: takeaways:

Garrison Architects New York City 2014 2,100 square feet Modular Flexible and rapidly produced housing unit that can be a stand alone home or stackable for communal housing.

The NYC Emergency module was developed for the New York City office of Emergency Management. Garrison Architects was hired by them to design a modular post-disaster housing prototype for displaced city residents in the event of a catastrophic natural or humanmade disaster. The homes are built with recyclable materials like cork floors and zero formaldehyde panels, and double-insulated shells. The design offered floor to ceiling balcony entry doors with integrated shading to lower solar heat gain. The model had the potential to be stacked to create multiple levels or operate as a single unit home.

Transportability

Sustainability

Deployability

Desirability

Resilience

Cost

FIGURE 2.9 Typical unit floor plan (Courtesy of Garrison Architects

FIGURE- 2.10 (LEFT) Exterior of the shelter (Courtest of Poya Khazaeli) FIGURE 2.11 (RIGHT) Two workers constructing the shelter (Courtesy of Poya Khazaeli)

RE:BUILD14 architect(s) / organization: location: year: size: type of construction: takeaways:

Poya Khazaeli Multiple locations 2015 2,800 square feet Site Construction Flexible construction using natural resources.

This project was created to house refugees. The architect looked at creating a shelter that housed multiple people and could be built with the support of the refugees. It was constructed without electricity or water by Syrian refugees with no prior knowledge of construction and completed in 2 weeks with nine paid labourers working 6 hours a day - 756 hours in total. The project combines natural elements like gravel, and typical items and accessories for construction like scaffolding tubes and, above all, the labour of the refugees themselves.

Transportability

Sustainability

Deployability

Desirability

Resilience

Cost 15

FIGURE 2.12 Re:Build Floor Plan (Courtesy of Poya Khazaeli)

FIGURE 2.13 (LEFT) Exterior of the model

FIGURE 2.14 (RIGHT) A couple picture on the porch of their new home

NATURAL DISASTERS | DISASTER RELIEF PRECEDENTS

PARK ONE MODEL15 architect(s) / organization: location: year: size: type of construction: takeaways:

FEMA Funded Research Mississippi 2009 480 square feet Prefabricated FEMA research on a project that was designed with the community and using desired architectural elements.

The Park Model or also referred to as the Mississippi Cottages, is a prefabricated home that meets the HUD-code standards and meets the 2003 International Residential Code (IRC) and can withstand 150 miles per hour wind speeds. This project was funded as part of FEMA's research to produce better housing typology other than the FEMA Trailer. It took into consideration what a community wanted for these homes, as well as being sitespecific, to incorporate vernacular elements from the region. The underlying issues they had with these homes were that people did not want to live there because it looked like a mobile home. As well as, it did not meet the zoning requirements for permanent housing considerations.

Transportability

Sustainability

Deployability

Desirability

Resilience

Cost

FIGURE 2.15 Typical Floor Plan

Bedroom 1

Bathroom

Bedroom 2

Kitchen & Living

FIGURE 2.16 Destruction of neighbourhood FIGURE 2.17 Home partial damaged in flood zone FIGURE 2.18 Resident looking at destruction FIGURE 2.19 Resident reclaiming materials from the storm

SKETCH PROBLEM ONE

ABACO ISLAND, BAHAMAS Sketch problems have been conducted twice throughout the thesis. They were intended to allow students the opportunity to investigate a narrow subject within their topic of investigation. Typically, these sketch problems were conducted over one week. For this thesis, three sketch problems were conducted. The first one was dealing with the aftermath of Hurricane Dorian that heavily impacted Abaco islands in the Bahamas. This sketch problem was intended to look at a disaster event in the United States with documented analysis of the disaster event. The design solution would be a proposed design for a shelter using recycled materials with a panelized system that can ventilate and plants in Abaco, Bahamas. On August 24, 2019, a Category 5 hurricane hit the island of the Bahamas. It was the most intense tropical cycle on record and one of the worst in the country's history. The wind speeds reach 295 km/h, causing 3.4 billion dollars in damage. An estimated 13,000 homes were destroyed and many more damaged.16 A UN report stated that the water supply was contaminated with salt water, and large amounts of water and food were needed for the residents of the island. The sketch problem responded to this problem by looking at a shelter that would house, family and grow crops and store water. The sketch problem was also the first time biomimicry was explored. To investigate this topic, research began by looking for inspiration on how water collects on organisms. Two organisms were studied, one being the spline of a cactus, which has a curvature on the form which guides water through the skin, as well as a tessellating pattern of snakeskin.

The first modular system explored was panelized. These panels would be placed on the faรงade of the home, and they would provide for ventilation and space for growing. This system would be 1' -0" x 1' -0" and could be as long as the individual wanted. The panel would allow for crops to grow for food, and the roof would be used as a catchment area that would store water underneath the bunk beds in the plan.

SECTION

E L E VAT I O N

ventilation

FIGURE 2.20 Snake skin tesselation FIGURE 2.21 Elevation of Panel FIGURE 2.22 Section of Panel

ventilation

6’-0”

NATURAL DISASTERS | ABACO SKETCH PROBLEM

growing space

2’-0”

bunk beds

water collection tank below

open floor space

Water Collection: August – 460 gallons September – 340 gallons October – 365 gallons November – 340 gallons

FIGURE 2.23 Typical floor plan of the proposed shelter

The shelter was meant to be an interim housing solution that would only shelter the individual for a few months. When the individuals would rebuild, they would reuse the materials and build a larger home. The shelter is a 10' -0" x 10' -0", and it can sleep up to 4 people. The shelter is small but compact enough for a temporary solution. With the local organizations struggling with the demand, a small shelter would be the best case for mass quantities of units for individuals. Lastly, a catchment study was completed to determine how much rainwater could be harvested.

solar panels

storage

NATURAL DISASTERS | ABACO SKETCH PROBLEM & RELECTION

open space water collection tank FIGURE 2.24 Typical section of the proposed shelter

CRITIQUE & REFLECTION This sketch problem allowed me to start thinking about natural disasters and challenges. Themes that emerged from this sketch problem was the importance of sustainable measures and the importance of making these modules site-specific. This sketch problem allowed me to start thinking about place and using the local environment to strengthen the design. Themes that emerged was the importance of community engagement, the need to investigate the vernacular architecture that's specific to the area. In conclusion, the sketch problem broadens the understanding of natural disasters and their challenges within a community setting. It was beneficial to recognize the importance of narratives within but then the topic since I have not lived through one. The sketch problem was also very helpful in looking at its timeline of events that made up the recovery tasks of the individual.

03 NATURE'S ROLE using inspiration from nature as a lens of exploration into the issue

Nature plays a key role within my research. Nature's role is critical to humans, it is essential for all living things on earth and provides humans with food, water, medicine, materials, shelter among many others. Our role within nature should always be to respect it and allow it the same benefits we wish to have. In our society now there has been an increased awareness of this that for the most part has been unseen in other generations, or just not as prominent. Mother nature has provided us with a great place humans can call homes, and we must respect that not only as humans but most importantly as designers. Designers play a key role in shaping how people interact with the world around them, and it starts with the simplest design. Promoting proper behaviour and treatment within the world we live in is important for not only nature but the survival of humans.

[LEFT TO RIGHT] FIGURE 3.1 Lotus Temple, India FIGURE 3.2 Lotus flower FIGURE 3.3 Eiffel Tower FIGURE 3.4 Femur Bone

Natural Disasters are increasing each year, displacing millions of people globally. This happens in our own home, maybe not to the scale of other natural disasters in other places, but it still happens. Natural disasters do not discriminate and can happen anywhere on earth. From the charts previously discussed we know that natural disasters are occurring more frequently. One of the resulting effects of the growing greenhouses gases in our atmosphere which leads to a rise temperatures are causing natural disasters to happen more frequently. Looking for nature for clues in how to correct what human development has done will provide new insight on how to complete these issues more sustainably. Nature has time tested solutions that humans can learn from. This is why biomimicry is being tested to explore this issue. Humans have played the role for a long time of being destructive to mother nature, and the need to be more aware of this is evident. Many actions need to be taken in order to ensure our survival, and looking to nature for inspiration to solve these issues should be our first step. Biomimicry is an area of study that uses nature as a precedent to solve real life problems. This is the lens of exploration into disaster relief housing is being completed with biomimicry.

FIGURES 3.1 and 3.2 is showing an example of biomorphic architecture. Biomorphic architecture is when the form of the organism inspires the form of the building. It only does not truly perform like the organism it is investigating. FIGURES 3.3 and 3.4 is showing an example of biomimetic architecture. How the structure of the Eiffel tower was designed was inspired by the molecular level of a femur bone. The problem this solved was bending and shear effects due to wind load and thermal expansion.

FORM

ORGANISM

PROCESS

BEHAVIOR

FUNCTION

ECOSYSTEM

STUDYING BIOMIMICRY Biomimicry is a tool in which designers can use to integrate the local environment and sustainable strategies into their designs. Biomimicry can be seen on different levels, but it includes the form, which is based on the organism, the process which is based on the behaviour, and the function which is based on the ecosystem. Nature does not always get things right, and it does fail like anything else. However, it is essential to acknowledge that nature has more experience with adapting and being resilient than humans do as we are just a tiny moment on the timeline of evolution. Biomimicry is based on respect for nature and the environment and nurturing a deeper connection between humans and nature. The thesis three different approaches for studying biomimicry that was adapted by the Biomimicry Institute. There is the top-down approach that begins with the design problem, then searching for biological analogies, identifying appropriate principles, abstraction from the natural model, testing and analyzing the biological model, and then coming to a design solution.17 The bottom-up approach is the reverse of the top-down approach. The last example of studying biomimicry and the most helpful for the thesis research is the biomimicry design spiral.17 This model was produced by the Biomimicry Institute. The person studying biomimicry first defines the impact that he/she wants the design to have. Then biologize and ask nature how to achieve that through design. The next step is to look for possible organisms for inspiration. Then studying that organism and abstracting it in terms of architectural terms. Lastly, at the end of the design phase, he/she should evaluate it to see if its a viable solution. This method stresses the importance of asking nature how it would solve the problem. A great resource to discover more information is AskNature.org. It provides a search engine, and it allows you to ask nature how to resolve the issue at hand.

FIGURE 3.5 Biomimicry Diagram

FIGURE 3.6 (LEFT) Top-down approach FIGURE 3.7 (RIGHT) Bottom-up approach

NATURE'S ROLE | BIOMIMICRY & STUDYING BIOMIMICRY

DEFINE Make a list of the functions your building will perform.

BIOLOGIZE Translate it to biological terms; i.e. think how nature does this function.

DISCOVER Uncover the natural heroes who solve your challenges.

ABSTRACT Reinterpret the discovered strategies in architectural terms.

EMULATE Devise a design solution from the strategies

EVALUATE Evaluate your design solution from step one and three, and see if it is a viable solution.

FIGURE 3.8 Biomimicry Design Spiral

TEN OF NATURE'S UNIFYING PATTERNS18 The thesis is considering ten of nature's unifying patterns as design principals. The Biomimicry institute established these ten principles. They will be used as guiding design principles within the design process. If something does not fit into being biomimetic, it fits into these ten principles.

Nature tends to optimize rather than maximize. Nature seeks a balance between resources taken in and resources expended. Energy spent on excess growth could result in insufficient energy reserves or characteristics that harm an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. This principle relates to many things in architecture as well, and it suggests that programmatic elements should be compact and optimize all aspects rather than maximizing them.

Nature uses only the energy it needs and relies on freely available energy. The risk of using excessive energy is death or the failure to reproduce. Nature's sources for energy are freely available because they are renewable, are found locally, and do not need to be mined.

Nature uses shape to determine functionality. Forms should always come with a purpose in design and nature. Nature uses shape to determine functionality. This behaviour can be seen with the way plants grow, how water is directed on a surface, the natural curvature of an organism or animal.

Nature recycles all material. One organism's waste or the decomposing body becomes a source of food and materials for other organisms, more accurately ecosystems of microorganisms that break down complex organic materials and molecules into smaller molecules that can be taken up and reassembled into entirely new materials.

Nature is resilient to disturbances.

to disturbances

FIGURE 3.9 House that is resilient

Nature can recover after disturbances or significant, unpredictable changes in the local environment, such as those caused by a fire, flood, blizzard, or injury. Diversity, redundancy, decentralization, self-renewal, and self-repair can be enabled resiliency in nature and the ability to maintain function needs. Similarly, architecture should also have elements that are resilient to disturbances and can quickly bounce back from any challenges.

Nature provides mutual benefits. The benefits may be simply by-products of specific behaviours - for example, when one organism's waste is another organism's resource. The idea of recycling and constant regrowth is something architects should consider. How sustainable building materials are and how they can be reused is essential for the future.

Nature uses chemistry and materials that are safe for living beings.

Organisms do chemistry within and near their cells. Life's chemistry-derived materials that are supportive of life's processes. Architecture should play a key role in advocating for safe building materials that are safe for humans and the environment. One party should never benefit while the other one suffers.

Nature builds using abundant resources, incorporating rare resources only sparingly. In design, consider using only locally and readily available, not mined, processed, or shipped thousands of miles. Waste is eliminated waste through additive manufacturing and by the building processes around readily available and low-cost sources of materials and energy.

NATURE'S ROLE | NATURE'S PRINCIPLES

Nature is locally attuned and responsive. Organisms use those predictable cyclic patterns as an opportunity, evolving to fill a particular niche. Within particular locations, there are micro-environments. These organisms are attuned to their natural surroundings, and this is how survival of the fittest works. Architecture can be locally attuned and responsive if it uses the natural environment to improve the interior conditions of the unit.

Nature runs on information Organisms in nature is constantly sending and receiving signals to and from other organisms or even within the body of the organisms. This can be related to architectural terms by considering a system that responds to cues from the environment. So, if there were shading devices on the building, technology would automatically tell the shades to lower/close to reducing solar heat gain.

FIGURE 3.10 House and nature relationship

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS

Branching

Curvature

Folding

Symmetry

Asymmetry

SPATIAL/FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

FIGURE 3.11 Collection of drawings inspired by nature

Multi-functional

Transformative

Growth

Recycling

How do designers implement inspiration from nature into their designs? The challenge with studying biomimicry is sometimes the strategy is just not feasible. In many cases, biomimicry investigated to achieve a level of sustainability, but it comes with a high price. However, from the more information you learn about nature, sometimes the most straightforward design can be inspired by nature. It does not have to look like an organism or perform like one to be biomimetic. If designers use even the slightest inspiration, it is considered biomimetic. Any form of inspiration from nature is implementing biomimicry into the design. This concept also challenged a lot of jurors in the benchmarks throughout the year. Many jurors believed that if it looks like an organism or is doing this crazy innovative function that the organism does, then it is biomimicry. Many jurors said these design principles and the nature-inspired process is just good design. The topic still remained, because the research question was testing if biomimicry could be implemented into the design of the disaster relief homes.

FIGURE 3.11 were produced for benchmark three, and they were used to show how biomimicry can be implemented through design. It looks at geometric characteristics, as well as spatial and functional characteristics. This investigation added another layer to the design thinking for it to be inspired by nature. To better understand what nature-inspired buildings look like in the world, precedents were considered. They look at smaller scale homes as this was the scope of the design implementation of the thesis. These were investigated to understand how others have been inspired by biomimicry and different processes that are nature-inspired.

Multi-layer

FIGURE 3.12 (LEFT) Detailed axonometric with sustainable strategies overlaid

NATURE'S ROLE | IMPLEMENTING BIOMIMICRY IN DESIGN & NATURE INSPIRED PRECEDENTS

FIGURE 3.13 (RIGHT) Axononmetric rendering

DYMAXION HOUSE19 architect(s) / organization: location: year: size: type of construction: takeaways:

Buckminister Fuller Multiple Locations 1945 1,100 square feet Manufactured FEMA research on a project that was designed with the community and using desired architectural elements.

The Dymaxion house by Buckminister Fuller was a precedent used for this project that bests aligns with the thesis goals. The home built was inspired by spiderwebs, and branching patterns found in nature. This inspiration resulted in a centralized column and potential circulation that was in the center of the home. It uses a self-bracing triangular structure that is shipped in panels and built similar to a car. It stored rainwater, filtered air for reuse, and even included a waterless toilet. This home was affordable and lightweight for the time it was produced. This model was not received well during its time, because it was too futuristic and issues with the automotive industry. Lastly, the home was storm proof and could withstand a tornado or hurricane.

Transportability

Sustainability

Deployability

Desirability

Resilience

Cost

FIGURE 3.14 Typical floor plan of the Dymaxion

FIGURE 3.15 (LEFT) Exterior rendering of the home

FIGURE 3.16 (RIGHT) Exploded axonmetric with sustainable strategies overlaid

RAFFLESIA HOUSE20 architect(s) / organization: location: year: size: type of construction: takeaways:

Zoka Zola Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2015 1,600 square feet Site Construction Using inspiration from the rafflesia floor to improve the air flow within the home with concave and convex walls.

Transportability

Sustainability

Deployability

Desirability

Resilience

Cost 29

FIGURE 3.17 Typical floor plan

FIGURE 3.18 (LEFT) Exterior photo of shades lifted

FIGURE 3.19 (RIGHT) Elevation drawing

NATURE'S ROLE | NATURE INSPIRED PRECEDENTS

MARIKA ALDERTON21 architect(s) / organization: location: year: size: type of construction: takeaways:

Glenn Murcutt Yirrkala Community, Australia 1994 1,500 square feet Site Construciton Site specific architecture and addressing the local environment with strategies that improve the home.

Glenn Murcutt designed the Markia-Alderton home. Investigating site-specific architecture was an area of interest because it was a challenge to find precedents that worked for the thesis that have clear examples of biomimicry. Using this home as an example, it was clear that it offered some of the Ten Unifying Patterns of Nature. 1! The principles that it incorporates is resilient to disturbances, responsive, and uses shape to determine functionality. It uses operable plywood panels, and slatted screens slide or pivot to control. The elevated construction increases ventilation and protects from flooding. As a result of the methods used, it has no demand for an air system for this climate with the ventilation provided.

Transportability

Sustainability

Deployability

Desirability

Resilience

Cost

FIGURE 3.20 Sketch by architect of the sustainable strategies used

FIGURE 3.21 Map illustrating the location of Nepal

SKETCH PROBLEM TWO

ABACO ISLAND, BAHAMAS The second sketch looked at an area outside of North America that was heavily prone to natural disaster events. This sketch problem was intended to look out at a place that is very prone to natural disasters, then finding research onset statistical information quote the disaster itself, What people do how they help and when in what is needed. Also, another important thing for this sketch problem was that a narrative was introduced to the topic that allowed me to understand the perspective of an individual going through this situation.

NEPAL

Changes in the Environment Percent Deforestation 94.3% Human behavior 89.7% Uncontrolled population 71.3% Climate change 54.0% Urbanization 29.7%

FIGURE 3.22 Charts explaining the disaster

GENERAL IMPACTS OF DISASTERS

Impacts

Infestation of insects Drying of water resources Decrease in productivity Increase in crop disease Increase in animal disease Invasion of new crops Early maturity Flowering in forests Disease in human beings Increase in productivity

97.7% 93.7% 89.7% 72.7% 62.3% 66.0% 42.7% 20.3% 36.7% 8.3%

MEANS BY WHICH RESPONDENTS HELPED EACHOTHER Means of Helping Others Helping hands Information Providing basic needs Loans

77.4% 61.6% 48.4% 18.3%

DISASTER EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Effects on the Environment Decrease in surface water Pollution Loss in biodiversity Loss of life

94.6% 74.2% 50.3% 6.0%

MITIGATION METHODS USED BY RESPONDENTS Mitigation Methods for Landslides Afforestation Contour farming Awareness Check basin Change of housing location Reconstruction of sheds Loans for household activities

97.7% 78.9% 51.6% 48.4% 11.7% 3.1% 3.1%

Mitigation Methods for Floods Check basin Awareness Loan for household activities Change of housing location Reconstruction of sheds Mitigation Methods for Drought

92.9% 92.0% 13.3% 7.1% 5.3%

Conservation and utilization of resources Drought-resistant varieties Construction of plastic ponds

89.6% 40.7% 8.6%

This study looked at how natural disasters affected agriculture, livelihood, physical infrastructure, and property.22 Some of the key takeaways are:

Major causes of the changing environment are due to deforestation, human behaviour, uncontrolled population, climate change and urbanization. The overall impacts of the disaster are an infestation of insects, limited water resources, crop/animal disease, among others. The effects on the environment are a decrease in surface water, pollution, loss of biodiversity and life. It also touched on mitigation methods that are being implemented to be better prepared for these events. The survey showed that 78% of people helped each other after a disaster occurred, whether it would be by providing a helping hand, providing information or basic needs. The culture in Nepal is heavily based upon the community and helping each other. After a natural disaster has occurred, it is essential to engage with one another to rebuild. This method allows the individuals an increased sense of belonging in a time of need where the individual has experienced different forms of loss. Using the Paudrel as the narrative, the goal of this sketch problem was to incorporate fostering community engagement through making shelters from natural resources while using sustainable strategies. The first phase of this would be implementing a natural disaster kit with essential tools. This kit would be set before the event or immediately following the disaster. The second phase would be to construct an emergency shelter using the tools from the kit and bamboo, which is a natural resource to Nepal. The emergency shelter would be lived in from day one up until month four on average. The third phase would be using the resources from the emergency shelter to be repurposed for a temporary shelter. This shelter would be lived in from day month one and can continue through year four to six.

Pokhrel, D., Bhandari, B. and Viraraghavan, T. (2009), "Natural hazards and environmental implications in Nepal", Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 18 No. 5, pp. 478-489. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560911003679

MAJOR CAUSES OF THE CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

Nepal is a unique place in the world being home to Mount Everest and also extremely prone to natural disasters of all types including floods, landslides, earthquakes, glacial lake outburst floods, thunderstorms, cold and hot waves, droughts and epidemics. In April 2015, Nepal was hit by a 7.8 Earthquake followed by a 7.3 Earthquake a month later. A total of 9,000 people died, and more than six hundred thousand houses were destroyed, and almost three hundred thousand were damaged.

CHAPTER |ROLE NATURE'S SECTION | ILLAM SKETCH PROBLEM

FIGURE 3.23 Collection of photos of disasters occuring in Nepal

sent to location before the disaster or after the event

day one after receiving the relief kit

shelter for day one untill month four

FIGURE 3.24 Diagram of the timeline of the shelter adapting

FIG - X.X Re:Build Floor Plan (Courtest of Poya Khazaeli)

prepare site and begin building temporary shelter

complete temporary shelter by month ďŹ ve

CRITIQUE & REFLECTION This sketch problem allowed me to understand the uses of emergency and temporary shelters and the sequence of recovery for these phases. The biggest themes that emerged from this is the importance of resiliency, adaptability, and community engagement. It is going to be vital for the future of the thesis to not only house individuals but to engage the community and provide education. For construction and design it proved the need to look at every part of the shelter as doing more than one thing. If something on the building is not performing in more than one way it is not efficient and should be replaced by something else.

month six up to year six or longer

04 MODULARITY'S ROLE investigating different modularity systems to determine what method will be used for the design implementation

Modular construction is becoming a more common building method in today's society because it allows for homes to be reproduced at a large scale quickly and affordably. This chapter investigates four different types of modular construction that I have outlined from the research. The goal of this investigation is to narrow down the selection of what modular system will be used for the design implementation of the thesis. The four types of modular construction being discussed are prefabricated, panelized, manufactured, and 3D printed. While discussing this topic, a grading system has been used to help guide the decision for the final thesis design project.

FIGURE 4.1 (LEFT) Exterior of the core unit (Courtesy of BC Workshop) FIGURE 4.2 (RIGHT) Exterior or the addition on to the core unit. (Courtesy of BC Workshop)

RAPIDO23 architect(s) / organization: location: year: size: type of construction: takeaways:

Lower Rio Grande Recovery Re-Housing Program Rio Grande Valley, Texas 2013-2015 Core Unit = 12'-0" x 40'-0" Manufactured and Site Construction Incremental building using core unit and reinforcing the local construction materials and businesses

BC Workshop designed the Rapido Project in Rio Grande Valley, Texas. The team implemented a new approach that enabled communities to recover from disasters within months instead of years. This project profoundly influenced the design of the thesis and was used as a resource from their case study. The Rapido model is a panelized system that is shipped after the disaster, and it is built with a local construction team and assembled on site as a core unit with the essential program to home. Once the community stabilizes, the core unit is expanded, reinforcing the recovery timeline and community engagement.

Transportability

Sustainability

Deployability

Desirability

Resilience

Cost

FIGURE 4.3 Rapido core unit exploded axonometric (Courtesy of BC Workshop)

FIGURE 4.4 (LEFT) Exterior of the homes (Courtesy of Elemental) FIGURE 4.5 (RIGHT) Exterior of the homes with additions to the core (Courtesy of Elemental)

VILLA VERDE24 architect(s) / organization: location: year: size: type of construction: takeaways:

Elemental (Alejandro Aravena) Constitucion, Chile 2010 10'-0" x 22'-0" (Each Section) Site Construction Social housing that uses incremental building.

Villa Verde is an incremental building project that was designed by Alejandro Aravena. The idea behind this home is to have half a home instead of having a tiny house. Similar to the idea of a core unit. However, this home uses half the footprint of a typical shape of the home, so when the people living there have the means to add on, they can easily do so. Further research was conducted on Arevenaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s book Elemental: Incremental Housing and Participatory Design Manual, with different incremental building projects.1!

Transportability

Sustainability

Deployability

Desirability

Resilience

Cost 37

FIGURE 4.6 Villa Verde floor plans (Courtesy of Elemental)

FIG - 4.7 (LEFT) Completed core home

FIGURE 4.8 (RIGHT) Two units being fastened into one

BACK HOME RAPID RECOVERY25

MODULARITY'S ROLE | PRECEDENTS

architect(s) / organization: location: year: size: type of construction: takeaways:

BC Workshop with Tegrity Homes Harris County and Gavelston County, Texas 2015 Core Unit = 27â&#x20AC;&#x2122; x 44â&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Two Units Joined Together) Prefabricated Information on community design sessions and client needs for the selected area of focus.

The Back Home Rapid Recovery is a FEMA funded research project in the area of HarrisGalveston County in Texas. This home investigated a new modular system that for transportation consideration has a core unit split in half, and on-site, the two center walls are mechanically fastened together. This method cuts down on the overall costs of the home. Additions can be added on to the rear of the home. In addition to the transportation consideration, they also engaged with local community members to design the home with local vernacular elements that included a covered roof, double gable roof, and specific exterior and interior materials.

Transportability

Sustainability

Deployability

Desirability

Resilience

Cost

FIGURE 4.9 Typical floor plan

PREFABRICATED HOMES

MANUFACTURED HOMES

Prefabricated homes are homes that are manufactured and brought to the site already assembled. They are typically delivered in one piece, but in some cases, many modular can make up a prefabricated modular home. This module system allows for homes to be brought to the site already assembled. The only thing that happens on-site is pouring the foundation and hooking up the house to the electrical and water/sewage systems.

Manufactured homes are very popular in the united states. They are a mobile home that is at least 320 square feet or larger, which meets HUD standards. The unit home must be on a permanent chassis, which allows the module to be easily moved. They are very similar to a prefabricated house, the difference being the permanent chassis. This chassis provides for it to be transported it needing to be on a flatbed truck. The chassis allows for it to be moved and hooked up to the truck directly. This makes the transportation of these units extraordinarily efficient and cheaper than moving any other modular system, other than 3D printing. The homes are built to be easily deployed, so it makes it a good fit for disaster relief. Depending on the building materials used, the product can be very resilient. It has to meet both the home standards by-laws as well as the HUD standards. The sustainability of the unit is fairly high because of it being manufactured in a warehouse, which lowers waste and carbon emissions. The desirability is lower on this home because of the stigma that is associated with living in mobile homes, which was already discussed. The cost is fairly similar to prefabricated homes.

Transportability

Sustainability

Transportability

Sustainability

Deployability

Desirability

Deployability

Desirability

Resilience

Cost

Resilience

Cost

Transporting prefabricated homes is pretty straightforward and can be done relatively quickly. It will cost more to ship long distances because of permitting and paying the company to move it. These units are easily deployable because they are already assembled. It would depend on the size of the unit and the width of it to make it deployable to all locations. The resilience of the unit is about the same as typical construction, because of the construction method used is the same. The units can be sustainable, depending on who is fabricating the units. Manufacturing in a large warehouse is a sustainable building technique and offers little waste in terms of building materials and carbon emissions. The desirability of the unit is higher, depending on the width of the unit. Lastly, the cost is low because the home is replicated and made in large quantities, which provides for savings. If the house were custom, it would cost more for the individual.

MODULARITY'S ROLE | TYPES OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION 40

PANELIZED HOMES

3D PRINTED HOMES

Panelized homes are becoming more popular because they offer more flexibility than other modular systems. By having a series of different panels, the way they are configured can be up to the client. This method dramatically improves the psychological response to a disaster because of the level of flexibility the unit has. Panelized is more complicated to assemble and requires people who know how to put them together. This challenge would be the only downfall to this method unless there were construction workers available it might not be the best option for rapidly produced modular units. ` For transportability and deployability, this modular system ranks high because the unit is assembled in various pieces, which does not require a permit or a large flatbed truck. Panelized systems are very high similar to manufactured. The building materials make the frame very rigid. Sustainability is the same as prefabricated and manufactured because it is produced in a warehouse. The desirability of a panelized system is reasonably low, and many people still are not familiar with it enough to make this kind of investment. The cost of the panelized system runs higher because of the level of sophistication needed to attach the components as well as a construction team that knows how to assemble them.

3D printing is a new building method that has just started in the last few years. This method uses a special concrete that is 3D printed with a machine. 3D printing is fast with this method, which allows for homes to be built within a day. It also offers flexibility and easy customization because the model can be changed before the 3D printing happens. Not all components of a home can be 3D printed. The roof will have to be a separate piece that is shipped from off-site and assembled once the walls have dried completely.

Transportability

Sustainability

Transportability

Sustainability

Deployability

Desirability

Deployability

Desirability

Resilience

Cost

Resilience

Cost

3D printing is the best option for deployability because once the organization has the 3D printer, it can be shipped anywhere and start building the right way. It also is very resilient because it uses concrete material. This method is the worst at transportability because it is implausible that the home would be moved once it made. The concrete is very heavy, so moving it would be very costly. Individuals would pay less to have it 3d printed again, versus transporting it. This method is also very sustainable because it is low waste material and does not use a lot of energy. The desirability of the modular system is low because it is not a common building method yet. The resiliency of the unit makes it more desirable, but it depends on the area. For flooding, this method would not work.

FIGURE 4.10 Sketchup Three, Prefab vs. 3D printing

CRITIQUE & REFLECTION

This sketch problem was the third and final sketch problem for the thesis, which occurred in late January. At this time, determining what method of the modular system would be used was being investigated. From benchmark two, the interest in creating a new FEMA trailer that continues with the individual was the route being pursued. This sketch problem looked at prefabricated homes and 3D printed houses on.a timeline with the psychological responses to a disaster. It was comparing the timeline and costs to each other to see which one would be selected. Although 3D printing is an excellent option for disaster relief housing, for flooding, this modular system did not work well, and it was unable to be transported, which eliminated this modular system from the discussion. Also mapping was completed to understand the travel distance to determine pricing. This map can be viewed in Appendix A, FIGURE A.1. In conclusion, this was a very effective way of determining what method would be best suited for design implementation. The analysis of the four types of modular systems and comparing them together was useful to see which one had the overall best score. It was evident by the end of this investigation that a prefabricated unit with elements of a manufactured home would be the best option to address the issue of flooding while considering rapid deployment and improving the psychological conditions.

05 PERSONAL IMPACT understanding the personal impact of a natural disaster

Throughout the progression of the thesis, it became evident that understanding the psychological responses was needed to understand the disaster and how it affects the individual. Understanding not only the timeline of the recovery but how an individual feels while going through the emergency is crucial to design to accommodate them. From precedent research, many natural disaster relief housing solely focuses on housing individuals as quickly as possible without considering the needs and wants of the individual. While it is essential to house individuals quickly and to get them back to normalcy should be a top consideration. Designing a home to improve how the individual feels and the desires for their home should be considered to make the relief more effective.

One of the most complex entities within the timeline of disasters is the psychological well-being of the individuals impacted. As someone who has not experienced the impact of a natural disaster, it is hard to conceptualize this. However, it is very vital to consider the well-being of the people impacted when designing their relief housing. Analyzing The Training Manual For Mental Health and Human Service Workers in Major Disasters by Deborah DeWolfe was used to understand the psychological responses to a disaster.26

PHASE ONE:

DISASTER

The Disaster Phase is when a disaster occurs. This phase is characterized by fear and uncertainty. It can be as short as hours or even minutes, such as terrorists attack, or it could be several months, such as a hurricane season. Disasters with little or no warning can cause feelings of vulnerability or lack of security, fear of the future, loss of control. The individual can feel that they are unable to protect themselves and their loved ones. Disasters with warnings can cause guilt or self-blame for failure to adequately respond to the warnings.

FIGURE 5.1 Digital collage depicting the Disaster Phase

PHASE TWO:

IMPACT

FIGURE 5.2 Digital collage depicting the Impact Phase

The Impact Phase is directly after the disaster has occurred, and when the individuals see what has happened to their homes or community. This phase is characterized by a range of intense emotional reactions. Slow, low-threat disasters have different psychological effects than rapid, dangerous disasters. These reactions can range from complete shock to overt pain. Typical responses of confusion and disbelief typically are followed by a focus on self-preservation and to protect their loved ones. The impact phase generally is the shortest of the six stages.

PHASE THREE:

PERSONAL IMPACT | IMPACT & HEROIC PHASE

HEROIC

The next phase is the Heroic phase. It is when people are doing everything they can to help the situation. They are helping neighbours and friends get back to normalcy. This phase is characterized by a high level of activity coupled with a low level of productivity. In this phase, there is a sense of altruism, with adrenaline-induced rescue behaviour. As a result, risk assessment may be impaired, and people can get hurt from helping without thinking of the risks and the potential damage they can cause to themself or their property.

FIGURE 5.3 Digital collage depicting the Heroic Phase

PHASE FOUR:

HONEYMOON

FIGURE 5.4 Digital collage depicting the Honeymoon Phase

A dramatic shift in emotion characterizes the Honeymoon Phase. This phase can typically last a few weeks. During this phase, disaster assistance is readily available. The individual is feeling a sense that things will go back to normal because of the support available to them. There becomes a broader network between the impacted individuals and the community care providers.

PHASE FIVE:

PERSONAL IMPACT | HONEYMOON & DISSILUSIONMENT PHASE

DISSILLUSIONMENT The Disillusionment Phase is when the individuals and communities impacted realize the limits of disaster assistance. This phase can last months or even years. As the optimism turns to discouragement and stress continues to take a toll. Adverse reactions such as physical exhaustion or substance use may begin to surface, and feeling abandoned.

FIGURE 5.5 Digital collage depicting the Dillusionment Phase

PHASE SIX:

RECONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 5.6 Digital collage depicting the Reconstruction Phase

This last phase is Reconstruction; it is characterized by an overall feeling of recovery. This phase can last for years. The individuals and communities begin to assume responsibility for rebuilding their lives. People adjust to their new normal while continuing to grieve losses. This phase often occurs around the anniversary of the disaster and may continue for some time beyond that.

PERSONAL IMPACT | RECONSTRUCTION PHASE & RELECTION

CRITIQUE & REFLECTION The analysis of This psychological response turned out to be advantageous research for the thesis. The jurors responded very well to seeing this piece included and thought that these depictions and the timeline were one of the most exciting features of the thesis research. When designing for natural disaster relief, the psychological responses have not been found in any of the precedents researched. The analysis of the human condition is not an area that was lacking research and why it was a substantial piece of the thesis. While in not all cases, the design of the home cannot improve all of these responses, but it can help. The best example in which these responses would be improved is by making sure the timeline of recovery aligns properly with these responses. For instance, for the Heroic Phase, if altruism is clouding the judgement of individuals to make the right decisions, outreach teams should work directly with the individuals and making sure that their energy is being spent where it is needed most. Also, another thing to note is that if this modular system started as a core home and was later adapted into a full residence, it would eliminate the disillusionment phase. The individuals would acknowledge that they are living in a home and rebuilding their life. By adding on to their existing home, it would allow them to improve the recovery phase and start that phase sooner. Understanding the psychological responses to a disaster and ensuring long term growth in the home was critical to the development of the thesis.

06 TIMELINES OF RECOVERY understanding the timelines that affect responses to a natural disaster

The timeline of recovery is a collection of the natural disaster event in stages that is outlined in four main stages. This section will look at the natural disaster stages of preparedness, short-term, intermediate and long-term. Within this timeline, it lists activities pertaining to people, communities, nature, physical infrastructure and the urban environment. By analyzing the timeline, it provided knowledge of what areas needed the most focus for the organizational structure of the modular home as well as what is needed in each phase that could be improved by the modular home.

FOCUS

PREPAREDNESS

SUMMARY OF THE SEQUENCE OF RECOVERY TASKS SHORT-TERM INTERMEDIATE

Preparing for Event

Emergency Response & Relief

Repair

Ceased or changed

Returned and functioning

RESPONSE

SHORT/MEDIUM-TERM RECOVERY

NORMAL ACTIVITIES

RISK REDUCTION & READINESS

People Identify children or adults who would benefit from conselling or other treatments

EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITY

People Engagement with community on being prepared

Restoration

Communities Engage and inform the community with workshops and education

Nature Some animals have senses that allow them to predict impending natural disasters

Nature Relocate to higher ground or another location

Nature In some cases shelters help with this process and recovery management

Physical Infastructure Conducting a survey on disaster preparedness Provide mass care and emergency services

DAY 1

DAY 2

DAY 3

DAY 4

DAY 5

WEEK 2

WEEK 3

Communities Implement mitigation strategies Nature Re-establish their habitat Physical Infastructure Re-establish health care facilities Develop permanent housing solutions

Urban Environment Continue repair and rebuild

Urban Environment Continue to build resilient urban environments for the future

SUMMARY OF THE SEQUENCE OF RECOVERY TASKS

WEEK 1

People Follow-up for ongoing counseling, behavioral health and case management

Physical Infastructure Provide interim housing

Urban Environment Assess and understand the risks and vulnerabilities

WEEK 4

MONTH 1

MONTH 2

MONTH 4

Improvement Improved and developed

LONG TERM RECOVERY

People Engage support networks for ongoing care for individuals

Communities Build community capacity Articulate protocols in disaster services

Urban Environment Reduce risk

Replacement Returned and functioning at pre-disaster levels or greater

Communities Build community capacity Articulate protocols in disaster services

Physical Infastructure Conducting a survey on disaster preparedness Reduce risk

LONG-TERM

MONTH 6

MONTH 8

MONTH 10

YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

emotional lows

size and scope of activity

emotional highs

PHASES

DISASTER IMPACT

SCOPE OF ACTIVITY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS HEROIC DISILLUSIONMENT HONEYMOON

RECONSTRUCTION

YEAR 4

YEAR 6

FIGURE 6.1 Timelines of Recovery

STAGE ONE:

PREPAREDNESS People Engagement with community on being prepared Communities Build community capacity Articulate protocols in disaster services Nature Some animals have senses that allow them to predict impending natural disasters Physical Infastructure Conducting a survey on disaster preparedness Reduce risk Urban Environment Reduce risk

FIGURE 6.3 Short-term activities

The first stage is preparedness, which is a crucial stage for any disaster. Every step to mitigate and prepare for a disaster saves life and can dramatically change the outcome. Not in all cases, is it possible to be prepared for a disaster, but there are some that communities can prepare for. If the specific area does have a reoccurring natural disaster, that area should have guidelines to follow in terms of building codes, what methods can be down to prevent damage to homes, and so on. For individuals to know what needs to be done in order to ensure the safety of their loved ones and home is extremely important. Every step towards mitigation means saved lives and ensuring that people know what they can do to be prepared and ready if a disaster occurs. A summary of key activities for the preparedness stage is in FIGURE 6.2 for each of the lenses considered for the thesis. This graphic was mapped to understand the timeline of events for each of the sections to understand what could be implemented in each phase of the design process through the recovery progress. Some of the things noted that it would be important for the design implementation is that engagement with the community and being prepared should be a priority for the organizational model. Having the organizational structure reduce risk and build the community capacity to respond to a disaster provides the community with tools needed to get through a disaster and also will save money. To better understand the preparedness stage, it is recommended that the disaster management teams conduct a survey on disaster preparedness to see where any underlying issues occur and remedy them immediately.

STAGE TWO:

SHORT-TERM The second stage is short-term which is the days following the disaster the steps needed to start the recovery timeline. There are a lot of considerations for the short-term progress and disaster management organizations should consider setting a series of tasks to be completed, so that all the moving components of getting back to normalcy can be achieved smoothly. Many of the tasks relate to providing mass care and sheltering to impacted individuals, clearing debris from the site, providing hospital care and assessing any potential vulnerabilities with the impacted individuals. A summary of the key activities for short-term stage is outlined in FIGURE 6.3. Some of the things that could be incorporated into the design for the modular home is that it has the ability for the unit to be shipped immediately following the disaster, or have elements that can be used in mass sheltering. For example it could be a moveable bed that is similar to a murphy bed, but with storage and privacy. Then once the modular home was completed they would take that furniture and move it into the home, so there was no waste included. For the design of the organizational structure it is important to have an outreach team work with the impacted individuals and help them every step of the way. This will improve the psychological conditions, while ensuring that the outreach team keeps detailed information about the progress and who is most vulnerable and needs assistance first, which could also come in the form of seeking counselling. It is important to acknowledge that housing is not just the only consideration for a disaster and that the individuals need to come first.

FIGURE 6.2 Preparedness activities

STAGE THREE:

INTERMEDIATE Intermediate is the third stage of the disaster recovery timeline, and it is considered the weeks to months following a natural disaster. This stage is when interim housing becomes available to selected individuals who qualify. Clearing of the site is needed before this happening. Site selection is important to consider the individual and outreach team. If the area is prone to these natural disasters and the housing stock is not resilient to these disturbances, then considering a new location should be considered, especially if the home is demolished. Many states offer buyout programs where the state will buy land from the owner if they experience a lot of damage from disasters. These buy out programs will then convert the land into a stormwater management system that would ease the demand on the stormwater drainage systems for the city/town. Lastly, one other important thing for the intermediate phase is to ensure that the community bonds are stronger, and reassure the community that they will be even more prepared for the next disaster as they are recovering and rebuilding.

TIMELINES OF RECOVERY | THE FOUR STAGES OF RECOVERY

A summary of the key activities for the intermediate stage is outlined in FIGURE 6.4. The organizational structure should allow the outreach team to continue supporting the impacted individuals through this time. Outreach teams should make sure that they have transitioned into their temporary or soon to be a permanent home, depending on the system it operates at. In the case that the home provided is not a permanent solution, they should help facilitate seeking options to find a permanent home. If the interim housing used was given to the impacted individual through FEMA funding, it could act as the first step to recovery, and when the time comes, the individual could add to the home. This thesis advocates for interim housing that transitions to permanent housing to save materials and costs for transporting.

STAGE FOUR:

LONG-TERM The fourth and final stage is the long term recovery stage, and it is months to years after the disaster occurs. By this time, depending on where the disaster takes place, the individuals should be in permanent housing and are feeling like they are recovered and start rebuilding their life. The goal of the new house is to be more resilient come the next storm. This could be the way the new home is built or fixed any problems that could make the home more resilient. This stage would no longer need the outreach team. However, they could still be operating and offering assistance if needed. It is recommended that the impacted individuals continue seeking counselling if they feel they need it. A summary of key activities for the long-term recovery stage is outlined in FIGURE 6.5. The goal of this thesis is to provide a modular home that would be the first step of recovery for the individual. The modular home would consist of the essential programmatic elements to a home, and the second phase of the home would allow for expansion onto the existing core home. In doing this it would give the freedom to the individual to customize their home, which would improve the psychological condition and stigma.

People Engage support networks for ongoing care for individuals

FIGURE 6.4 Intermediate activities

Communities Engage and inform the community with workshops and education Nature In some cases shelters help with this process and recovery management Physical Infastructure Provide interim housing Urban Environment Continue repair and rebuild

People Follow-up for ongoing counseling, behavioral health and case management Communities Implement mitigation strategies Nature Re-establish their habitat Physical Infastructure Re-establish health care facilities Develop permanent housing solutions Urban Environment Continue to build resilient urban environments for the future

FIGURE 6.5 Long-term activities

DAY 1

DAY 2

DAY 3

DAY 4

DAY 5

SUMMARY OF THE SEQUENCE OF RECOVERY TASKS

WEEK 1

WEEK 2

WEEK 3

WEEK 4

MONTH 1

MONTH 2

MONTH 4

MONTH 6

MONTH 8

MONTH 10

YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

YEAR 4

YEAR 6

DISASTER IMPACT

SCOPE OF ACTIVITY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS HEROIC DISILLUSIONMENT HONEYMOON

RECONSTRUCTION

emotional lows

size and scope of activity

emotional highs

PHASES

FIGURE 6.6 Summary of the Sequence of Recovery Tasks and Scope of Activity & Psychological Responses

One of the last considerations of the timeline of the recovery section is mapping each stage on a timeline, which is shown in FIGURE 6.6. The Summary of the Sequence of Recovery Tasks was adapted from Rebuilding After Earthquakes: Lessons from Planners by Tyler Mader. The thesis also included the activities that were outlined in the previous page for each stage.27 The timeline starts from day one until year 6. Yellow indicates short-term recovery, green is intermediate, and blue is long term recovery. It lists each activity from when they would begin and when it would conclude. This was very important to understand for designing how the organization structure of the home. The scope of activity and psychological impacts was compared together to understand what areas on the timeline needed to be addressed the most. The graph is showing the scope of work per phase in comparison to a subjective timeline of the emotional highs and lows of the individual during that time.

TIMELINES OF RECOVERY | CRITIQUE & REFLECTION

CRITIQUE & REFLECTION The timeline of recovery was very important for the thesis research to understand what happens in each phase of the recovery. The thesis acknowledged the psychological responses, and with that, there needed to be evidence that showed what happens in each phase to understand how to design properly for disaster relief housing. Placing each activity on a timeline that showed how long each phase takes was crucial for the framework of the organizational system. It was important to acknowledge that each person has a unique experience of a disaster, whether it is the psychological aspect of the recovery events. The design of the modular home might not work in every case. However, some tools could be implemented that would improve for the majority of the people since this recovery line considers a wide range of tasks that are generic to recovery. Both the design of the modular home and the design of the organizational system could play a key role in improving the psychological conditions, and this was intended to be investigated in the design implementation portion of the thesis. Jurors very well received this timeline of recovery with the psychological piece. It was helpful to explain the tasks and the timeline on a linear scale with time. From the benchmark two, it was important to the thesis that the modular home would play a key role and improving the way the individual moves through the timeline of recovery. It was the main intention that the thesis would look at how the modular unit adapts from day one to year six and beyond. Designing a home with no fixed deadline, but a home that would be able to grow with the individual throughout their life.

07 ISSUES WITH RELIEF understanding the present issues of disaster relief and what can be done to improve them

Natural disaster relief and mitigation efforts in the United States has flaws. While researching throughout the first semester, this became apparent. These issues primarily emerged when looking at the FEMA Housing Strategy 10 and natural disaster relief precedents. These diagrams were used for benchmark two presentation. After analyzing these examples, the thesis identified problems in the dimensions of people, community, nature, biomimicry, physical infrastructure, and the urban environment. Then as a result of these problems two solutions or ideas were brainstormed to see what can be done to remedy the problem. This was a way to receive feedback on the next steps for the thesis.

PEOPLE

There is an underlying stigma with living in mobile homes.

COMMUNITIES

Working as a community and education efforts need to be more prominent.

NATURE

Current mitigation methods used destroy and/or harm nature.

BIOMIMICRY

ISSUES WITH RELIEF | INTRODUCTION

Current disaster relief homes are not always sustainable.

URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Current levee designs are not always effective.

PHYSICAL INFASTRUCTURE

Disaster relief housing does not adapt as the individuals needs change.

FIGURE 7.1 Family standing outside of their home

PEOPLE Within the dimension of people, one of the most significant issues was that there is an underlying stigma with living in mobile homes. Stigma is a difficult task to address, as it relates to many things like social, economic, political, cultural, among other elements. Mobile homes are more affordable than typical construction for a home. However, stigmas associated with this type of housing and the people who live there can make it seem like a last resort. Stigma, in most cases, is embedded within society and is a hard task to improve. Changing the perception of an individual's view is impossible in some cases, but some ideas could be tested to enhance the stigma of living in a mobile home.

Mobile homes are typically associated with lower-income residence, and the idea of living in a communal mobile home park is not ideal for everyone. These mobile homes also offer a floor plan that most people do not like. The typical width of a mobile home can range anywhere between 8'-0" - 22'-0". But, typically, they are long and narrow floor plans do not appeal as well as a larger ranch style, back-split, open floor concepts, etc. The mobile homes are almost always one level as well, and the materials used on a mobile home are standard and not still customizable. Moving forward with the thesis, it was essential to keep these issues with mobile homes to design to improve these conditions.

FIGURE 7.2 Modular home with new features

The new home could change the typical form of a mobile home. The initial response to this is to break free from the vernacular form of a mobile home. This new design can be achieved by changing the shape, materials, roof slope, and windows. By doing so, this will take the emphasis off the typical design of a mobile home. By completely changing the design of the house and allowing the individual to customize their home as they like will make them take pride in their home. If an entire community can customize their home and take pride in their community, this will lessen the stigma of living in a mobile home.

ISSUES WITH RELIEF | PEOPLE

Highlight the mobility aspect of the design of the home. Another way to address this issue is to make the mobile aspect of it a driving factor in the design. So, the mobility of the home becomes the desired element. By having a mobile home, it can allow the individual to grow and move the unit as required. A mobile home is an investment that can be used in all stages of the individual's life and adapt to their needs as they change.

FIGURE 7.3 Modular home with on permanent chassis

FIGURE 7.4 Family receiving help from community

COMMUNITY Within the dimension of the community, one of the most significant issues that are prevalent in North American natural disaster relief is that community and education efforts need to be more prominent. From the sketch problem conducted in Nepal, the main take away was that research showed that the community played a crucial role in natural disaster relief. By engaging with the community to rebuild gives the individual impacted with an increased sense of security and enables them to have a positive outlook on the situation.

Disaster relief in North America still has aspects of community engagement, but this could be even more prominent. During a disaster, it is essential to make sure people do not feel alone during this time. It is crucial to get the individual back on the road to recovery as soon as possible but not negating their mental health in the process. When the community participates in events post-disaster, and it does have a positive effect on their mental state. Also improves the engagement provides a positive outlook for rebuilding their community. Moving forward to how this idea could be reinforced with implementing and building the home was considered.

The home could achieve this in the design by having home be a package that is assembled by a group of individuals. Instead of shipping a pre-built structure that allows the individual to move in quickly, the home could consider an element of building with a community. The package would include essential tools to build a shelter and have food supplies. Then a portion of the shelter or the entire shelter would be assembled; the family or community would work together to build. Allowing the individuals impacted a chance to focus on rebuilding and working together to create a temporary shelter. This method would not be effective in all cases, but an element of the building process could be established to try to test if this idea would work with improving the psychological condition.

ISSUES WITH RELIEF | COMMUNITY

The design of the modular home could reflect and reinforce community engagement. Another way that the design could shape how individuals interact with the community is by having the temporary to permanent shelter need to be attached to a neighbouring home. This method is inspired by Alejandro Aravenaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s projects that look at half a home. It essential is half a home within a structure of a full home. The idea is that the home provides the essential programs, and once that family can afford to extend their home, they would be able to. By creating entire blocks of these homes, you would have the engagement of the community between neighbours with building and collaborating to rebuild what they have lost.

FIGURE 7.5 Modular home being constructed by community

FIGURE 7.6 Modular home that needs the support of a neighbouring unit

FIGURE 7.16 Family outside of their mobile home

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Within the dimension of physical infrastructure, the issue that is relevant to many of the precedents was that the disaster relief housing does not adapt as the individuals need change. In a lot of cases, the immediate response to a natural disaster is to provide shelter, in FEMAs case this is to provide a trailer or temporary home. The trailer is small and does not meet the requirements to classify it as a permanent home. FEMA has never played a key role in transitioning impacted individuals into permanent housing because under the Stafford Act; it states that the housing should only last up to 18 months and no longer.27

Although it is understandable that FEMA does not allow people to stay in their mobile homes for longer than 18 months because of financial concerns. It is problematic how the FEMA trailers are reused and the waste that occurs with them. The cost of these trailers is low to produce, but transporting these trailers is more expensive. If FEMA provides the trailers long term, they would be saving money by not paying transportation and storage costs. As well as they would be giving the individuals a sense of security that their home will not be taken away from them once the 18 months has completed.

FIGURE 7.17 Modular home using a growing modular system

Natural vegetation can stabilize slopes to reduce landslides.

ISSUES WITH RELIEF | PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

The surrounding areas can use forests, and other vegetation stabilizes slopes. This strategy can be used in regions that are prone to landslides. By adding this vegetation, it allows for an improved ecosystem while still providing the necessary tools to lessen the impact of a landslide to a community.Â

Coastal vegetation and other natural features can protect from potential disasters. Another example is using coastal vegetation and natural features such as sand dunes, wetlands, and mangroves can protect from storm surges, strong winds, and cyclones. These types of disasters typically cause the most damage during a disaster. By using coastal vegetation, it can prevent water from reaching habitable land. This strategy is another example in which humans can improve an ecosystem while efficiently managing excess water.

FIGURE 7.18 Modular home using a panelized system that allows for easy expansion

FIGURE 7.7 Obstructive break wall

NATURE Within the dimension of nature, one of the most significant issues that were relevant is that the mitigation method currently used, either destroys or harms the environment. An example of where this occurs has a concrete retention wall that would lessen the impact of storm surges or flooding. There are many examples of ways that humans have destroyed or harmed an ecosystem to develop land with the sole interest of humans only. When mitigating the impacts of a disaster, an ecosystem is destroyed to create a barrier to resist the effect of the disaster. However, there are ways that nature deals with mitigating these disasters while allowing the ecosystem to prosper.

While the planning of the site and an urban design proposal was not in the scope of the thesis, it is vital to acknowledge the issue over humans prioritizing their well-being over nature. The design of homes does not necessarily play a role in this idea, but what designing to mitigate natural disasters does affect the safety of the house. By stabilizing slopes around the dwelling, the site plays a role in keeping the home protected. Understanding this can be a tool in site design and creating a few barriers that could destroy the house in the event of a disaster.

FIGURE 7.8 Modular home with new features with forest vegetation

Natural vegetation can stabilize slopes to reduce landslides. The surrounding areas can use forests, and other vegetation stabilizes slopes. This strategy can be used in regions that are prone to landslides. By adding this vegetation, it allows for an improved ecosystem while still providing the necessary tools to lessen the impact of a landslide to a community.Â

FIGURE 7.9 Modular home with coastal vegetation

ISSUES WITH RELIEF | NATURE

FIGURE 7.13 Family walking on a trail above a levee

URBAN ENVIRONMENT Within the dimension of an urban environment, one of the issues is that current levee designs are not always practical. Levees are an artificial embankment that acts as a barricade from storm surges and flooding. What this does is protects one community from flooding, but this, in turn, will cause even more destruction to a neighbouring community. Levees are proven to make flooding worse because it accelerates waterflow and re-directs it elsewhere. Levees are important to areas where the elevation is close to the sea level but designing them more efficiency should be considered to ensure that it is not worsening conditions for another city or town who cannot afford to have one.

Urban planning was not part of the scope of the thesis, however it was important to acknowledge that these systems affect the homes surrounding the levee. Smaller scale wetlands and storm water management could be used on the site to manage excess water. If flooding is a major issue to the area that the home should be elevated and consider adding vegetation around as a barrier to stop water from damaging the home.

Wetlands can act as a buffer to stop an increase in flooding.

FIGURE 7.14 Levee utilizing wetlands to improve coastal conditions

Create wetlands between the water source and the levee. The wetland will act as a stormwater management system that is the first defense from flooding, and then any excess flooding will be stopped by the levee. This example helps protect the community who has the levee and also does not send the neighbouring cities with an excess of water.

ISSUES WITH RELIEF | URBAN ENVIRONMENT

FIGURE 7.15 Communal board walk added on the wetlands

FIGURE 7.10 FEMA Trailer Park

BIOMIMICRY Lastly, the main overarching issue that was evident in most of the precedents was that disaster relief housing is not sustainable. Which relates to how much money is able to be spent on the home. Typically natural disaster relief is provided to low-income residents who cannot afford proper housing or insurance. However, providing sustainable options does not always have to be expensive. It can be simple things that change how the building performs without even spending money. The thesis aimed at investigating biomimicry as a tool to see where nature be used as inspiration.

It is essential to acknowledge that nature has more experience with being resilient and adaptive than humans do. Using nature as a precedent to seek these strategies is vital while addressing the issue of sustainability. By bringing sustainability measures into the design allows the users with the potential energy-efficient home and lower the individual's impact on the environment.

Using the wind to approve airflow and ventilation.

FIGURE 7.11 Modular home using wind to improve airflow

Ways you can improve the sustainability of the unit with biomimicry is by using the natural environment to improve the airflow within the unit. Concave walls accelerate air movement, and convex walls catch air movement. By adding this as a design feature within the unit, it will be an effective way of improving the ventilation, which will, in turn, result in less of a demand for cooling. There are more examples of the benefits of providing this type of passive system. The benefits are clear that this type of method will only improve conditions and save money in the long run for the individual(s) living in the unit.

ISSUES WITH RELIEF | BIOMIMICRY

Using the sun to improve the amount of solar gain. Another way you can use the natural environment to improve the sustainability of the unit is by having a responsive faรงade. A louvre system can be used on the exterior side of the window to control the amount of light that will enter the building. This strategy will improve the energy efficiency of the cooling and heating demands of the house. Responsive facades are typically expensive and sophisticated to add in the average home. However, considering exterior window shading devices that are operable is still a method that could be implemented to make the home more sustainable.

FIGURE 7.12 Modular home using a responsive facade to control solar heat gain

08 SITE SELECTION narrowing focus to Texas and understanding and selecting a county to investigate a new model

Understanding the context in which my design implementation will be located will be discussed in this chapter. It will explain the rationale behind state selection, and help understand the context of the location. Throughout the thesis, there as a lot of discussion about what strategy for site selection would be the best option. There were ideas for it to be one site or multiple sites with different approaches. The initial intention was always meant with this design process to be a strategy that was used at a national scale, and not for it to be site-specific to one location only. Using multiple sites was not realized because it came very challenging to find three good locations that met the goals of the project. Also, there was not enough time to adequately explain each site to jurors if there were more than one site. The core home wanted to work in multiple different contexts. Ultimately, the decision was made for them only to be one site located within the selected state. The reasoning behind this decision was based on the fact that the project wanted to be grounded within a specific area that looked at vernacular architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;acknowledging the local materials and how homes were built in this area. Also, considering what disasters have occurred there in the past and an area that fits the project goals.

FOCUS| STATE SELECTION

BILLION-DOLLAR WEATHER AND CLIMATE DISASTERS

Droughts and Heat Waves

Winter Storms

Tropical Cyclones

Flooding

Wildfires

Severe Local Storms

Map source from: Smith, Adam B. â&#x20AC;&#x153;2018's Billion Dollar Disasters in Context.â&#x20AC;? Climate.gov, 7 Feb. 2019, https://www.climate.gov/news -features/blogs/beyond-data/2018s-billion-dollar-disasters-context.

The first step for narrowing the focus was selecting the state that aligned to the goals of the thesis. The main objectives were that the state must have many types of natural disasters, explicitly flooding or events where flooding will occur. The other goal was that the state had to have an increasing population, even with these events happening. Although the strategy could work for people who wanted to, the thesis wanted to investigate an area where people would want to stay to rebuild their lives in their community. While considering these guidelines, the thesis considered the Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters.33 FIGURE 8.1 is outlining each billion-dollar disaster event that has occurred in the United States from 1980 to 2017. Texas is shown as having all of these disasters frequently. While other states show more intensity depending on the disaster, but Texas is one of the only states that has all six types of disasters. It was clear that the case for Texas to be the primary state of focus would be a convincing location for the home modules to be explored in.

FIGURE 8.1 Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters

FIGURE 8.2 Declared Disasters from 1953-2019

Texas experienced 226 disasters since 1953, according to FEMA's Declared Disaster mapping tool. A total of 40 Floods and 21 Hurricanes. The next step was the analysis of the Texas area and understanding the context. Texas maps are outlined in FIGURES 8.2-8.4. Understanding what disasters occurred in this area was essential to decide what disaster the thesis would respond too. From this FEMA mapping resource that outlined every disaster since 1953, it was decided that flooding would be the primary disaster that the thesis would react to. Flooding encompasses different disasters like storms in general, hurricanes and floods. The climate zones and topography map was considered because one of the original intentions was that there would be different panels for the modular home. When an order came in for the relief homes, the panels would be sent out according to the climate zone. Although this was never realized in the project, this was an important consideration and could be used for further development of the modules.

DECLARED DISASTERS FROM 1953 - 20199

Which years disasters have historically occured

FIGURE 8.4 Which months disasters have historically occured

Which months disasters have historically occured

161 Fire 40 Flood 21 Hurricanes 20 Severe Storm(s) 15 Tornado 3 Other 2 Coastal Storm 2 Freezing 1 Drought 1 Severe Ice Storm = 226 Disasters since 1953

FIGURE 8.3 Which years disasters have historically occured

SITE SELECTION | TEXAS

CLIMATE ZONES28 Cfb (Oceanic) Cfa (Humid subtropical) Csb (Warm-summer medeiterranean) Csa (Hot-summer mediterranean) BSk (Cold semi-arid) BSh (Hot semi-arid) BWk (Cold desert) BWh (Hot desert)

NATURAL FEATURES29 FIGURE 8.5 (LEFT) Texas Map illustrating climate zones FIGURE 8.6 (RIGHT) Texas Map illustrating natural features

One critical thing to understand is the migration and displacement of individuals that are induced by sea-level rise. These modules could be moved if needed, to the site, to another location entirely, and to understand what happens to individuals. At the same time, a disaster occurs was essential to understanding how the modules would work. To find out more about displacement and where people go during the emergency, contact was made with BC Workshop and Galveston Recovers. BC Workshop is the architectural firm that completed the RAPIDO project. They provided me with documents and a researcher named Matt Hauer, who studies migration from induced sea-level rise at the University of Florida. Galveston Recovers informed me that in the event of a disaster, most people would live temporarily with friends and family. Then they are likely to return the area and rebuild. They reinforced the main intention that this area has a sense of belonging and community already present in the culture. Research continued into Matt Hauer's research on migration induced by sea-level rise. FIGURE 8.4 is showing the movement, including people coming in and out of the state by the rising sea-levels. What this is showing is that Texas is going to increase by around 1.5 million people due to sea-level rise. Florida will lose over 2.5 million people because of sea-level rise. This information was essential to the thesis because it also reinforced the idea that people stay in Texas, and it is a promising area for new growth. FIGURE 8.5 is depicting migration in and out with all the counties listed. It is showing which areas will receive the most growth in terms of population. Travis County (Austin, Texas) will experience the most significant increase of individuals, along with Harris (Houston, Texas) and the Galveston area.

FIGURE 8.7 Migration induced by sea-level rise

30 MIGRATION INDUCED BY SEA-LEVEL RISE MIGRATION INDUCED BY SEA-LEVEL RISE

Ol dham

Potter

Car son

Gray

Wheeler

Deaf S mith

Randall

Armstrong

Donley

Col li ngs wor th

Parmer

Swis her

Cas tro

Briscoe

Hall

Childress Har deman

Bailey

Lamb

Hal e

Floyd

Motley

Cottle

Coc hran

Hoc kley

Lubbock

Crosby

Dic kens

King

Wilbarger

Wichita

Foard

Clay Baylor

Knox

Gaines

Andr ews

Dawson

Martin

Garza

Kent

Borden

Scurry

Howard

Mitchell

Stonewall

Has kel l Throck morton

Fisher

Jones

Nolan

Potter

Parker

Car son

Hood

Erath

Eastland Deaf S mith

Cal lahan

Wise

Palo Pinto

Ol dham

Ochiltr ee

Randall

Gray

Johnson

Armstrong

Somervell Lov ing

Culberson

Crane

Upton

Gl assc ock

Sterling

Reagan

Reeves

Irion

Cok e

Comanc he

Runnels

Tom Gr een

Parmer

Brown

Coleman

Lamb

Bailey

Concho McCulloch

Hal e

Cor yell

Floyd

Bell Crosby

Burnet

Lynn

Terry

Leon

King Robertson

Dic kens

Milam

Wil liamson

Kimble

Sutton

Burl eson

Val Verde

Edwards

Brewster

Kerr Real

Bandera

Lov ing

Uvalde

EctorBexar Midland

Wilson Crane

Atascosa

Frio

Zavala

Reeves

Upton

Schleic her

Bee Crockett

Refugio

Duv al

Webb Brewster

Val Verde

Edwards

Kleberg

Lim estone

Robertson Milam

Wil liamson

Real

Bastrop

Hays

Kendall

Fayette

Cal dwell

Com al

Bandera

Lee

Travis

Blanco

Jim Hogg

Brooks

TEXAS MIGRATION IN/OUT

Hidalgo

Uvalde

Medi na

Zavala

Frio

Gonzales

Bexar

Kenedy

Wilson Maverick

Starr

Cameron

La Salle

McMullen

Live Oak

Bee

Duv al

Zapata

Jim Hogg

Brooks

Starr Hidalgo

Har din Liberty

Har ris

Orange

Chambers

Jefferson

Fort Bend

Brazoria

Victoria

Galveston

Matagorda

Refugio Calhoun

San Patricio

Webb

Tyl er

Wharton Jacks on

Goliad Dimmit

Montgomery

De Wi tt

Willac y

Polk

Wal ler

Austin

Sabi ne

San Jacinto

Washington

Lav aca

Karnes

Atascosa

J im Wells

LEGEND > 450,000 200,001 - 450,000 50,001 - 200,000 1 - 50,000 -49,999 - 0 -199,999 to -50,000 -449,999 to -200,000 <-450,000

Kinney

Angelina

Wal ker Grimes

Colorado

Guadalupe

Zapata

Shelby

Tri nity

Madi son

Brazos Burl eson

Gill espie

Houston

Leon

Fall s Bell

Kimble Calhoun

Kerr

Panola

Rus k

Freestone McLennan

Lampas as

Burnet

Har rison

Gregg

Anderson Cherok ee

Galveston

Llano

Cas s Marion

Ups hur

Smith

Hamilton

San Saba

Camp

Nav arro

Hill

Menard

Aransas Nueces

Ellis

Cor yell

Matagorda

Wood

Henderson Bosque

Mill s

Concho

Mason

San Patricio Terrel l Presidi o

Coleman

Bowie Titus

Kaufman Van Zandt

Hood JeffersonJohnson

Comanc he Brown

McCulloch

Sutton

J im Wells

SITE SELECTION | TEXAS

TomJacks Gr eenon

Chambers

p Rains

Dal las

Orange

Erath

Eastland Cal lahan Har ris

Tarrant

Somervell

Wharton

Victoria

Parker

Liberty

Wal ler

Brazoria

Irion

Har din

Ho kins

Hunt

Jas per

Live Oak McMullen La Salle Pecos

Stephens

Shac kelford

Fort Bend

Runnels

Col lin

Denton

Newton

Dimmit

Reagan

Karnes

Palo Pinto

Red Riv er

Delta

Jacinto

De Wi tt

Goliad Jeff Dav is

Cok e

Lav aca

Wise

Lam ar

Fannin

Roc kwall

Montgomery

Colorado

Gl asscGonzales ock Sterling

Jack

Grayson

Cooke

San Augustine

Ward

Culberson

Maverick

Winkler Medi na

Tyl er

s he oc gd co Na

Kinney Hudspeth

TEXAS MIGRATION IN/OUT LEGEND > 450,000 200,001 - 450,000 50,001 - 200,000 1 - 50,000 -49,999 - 0 -199,999 to -50,000 -449,999 to -200,000 <-450,000

Wal ker

Sabi ne

Montague

Polk

Grimes

Lee Gaines Blanco Dawson Travis Borden Fisher Scurry Jones Washington Bastrop Hays Kendall Austin Fayette Nolan Cal dwell Howard Mitchell Andr ews Taylor Com alMartin Guadalupe

El Paso

Clay

Archer

Has kel l Throck morton San Young

Gill espie

Terrel l

TEXAS MIGRATION IN/OUT

Madi son

Brazos

Stonewall

Kent

Garza

Knox

Angelina

Tri nity

Baylor

Morris

Llano

Yoak um

HoustonWichita

Foard

Shelby

Franklin

Mason

Wilbarger

Cottle

Fall s

Lubbock

Hoc kley

Har deman

Lim estone

Motley

Menard

Crockett

Presidi o

Freestone McLennan

Panola

Rus k

Anderson Cherok ee

Jas per

Pecos

Childress

Newton

Coc hran

Schleic her

Jeff Dav is

Hall

Lampas as

San Saba

Henderson

Nav arro

Briscoe

Har rison

Gregg

Smith

Col li ngs wor th

Cas s Marion

Ups hur

Kaufman Van Zandt

Ellis

Donley

Hamilton Mill s

Camp

Wood

Wheeler

Hill

Bosque

Swis her

Cas tro

p Rains

Dal las

Titus

San Augustine

Hudspeth

Winkler Ward

Midland

Bowie

Ho kins

Hunt

Hem phill Roc kwall

s he oc gd co Na

El Paso

Ector

Red Riv er

Delta

Col lin

Roberts

Tarrant

Lam ar

Fannin

Lipscomb

Denton

Hutchinson

Moor e

Stephens

Shac kelford

Taylor

Jack

Young

Har tl ey

Grayson

Cooke

Hansford

Morris

Lynn

Terry

Sher man

Franklin

Yoak um

Montague

Archer Dal lam

Aransas Nueces Kleberg

Kenedy

Willac y

Cameron

FIGURE 8.8 Migration in Texas per county

o 95 15'

o 95 30'

95o45' 30o45'

30o45'

WEST

FORK

SAN

LIV

O INT JAC

96o

ke La

30 30'

GS TO N

Cr ee

30o30'

E RO CON

y ne Ca

LAK

94o45'

ES T

k ee Cr

Cre

o 30 15'

30 15'

SAN

JACIN

ee Cr

ER RIV

Sprin

HOUSTON

30o

NARROWING FOCUS

TRIN

ITY

94o30'

SHELDON RESERVOIR BR

AZ OS

Ce da r

RIV

o 29 45'

lo ffa

Bayou

o 29 45'

TR IN

ITY

u yo

BA Y

ZOS

BRA

RIV ER Clear CLEAR LAKE

ON ST

E LV

29 30'

Cr ee

Y BA ST

Y BA

29o30'

The subsequent investigation was narrowing the focus to a specific county and then to an area within that county. To select the site, a mapping analysis was conducted of the flood zones in Galveston and Harris county. The map shows the 100, and 500-year flood zones in blue and orange depict the largest concentrations of homes in the flood zones. This area was selected because of its proximity to the bay and Galveston itself connects itself to a long history of high water-related catastrophes.

29 15'

BER

BR AZ OS

N SA

AY TB ES

94 45' o 29 15'

NAR

O XIC

Harris & Galveston County Flood Map 95

100 + 500 Year Flood Zones

Homes in the 100 + 500 Year Flood Zones ER

FIGURE 8.9 Harris & Galveston County Flood Map

RIV

o 95 45'

95 15' 95o30'

20 MILES

For clarification, there is now reasoning for the state and county selection. The next step is to narrow the focus to a specific area in Galveston. The thesis was considering Dickinson at one point. However, this was not selected for the final design implementation because the housing stock was typically made from brick, which is more resilient for disasters, and the average income was higher. Dickinson had the most flooding after Hurricane Harvey, but a lot of them had flood insurance to rebuild their home.

RIV ER

94 30'

CITIZEN PLACE OF BIRTH

AVG. AGE: 40 AVG. INCOME: $42,454

texas 60.3% midwest 15.9% south 12.7% west 5.9% northeast 2.8% outside US 2.4%

AVG. AGE: 44 AVG. INCOME: $28,750 AVG. FAMILY SIZE: 3 AVG. INCOME: $45,125

SITE SELECTION | HARRIS & GALVESTON & SAN LEON

SAN LEON, TEXAS31 San Leon is the area selected for the thesis design. It was selected because of its proximity to the Galveston Bay. This area experiences a lot of flooding because the elevation is not much higher than the average water height. San Leon has a population of 4,970 residents. The average income is low for the area; many people who live in Galveston are wealthy. This disparity creates a very consider gap between people who can afford to have their home resist flooding and the lower-income residents who are unable to afford any mitigation strategies, and they are unable to leave because they do not have the financial resources to do so. The population of San Leon consists mainly of Texas-born individuals. The type of structures is mainly single home dwellings and mobile homes, making up 28.9% of the structures in San Leon. Most of the residents own their homes. This area does have many vacation homes. However, there is still a large portion of residents who live here permanently and travel to Houston for work.

TYPE OF STRUCTURES

1 structure 69.2% 2 or more 1.9% mobile home 28.9%

HOUSING TENURE

owner 73.5% renter 26.5% FIGURE 8.10 Demographic figures

FIGURE 8.11 Collection of San Leon Flooding Map from 1' to 10' of flooding

MAPPING FLOOD ZONES

The next step was to select a specific site to test these strategies. In order to select more mapping of the flood zones were analyzed within San Leon. Maps were edited with the base layer of the area with the flood zones overlaid on top, and FIGURE 8.11 illustrates the changes of flooding from 1'-0" of flooding to 10'-0". As it shows, this area is heavily impacted by flooding as early 4'-0". The selected area was in the southern region of the island. The inlet from the bay increases the level of flooding in this area. They would be the first area hit from a flood, and the impact of the storm would be severe in this area.

SITE SELECTION | SAN LEON 80

FIGURE 8.10 Mapping the flood zones in San Leon

FIGURE 8.12 - Selected site location with analysis The location for the design implementation. The site is noted in the black across from the corner of 15th St. and Avenue 1. Images of the home and the surrounding neighbours can be viewed in the Appendix B, FIGURE B.4. This map is looking at what homes in the area are elevated, also the wind direction and solar analysis diagram overlay.

FIGURE 8.13 - Selected site location with analysis with flooding The selected location if there were 10' -0" of flooding. As it represents, most of the homes would experience significant flooding and damage even if the homes are raised above the 8' -0" level. Houses constructed on a normal foundation that is not raised would likely see severe damage to their home and would have to look at rebuilding if they can afford too or using the new disaster relief model that is outlined in the thesis.

10 11

9 4 5 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT

2 6 1 7 8

To better understand the context, an analysis of the housing stock was completed. The images are provided by google earth and shows a collection of homes in the area. There are various types of styles included. Most of the houses are raised quite significantly. Raised foundations allow for the space is useable underneath the dwelling. These foundations are typically higher than eight to nine feet above the ground. The overall cost of this would be significant. Many homeowners would invest in this method since the area does see a lot of flooding. Without raising the foundation, the owner would experience yearly flooding. One of the most important things that emerged from this study was that the current housing stock supports components being temporary. In photos 2 and 9, there is a trailer built into a dwelling. The reason for this could be someone who only vacations in the area and takes the trailer with them. But it also could be someone who recognizes that if flooding occurs, they may have to leave on a moment's notice and leave the area and seek higher ground in the case of a disaster. Components being temporary was an idea that the culture already supports this kind of behaviour because the modules could be taken away from the site if needed and relocated.

SITE SELECTION | SAN LEON 84

FIGURE 8.14 Images 1 through 12 provided by Google Earth

4 DESIRED ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

By analyzing the housing stock of San Leon, it allowed the categorization of desired architectural elements to the area. Considering the desired architectural elements was essential to the thesis because it did want to feel like home to the individuals who live in the area. It did not want to feel out of place. The desired architectural elements would be specific to the area but also could work in other places in the United States. The desired architectural element that was evident in the housing stock analysis was that a gable roof is the main roof shape. The exterior siding material is typically lap siding and batten siding. Large windows and double windows is a preference for the homes in the area. A covered front porch with railways was essential to the area for seating, and almost every home had a covered porch. Lastly, the elevated foundation was a common theme. It adds a sense of security to the rising sea levels that are desired for all members of the community.

A gable roof with lap siding and batten siding is the preferred exterior material. Brick is also used but not as prominently with lower-income housing.

A covered porch/entryway with railings is a dominant feature to Texas homes. Maintained landscape creates a sense of order and stability to a home which is a desired element.

SITE SELECTION | SAN LEON

Homes in which the raised foundation was well integrated with the architectural style is a desired element and adds a sense of security for increased flooding.

The use of large windows or double windows are preferred to allow for natural light.

FIGURE 8.15 Collection of images provided by Google Earth

Hurricane Harvey Development FIGURE 8.16 Timeline of the disaster

August 13, 2017

Tropical wave off the west coast of Africa

August 17, 2017

Slow-moving tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico

August 18, 2017

Hit the Windward Islands August, 18

August 19, 2017

Weakened to a tropical wave

August 23, 2017

Tropical Depression Harvey reformed

August 24, 2017

NATURAL DISASTERS AND THEIR IMPACT The last analysis before beginning the design implementation was investigating real-life disaster scenarios in San Leon. The research was looked at from Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Ike. This analysis was completed to understand better real data that suggests the amount of flooding occurring, realizing how many people were displaced, where they went, and how many homes were damaged. Hurricane Harvey was the most recent hurricane to hit the area, and the area experienced 4-6 feet of flooding wind speeds of 130 miles per hour. A timeline in FIGURE 8.16 shows the timeline of Hurricane Harvey. This shows the development of the hurricane and how much time the area would have known that the hurricane is coming. At this point, they would have been able to retreat inland because of the hurricane and possibly take the proposed modular unit with them. Taking the research from Hurricane Harvey and comparing in too the worst, Hurricane Ike allowed the understanding of the worst-case scenario for the area. For Hurricane Ike, they experience 12-15 feet of flooding and wind speeds up to 145 miles per hour. San Leon was heavily affected by this hurricane, and almost all of the homes in the area were damaged to some extent. Images from this event can be viewed in FIGURES 8.17, and more can be viewed in Appendix B under FIGURE B.4.

Category 1 hurricane with 80-mph winds

August 25, 2017

Makes landfall over south-central Texas as a category 5 hurricane with 130-mph winds, heavy rains, and storm surge

August 26, 2017

Downgraded to a tropical storm

August 27, 2017

Winds died down to 40-mph and heavy rainfall

August 29, 2017

Two flood-control reservoirs breached, which increased water levels

250,000

people forced to evacuate

203,000 homes were damaged and 12,700 destroyed.

Final landfall bringing widespread flooding

FIGURE 8.16 Diagrams of Hurricane Harvey and Ike

HURRICANE HARVEY 8. 8. 2008

HURRICANE 10. 8. 2008 IKE

130 mph

145 mph

4-6 feet

12-15 feet

August 30, 2017

SITE SELECTION | SAN LEON

FIGURE 8.17 Chris Cornwell Photography / Flickr

09 FIRST QUARTER MODEL establishing a new model for disaster relief housing

This chapter will discuss the design implementation of the thesis project. The thesis aimed at seeking a replacement to the current disaster relief model that FEMA provides. Within designing for this new model it was important to remember the conceptual ideas that began the research. The hopes were to design a model considering how the modular unit is transported, produced and deployed in a sustainable manner. The modular home needed to be adaptable to various situations and allow for growth in the future. But also how the new modular home could help transition people back to their normal life. This was looking at how the home could be built to allow to customize their home, how the new model could take into consideration the timeline of recovery, and lastly how long term growth is achieved. `

The proposed strategy is called First Quarter Recovery. The name of the model is related to the first quarter moon, which is symbolic of starting a new step in the cycle. The model represents the home being in quarters or halves, on a circular path. It is also significant to recalling that there is phases in the journey that change how the individual responds to the home. It can be a blank canvas to start new and design to become large home, or it can be moved back to being a single unit if the individual needed to down size. Also the units can be a cycle that restarts if the home is not needed by the individual if they only need it for a short time.

FIGURE 9.1 First Quarter Recovery Diagram

MAIN INTENTIONS & MASSING STRATEGY Before beginning the design process, an investigation into what modularity system would be appropriate was considered. An in-depth analysis of these modular systems can be reviewed in Chapter 6: Modularity. Through the research conducted, it was determined that the best solution would be to have the modular system already built. It needed to be produced and stored in a location because they have to be sent out right away following the disaster. If it were a panelized system or various modules that make the home, it adds a level of customization, which would increase the timeline of recovery. A panelized system was a method being considered because it addressed the need for modular homes to be flexible and adaptive. However, this method is more sophisticated during the construction process. The idea of advanced construction methods being a downfall of rapidly produced units was addressed in the FEMA Housing Strategy. They suggested that very innovative building techniques can become more costly and also there needs to be more knowledgeable about how they are assembled and produced. In this case, models need to be reproduced quickly and effectively, so panelized or smaller modules of panels were not considered. The reasoning behind this was that the model needs to be rapidly produced and built. If a panelized system was considered, there would be significant customization options.

The core home consisted of an area of 400 square feet, and this allowed for the home to be zoned as a permanent home in most states. Allowing the resident not to need to add on to the home if they did not want too, or did not have the means too. It was also compact enough where the resources and money needed to provide the home would not be considered high. If the house were too large, it would cause problems with not having enough resources to make the unit and the human resources to produce them. For transporting considerations, it was decided that the home would be joined in the middle

FIRST QUARTER MODEL | MAIN INTENTIONS

wet wall kitchen bathroom

public private storage

to create one large unit. The width of those modules are 8â&#x20AC;&#x2122;-0â&#x20AC;? and can fit on a transport truck without a permit. The homes would be produced as one joined unit and shipped to the site already built. If there were a case that the infrastructure did not support trucks to carry oversized loads, the units would be separated. It would add at least a day and cost more money to do it this way, but it would save on trucking costs and permit to move oversized homes. The cost of transporting for either method would likely be similar in price. The home is modelled to be a core unit, which means that the home has all the essential programmatic elements for a home, but it is smaller in size. The home consists of a wet wall that houses all the plumbing for the home. Attached to the wet wall are the kitchen and bathroom. These programmatic elements made sense to be next to each other because of water and plumbing services. Mechanically services like the tankless water heater and electrical panel are above the bathroom in the storage area. Then the living space is an open area that allows for flexibility. The private area is where the bedroom and desk are located. Storage is built into the unit on the walls and offers four different small closets depending on what the individuals use it for. Storage is also on top of the bathroom and bedroom. This design feature allows for boxes to be stored or an extra bed if needed. It was essential to consider adaptability while designing the unit. The large floor to door frame windows allows for spaces to be added next to it quickly. While the window provides a lot of natural light and ventilation, it also is a place for a small covered balcony/porch. The extruded plywood porch acts as a place to sit and relax, and when the individual decides to increase the homes square footage, they would relocate the extruded plywood porch and add it to the new opening.

FIGURE 9.2 Collection of massing diagrams

COVERED PORCH

GATHERING SPACE

The core home exterior finishing is a rubberized wall, which keeps the home sealed from weather. This allows for the family to add the desired material on later.

A extruded plywood porch is added to the home as a place to relax. This method does not take away from the interior.

The main goal is to get people back to their normal life as quickly as possible. With limited interior space, families can gather on the porch.

FIGURE 9.3 Exterior rendering of core home

DURABLE/FLEXIBLE

FIRST QUARTER MODEL | CORE UNIT 94

EXISTING CORE

CUSTOM DESIGN FOR FAMILIES

The core home is designed to facilitate expansion by the large side openings.

Once conditions have stablized families can work with local builders to add on to the core unit.

FIGURE 9.4 Exterior Rendering of core home and addition

Bedroom A

A Bath

B Floor Plan 95

FIGURE 9.5 Floor Plan

Kitchen

Living Space

CHAPTER | SECTION

FIGURE 9.6 Section AA

ADAPTABILITY OF THE SPACE The bedroom, kitchen and bathroom serve only one purpose. The central living space offers many different options that allow for many different functionalities to accommodate various needs. Because the house is compact, it does not provide a lot of open floor space. The plan creates a versatile layout for the center that offers various types of spaces that can be custom to what task the individual is doing. The central living space utilizes temporary furnishings that are custom to the home. The island of the kitchen is used as an extension for cooking space. When they need a dining table, the island is moved, and it creates a table for six. There is a bed on rolling castors underneath the bed platform in the bedroom. This rolling bed can slide out for a couch with pillows or a full spare bed, or it can be pushed in all the way to create an ample gathering space.

SPARE BEDROOM The rolling bed can be pulled all the way out to accomdate a second double sized bed for a guest or family member. When the bed is not needed it is bushed back in the wall underneath the platform bed.

FIGURE 9.7 Floor plan showing the interior space as a spare bedroom

FIGURE 9.8 (LEFT) Floor plan showing the interior space as a gathering area

FIRST QUARTER MODEL | CORE UNIT

FIGURE 9.9 (RIGHT) Floor plan showing the interior space as a dining area

GATHERING SPACE

DINING ROOM

When a large area is needed to host an event or to work out in the living room, the rolling bed is pushed all the way into the wall and this opens the floor up for various activities to take place. Also, the patios allow for an extension outside to continue on the patio.

The island from the kitchen can be used as a table for six. Using this method offers versatility to the home without taking away from the available floor space.

FIGURE 9.10 Section BB

100

CHAPTER | SECTION

How can housing be more resilient than past housing in the area? In order to improve the current housing to be more resilient to flooding, a floatation system was consideredâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;precedents from the University of Waterloo and Germany. These precedents looked at having buoyancy blocks underneath the home, and guides would assist the home from moving up and down during the event of a flood. By adding a floatation system, it would allow the structure to be resilient to disturbances for the next flood. This piece also was inspired by nature. By looking at nature for innovation, a peatland plant was used as inspiration. This plant raises its roots due to excess water levels. This strategy allows the plant to survive to flood and adapt to the change. By using this as inspiration, it leads the discussion for the house to be buoyant. A buoyant home can take many different forms depending on what the desire of the home is. In this case, the home was going to have four central guides that are located at the four corners of the house. These are non-structural elements of the home. They add guides, so when flooding occurs, the buoyancy blocks rise in those guides up and own. The floatation blocks could work without the guides if the unit was mechanically fastened by tension cables to the ground. But this would not be the safest route for hurricanes and high wind speeds. By using nature as an inspiration for resiliency, it allowed the unit to be more resilient for future storms. It is essential that when designers are considering a natural disaster relief home that they will be a long term solution that offers a new innovation that would allow for the house to be safer than their previous home.

It was one of the original thesis goals that the model would be very well developed to a point where the design of the home could be built. The thesis outlines the structure of this axonometric. The structure was completed typically construction methods that are common to anywhere in North America. By using dimensional lumber and timber framing, it allowed for sustainable construction method while also considering the knowledge of builders who would work with the units in the future. The home was designed to be a passive home. It would not have to be a passive home if the climate did not need to require one or if there was not enough money for this feature. But the original design took the approach of designing for the worst-case, which would be a climate where it needed to be a passive building envelope.

Roof:

Floor:

1 PV Panels

20 Finish Flooring

2 Corrugated Shingles

21 3/4” Plywood

3 Waterproofiing

23 10” Cotton Insulation

4 Sheathing

24 Structure

5 2” Purlins

25 Tie-downs with proofing

6 12” Cotton Insulation 7 Structure 8 5/8” Interior Plywood

Envelope: 9 5/8” Interior Plywood

Foundation: R - 2.5

10 Structure

26 Buoyancy Guide 8x8x4 HSS 27 12”x36 Sonotube Footing

11 7.5” Cotton Insulation

R - 25

12 2” Rigid Insulation

R - 20

29 8”x24” Sonotube

13 Waterproofing

R - 0.5

30 Buoyancy Blocks

14 Venting Airgap

R - 1.5

15 Cladding

28 4x4 Timber Beam

R - 0.5 = R - 50

Meets Passive House Requirements

Miscellaneous

16 5/8” Interior Plywood (not shown)

31 Extruded Plywood Box

17 2x4 Framing

32 Plywood Stairs

18 2x12 Beam

33 Cedar Elevated Deck

19 2x8 Column

34 Rain Water Harvesting Tank

101

Interior:

5 1

6 7 8 12 14

31 10

33 18

102

FIRST QUARTER MODEL | CORE UNIT

28 29 31 30 34 32

FIGURE 9.11 Explode axonometric showing construction elements

AID RECEIVED Through this model, any contractor with a truck and trailer will be able to supply the core unit. This model will support local jobs and make the core units more accessible to the families.

MONEY SPENT The model relies on the existing support from FEMA to t he impacted individuals. The money received through FEMA funding will allow for the core unit to be produced and shipped to the site.

RESPONSE TIME The local governments will possess the tools they need to respond in days rather than months or years. People will be back in their homes without disrupting social ties and keeping the community together. The core units will be stored within a local manufacturing facility and shipped to the location immediately following the disaster and relocated to a motel or existing plot of land. In the case that the number of core units needed exceed the units available, the core units will be released to people of families and lower-income individuals first. If the numbers of core units needed far exceed the units available, the patent would be released to selected companies to build the unit to meet the demands of the disaster.

TRANSPORTING The model implemented allows the unit to be easily transported to any site. If required, the unit can be delivered in two pieces that are mechanically fastened on site. This model saves money by utilizing less transporting and also lessens our impact on the environment.

103

FIGURE 9.12 First Quarter Model organizational structure

COST BREAK DOWN FOR FQR MODEL A rough cost estimate was completed based on sample projects and research. This showed that the rough hard cost of the First Quarter Recovery Model is $115 a square foot. With transporting and site set up it would increase to roughly $125 a square foot. In comparison to the FEMA trailer model, the hard costs for that unit is $125 a square foot

104

FIRST QUARTER MODEL | RECOVERY MODEL AND TIMELINE

The First Quarter Recovery model's will cost $3,110 more than the FEMA model. However, because this model does not transport these modules more than once the savings would be greater. In the long run, they would be saving roughly $41,890 by using the First Quarter Recovery Model.

Roof

Structure Purlins Insulation Sheathing Shingles

Exterior

Structure Purlins Insulation Sheathing Rubberized Wall Adhessive Glazing

Interior

Structure Finishing Lighting Cabinets Furniture Bathroom Furnishing Applicances

Local Pinewood Plywood Cotton Recycled + Cellulose Rigid Plywood Corrugated

First Quarter Recovery Model $6,480

TOTAL HARD COSTS

$45,710

COST PER SQUARE FOOT

$114.28

ESTIMATED SOFT COSTS

$20,000

TOTAL HARD+SOFT COSTS COST PER SQUARE FOOT

Local Pinewood Plywood Cotton Recycled + Cellulose Rigid Plywood Flexco Self Stick Wall Emissivity Panels Low Glass

Local Pinewood Local Pinewood Energy-Efficient Locally Produced Locally Produced Out-sourced Energy-Efficient

FEMA Model

$8,880

TOTAL HARD COSTS COST PER SQUARE FOOT TOTAL SOFT COSTS TOTAL HARD+SOFT COST PER SQUARE FOOT

FQR vs. FEMA Model

$13,200

FIRST RECOVERY HARD COSTS FEMA HARD COSTS HARD COST DIFFERENCE FIRST RECOVERY HARD+SOFT COSTS FEMA HARD COSTS+SOFT COSTS HARD+SOFT COSTS DIFFERENCE COMBINED SAVINGS

$65,710 $164.28

$32,000 $125 $65,000 $97,000 $379

$45,710 $32,000 + $3,110 $65,710 $97,000 - $41,890 $37,870

Miscellaneous

Ventilation Tankless Water Heater Composting Toilet Rainwater Harvesting Tank 5 Stage Filtration

$7,550

Batteries Permanent Additional Costs Foundation Buoyancy Blocks Deck Exterior Siding

$9,600

FIGURE 9.13 First Quarter Model timeline

OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION begins prior to the disaster event and continues after the storm

PREPAREDNESS

SHORT-TERM

pre-development / pre-design

outreach and case management

development of core unit, guidelines and suggestions of the disaster recovery to local organizations

site assessment

intake of families and assesment of damaged

assessment of sites and preparation for construction

INTERMEDIATE

LONG-TERM

deliver and assemble

expansion

assessment of sites and preparation for construction

construction prep

dependent upon residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; choice and resources

core units are constructed in a manufacturing facilitity prior to the storm

construction response

core units continue to be constructed after storm event to meet the local need

transport

a local professional transport company will be required

debris clean-up

site evaluation

site/portion is cleared

sites are evaluated with families to determine the best home layout

core placed

the core is placed on site and family moves in

assess conditions

the region is surveyed and damaged is assessed

addition

residents can work with local builders and architects to add to the home once the region is stablized

outreach teams dispatched

local disaster management teams are dispatched to work with families throughout the application process.

outreach teams meet with families

designers work with families

local disaster management teams connect families to designers and architects to add on to the core unit once post disaster conditions stablize.

105

local disaster management teams work with families to become eligible for disaster relif housing

106

FIRST QUARTER MODEL | TIMELINE & CRITIQUE & REFLECTION

FIRST QUARTER RECOVERY STRUCTURE AND TIMELINE By analyzing the existing FEMA organizational structure, the thesis proposed a new organizational structure with the tactics gained over the thesis. For the First quarter recovery model, any contractor with a truck and trailer can supply the core home. The money provided by FEMA is used to pay for the core home and is the first step for the individual's recovery. The proposed model shortens the overall timeline significantly and allows the state to deal with these disasters in days rather than months or years. Offsite construction of the core homes begins prior to the disaster and continues after the storm at a facility out of the flood zones. While the unit is being transported, the site is being assessed and cleared for the core home. Also, the impacted individuals will be paired with local disaster management organizations to start the process. The next step would be to evaluate the site and see if this is the right site for them to return too. The core unit is placed on the selected location, and they continue working with the outreach teams and will be connected with local builders to build the addition to the core home when they are able to, and the community stabilizes.

CRITIQUE & REFLECTION The final benchmark went very smoothly. Many jurors complimented the thoroughness of the research and how a lot of different perspectives were taken. Some questions were asking if this is a strategy that truly fits in at a large scale. If the thesis went further, the jurors recommended that maybe considering different panels for different locations could be a strong design move, although I do agree with the fact that if it were panelized, it would offer more freedom and customization. Panelized systems were not explored because research has shown that sophisticated modular systems should be avoided to save costs in the long term. There were continued questions about the psychological piece and truly understanding if the unit is improving the responses to a disaster and reducing the stigma attached to mobile homes.

10 CONCLUSION a final critique on the new model and summarizing key takeaways In conclusion, the First Quarter Recovery model greatly enhances the current natural disaster relief method provided by FEMA. Over the year, a lot of considerations have been made, which has led the discussion and design thinking for the proposed core unit. This conclusion was produced after benchmark four, along with the diagrams explaining the core unit and its different ability to adapt to various scenarios. Many of the original thesis research questions were realized in the progress of this project. This chapter will discuss the final conclusion of the thesis and why it is a strong case to be implemented for natural disaster relief in North America. The core unit is intended to be a blank canvas for individuals to do what they desire with the exterior material finishes. The type of roof selected is based on the individual's needs and what works best for their environment. FIGURE 10.1 illustrates the main core unit. However, if the client wanted the roof rising in the other direction, FIGURE 10.2, would be available for the individual. There is also an option with a gable roof, FIGURE 10.3, and a flat roof, as shown in FIGURE 10.4.

107

Customizing roof slopes is a small detail that can be done in the manufacturer's facility with little to no extra cost. But this gives the individual the ability to make decisions that best meet their needs, and will improve their psychological response and how they view their home. The stigma of living in a mobile home would then become even less because it's a style that they have chosen.

FIGURE 10.1 (LEFT) Main core unit FIGURE 10.2 (RIGHT) Core unit with opposite roof slope

FIGURE 10.3 (LEFT) Core unit with gable roof

108

FIGURE 10.4 (RIGHT) Core unit with flat roof

FIGURE 10.5 (LEFT) Core unit with gable roof and extended eaves FIGURE 10.6 (RIGHT) Core unit in a parking lot on a chassis

The core unit comes with an exterior finishing of a rubber mat material that is waterproof. It allows the flexibility for the individual to add exterior finishes to the unit as they see fit. This does not have to be done right away and could be done in months or up to a year after the disaster has happened. This small detail will give the individual the free well to customize their home to their desires. Again this will improve the stigma and how desirable the unit is towards the individuals. Stigma has been a tricky subject because it's a subjective topic that is dependent on the individual, but by providing them with a core unit that allows them to make customizations, it should reduce the amount of stigma with these homes. Many different types of materials can be added to the exterior finishing of the core unit. The design intention for the core unit was not to have an overhang eavestrough. In the case of hurricanes, it is the first thing that is damaged in these events and can cause a lot of problems, so thinking of a way to reduce the risk is why the core unit does not have any overhead. However, if the individuals feel the need that an overhang, they would ask for a flat roof module system and have local construction teams complete a simple gable roof structure above the flat roof, as shown in FIGURE 10.5. This method would also fit better within the context of the homes in San Leon.

FIGURE 10.7 Core unit in the lot of a motel

One of the research questions that began the research was looking for avant-garde ways to house individuals. The First Quarter Recovery Model achieves this by allowing extreme flexibility and adaptability to many different types of scenarios. One of these ideas was to have the core unit be shipped to a motel or hotel. The reasoning behind us was that most people stay at these places during a disaster because they have nowhere else to go. If they were given a core unit that would extend their living space at the hotel and provide them with the kitchen, it will dramatically improve their psychological response and make the recovery timeline shortened. The core unit could then be sent to the site that they have selected for permanent residency. The core unit would be able to fit into four parking spaces, as shown in FIGURE 10.6. FIGURE 10.7 illustrates what the hotels would look like if the Core units were placed on the property. This scenario would not work in all cases, but it was an interesting idea that hasn't been investigated and natural disaster relief precedents. One other scenario was looking at what would happen if a natural disaster event occurred, and there were not enough resources to house the individuals. In this case, the recommendation would be to have a 3D printer deploy to the site and have it build a social housing complex that would have the essential programmatic elements for the impacted individuals, as illustrated in FIGURE 10.8. The 3D printer would allow blank spaces for these core units to be placed in attached to on-site. Rearranging of the programmatic elements of the core unit would have to be resolved to make this work. However, it was an important discussion as it relates to something that has the ability to house individuals fast while being resilient and sustainable. This concept also deals with the units being temporary and having the ability to leave if the person decides to relocate. The module would be released from the structure, and the next person would move into that facility with a core unit. It was an interesting idea because it looks at things as being temporary but also having the ability to grow with the individual throughout their life.

109

FIGURE 10.8 Core unit in a social housing complex

Although biomimicry did not play a very large role in the design of the core unit, it still led to some interesting conversations around the idea of sustainability and resiliency. It is my understanding that biomimicry can and should be implemented into the designs of all things. It is improving the ability to respond or adapt to these changes by adding elements that can cost money or no money at all. By looking at the peatland plants as an organism to investigate, it increased the ability for these units to adapt to rising sea levels. Without this inspiration and technique, the home would not stand a change withstanding a large hurricane or flooding event. These diagrams are showing the sustainability measures that also are considered by the core unit. In FIGURE 10.9, rainwater harvesting is collected on the perimeter of the roof in a recessed gutter that collects water it stores it for rainwater collection. This will save the money if They reuse the rainwater harvested. The core unit also has solar panels, which allows the core home to be self-sustainable. FIGURES 10.11 and 10.12 are showing the wind pattern flowing around the home as well as the ventilation strategy if the windows were opened. Lastly, The core unit uses only sustainable building materials in abundant resources in Texas. These materials are also widely used in the United States and are readily available and safe for the environment. It also provides a low carbon footprint with the potential for there to be off-grid housing. Because the home has a rainwater harvesting element, solar roof panels comma and rainwater harvesting, it has the ability for it to be off-grid and supply the energy it needs two house individuals. Although this was not the main intent, it was an important thing to investigate because, in some cases, electricity and clean water might not be available to be hooked up right away and could take a while to get to the individual.

FIGURE 10.9 (LEFT) Rain water harvesting diagram

FIGURE 10.9 (RIGHT) Solar analysis diagram

FIGURE 10.11 (LEFT) Wind pattern flowing around the core home

110

CONCLUSION

FIGURE 10.12 (MIDDLE) Core unit with windows open to provide for ventilation

111

FIGURE 10.13 Collection of adaptations for the core home to support growth

One of the biggest considerations that the model wanted to achieve was the idea of it being adaptable for a variety of uses for the future. FIGURE 10.13 illustrates a variety of buildings that could be added to the existing core unit depending on the shape of that unit that was supplied to the individual the core unit is the wood material and the new addition is shown in white. There is a variety of options that are available, and there are many more that could be a possibility. The idea is that the individuals would also reuse the extruded plywood porch is as a covered porch. It is always important to consider how we incorporate and recycle past materials and new builds. By having the spaces to accommodate expansion, it allows for spaces to be added on either side, which would be dependent on the individual's needs and what areas they would like to see expanded. It is recommended that expansion happens once the community is stabilized, so no one sacrifices getting into their home at the expense of someone expanding their home before they are even able to move into their core home. Also, by adding a custom addition, it could also fit within the context of the area better, which would improve the overall aesthetic of that modular home.

112

CONCLUSION

It is clear that this model does improve the psychological responses in many different ways. The timeline of recovery has shortened significantly with this model by allowing the state to get these core units to individuals quickly while reinforcing local businesses. The individual has the ability to select the exterior finishing as well as the roof, which would give them customization to make their home be what they desire. By supporting expansion, it also gives the individual a sense of security with knowing that this is a long term solution. In regards to that, the core unit in this case because it's separate from FEMA. It can last with the individuals permanently and not be a temporary solution for under 18 months. This allows the individuals to start feeling they recovery phase sooner rather than later because their journey has begun with the delivery of the core unit. A sense of security is also added if they decide to have a flotation system if there's a lot of flooding in the area. There does not need to be a floatation system. If it does not require one, it can work on any typical foundation method in the United States. In conclusion, the first-quarter recovery model offers a great solution to enhance natural disaster relief in the United States. It greatly enhances the current existing FEMA model with something that adapts to the individual's needs as they change, considers the environment and sustainability while considering how it is possible to be resilient to future disasters. It is clear that more analysis of the psychological responses could be developed an understood with more involvement with people that would allow for a subjective view into the subject. As well as understanding how different incorporations of cultural elements can be added depending on the location of the core home. This thesis has led in a positive direction and has provided a lot of insight into the future of modular homes and natural disaster relief. It is important to acknowledge the complexities of natural disasters and that there is not always a strong case that can be made that works everywhere. Also, this does not stop from intense disasters occurring in many cases, and there will be no other option but to pick up your home and relocate to somewhere safer. Designers must think of not only how they can improve the stigma, personal impact, sustainability and desirability of the unit, but also consider how it fits in a rapidly changing world where anything is possible.

i REFERENCES 2. biomorphic. (n.d.) Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. (1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014). Retrieved April 12 2020 from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/biomorphic 3. resiliency. (n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. (2011). Retrieved April 12 2020 from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/resiliency 4. modularity. (n.d.) Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition. (2005). Retrieved April 12 2020 from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/modularity 5. adaptability. BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved April 06, 2020, from BusinessDictionary.com website: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/adaptability.html 6. transportability. (n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. (2011). Retrieved April 12 2020 from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/transportability 7. Grant, M. (2020, April 5). Sustainability. Retrieved April 16, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sustainability.asp 8. Mazzoleni, I. (2013). Architecture Follows Nature-Biomimetic Principles for Innovative Design. Boca Raton: CRC Press, https://doi.org/10.1201/b14573 9. Data Visualization: Disaster Declarations for States and Counties. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2020, from https://www.fema.gov/data visualization-disaster-declarations-states-and-counties 10. United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2009). National disaster housing strategy. [Washington, D.C.] :FEMA, 11. "FDA Emergency Operations Plan" (PDF). USFDA Office of Crisis Management. 2.0. March 2014. p. 88. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2015. Retrieved April 19,2020.

14. Mojica, Lia. “The RE:BUILD Project Offers Shelter and Education to Displaced Syrian Refugees.” Archpaper.com, 26 Oct. 2015, https://archpap er.com/2015/10/rebuild-project-offers-shelter-education -displaced-syrian-refugees/. 15. Developing A More Viable Disaster Housing Unit: A Case Study of the Mississippi Alternative Housing Program. 2009. 16. Avila, Lixion (1 September 2019). Hurricane Dorian Advisory Number 33A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 17 October 2019. 17. What is Biomimcry? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://biomimicry.org/what-is biomimicry/ 18. Nature's Unifying Patterns. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://toolbox.biomimicry. org/core-concepts/natures-unifying-patterns/ 19. “What If We Reimagined How Houses Are Constructed.” The Henry Ford, https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/stories-of-innovation/ what-if/fuller-dymaxion-house/. 20. “Zoka Zola - Rafflesia House.” Zoka Zola Architecture Urban Design, https://www.zokazola.com/bird_island_rafflesia.html. 21. “Marika-Alderton House.” Architect Magazine, 11 May 2016, https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/marika alderton-house_o. 22. Pokhrel, D., Bhandari, B. and Viraraghavan, T. (2009), "Natural hazards and environmental implications in Nepal", Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 18 No. 5, pp. 478-489. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560911003679 23. Rapid Recovery: The Idea. (2016). Retrieved April 17, 2020, from http://www.rapidorecovery.org/ 24. Aravena Mori, A., & Iacobelli, A. (2016). Elemental : Manual de vivienda incremental y diseño participativo = incremental housing and participatory design manual (Segunda edición = Second ed.). Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz.

12. Windle, M., Quraishi, S., & Goentzel, J. (n.d.). Disaster Housing Construction Challenges in America. Retrieved from https://dspace.mit.edu/ handle/1721.1/122651

25. Final Report on the Back Home Rapid Housing Recovery Pilot Program. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.h-gac.com/community-and environmental-planning-publications/documents/Back-Home Rapid-Housing-Recovery-Pilot-Program-Report.pdf

13. “NYC Emergency Housing Prototype.” Garrison Architects, http://garrisonarchitects.com/projects/oem-housing-prototype.

26. DeWolfe, D. J. (2000). Training Manual for Mental Health and Human Service Workers in Major Disasters.

113

1. What is Biomimicry. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2020, from Biomimicry Institute: https://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry-3/

27. Mader G, Tyler MB. Rebuilding after earthquakes: Lessons from planners. Portola Valley, CA: Spangle Associates; 1991. 28. KĂśppen types calculated from data from PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, http://prism.oregonstate.edu; Outline map from US census Bureau 29. Cole, B. (n.d.). Texas Physical Map. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://geology.com/topographic-physical-map/texas.shtml 30. Hauer, Matt & Fussell, Elizabeth & Mueller, Valerie & Burkett, Maxine & Call, Maia & Abel, Kali & McLeman, Robert & Wrathall, David. (2019). Sea level rise and human migration. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 1-12. 10.1038/s43017-019-0002-9. 31. San Leon Tx Population. (2020-02-17). Retrieved 2020-04-12, from http://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/san-leon-tx/ 32. Berger, E. (n.d.). The two tales of Harveyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;first winds, then lots of rain Retrieved from https://spacecityweather.com/the-two-tales-of harvey-fivrst-winds-then-lots-of-rain/

114

REFERENCES

33. 2018's Billion Dollar Disasters in Context.' Climate.gov, 7 Feb. 2020, https://climate.gov/new-feautres/blogs/beyond-data/2018s billion-dollar-disaster-context.

ii LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 2: NATURAL DISASTERS CONTINUED

FIGURE 2.1

Map illustrating each declared disaster using FEMAs visualization tool Dallas Mahaney | Using data adapted by: Data Visualization: Disaster Declarations for States and Counties. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2020, from https://www.fema.gov/data-visualization-disaster-declarations-statesand-counties

FIGURE 2.12

Re:Build Floor Plan (Courtesy of Poya Khazaeli)EMDAT (201 Mojica, Lia. “The RE:BUILD Project Offers Shelter and Education to Displaced Syrian Refugees.” Archpaper.com, 26 Oct. 2015, https://archpaper. com/2015/10/rebuild-project-offers-shelter-education-displaced-syrianrefugees/.

FIGURE 2.2

Social and economic impact of climate change Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 2.13

FIGURE 2.3

Global Reported Natural Disasters by Type EMDAT (2019): OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite catholique de Louvain - Brussels - Beligum | https://ourworldindata.org/ natural-disasters

Exterior of the model Developing A More Viable Disaster Housing Unit: A Case Study of the Mississippi Alternative Housing Program. 2009.

FIGURE 2.14

A couple picture on the porch of their new home Developing A More Viable Disaster Housing Unit: A Case Study of the Mississippi Alternative Housing Program. 2009.

FIGURE 2.4

Old FEMA Trailer model FEMA Trailer image. Where Have All the Trailers Gone?. Mariel Carr.

FIGURE 2.15

FIGURE 2.5

FEMA trailer model with sticker that says "NOT TO BE USED FOR HOUSIING" FEMA Trailer with sticker (upside down) in window indicating 'Not to be used for housing'. Where Have All the Trailers Gone?. Nick Shapiro

Typical Floor Plan Developing A More Viable Disaster Housing Unit: A Case Study of the Mississippi Alternative Housing Program. 2009.

FIGURE 2.16

FIGURE 2.6

FEMA trailer new mobile home models Susie Shapira/FEMA | 3 July 2008

FEMA trailer new mobile home models Developing A More Viable Disaster Housing Unit: A Case Study of the Mississippi Alternative Housing Program. 2009.

FIGURE 2.17

FIGURE 2.7

Exterior of stacked protypes (Courtesy Garrison Architects) “NYC Emergency Housing Prototype.” Garrison Architects, http://garrisonarchitects.com/projects/oem-housing-prototype.

Destruction of neighbourhood Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images

FIGURE 2.18

Home partial damaged in flood zone Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images

FIGURE 2.8

Two workers constructing the shelter (Courtesy of Garrison Architects)“NYC Emergency Housing Prototype.” Garrison Architects, http://garrisonarchitects.com/projects/oem-housing-prototype.

FIGURE 2.19

Resident looking at destruction Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images

FIGURE 2.9

Typical unit floor plan (Courtesy of Garrison Architects) “NYC Emergency Housing Prototype.” Garrison Architects, http://garrisonarchitects.com/projects/oem-housing-prototype.

FIGURE 2.19

Resident reclaiming materials from the storm Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images

FIGURE 2.10

FIGURE 2.11

Exterior of the shelter (Courtest of Poya Khazaeli) Mojica, Lia. “The RE:BUILD Project Offers Shelter and Education to Displaced Syrian Refugees.” Archpaper.com, 26 Oct. 2015, https://archpaper. com/2015/10/rebuild-project-offers-shelter-education-displaced-syrianrefugees/. Two workers constructing the shelter (Courtesy of Poya Khazaeli) EMDAT Mojica, Lia. “The RE:BUILD Project Offers Shelter and Education to Displaced Syrian Refugees.” Archpaper.com, 26 Oct. 2015, https:// archpaper.com/2015/10/rebuild-project-offers-shelter-educationdisplaced-syrian-refugees/.

FEMA trailer new mobile home models Susie Shapira/FEMA | 3 July 2008 FIGURE 2.20

Snake skin Tesselation “Tessellation Patterns.” Spacemakeplace, spacemakeplace.com/tessellation-patterns/.

FIGURE 2.21

Elevation of Panel Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 2.22

Elevation of Panel Dallas Mahaney

June

2015,

www.

115

CHAPTER 2: NATURAL DISASTERS

CHAPTER 2: NATURAL DISASTERS CONTINUED

CHAPTER 3: NATURE'S ROLE CONTINUED

FIGURE 2.23

Typical floor plan of the proposed shelter Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 3.12

FIGURE 2.24

Typical section of the proposed shelter Dallas Mahaney

Detailed axonometric with sustainable strategies overlaid “What If We Reimagined How Houses Are Constructed.” The Henry Ford, https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/stories-of-innovation/what-if/ fuller-dymaxion-house/.

FIGURE 3.13

Axonometric rendering “What If We Reimagined How Houses Are Constructed.” The Henry Ford, https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/stories-of-innovation/what-if/ fuller-dymaxion-house/.

FIGURE 3.14

Typical floor plan of the Dymaxion “What If We Reimagined How Houses Are Constructed.” The Henry Ford, https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/stories-of-innovation/what-if/ fuller-dymaxion-house/.

FIGURE 3.15

Exterior rendering of the home “Zoka Zola - Rafflesia House.” Zoka Zola Architecture Urban Design, https://www.zokazola.com/bird_island_rafflesia.html.

FIGURE 3.16

Exploded axonmetric with sustainable strategies overlaid “Zoka Zola - Rafflesia House.” Zoka Zola Architecture Urban Design, https://www.zokazola.com/bird_island_rafflesia.html.

FIGURE 3.17

Typical floor plan “Zoka Zola - Rafflesia House.” Zoka Zola Architecture Urban Design, https://www.zokazola.com/bird_island_rafflesia.html.

FIGURE 3.18

Exterior photo of shades lifted “Marika-Alderton House.” Architect Magazine, 11 May 2016, https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/marika-aldertonhouse_o.

FIGURE 3.19

Elevation drawing “Marika-Alderton House.” Architect Magazine, 11 May 2016, https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/marika-aldertonhouse_o.

FIGURE 3.20

Sketch by architect of the sustainable strategies used “Marika-Alderton House.” Architect Magazine, 11 May 2016, https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/marika-aldertonhouse_o.

FIGURE 3.21

Map illustrating the location of Nepal Dallas Mahaney

CHAPTER 3: NATURE'S ROLE

116

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 3.1

Lotus Temple, India Jeremy Vandel / Flickr

FIGURE 3.2

Lotus Flower Claire Blaeir / Unsplash

FIGURE 3.3

Eiffel Tower James Whitesmith / FLICKR https://www.flickr.com/photo.gne?rb=1&short=8YMkWc

FIGURE 3.4

Elevation of Panel Gray's Anatomy / Public Domain https://www.bartleby.com/107/illus244.html

FIGURE 3.5

Biomimicry Diagram Dallas Mahaney | Using stock icons provided by flaticon.con

FIGURE 3.6

Top-down approach Dallas Mahaney | Information adapted by: What is Biomimcry? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry/

FIGURE 3.7

Bottom-up approach Dallas Mahaney | Information adapted by: What is Biomimcry? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry/

FIGURE 3.8

Biomimicry Design Spiral Dallas Mahaney | Information adapted by: What is Biomimcry? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry/

FIGURE 3.9

House that is resilient to disturbances Stock icon from flaticon.com

FIGURE 3.10

House and nature relationship Stock icon from flaticon.com

FIGURE 3.11

Collection of drawings inspired by nature Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 3.22

Charts explaning the disaster Dallas Mahnaey | Information adapted from: 17. Pokhrel, D., Bhandari, B. and Viraraghavan, T. (2009), "Natural hazards and environmental implications in Nepal", Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 18 No. 5, pp. 478-489. https://doi. org/10.1108/09653560911003679

FIGURE 3.23

Collection of photos of disasters occuring in Nepal Various unsplash

FIGURE 3.24

Collection of photos of disasters occuring in Nepal Dallas Mahaney

CHAPTER 4: MODULARITY'S ROLE FIGURE 4.1

FIGURE 4.2

FIGURE 4.3

Exterior of the core unit (Courtesy of BC Workshop) Rapid Recovery: The Idea. (2016). Retrieved April 17, 2020, from http://www.rapidorecovery.org/ Exterior or the addition on to the core unit. (Courtesy of BC Workshop) Rapid Recovery: The Idea. (2016). Retrieved April 17, 2020, from http://www.rapidorecovery.org/ Collection of photos of disasters occuring in Nepal Rapid Recovery: The Idea. (2016). Retrieved April 17, 2020, from http://www.rapidorecovery.org/

FIGURE 4.4

Exterior of the homes (Courtesy of Elemental) Aravena Mori, A., & Iacobelli, A. (2016). Elemental : Manual de vivienda incremental y diseño participativo = incremental housing and participatory design manual (Segunda edición = Second ed.). Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz.

FIGURE 4.5

Exterior of the homes with additions to the core (Courtesy of Elemental)

FIGURE 4.6

Villa Verde floor plans (Courtesy of Elemental

FIGURE 4.7

Completed core home Final Report on the Back Home Rapid Housing Recovery Pilot Program. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.h-gac.com/community-andenvironmental- planning-publications/documents/Back-Home-RapidHousing-Recovery-Pilot-Program-Report.pdf

FIGURE 4.8

Two units being fastened into one Back Home Rapid Hosuing Pilot Program

FIGURE 4.9

Typical floor plan Back Home Rapid Hosuing Pilot Program

CHAPTER 4: MODULARITY'S ROLE (CONTINUED) FIGURE 4.10

Sketchup Three, Pre-fab vs. 3D printing Dallas Mahaney

CHAPTER 5: PERSONAL IMPACT FIGURE 5.1

Digital collage depicting the Disaster Phase Dallas Mahaney / Photos from Unsplash

FIGURE 5.2

Digital collage depicting the Impact Phase Dallas Mahaney / Photos from Unsplash

FIGURE 5.3

Digital collage depicting the Heroic Phase Dallas Mahaney / Photos from Unsplash

FIGURE 5.4

Digital collage depicting the Honeymoon Phase Dallas Mahaney / Photos from Unsplash

FIGURE 5.5

Digital collage depicting the Dissilusionment Phase Dallas Mahaney / Photos from Unsplash

FIGURE 5.6

Digital collage depicting the Reconstruction Phase Dallas Mahaney / Photos from Unsplash

CHAPTER 6: TIMELINES OF RECOVERY FIGURE 6.1

Timelines of Recovery Dallas Mahaney / Information adapted from: Mader G, Tyler MB. Rebuilding after earthquakes: Lessons from planners. Portola Valley, CA: Spangle Associates; 1991.

FIGURE 6.2

Prepardness activities Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 6.3

Short-term activities Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 6.4

Intermediate activities Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 6.5

Long-term activities Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 6.6

Summary of the Sequence of Recovery Tasks and Scope of Activity & Psychological Responses Dallas Mahaney / Information adapted from: Mader G, Tyler MB. Rebuilding after earthquakes: Lessons from planners. Portola Valley, CA: Spangle Associates; 1991.

117

CHAPTER 3: NATURE'S ROLE CONTINUED

118

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 7: ISSUES WITH RELIEF

CHAPTER 7: ISSUES WITH RELIEF (CONTINUED) FIGURE 7.17

Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters Map source from: Smith, Adam b. "2018's Billion Dollar Disasters in Context.' Climate.gov, 7 Feb. 2020, https://climate.gov/new-feautres/ blogs/beyond-data/2018s-billion-dollar-disaster-context.

FIGURE 7.18

Modular home using a panelized system that allows for easy expansion Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 7.1

Family standing outside of their home Glenn Koenig / Getty Images

FIGURE 7.2

Modular home with new features Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 7.3

Modular home with on permanent chassis Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 7.4

Family receiving help from community Ramon Zayas / AP Photo

FIGURE 8.1

Modular home using a growing modular system Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 7.5

Modular home being constructed by community Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.2

FIGURE 7.6

Modular home that needs the support of a neighbouring unit Dallas Mahaney

Declared Disasters from 1953-2019 Dallas Mahaney | Map adapted from Data Visualization: Disaster Declarations for States and Counties. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2020, from https://www.fema.gov/data-visualizationdisaster-declarations-states-and-counties

FIGURE 7.7

Obstructive break wall Bob McMillan / FEMA

FIGURE 8.3

Which years disasters have historically occured from Data Visualization: Disaster Declarations for States and Counties9

FIGURE 7.8

Modular home with new features with forest vegetation Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.4

Which months disasters have historically occured from Data Visualization: Disaster Declarations for States and Counties9

FIGURE 7.9

Modular home with coastal vegetation Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.5

FIGURE 7.10

FEMA Trailer Park Mario Tama / Getty Images

Texas Map illustrating climate zones Kรถppen types calculated from data from PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, http://prism.oregonstate.edu; Outline map from US census Bureau

FIGURE 7.11

Modular home using wind to improve airflow Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.6

Texas Map illustrating natural features Cole, B. (n.d.). Texas Physical Map. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://geology.com/topographic-physical-map/texas.shtml

FIGURE 7.12

Modular home using a responsive facade to control solar heat gain Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.7

FIGURE 7.13

Family walking on a trail above a levee Jennifer Lavista / U.S.

Migration induced by sea-level rise Hauer, Matt & Fussell, Elizabeth & Mueller, Valerie & Burkett, Maxine & Call, Maia & Abel, Kali & McLeman, Robert & Wrathall, David. (2019). Sealevel rise and human migration. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 1-12. 10.1038/s43017-019-0002-9.

FIGURE 7.14

Levee utilizing wetlands to improve coastal conditions Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.8

FIGURE 7.15

Communal board walk added on the wetlands Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 7.16

Family outside of their mobile home Cliff Schiappa / AP Photo

Migration in Texas per county Vectorized and labeled by Dallas Mahaney | Adapted from Hauer, Matt & Fussell, Elizabeth & Mueller, Valerie & Burkett, Maxine & Call, Maia & Abel, Kali & McLeman, Robert & Wrathall, David. (2019). Sea-level rise and human migration. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 1-12. 10.1038/ s43017-019-0002-9.

FIGURE 8.9

Harris and Galveston County Flood Map Dallas Mahaney | Base map found https://tcwp.tamu.edu/flood-zonemaps-for-coastal-counties/

CHAPTER 8: SITE SELECTION

FIGURE 8.1

Modular home using a growing modular system Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.2

FIGURE 8.3

Which years disasters have historically occured from Data Visualization: Disaster Declarations for States and Counties9

FIGURE 8.4

Which months disasters have historically occured from Data Visualization: Disaster Declarations for States and Counties9

FIGURE 8.5

Texas Map illustrating climate zones Kรถppen types calculated from data from PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, http://prism.oregonstate.edu; Outline map from US census Bureau

FIGURE 8.6

Texas Map illustrating natural features Cole, B. (n.d.). Texas Physical Map. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://geology.com/topographic-physical-map/texas.shtml

FIGURE 8.7

FIGURE 8.8

FIGURE 8.9

Harris and Galveston County Flood Map Dallas Mahaney | Base map found https://tcwp.tamu.edu/flood-zonemaps-for-coastal-counties/

FIGURE 8.10

Demographic figures Diagrammed by Dallas Mahaney | Information from San Leon Tx Population. (2020-02-17). Retrieved 2020-04-12, from http:// worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/san-leon-tx/

FIGURE 8.11

Modular home using a growing modular system Dallas Mahaney | Mapping underlay of base map from https://ss2.climatecentral.org/#14/29.4880/-94.9391?show=satellite&proj ections=0-K14_RCP85-SLR&level=7&unit=feet&pois=hide

FIGURE 8.12

Selected site location with analysis Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.13

Selected site location with analysis with flooding Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.4

Which months disasters have historically occured from Data Visualization: Disaster Declarations for States and Counties9

FIGURE 8.5

Texas Map illustrating climate zones Kรถppen types calculated from data from PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, http://prism.oregonstate.edu; Outline map from US census Bureau

FIGURE 8.6

Texas Map illustrating natural features Cole, B. (n.d.). Texas Physical Map. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://geology.com/topographic-physical-map/texas.shtml

FIGURE 8.7

FIGURE 8.8

FIGURE 8.9

Harris and Galveston County Flood Map Dallas Mahaney | Base map found https://tcwp.tamu.edu/flood-zonemaps-for-coastal-counties/

FIGURE 8.10

Demographic figures Diagrammed by Dallas Mahaney | Information from San Leon Tx Population. (2020-02-17). Retrieved 2020-04-12, from http:// worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/san-leon-tx/

119

CHAPTER 8: SITE SELECTION

CHAPTER 8: SITE SELECTION (CONTINUED)

CHAPTER 9: FIRST QUARTER MODEL (CONTINUED)

FIGURE 8.11

Collection of San Leon Flooding Map from 1' to 10' of flooding Dallas Mahaney | Base image from: http://ss2.climatecentral.org via @ ClimateCentral

FIGURE 9.7

Floor plan showing the interior space as a spare bedroom Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.12

Selected site location with analysis Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.8

Floor plan showing the interior space as a gathering area Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.13

Selected site location with flooding Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.9

Floor plan showing the interior space as a dining area Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.14

Image 1 through 12 provided by Google Earth Google (n.d.).

FIGURE 9.4

Exterior Rendering of core home and addition Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.15

Timeline of the disaster Dallas Mahaney using information from: 32. Berger, E. (n.d.). The two tales of Harvey—first winds, then lots of rain Retrieved from https://spacecityweather.com/the-two-tales-of-harveyfivrst-winds-then-lots-of-rain/

FIGURE 9.5

Floor Plan Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.6

Section AA Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.7

Floor plan showing the interior space as a spare bedroom Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.8

Floor plan showing the interior space as a gathering space Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.9

Floor plan showing the interior space as a dining room Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.10

Section BB Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.11

Exploded Axonometric showing construction elements Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.12

Existing FEMA organizational structure Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.13

First Quarter Model organizational structure Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.14

First Quarter Model timeline Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.15

First Quarter Model summary diagram Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 8.16

FIGURE 8.17

Diagrams of Hurricane Harvey and Ike Dallas Mahaney using information from: 32. Berger, E. (n.d.). The two tales of Harvey—first winds, then lots of rain Retrieved from https://spacecityweather.com/the-two-tales-of-harveyfivrst-winds-then-lots-of-rain/ Collection of images provided by Google Earth Google (n.d.)

120

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 9: FIRST QUARTER MODEL FIGURE 9.1

First Quarter Recovery Diagram Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.2

Collection of massing diagrams Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.3

Exterior Rendering of core home Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.4

Exterior Rendering of core home and addition Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.5

Floor Plan Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 9.6

Section AA Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.1

Main core unit Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.2

Core unit with opposite roof slope Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.3

Core unit with gable roof Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.4

Core unit with flat roof Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.5

Core unit with gable roof and extend eaves Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.6

Core unit in a parking lot on a chassis. Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.7

Core unit in the lot of a motel Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.8

Core unit in a social housing complex Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.9

Rain water harvesting diagram Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.10

Sola analysis diagram Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.11

Wind pattern flowing around the core home Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.12

Core unit with windows open to allow for ventilation Dallas Mahaney

FIGURE 10.13

Collection of adaptations for the core home to support growth Dallas Mahaney

121

CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION

iii APPENDIX A:MAPPING

122

APPENDIX

FIGURE A.1 Map used to understand travel distance to determine cost for transporting modular homes

FIGURE A.2 California maps to investigate it as a case study

TOPOGRAPHY

CALIFORNIA

12000+ Ft. 9000-1200 Ft. 7500-9000 Ft. 6000-7500 Ft. 4500-6000 Ft. 3000-4500 Ft. 1800-3000 Ft. 1200-1800 Ft. 600-1200 Ft. 300-600 Ft. 150-300 Ft. 0-150 Ft. Below Sea Level

Which years disasters have historically occured

Which months disasters have historically occured

DECLARED DISASTERS FROM 1953 - 2019 KÃ&#x2013;PPEN CLIMATE TYPES

ET (Tundra) Dsc (Dry-summer subartic) Dsb (Warm-summer mediterranean continental) Csc (Cold-summer mediterranean) Csb (Warm-summer medierranean) Csa (Hot-summer mediterranean) BSk (Cold semi-arid) BSh (Hot semi-arid) BWk (Cold desert) BWh (Hot desert)

123

227 Fire 37 Flood 17 Severe Storm(s) 13 Earthquakes 3 Dam/Levee Break 3 Freezing 2 Coastal Storm 1 Drought 1 Fishing Losses 1 Hurricane 1 Other 1 Tsunami = 307 Disasters since 1953

DICKINSON QUADRANGLE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

TEXAS - GALVESTON COUNTY 7.5-MINUTE SERIES

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

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I..N...G....L.N.... . ―  ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ―  AKUMAL CALLE   . ..... . . .. ... ..   ― ST  ― ― ―  ―       ― ―  ―  ―  ―  .... .. ― ―  ......... ............. ............... ......... ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  NE ― ―  ― ― ―  TH ― ―  ― ―  ― ―  ....... ......... .. . ― 75 ― RI ― ― ― ― . . .. .... ― ― .  . . ―  ―  ―  27―   ―      NG .........  ― ― 25 ― .....―  25 ― .......... ........ ......... ..... ................ ― ―  ― 63 ― ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― TA ― .. ― 24TH ST E 25 .. . . .  ..― ―  ... ...... ― ― .. ― n ― ― ― . . ... . ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ―. ..... .. ― . . . . . .... .. .......― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― 25 ......... ... ―  ....... ...  ..... .. ......... ...... ... ...............  25 ST ..  ...  ... ......  ―   ― ―  ―  ―   ―  25TH ST E ― ― ― ― 25 ― .. .― ― ― .  ―  ―  45 ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― TH ― ―  ― ―  .............. ― .........― ― ....... ... ...... ...... ..... ― ―  ―  ―  . . 1 9 . 25.. . .. ―  .. ...―. ― ― ― ― ― ―  ―  ―  ― .... ―  ― 26TH ST E  . .. . .―. .... .... ..― ........ . . ...... .... ...  ― .. .....  ― ― ―   ―  ―   ― .― ..  ― n ―   ― . ... ―  ― ― ― ― 25  ― ―  RINCON ― ―  ― ―  ― ― .. .. ........ ............. ― . ― . . ― . .. ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ―  ―DR ―  ― ― ― ―  . .. .... ... .. .. ―   ―    ―  ―  ― ―  ― ―  ―  ... ― ― ― RD ―  . .. ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― S  ―  28TH ST E  ― . ―  ― ST  ―   ―  ................... ...... ―  ―  ―  ― ― ―  ―  ... ― AT ― ― ―  ― ― W ―  ―  DE― ― ― ― ST ― ― ― ― ― ―  ―  6 ―  .. ― ―  .. .. . . .......... 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 ― 13TH ST ― 29.3750° ― ― ― ― ―  ― ―  . .. ― ― ―  ―  ― ―  ― ― ― ―  ―  ― -95.0000° -95.1250° ― ― . ... ―  19TH ST ―  ―  ....―  ..  ―   ― ― ..... .. ―  ―      ....  ―  ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―   ― ―  ―  ― ― ―  ― ― ―  ―  ―  ― ― ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ―  ― ―  ― ― ― ―   ―  ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ―  ― ― ― ―   ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ―  ― ―  ― ―  ― ―   ―   ― ―  ―     ―  ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ― ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―    ×   ―  ― ―  ― ROAD CLASSIFICATION Produced by the United States Geological Survey     SCALE 1:24 000 ―  ―  ― MN ― ― ― ―    ―  North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) ―  ― ― Ù ― ―  ― ― Local Connector  Expressway 1 0.5 0 KILOMETERS 1 2 ― World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84). Projection and ― ― ― ―  ―   GN ― ― TEXAS  ―  ―  ―    Secondary Local Road 1 000-meter grid:Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 15R Hwy ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― 1000 500 0 METERS 1000 2000  2°9´ ― ― This map is not a legal document. Boundaries may be ―Ramp ―   4WD  ― 38 MILS ― 1 0.5 0 1 ― ― ―  generalized for this map scale. Private lands within government ― ― ― 1°1´ ― ―  ―  reservations may not be shown. Obtain permission before State Route Interstate Route MILES ―  ―  18 MILS . US Route ― entering private lands. ― QUADRANGLE LOCATION  1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 ― ― ― Imagery.....................................................NAIP, September 2016 - November 2016 ― ― FEET   Roads......................................... U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 ―  ―  UTM GRID AND 2019 MAGNETIC NORTH 1 Friendswood Names............................................................................GNIS, 1979 - 2018 ― ― DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET  1 2 3 ― Hydrography...............................National Hydrography Dataset, 2003 2 League City ― ― CONTOUR INTERVAL 5 FEET ― ― Contours............................................National Elevation Dataset, 2008 - 2010 3 Bacliff U.S. National Grid NORTH AMERICAN VERTICAL DATUM OF 1988  Boundaries..............Multiple sources; see metadata file 2016 2017 ―  4 Algoa 100,000 - m Square ID 4 5 00 ―  5 Texas City ― ― This map was produced to conform with the Wetlands.................FWS National Wetlands Inventory 2004 2006  6 Mustang Bayou ― TN UN National Geospatial Program US Topo Product Standard, 2011. 6 7 8 7 Hitchcock │

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DICKINSON, TX

8 Virginia Point ADJOINING QUADRANGLES

2019

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         ―  ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―           ―  ―  ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―            ―  ―  ―  ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―        ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―            ―  ―  ―  ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―           ―  ―  ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―          ―  ―    ―  ―  ―  ―  ―     ―  ―  ―  ―  ―    ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ―    ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ―  ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ―  ―   ―        ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―      ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ―  ― ―  ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―        ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―   ―  ―  ― ― ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ―  ― ―  ―  ― ― ―  ―  ―   ―   ―  ―  ―     ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―        ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―   ―  ―  ― ― ― ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ―  ― ―  ― ―  ―  ―  ―   ―  ― ―    ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ―   ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―      ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ― ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―      ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ― ―  ― ― ―  ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― │

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hotzones.pdf

2019-10-07

12:13 AM

FIGURE A.4 Map used to discover more about disasters and where they occur

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CMY

DISASTER HOT ZONES OF THE WORLD EARTHQUAKES

Yellowstone Caldera Wyoming, United States Nature of the diaster: Mega Volcano

Awu Volcano Indonesia Nature of the diaster: Volcano, Tsunami

12 California United States

Mount Etna Sicily, Italy Nature of the diaster: Volcano

14 Runs from mid-Mexico through Central and South 15 Jamica, Haiti and the Dominican Replublic

Avachinsky-Koryksky Volcano Kamchtka, Russia Nature of the diaster: Volcano

Mount Nyiragongo Virunga National Park, Congo Nature of the diaster: Volcano

Taal Volcano Luzon, Philippines Nature of the diaster: Volcano, Tsunami

Mauna Loa Hawaii, United States Nature of the diaster: Volcano, Tsunami

San Andreas Fault

Indonesia Border betweeen Indian & Pacific Oceans Nature of the diaster: Pacific and Indian Tsunamis

East Coast of the United States Maine to D.C. Nature of the diaster: Teide - super volcano

STORMS Tornado Alley

20 Great Plains, United States Nature of the diaster: Tornadoes

Nature of the diaster: Hurricanes

Peru-Chile Trench

Barranquillo Fault Line

The Caribbean & Gulf of Mexico

America from 80 miles off shorein the Pacific Ocean

Nature of the diaster: Earthquake,tsuanami

Federated States of Micronesia Pacific Ocean Nature of the diaster: 90% of all typhoons orginate here

Prince William Sound 17 North Anatolian Fault Alaska, United States Turkey (20 km south of Istanbul) Nature of the diaster: Largest American Earthquake Nature of the diaster: Earthquake,tsuanami

Mainland Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, and the west coast of Flordia. All the islands in the Caribbean, including Haiti, Dominican Replublic, Cuba, Jamica, and the Bahamas.

Nature of the diaster: Hurricane Western Pacific Coastlines Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China,

24 Russia, Vietnam, Phillippines, Micronesia, Malaysia, Thailand Nature of the diaster: Typhoon

CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS 18

The Entire East Coast

21 East Coast of the United States

Nature of the diaster: Earthquake, Possible Tsunami Nature of the diaster: Earthquake

Nature of the diaster: Largest Earthquake

TSUNAMIS Pacific Ring All Pacific coasts Nature of the diaster: Tsunamis, caused by volcanoes, underwerwater earthquakes or landslides caused by volcanoes or earthquakes.

New Madrid Fault

13 Missourii, United States

Navajo Indian Reservation Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Nature of the diaster: Uranium mining during the cold war was a major industry. The results were doubled levels of cancer, poisoned aquifiers and a environmental disaster.

Bhhopal Bhopal, India Nature of the diaster: The worst chemical diaster in history, an explosion at a pesticide plan leaked gasses into the city. Killing atleast 3,787 people.

Southern Asia India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Laos,

25 Cambodia, Vietna, Malaysia, Indonesia

Nature of the diaster: Monsoon flooding

DROUGHTS

26 Australia

Nature of the diaster: Droughts

27 Eastern Africa

Somalia to Chad, Sudan to Kenya Nature of the diaster: Droughts so bad they have caused desertification across the region, as well as genocide in Darfur.

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VOLCANOES 1

iii APPENDIX B: RESEARCH

Sea Cucumber

Fibers interlock to increase stiffness temporarily

Temporary flexibility Modify stiffness - Manage compression

Termite Mound

Strategic temperature regulation

information:

Sea cucumbers protect themselves from predators by stiffening their normally soft skin (dermis). The dermis can quickly change from a soft, nearly liquid state to a very stiff, protective mechanical layer. The fibrils are triggered by a stiffening protein released when sea cucumbers are threatened, causing the hooked arms to bind fibrils together making the dermis rigid.

Termites colonies must maintain acceptable levels of temperature, moisture and respiratory gasses. In some termite colonies a temperature of 86 degrees Fahrenheit must be maintained for optimal growth and survival of the termites and fungi. Inside the termite mounds are air channels that promote ventilation and circulation of air to increase gas exchange and improve thermoregulation.

native area/climates:

Ocean dwellers.

Found in South America, Africa and Australia.

application: - Manipulate shape flexibility by interlocking structures - Use material phase changes to create a unique function image credit: Keeley, Graham. “Poachers Making a Cool £425 a Kilo on Sea Cucumbers.” World | The Times, The Times, 1 Sept. 2016..

credit:

“Sea Cucumbers.” National Geographic, 24 Sept. 2018, https:// www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/ sea-cucumbers/.

Barrel Cactus

Cell shape allows for expansion

Maintains structural integrity Stores Water - Expand/Collapse

application:

- Air circulation through chimneys and air ducts

image credit: Turner, Scott. (2008). Beyond biomimicry: What termites can tell us about realizing the living building. Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Industrialized, Intelligent Construction.

credit: “What We Can Learn From Termite Mounds: Terminix.” Terminix.com, https://www.terminix.com/termite-control/colonies/termite-mounds/.

Dock Bug Wings

Microstructure that creates flexible and strong attachment

information:

Maintains structural integrity Provide flexibility - Detachable

information:

Cacti are known for living in dry conditions with infrequent precipitation. Their drought strategy is to store large quantities of water in their tissue. The cactus has outer and inner layers composed of rigid and smooth cell walls. A Third cell layers between the two consists of collapsible cells the are wrinkled, which allow the cell to change in volume without changing surface area. This allows for the plant to maintain its structural integrity and store water.

Dock bugs have two sets of wings that need to be mechanically conncected during flight, yet separate when at rest. The forewings attach to the hindwings through specific shapes on the edges of both wings. This locking mechanism clamps tightly enough to hold the wings together and allows for some flexibility.

native area/climate:

Found throughout Europe, Asia and northern Africa. Found usually in dense vegetations, such as hedgeros and wasteland.

native area/climate:

APPENDIX

Deserts of Southwestern North America

application:

- Emulate microstructure to attach and detach - All for disassembly with detachable pieces

- Deformable shapes - Layering to support expansion

image credit: Douneika/Flickr/CC BY 2.0

126

Air circulation - Natural Ventilation

credit:

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Barrel Cactus.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https:// www.britannica.com/plant/barrel-cactus.

image credit: David Gould Osiers Nature Area, Braunstone 13 September 2014

credit: Cave, Brian. “Dock Bug - Coreus Marginatus.” AngloInf, 16 Sept. 2014, https://www.angloinfo.com/blogs/france/midi-pyrenees/an-english-naturalist-in-france/th-dock-bug-coreus-marginatus/.

FIGURE B.1 Biomimicry design cards that can inspire designers how to incorporate this in their design

Pest;e.pdf

2019-10-07

12:54 AM

FIGURE B.2 Early progress work investigating different lens into natural disasters

- Some countries will not accept the help from others

- First reaction is a combination of shock and denial.

- Irresponsible or unprepared governments can make natural disasters worse if they are not prepared for them.

- Feelings of insecurity when they lose their home.

- Chemical exposure

SYHCOLOGICAL

OLITICAL

CMY

- Post traumatic stress (flashbacks, panic attacks, anxiety, etc.)

NVIRONMENTAL

- Industrial or agricultural sites can be damaged

- Loss of financial resources

OCIETAL / CULTURAL

- Destruction of property

ECHNOLOGICAL - Destruction of assets

EGAL

H E EALTH

- Insurance claims

- Possible injury and infections

- Drones have the patentability to transform humanitarian aid

- Landlord and tenant legal issues

- No access to proper sanitary care

- Social media and digital communications provide a new way for organizations and their beneficiaries to communicate

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)

- Volcanic eruptions and fires releases particulates in the air that make breathing difficult.

- Personal injury or illnesses - Sediment left behind after a flood

- Some communities can grow stronger after a natural disaster - Communities must often recognize population, demographic, and cultural shifts as a result of the impact of the natural disaster

- For people who already experience mental illness, a traumatic event could make it worse.

CONOMICAL

- Destroys tangible assets such as buildings and equipment - Natural disasters sometimes promotes growth and new construction. But it still comes at a cost

- Chemical exposure - Lack of access to safe water/healthcare

1. Support individuals, households, and communities in returning to self-sufficiency as quickly as possible.

- First responders can experience posttraumatic stress, guilt, anxiety, etc.)

2. Affirm and fulfill fundamental disaster housing responsibilities and roles. 3. Increase our collective understanding and ability to meet the needs of disaster victims and affected communities. 4. Building capabilities to provide a broad range of flexible housing options, including sheltering, interim housing and permanent housing. 5. Better integrate disaster housing assistance with related community support service and long-term recovery efforts. 6. Improve disaster housing planning to better recover from disasters including catastrophic events.

FIGURE B.3 Investigating how to build for disaster prone areas.

disasters

EARTHQUAKES

FLOODS

MEGAFIRE

HURRICANES