SETTLEMENT & POPULATION REVISION BOOKLET 1
AS Revision Guide – Settlement and Population SETTLEMENT Settlement Hierarchy Isolated Farm – Rural – Home Farm Hamlet – Rural – Bingham Village – Rural – Botley Town – Urban – Eccles City – Urban – Manchester Megacities – Urban – Mexico City
How does a settlement change along the settlement hierarchy? -
Size of population Types of industry Amount of services
Urban – Rural Continuum is the idea how settlement goes from rural areas to urban areas and how the features change along this continuum. For example, population of the settlement, the facilities at the settlement (cinema, restaurants etc), open spaces etc Perceptions of settlements/distinctiveness of settlements Size of the population Type of industry Lack of services
Perceptions of rurality -Close knit communities – Spofforth 900 residents (500 full time) -Idyllic lifestyles – Media such as relocation relocation, countrylife magazine promote clean, ‘good life’ etc -Employment – Primary (farming) due to the large space available – 20% of the population who work in Spofforth work in agriculture
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Social Patterns and Diversity of Life Style -
Age – often rural areas have older people due to the younger people being driven out of rural areas because of the high house prices – 45% of Spofforth is retired
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Ethnicity – often urban areas have a wider multi-cultural society – Rusholme 80% of the local population are from ethnic minorities
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Close knit communities – rural areas have much closer knit communities – Spofforth only has 900 residents
Human factors that affect social patterns and diversity of lifestyles -Planning Permission – Spofforth, Yorkshire Dales National Park leading to small settlements being close knit communities
-Media – TV programmes like ‘Escape to the Country’ and Magazines like ‘Countrylife’ leading to higher house prices
-Jobs - Most job opportunities are in the cities so most migrants move to cities leading to larger cultural diversity. Rusholme 80% of the local residents are from ethnic minorities
Physical factors that affect social patterns and diversity of lifestyles -Physical environment – Spofforth is in the Yorkshire Dales National Park – 900 residents, 500 permanent residents. -Amount of space - With villages having lots of space, it is able to have plenty of agriculture leading to more active and outdoor lifestyle. Spofforth, Yorkshire – 20% of the population who work in Spofforth work in agriculture -Distance from services - The further away from services like post office, pubs, bus routes etc – the less likely people are wanting to live there so
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leading to isolation in many very remote places. Mawsley – close to Nottingham etc so its population has grown by 50% in the last 20 years
Rural Economic Change There are 3 changes happening in rural areas: 1) House prices are increasing- SECOND HOMES 2) Services are reducing - PRIVATISATION 3) Agricultural employment is reducing – GREEN REVOLUTION CAUSES: 1) House Prices Increasing • Second homes have increased with the increase in disposable income - pushed up house prices – locals can’t afford houses •
The average house price in Spofforth, Yorkshire is 320,000 (National average is £150,000)
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- The village has 900 residents, but with only 500 full time residents
2) Services are reducing •
Transport networks run by private companies, so are not cost-effective
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Many people drive so less need for transport
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Spofforth – bus routes reduced by 35%
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Spofforth – car ownership has increased by 25% 3) Agricultural employment decreasing
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GREEN REVOLUTION
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Increase in machines on farms so reduces workforce
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DIVERSIFICATION - A lot of residents have changed to tourism such as the local B&B and tea shop
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In Spofforth, agricultural employment has reduced by 30% since 1950. 4
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20% of the population who work in Spofforth work in agriculture
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Another 20% of the population work in the B&B’s and farm shop
SOCIAL IMPACTS: -
Isolation – due to decrease in services
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Ageing population – due to house prices increasing and only the old can afford
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Reduction in close knit communities – increase in second home owners who are only in the village part time (weekends and holidays)
Changing Social Profile of Rural Settlements
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Increasing Ageing population - due to house prices increasing and only the old can afford
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Increasing second home owners – media portrays rural areas as idyllic lifestyle – ‘the good life’
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Increasing commuters – car ownership and have ‘best of both worlds’
Rural – Urban Fringe (In the exam they could call this the ‘Green Belt’) The pressures on the greenbelt WHO WANTS THE FRINGE: - Recreation, e.g. Golf course - Retail - Transport - Entertainment - Businesses - Housing 1) Retail – Cheaper than the CBD so retailers have lower outgoings and can make more profit - Trafford Centre, Manchester - £57 per m² (CBD - £125 per m²) and 10,000 parking spaces 2) Housing – Lots of space so modern semi-detached and detached housing - Walkden, Manchester Expanded to a town in 1950’s and n ow houses 40,000 people 3) Businesses – Good transport links so easy to get goods in and out of businesses which reduces costs – Trafford Park with Eddie Stobart next to the M60
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EFFECTS: -
Increase in congestion – With a higher demand for people to get to the rural-urban fringe for shopping, work, living etc - In the last 15 years, congestion has increased by 75% around the M60 especially around the Eccles Inter-Change. However, the M60 has been expanded one lane each side of the motorway to reduce congestion and traffic jams
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Destroys local communities – Since housing has increased, large modern housing estates have been built causing less local communities - Walkden use to have around 1,000 residents in 1900, grew to 40,000 by 2010. However, lots of little communities within Walkden
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Increase in employment - As places like Trafford Centre and Chill Factor opened, employs 10,000 people. However, these jobs are often low skilled, min wage and sometimes seasonal
Ghetto’s – Intra-migration CASE STUDY: Moss-side, Manchester CAUSES: -Cheap Terrace Housing – These types of housing are not modern with contemporary layouts so are un-popular lowering the house prices. Average house price is £90,000, national is £150,000 -Excellent transport links - Busiest bus route in Europe, bus every 30 secs -Close to CBD – 80% of low skilled work is accessible from the CBD Student Areas – Intra-migration CASE STUDY: Fallowfields, Manchester CAUSES: -
Closeness to Manchester University and Manchester Met University – students cant afford private transport so have to be able to walk/cycle to universities
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Excellent transport routes including bus and train links – Busiest bus route in Europe, bus every 30 secs - students cant afford private transport so have to be able to use public transport 6
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Cheap terrace housing – 3 bed rooms houses turned into 5 bed rooms renting out around £250 per month per room – students cant afford expensive housing so want some where cheap place to live
Counter-Urbanisation DEFINITION: Individuals moving from urban areas to rural areas. CASE STUDY: Mawsley has seen a huge increase of its population by almost 50% in the last 20 years. The number of homes has risen to 750. Most people are moving from Coventry, Kettering and Northampton CAUSES: (Draw diagram) -
Car ownership has increased - In the last 10 years alone, car ownership has increased by 25%
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High crime rates in urban areas – 68% of all serious crime in Greater Manchester happens in Moss side
- Idyllic lifestyle in rural areas – ‘Escape to the Country’ and ‘Country Life’ magazine Re-Urbanisation CASE STUDY: Chimney Pot Park. The regeneration of the area has encouraged individuals who moved out of parts of Salford including Langworthy and Weaste back into Salford. The individuals moved to rural areas such as Walkden and Kearsley and have returned back to Salford in Chimney Pot Park, Langworthy Road. CAUSES: - High crime rates in urban areas – 68% of all serious crime in Greater Manchester happens in Moss side -
Idyllic lifestyle in rural areas – ‘Escape to the Country’ and ‘Country Life’ magazine
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Regeneration of urban areas - Chimney Pot Park – Modern and contemporary lifestyles in new builds
Inner City Regeneration CASE STUDY: Chimney Pot Park CAUSES: •
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De-industrialisation – Salford Docks closed 1984 – 2,500 people to be unemployed Property prices were plummeting to £8,000 per house, people were moving out, houses were being abandoned and boarded up, crime was increasing. The area had the highest crime rate in Salford. It seemed the only solution was to demolish the entire district and start again. Then Urban Splash came up with a proposal to refurbish the houses, with a radical change of layout. The bedroom would be on the ground floor, with the living room and kitchen area upstairs. The houses costed up to £150,000 now that they have been regenerated
EFFECTS: 7
Social
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Economic
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Environmental
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Positive Strong community spirit within CPP with street parties for the Royal Wedding and Queens Diamond Jubilee Positive multiplier effect with the regeneration of Salford Shopping Centre of £25 million and brand new Tescos Superstore New houses are more environmentally friendly with solar panels on the roofs and high levels of insulation
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Negative Social tension between old residents and new residents, e.g. when Salford riots 2011 were happening 5 windows were broken in CPP Old residents cant afford new houses – compulsory sold for £8,000, but new houses are £150,000
Noise and air pollution with the knocking down of the old houses causing health problems such as asthma
CBD Issues Access – High Street that crosses Market Street next to Primark and Debenhams Pedestrianisation – Planners and employers want shoppers to feel safe and create a good atmosphere for shopping so have increase pedestrian areas such as Market Street from Primark and Debenhams down to Topman and Boots Transport – Councils are encouraged to improve and promote public transport such as buses, trams and trains. Manchester Council spent £80 million in 2007 on an improved bus service for the NW and Metrolink in 2009 a further £17 million on the tram network.
The need for a vibrant retailing experience in CBD’s - Competition against CBD Out-Town Shopping Centres – Trafford Centre, Manchester. Opened in 1998 and within 2 year period Manchester CBD had decrease of business by 37%. People prefer to go to the Trafford Centre because there are excellent transport links (M60), plenty of parking spaces (over 10,000), all the shops are in one centre, many different entertainment areas, e.g. cinema etc, all under-cover so can shop in bad weather. Internet - Internet shopping has soared by 350% within 3 years. Other CBD’s – Other CBD’s have been regenerating to attract new visitors. E.g. Liverpool One £920 million on regenerating Albert Docks and Shopping Centre
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POPULATION The topic of population is split into 2 parts:CHANGE DUE TO NATURAL FACTORS, E.G. BIRTHS AND DEATHS CHANGE DUE TO MIGRATION FACTORS, E.G. PEOPLE MOVING IN/OUT FOR A COUNTRY Natural – If any of the information below is in the exam, draw a population pyramid or the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) Global Population -
Worlds Population increasing – 7 billion to 8 billion by 2025 MEDC population decreasing – ageing population – DR higher than BR LEDC population increasing – BR higher than DR
NATURAL CHANGE DTM
Population Pyramids 9
Stage 5 has a smaller bottom but a larger top due to people living longer and an ‘ageing population’ Variations in fertility rates (Stage 3) - Mozambique BR is 60 per thousand, while UK is 1.8 - Education of contraception - Higher levels of
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education normally means lower birth rate because there is more knowledge of birth control so reduces unexpected pregnancies. Chad – 60% of villages don’t have nurses who come to villages to educate the locals about contraception while UK – All schools teach contraception as part of the national curriculum Access to contraception - Increase access to contraception means people can receive contraception easier so more likely to use it so reducing unexpected pregnancies. Chad 55% of the population doesn’t have easy access to healthcare while in the UK – NHS and schools have contraception Decrease in IMR - With less babies and children dying, there is a reduced need for as many children to work the farms. Mozambique – 85 per thousand while UK – 5 per thousand
Variations in mortality rates (Stage 2) - Mozambique DR is 55 per thousand while UK is 5 per thousand - Easier access to health care and development in medicine means that people don’t have to travel so far to receive medical help so more likely to catch illnesses and diseases much earlier on so can cure or reduce them. Chad 55% of the population doesn’t have easy access to healthcare while UK – Easy access with the NHS - More knowledge of healthy diets and lifestyles so change lifestyles so live longer. Zambia – Spend focus on dealing with AIDS/HIV while in the UK – £1 billion spent on non-smoking campaigns including posters, leaflets, TV adverts - With cleaner water supplies there are less water born disease. Tanzania – Only 60% of the population has clean drinking water. UK – 100% of population has clean drinking water Variations in life expectancy 10
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Mozambique life expectancy is 50 while UK is 78 males and 82 females Easier access to health care and development in medicine means that people don’t have to travel so far to receive medical help so more likely to catch illnesses and diseases much earlier on so can cure or reduce them so life longer. Chad 55% of the population doesn’t have easy access to healthcare while UK – Easy access with the NHS More knowledge of healthy diets and lifestyles so change lifestyles so live longer. Zambia – Spend focus on dealing with AIDS/HIV while in the UK – £1 billion spent on non-smoking campaigns including posters, leaflets, TV adverts With cleaner water supplies there are less water born disease so live longer. Tanzania – Only 60% of the population has clean drinking water. UK – 100% of population has clean drinking water
Variation in IMR - Mozambique IMR is 85 per thousand, while UK is 5 per thousand -
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Easier access to healthcare so children are born in clean hospitals rather than at home where if there are complications doctors and nurses can help save their life’s while at home often children can die. Chad 55% of the population doesn’t have easy access to healthcare while UK – Easy access with the NHS Promotion of healthly lifestyles so babies milk has extra iron and vitamin B in to help children to grow up strong and healthy - Zambia – Spend focus on dealing with AIDS/HIV while in the UK – all bottled milk has these extra
nutrients in With cleaner water supplies there are less water born disease and children are most susceptible to these illnesses. Tanzania – Only 60% of the population has clean drinking water. UK – 100% of population has clean drinking water
Ageing Population DEFINITION: The term ‘ageing population’ is defined as a society which has a higher element of its population over the age of 45 than under the age of 45. DO NOT get this confused with more people being retired, it’s that more people are older CASE STUDY: UK 3 out of 5 will be over the age of 50 by 2030, Italy (-0.2% decrease in population), Japan 1/3 rd will be retired by 2030 CAUSES •
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Baby boom after World War II led to large numbers of people being born between 19451955 around 50% more children were born Living longer:- 1948 – 64, 2009 – 78. This is due to improved healthcare Birth Rate has dropped to 1.8 due to equal opportunities and pay act (1975) which leads to career driven women
EFFECTS: Issue
Criticism 11
Pensions – It’s going to cost £30 billion so retirement age rising to 66 by 2014 Healthcare – There will be a need to increase the healthcare budget in the next 10 years by 32%. Conservatives are trying to reform the NHS because they can’t afford the extra budget Higher Dependency Ratio - By 2030, 3 in every 5 people in the UK will be over the age of 50 so not enough economically active to pay for pensions, free bus passes and fuel allowance Demographic Challenge
But people are happy to work longer because they get bored and want to stay more active Increased number of jobs like nurses, doctors, care workers
Less children due to fertility rates dropping so there is still a higher dependency ratio but it isn’t as bad as it could be
DEFINITION: ‘Demographic’ means Birth Rate and Death Rate, so it’s the challenges being faced by Governments across the world on tackling either high/low birth rates OR high/low death rates.
BIRTH RATE (Fertility Rate)
CASE STUDY: China’s One Child Policy
POLICY: Urban couples were only allowed 1 child and rural couples were allowed 2 if the first was a female (because they needed males to work the farm). If couples went over their quota, then the second child would lose all their benefits such as education, healthcare, dentistry, benefits and the couples would get heavily fined.
China in 1978 had a population rate of almost 3%
Issues with a high fertility rate • Lack of resources – China is struggling to feed all it’s population of at the time of 800mil people • Economic – as parents have to stay at home for longer to look after more children, they are not working causing 30% of the population relying on the 55% who are working • Services – it is too expensive within China for education and healthcare for everyone of the new population. Costing around $1000 per student per year
Policies to alleviate a high birth rate - Government making the One Child Policy – urban can only have 1 child, rural can have 2 if first is a girl, if have 2 children then you get fined and benefits for the second child is taken away
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Government investment in healthcare - Increase access to contraception means people can receive contraception easier so more likely to use it so reducing unexpected pregnancies. Chad investing in healthcare to get 95% of the country to have access to healthcare by 2015
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Government investment in education of contraception - Higher levels of education normally means lower birth rate because there is more knowledge of effective use of birth control so reduces unexpected pregnancies. Chad Government trying to get the rest of the 40% of villages to have nurses who come to villages to educate the locals about contraception
DEATH RATE (Mortality Rate) CASE STUDY: Zambia – AID’s crisis (Poorest country in the world per person)
The issue with a high death rate: • 1 million children are orphans – the state or family (often grandparents) have to look after orphans • 75% of people are unemployed – economic issues and many work in agriculture causing food shortages causing Zambia is the poorest country per person in the world – little money to invest for the future • UK ‘high’ death rate (stage 5) – ageing population so healthcare budget has to increase in the next 10 years by 32%. Conservatives are trying to reform the NHS because they can’t afford the extra budget.
Policies to alleviate a high death rate: - Chad investing in healthcare to get 95% of the country to have access to healthcare by 2015 - Tanzania – Only 95% of the population has clean drinking water by 2015. - UK – £1 billion spent on non-smoking campaigns including posters, leaflets, TV adverts Changing Gender Structures As a country developers (makes it way down the DTM) the ratio of males to females changes. A Changing Gender Structure -
Stage 2 - In Laos, for every 100 females there are 106 males. -
This is because males are needed for the agricultural work so have better healthcare and education leading to males more likely to live and survive IMR 13
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Stage 3 – China - For every 100 girls, there are 118 boys. It is estimated that around 70% of aborted babies are female - This is because males are seen as superior so females are either aborted or abandoned leading to more males living
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Stage 5 – UK - For every 100 females there are 98 males -
Women have equal rights (Equal Pay Act 1975) so have equal rights to healthcare and education and women naturally live longer
EFFECTS: Demographic
Effects Fertility rates drop due to women becoming more career driven UK – 1.8, while replacement rate is 2.2
Economic
The workforce increased so more disposable income for households Women in the UK make up about 40% of the UK’s workforce
Political
More women friendly laws since women can vote, political parties are trying to attract women to vote for them. Maternity cover extended to 18 months in Sweden
Criticise Not just women having more rights which has reduced the BR, children are extremely expensive so many families are choosing to have smaller size families Women still on average in their lifetimes don’t earn the same as men due to career breaks and less likely to be promoted – glass ceiling effect House of Lords – only 33% of the people in the House of Lords are women
MIGRATION Population characteristics/Population features/Population structure- Age, Gender, Size of Population
Types of Migration National (Moving within the country) – London to Salford 5,000 jobs moved for the BBC. Mostly economically active (age 18-35). Vs International (Moving from another country) – Poland to UK 750,000 since 2004. Mostly economically active (age 18-35)
Forced (fleeing political persecution) – Jews from Germany to the UK 50,000. Size of the UK population increase Vs Voluntary (Moving for work) – Poland to the UK 750,000 since 2004. Most economically active (age 18-35) 14
Temporary (Going to return home) – Refugees return home afterwards Ethiopia after 1984 famine 75,000 people came to UK, but 20,000 returned back to Ethiopia. Size of the UK population has increased by 75,000. Vs Permanent (Going to stay in the host country) – Jews from Germany to the UK 50,000, many have stayed in the UK because they have fought in WW2 , some Jews live in Cheetham Hill, Manchester. Mostly women and children came to Social
Positive - 50% migrants return back to Poland after 10 years in the UK
Economic
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Environment
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- 60% of Poles working in the UK send money home, according to the National Bank of Poland about £4 billion is sent by Polish workers in the UK back to their families in Poland. 750,000 fewer people to feed so land isn’t so overfarmed
Negative - Ageing population because the old are left in the country and the young migrate 80% of the Polish migrants are between 18-35 - 7% less workforce so Transnational companies don’t move to the country so negative multiplier effect
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Environmental damage from travelling to new country
the UK Poland to UK 750,000 Polish have moved to the UK since 2004 (EU enlargement) EFFECTS: Exporting Country
Receiving Country Social
Economic
Environment
Positive -Range of new cultures (music, food etc) A greater understanding and respect for other cultures and religions
-Cheap labour force which do the unwanted jobs - 65% of the Polish migrants work in catering, agriculture, construction, health and medical services Often most work for min wage - £5.80 per hour - Most food is imported in from other countries
Negative -Communities separating themselves, e.g. Rusholme English Defence League (EDL) had many protests in Oldham and Bolton against migrants BNP gaining a seat in the EU council from the Oldham area -Recession so jobs are needed back
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Extra strain on resources, with 750,000 extra polish means there is a need for 15
more food so over-farming and soil erosion has increased
Refugees and Asylum Seekers DEFINITION: Refugees - ‘A refugee is a person who flees to escape conflict, persecution or natural disaster.’ UN Definition Asylum Seeker - ‘An asylum seeker is a person who has made an application for asylum and is waiting to hear the decision on their application. If they have positive decision on their asylum application then they are recognised as a refugee’ UN Definition CAUSES: - AGAINST THEIR HUMAN RIGHTS!!! -Prosecution - Jews to UK - Jews refugees fled to the UK, over 50,000 Jews were successful. The Jewish refugees were used to help fight the Nazi’s and help to rebuild after the war. Many Jews stayed in the UK and have since had many generations that have lived and worked in the UK -War – Libya to Tunisia. Libya almost into a civil war between protesters and Gaddafi. 100,000 people have fled to Tunisia -Natural Disaster – Ethiopia Famine 1984. 3 years in a row of less than 10% of rainfall. 75,000 refugees fled to the UK. EFFECTS: Housing - Newcastle Housing -22% are lived in by refugees so cost the tax payer money and pushes ‘natives’ down the waiting list which causes social tensions - Darwin, Australia Detention Centre costed $9 million to run per year – taxpayer has to pay for ele, gas and guards - Darwin, Australia Detention Centre costed $160million to build – again taxpayer has to pay for this Repatriation In the UK, there was 78,000 failed applications in 2009 and it is estimated over 12,000 asylum seekers were un-traceable to return to their home country - Tracing refugees costs the UK Government every year over £4 billion every year - Deporting refugees cost the UK Government almost £1 billion every year - Appeals go to courts so it takes a long time to repatriate a refugee, average of 2 years Attitudes - BNP gained a seat in the European Council from Oldham against refugees/migrants
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Recent recession with high rates of unemployment and budget cuts of over £25 billion in the next 4 years, more tension with refugees over limited resources Often find migrants and refugees live together, even though from different countries, communities and cultures but to feel safe and not be discriminated against - Rusholme – 80% are from ethnic minorities from India, Pakistan, Iraq, Afghanistan etc
Human Rights - Appeals go to courts so it takes a long time to repatriate a refugee, average of 2 years - UK has to prove the safety of the original country especially with countries like Jordan - It has been argued that detention centres are against human rights by UNICEF
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