A2 Term 1 Coasts & China Figures for A2
Waves -Constructive Waves are shallow (<1m high), widely spaced (about 100m apart) and slow ( 6 to 8 per minute). Swash is stronger than the backwash
-Destructive Waves are high (>1m high), closely spaced (about 20m apart) and fast (10 to 14 per minute). Backwash is stronger than the swash. Headlands and Bay -Beachy Head is the highest chalk sea cliff in Britain, rising to 162 m (530 ft) above sea level. Its height has also made it one of the most notorious suicide spots in the world. The bay next to Beachy Head is Ginger Bay made of sandstone and limestone Next to the English Channel. Ginger Bay has 3 groynes costing £5 mill - Studland Head with Old Harry Stack etc made out of Limestone and chalk, Swanage Bay made out of clay so is a larger headland than Beachy Head due to type of rock and fetch. The ocean is the Atlantic Ocean Coves - Dalmation Coast, Crotia which has the Adriatic Sea – Chert, clay and limestone - Lulworth Cove, Dorset – front is limestone, middle is sand and clay then back is chalk but is larger than on the Dalmation Coast due to the larger Atlantic Ocean Wave Cut Platform - Watchet, West Somerset with the Atlantic Ocean, made out of sandstone with limestone above - Hunstanton, Norfolk – much smaller than Watchet because of the North Sea being smaller, made out of clay with gravel above
Arch – Durdle Door using the Atlantic Ocean just off Studland Head (Headland), made out of limestone Stack – Old Harry using the Atlantic Ocean just off Studland Head (headland), made out of limestone Stump – Harrys Wife using the Atlantic Ocean just off Studland Head (headland), made out of limestone - Flamborough Head, Holderness has arch, stack, stump but not as large since the North Sea is smaller. SLR - Eustatic SLR – ice caps melting - The ice caps have started to thin by 10cm a year leading to s ea level is 18cm higher than 100 years ago. -Isostatic SLR – Scotland had the ice sheet that covered it during the last ice caused it to sink but it is recovering at a 3cm a year. - Raised Beaches (emergent landforms) – Isle of Arran, Scotland – Kings Cave is 10m above sea level, while destructive waves over the Atlantic Ocean has destroyed many raised beaches on the West coast of Islay, while the East of Islay does have raised beaches. - Rias (submergent landforms) - River Hamble, Southampton has been shorten by 15km due to the land sinking, but every 5 years the channel is dredged to ensure large cruise liners like QEII and tankers can enter Southampton port - Fjords (submergent landforms) - Sognefjord, Norway - 2nd largest Fjord in the world, It is one mile deep, made of Alta (Metaphoric), however, at Niue the rock type is Graben (igneous) and this has just created an U shape valley, not a Fjord
-Coastal erosion is occurring along 17% of the UK coastline, this would rise to 30% within the next 50 years. -It will cause almost two-thirds of the coastline to steepen over the next 100 years. Geology - Concordant coastline - Lulworth Cove, Dorset. 3 types of rock – limestone next to the Atlantic Ocean, then clay and sandstone then hard chalk rock
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Spit -
Discordant Coastline- Studland Head with Old Harry Stack etc made out of Limestone and chalk, Swanage Bay made out of clay. The ocean is the Atlantic Ocean
Spurn Head, Holderness 5.5km sand and shingle spit along the Holderness Coast with the River Humber and North Sea Hurst Spit, Solent - Made of flint, But only 2km long
Beach - Blackpool Beach - 11km long, Made in sand. The sea is the Irish Sea with 5 groynes and a sea wall costing £6.4 mil - Lowestoft beach (Suffolk)- Made of sand, But only 2km long. The sea is the North Sea which is larger than the Irish Sea - Mappleton Beach – 2 groynes costing £2mil causing the beach to be 2 km long - Cowden - no beach and eroding at 2m a year Bar - The bar at Slapton Sands has created one of the UK’s largest freshwater lakes in Devon with the English Channel. The bar is 1.5km long and has created 200 hectares of nature reserve Tombolo - St Michaels Mount, Cornwall (limestone) next to the Atlantic Ocean. The tombolo is 400 yards long and is a tidal tombolo - Chesil Beach - (joins the South Dorset Coasts, Weymouth to the Isle of Portland) - A354 runs across the tombolo now, humans have put 3 large groynes costing £5 million in the tombolo to keep the material Human (factor) on to processes and landforms At Mappleton - In 1991 almost £2 million was spent on two rock groynes and a rock revetment to protect. However, further South (Aldbrough) the rate of erosion has increased significantly. This is because material which is being carried south is not being replaced (it is trapped within the groynes). Therefore there is no beach to protect the cliffs. Even during a neap tide (a tide which is 30% less than the average tidal range) the sea reaches the base of the soft cliffs and erosion occurs.
Holderness Coast -The Holderness coastline suffers the highest rate of coastal erosion in Europe: 5 feet (2m) a year on average or 2 million tonnes of material a year.
-Some of this is transported by longshore drift with about 3% of material being deposited at Spurn Head spit, to the south. -It is thought that approximately 3 miles (5 km) of land has been lost since the Romans, including at least 23 towns/villages, including for example Ravenstein. -Most of the erosion and removal by longshore drift takes place south of Hornsea. -The coast at Skipsea has a series of gabion cages built by the local landowner, though areas either side of his caravan and leisure site are still eroding. -At Hornsea groynes have been repaired and new ones built at a cost of over £5.2 million and the old seawall has been raised slightly. Sand dunes in the south beach are being planted with trees. -At Withernsea groynes and a sea wall. A new wave return wall prevents wave erosion. The wall is further protected by rip-rap and beach nourishment. This all cost £ 6.3 million but it will be good value if it can halt the fall in local property prices.
At Mappleton - In 1991 almost £2 million was spent on two rock groynes and a rock revetment to protect. However, further South (Aldbrough) the rate of erosion has increased significantly. This is because material which is being carried south is not being replaced (it is trapped within the groynes). Therefore there is no beach to protect the cliffs. Even during a neap tide (a tide which is 30% less than the average tidal range) the sea reaches the base of the soft cliffs and erosion occurs.
How successful are these schemes? -In 1786 Mappleton was 3.5 km from the sea. By 1988 the sea was on its doorstep. -In 1991 a scheme was implemented at a cost of £2 million which involved two rock groynes to trap beach sediment and a rock revetment to prevent erosion of the cliffs. The cliffs were re-graded to reduce slumping and there was some nourishment of the beach to encourage deposition. -A new access road was built and a car park and toilets for visitors. -12 years later and the cliffs were showing early signs of slumping. Beyond the second groyne the large rocks are being undermined and the cliff face below the car park has begun to erode. -More worrying is the very rapid erosion of beaches, cliffs and farm buildings at Great Cowden 3 km to the south which may be linked to Mappleton’s growing beach. Impact of coasts on to humans -Erosion of cliffs – Knipe Point (near Scarborough) 3 properties been destroyed already, 56 homes at risk and the A165 road is under threat -Transportation – Poole Bay Dorset Almost 2,000,000m³ of sand and silt were dredged from the harbour and in the approaches.
Of this, over 1,100,000m³ was made available to the local Coast Protection Authorities (Poole, Bournemouth and Purbeck District Councils) for beach replenishment to enhance the protection of the coast of Poole Bay. Combining these projects where possible provided a significant cost saving and reduced the overall environmental effect by minimising both dredging and sea disposal. -Beaches – Blackpool 10 million visitors a year, 20,000 jobs to rely on tourism, £855mil each year from tourism -Natural Harbours and Ports - Portsmouth Trade from around the world has come in and gone out of Portsmouth for hundreds of years. At one stage 35% of all imports into the UK came through Portsmouth At the high of the port, over 70% of the local workforce worked in the port Humans impacting on to coasts -Sea defences – Mappleton Supporting approximately 50 properties, the village has been subject to intense erosion at a rate of 2.0m per year, resulting in the access road being only 50m from the cliff edge at its closest point. In 1991 almost £2 million was spent on two rock groynes and a rock revetment to protect Mappleton Blocks of granite were imported from Norway for the sea defences. The purpose of the two rock groynes was to trap beach material. -However, further South (Aldbrough) the rate of erosion has increased significantly. This is because material which is being carried south is not being replaced (it is trapped within the groynes). Therefore there is no beach to protect the cliffs. Even during a neap tide ( a tide which is 30% less than the average tidal range) the sea reaches the base of the soft cliffs and erosion occurs.
Sand Dunes – Camber Essex - Sea Protection – Camber Sand Dunes stop the Camber Village being flooded The sand is stabilised to stop the wind blowing the sand on the village Chestnut fencing is used to trap the sand and stop it blowing over the dunes onto the village. It is also used to encourage people to keep to the marked paths, protecting fragile vegetation which stabilises the sand. The rangers operate a Christmas tree recycling scheme every January to collect old trees from the local community. The trees are ‘planted’ on their sides in shallow trenches where gaps (caused by trampling from visitors) have been created in the dunes. The trees help trap wind-blown sand, allowing vegetation to grow and stabilise the sand. Also, the removal of Sea Buckthorn (Shrub) which is very invasive and quickly spreads, shading out other plants. Marshes – Cray Marshes Impacts on to Human Activity Positive • Bird Watching – over 16,000 people go bird watching at Cray Marshes every year • Employment with 14 rangers • Silt used for building materials • Provides a natural flood barrier and protects the land, especially the local village of Pointly Negative • Valuable land which could be drained • Smells Humans Impacting on to Marshes • Erosion from tourists • Noises which disrupt wildlife especially around breeding time • Litter blown in from the surrounding villages and local waste unit • Water and air pollution Coastal Management West Bay Causes Land collapsing on average half a metre a year Sea flooding with damage to buildings and businesses Harbour needs managing for fishing industry Village depends heavily on tourism 1887 a sea wall was built, with further extensions in 1959 and 1971 Rock barriers were placed in front of the sea wall Groynes were constructed in 1995 East of the bay, beach nourishment has taken placed £17million coastal management has been completed in 2008 which included new rock barriers, improvements in the sea wall, new groynes and beach replenishment
China
Three Gorges Dam - It is situated on the Yangtze River 35 km west of the city of Yi Chang. It has 26 generators capable of generating 85 billion kWh of electricity per year. A 600km lake behind the dam has required 1.4 million people to move. China has 1.4 billion people, the largest population of any country in the world. 50% of Chinese live in urban areas, many in high rise buildings in extremely large cities. China is the world’s second largest economy after the USA It is the world’s fastest growing economy with average growth rates of 10% for the past 30 years Economy in 1980 was worth $70billion, now worth $18 trillion China is the largest exporter in the world China is the world’s largest manufacturer Car bought in China every 2 ½ seconds Changes in Economic Policies 1976 – Mao Zedong dies 1978 – ‘Open Door’ Policy by Deng Xiaoping
1980-1982 – Deng expanded zones - 14 new coastal cities such as Fuzhou and Hangzhou. In these areas, reduced tax by up to 50% and some companies such as Nike gained grants of $10 million for the building of factories 1997 – over 50% of SOE were inefficient so during the 15 th National Communist Party Congress some of these SOE were going to be privatised 2000 - China claimed success in its three year effort to make the majority of large state owned enterprises (SOEs) profitable. Factors affecting the growth of new industries Pudong, Shanghai - 1984, Nike closed its shoe factories in Detroit (USA) and moved its factories to Pudong district in Shanghai (China). Pudong, Shanghai is on the coast next to Huangpu River. Pudong district of Shanghai is a ‘Special Economic Zone’ (SEZ’s). Nike moved to this district due to the Huangpu Port and the Shanghai port where 20% of all of China’s exporters go through. The ports were built in 1982 as part of Deng 1978 ‘Open Door’ Policy and were later expanded in 2000. Further to this, Pudong has had a £5 million new 8 way highway called Highway 500 built through the middle of the SEZ to both ports. Shanghai has a population of 24 million. Majority are migrant workers from rural areas looking for low skilled and low paid work. Nike pays migrants on average $2 a day to work for 12 hours in their factories. In Pudong, it employs 20,000 workers. As more and more migrant workers move to the city, there is an ever increasing cheap labour force. SEZ enjoys 40% tax reduction for companies in this area. Planning laws are very limited with only 2 rejections since the zone was created Qingpu district, Shanghai - This district is not connected by river or ocean so very little foreign investment in this area. The local government has tried to encourage TNC’s by building the 318 Highway, however, the distance from the ports are too far. Qingpu is more famous for its tourism due to it being next to the only freshwater lake in Shanghai – Lake Dianshan. There are only 1 million people living in this district, making it the least densely population district of Shanghai. This means there isn’t a huge workforce available. Baoshan district, Shanghai - Baoshan district has Shanghai’s 3rd port. There are SEZ’s however there is no tax reduction and planning is restricted. TNC’s such as Rebok moved to this district first in 1984, however as more competitive SEZ were opened up in Shanghai the company soon moved The importance of exports The Chinese have learnt a vast amount about modern aerospace technology by opening up an assembly plant for Airbus single aisle aircraft at Tianjin. Airbus is itself a multi-national European enterprise. The Chinese have now put this knowledge to creating their own space programme in 2000, as countries such as USA close down NASA. It was announced in 2010, that China was going to send a man to the moon and by 2025 create an observation tower on the moon. People from the Institute of Aerospace Science and Technology, Shanghai University
In Nike factory 95% of the workers are women, with the 5% being males who are supervisors and management. But this gives the young women independence from their fathers in rural areas and has changed the way China look at the role of women in their society. For example, it is more fashionable in China for women to have pale faces illustrating they don’t work on the farms but in factories. 60% of the money women earn in the factories are sent back for their families
25% of all of Nike’s clothes made in China actually stays in China to be sold to the 1.4 billion people in China The role of the WTO In 2001, China finally joined the WTO. The WTO allows for more foreign trade to enter into China under less restrictions. AIG Banking Group moved to Beijing in 2003 due to less legal restrictions on the amount of business the company can complete in a year The economic and political impacts of China’s trade with the rest of the world The Steel Company, Corus, moved large parts of the company to North of Beijing in direct competition with the SOE steel industries. Scunthorpe - Scunthorpe Steel Works is owned by a company called Corus. Scunthorpe in 1900 was the largest producer of steel in the world. 60% of locals worked in the steel works in 1900, with 27,000 workers. The steel works has reduced hugely since the 1980’s. The steel work now only employs 3,200 workers with many on temporary contracts. The industry moved to HonHon, North of Beijing
The US president Obama had a 8 day tour of China in 2011 meeting the economic leaders of the country to encourage increase trading with the USA 22% of the UK economy is still manufacturing -McLaren Racing Company has built a new factory in Woking creating 2,300 jobs Beijing has at least $3 billion invested in the Sudanese oil, for a total of $10 billion since the 1990s. Oil prices have increased by 50% in the last 3 years for all countries Conflict in Libya (Spring 2011) -China refused to agree to support of the rebels at the UN meeting leading to other countries such as Russia and India to refuse to support the action. Further to this the USA agreed for their involvement to be limited The impact of the changing age structure on the economy One Child Policy - 300 million fewer children. Increased the working years for a woman from 20 years to 35 years. Women can work in the factories and fuel China’s economic growth. As more women are working, the birth rate has dropped so didn’t need the One Child Policy to control BR. 1990 – only 4% of women didn’t have children by the age of 35. 2010 – 14% of women haven’t had children by the age of 35 China has 130 million elderly residents, who make up just over 10% of the population. But with the changing balance of young and old that figure is predicted to rise more than 31% by the year 2050. By the year 2030 officials estimate that care for an estimated 300 million elderly will consume a full 10% of national income.
In Shanghai, it is estimated that 40% of migrant workers are from countries such as Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos As there are less children, the Chinese Government has been able to increase spending per student by 5%. As the education bill has decreased the healthcare bill has rose by 40% in the last 20 years
The effect of population policies in rural areas Increased the working years for a woman from 20 years to 35 years. This meant that often agricultural production increased. In Datican village in Tibet, majority of women have been able to return back to agricultural work within 4 years of having their first child
Before the policy, majority of rural families had between 5-8 children to help on the farm. But with the max being 2 children, many farms had problems with a large enough labour force. In Datican village in Tibet, local farm labourers from other village have moved in to help grow the soya beans and wheat. One farmer can drive a tractor compared with 5 farmers
As young (15-40) move to the cities leaving the very old and the very young. Rural populations have become ageing population with a high dependency ratio. In Datican village in Tibet, 60% of the population is over 50 The impacts and challenges for rural areas of migration 300 million migrants has moved from rural areas to urban areas Zhizhou village, West of Shanghai has kept majority of its young workers because Town and Village Enterprises (TVEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) have become very successful so young do not need to migrant to the cities for work. In Zhizhou village, 40% of the village is involved in creating flower baskets In Qinling village in the NW of China, 80% of the women who have migrated to the cities have never returned back to the village Women pay is still 50% cheaper than men in the factories Kunmig village in Tibet has been able to increase the average time spent at school from children leaving at the age of 9 to now 14 Farming methods such as the Green Revolution has become more efficient and production has increased by 20% in the last 15 years in Zhizhou Village. Town and Village Enterprises (TVEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) have been expanded and in villages like Zhizhou village, 40% of the village is involved in creating flower baskets (non-farming industry) Migration to urban areas and increasing social inequality / Social Welfare Services Nike pays migrants on average $2 a day to work for 12 hours in their factories, employs 20,000 people The richest 10% of China earn more than the bottom 50% put together 12 million people were considered as urban poor in 1993, but by 2006 the figure had jumped to more than 22 million. There are also large numbers of unemployed and laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In the years 1995 to 2000, the state sector lost 31 million jobs. Li Kegiang â&#x20AC;&#x201C; shanty town, West of Beijing - It is estimated over 10 million people live in this shantytown that is growing daily. The conditions are poor, with little clean drinking water, no sewage system and houses made out of tin and wood Haiden district of Beijing - This district has some of the most expensive house prices in the whole of China. The district on average costs 27,500 yuan per sq m The local Government has spent 400 million yuan to improve the shantytown by transforming 5 million homes into concrete structures with piped water to each street. A school has been built in the heart of the shanty towns with 40 students per class. In 2002, China was only spending 5.8% of its GDP on healthcare while other developing countries such as South Africa spending 8% and Brazil 9%. In 2002, 300 million urban people cannot afford or have access to healthcare
In 1999 new healthcare reforms were introduced whereby the urban population could have access to General Practice (GP’s) at a 1/3rd of the cost of attending a hospital. Further to this since 2000, there has been a huge push in individuals getting immune from particular illnesses and diseases such as malaria and smallpots by doctors visiting factories By 2004, there were more than 70,000 private schools of all types and level, with a total enrollment of 14.16 million. On average, those students who attended private school compared to the basic state school earnt 30 times more in their lifetime. All the universities are in the cities, 90% along the coastal edge of China Social Welfare Services in Rural Areas In 2000, only 20% of the healthcare budget was being spent in rural areas even though 70% of the population lived in rural areas. The doctors of Western medicine, who constitute about one-fourth of the total medical personnel, are even more concentrated in urban areas. Similarly, about two-thirds of the country's hospital beds are located in the cities. ‘The New Rural Co-operative Medical Care System (NRCMCS)’ is a 2005 initiative to overhaul the healthcare system, particularly intended to make it more affordable for the rural poor. Under the NRCMCS, the annual cost of medical coverage is 50 yuan (US$7) per person. Of that, 20 yuan is paid in by the central government, 20 yuan by the provincial government and a contribution of 10 yuan is made by the patient. However, there has been disputes within Zhizhou village, 40% of the village is involved in creating flower baskets (non-farming industry) leading to Government officials being selective in who receives the additional funding because the workers are completing higher pay jobs compared with agricultural workers Only 0.7 percent of rural respondents have university degrees or higher as opposed to 13.6 percent of urban respondents. Only 20 percent of rural children have been to high school while the percentage for the urban areas stands at 85. Only 55% of children in rural areas complete a full year due to harvesting In 2002, 1.1 million children in rural areas were unable to attend primary school. The lack of village teachers is common in rural China. When their basic salaries are not even guaranteed in some poor rural areas, it is not surprising that teachers leave for urban areas where they are provided with not only salaries, but also additional housing, pensions and medical subsidies. In some areas, such as Gong County, Yunnan province, there are over 60 village schools with only one or two teachers who are responsible for teaching all subjects at all grade levels Rural Educational Funding Increase from almost 10% since 1997-2000. Rural educational fees for after compulsory education has reduced by 5% between 1997-2000 Datican in Tibet has no piped clean drinking water Zhizhou village has got tapped drinking water in 2005 after the village came together Changes in the organisation of agriculture and rural economic activities In 1948, agricultural land was owned by families who had farmed that land for centuries and pasted the land down the family from son to son In 1949, all land was brought into communal ownership with the state being in control In 1958 Mao Zedong came up with a new policy called ‘Great Leap Forward’. He had identified 4 pests that were eating or destroying crops so started an initiative to mosquitoes, flies, rats, and sparrows. It was hoped that if these pests were destroyed then there would be more crops for the Chinese population
By April 1960, Chinese leaders realised that sparrows ate more insects than grains. Mao ordered the end of the campaign against sparrows, replacing them with bedbugs in the ongoing campaign against the Four Pests. By this time, however, it was too late. With no sparrows to eat them, locust populations ballooned, swarming the country and compounding the ecological problems. This led to the Great Chinese Famine in which upwards of 30 million people died of starvation. 1976 - Mao Zedong dies and the new leader Deng Xiaoping takes over and introduces the ‘Open Door’ policy to the worlds companies. As TNC’s moved into Eastern China, urban areas started to transform but rural areas in the West were being left behind. Town and Village Enterprises (TVE’s) were expanded to majority of rural China to try to keep up with the changes in the urban areas. 1.5 million farmers were involved in TVE’s in 1978, by 1985 this had risen to 12 million. TVE employment grew from 28 million in 1978 to a peak of 135 million in 1996. In provinces such as Jiangsu and Shandong they employed some 30 percent of the rural workforce 1981 - Farmland was divided up between households with a 15 year contract to farm the land. This gave farmers more security and commitment and productivity rose. Sustainable Development in Rural Areas China has banned logging in natural forests, earmarked $10 billion for reforestation projects and plans to spend $1 billion a year over 30 year to expand protected areas. 4,500 km long Green Belt has been created in Southern Tibet with 35 billion trees. The survival rate of the millions of acres reforested has been 70 percent However, in the Gansu province over 50% of the forest in this province has been cut down and there are no plans to start reforestation 90% of TVE’s are within provinces that are close or next to coastal provinces. E.g. Town and Village Enterprises (TVE’s) have been expanded and in villages like Zhizhou village, 40% of the village is involved in creating flower baskets (non-farming industry). While, villages like Datican in Tibet is nearly all agriculture. Investment in infrastructure to rural areas to try to encourage TVE’s. The Tibet local Government open the 1,000km long Tibetan Highway in 2000 Three Gorges Dam - Five provinces of Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Jiangsu, which are suffering from their worst drought in 60 years, 500,000 hectares of land has been irrigated from the Three Gorges Dam. The dam has so far cost £25 billion making it economically un-sustainable. P roduce 10% of all of China’s energy needs by using HEP
Sustainable Development in Urban Areas The local Government has spent 400 million yuan to improve the shantytown by transforming 5 million homes into concrete structures with piped water to each street. Desalination in Zhejiang province (south of Shanghai) costed 200 million yuan. Produces 1,500 tonnes of fresh water per hour for the surrounding urban areas including Shanghai. There are other cities away from the coast such as Chongging city which is 100km from the Chinese Sea
In the Gansu province over 50% of the forest in this province has been cut down to allow for more land to be farmed
Causes of Soil erosion As Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population is increasing by 10 million every year, there is more pressure to grow more crops. In Datican, farmers are now growing 10% more crop on the same piece of land and doing up to 3 harvests a year compared with a normal 1 harvest Only 55% of children in rural areas complete a full year due to harvesting Consequences of soil erosion 1998 Yangtze River Flooding resulting in 3,704 dead, 15 million homeless and $26 billion in economic loss Even though in Datican, there are more harvests per year, the yearly crop yield has only increased by 10% Beichuan village in the NW of China has been abandoned in 2005 and the villagers have moved to other surrounding villages Solutions to soil erosion China has banned logging in natural forests, earmarked $10 billion for reforestation projects and plans to spend $1 billion a year over 30 year to expand protected areas. 4,500 km long Green Belt has been created in Southern Tibet with 35 billion trees. The survival rate of the millions of acres reforested has been 70 percent In the Gansu province over 50% of the forest in this province has been cut down and there are no plans to start reforestation In Meiquan Village near Lashi Lake, farmers have installed digester greenhouses to provide natural fertilisers. The farmers have installed them with loans from the bank and grants from The Nature Conservancy, becoming in 2003 the first in his village to adopt alternative energy. Since then, farmers income has tripled to 50,000 yuan Rural Educational Funding Increase from almost 10% since 1997-2000. Rural educational fees for after compulsory education has reduced by 5% between 1997-2000 Causes of industrial pollution It is estimated only 10% of the environmental regulations are actually enforced. China's criminal law that includes clear stipulations on crimes of serious environmental accidents took effect in 1997. In the following five years the country recorded at least 50 serious environmental accidents a year based on official estimation, but to date no more than 20 people have been held accountable. The manufacturing of clothes on average produces 50,000 tonnes of CO2 per year in China Brazil has very few environmental restrictions meaning that TNCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s could be likely to leave China and move to Rio de Janerio (Brazil) Consequences of industrial pollution China now boasts 16 of the world's 20 most polluted cities. 400,000 people in China die annually from respiratory infections directly attributable to air pollution. During the Copenhagen talks 2009, China was under increasing pressure to sign up and to start solving their CO2 problems. China has become the second largest CO2 producer in the world and it is set to continue to rise
As much as 70 percent of the country's water is suffering from pollution, with an estimated 300 million people drinking contaminated water on a daily basis, and 190 million drinking water that is so contaminated it effects their health. Solutions to industrial pollution Between 1999 and 2002, China converted 7.7 million hectares of farmland into forest In the neighbouring cities of Tianjin and Tangshan, more than 300 factories will be shut. On that day government-vehicle traffic will be ordered to cut back by 70%, and private vehicles will be permitted to drive only on alternating days. Causes of water Since the Chinese population is increasing by 10 million every year, the demand for water is going up China’s population is increasing 10 million every year meaning the demand for water is ever increasing Climate change has led to China having a decrease of 15% in the last 20 years of precipiatation Datican village in Tibet has had 2 years of drought causing the crops to fail Consequences of water Li Kegiang – shanty town, West of Beijing- It is estimated over 10 million people live in this shantytown that is growing daily. The conditions are poor, with little clean drinking water, no sewage system and houses made out of tin and wood. Majority of this 10 million do not get the adequate amount of clean drinking water they need daily Solutions of water The Chinese government has spent $20 billion on cleaning up Beijing ready for the Olympics. This included a $3 billion water treatment plant for Beijing Three Gorges Dam - Five provinces of Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Jiangsu, which are suffering from their worst drought in 60 years, 500,000 hectares of land has been irrigated from the Three Gorges Dam
Desalination in Zhejiang province (south of Shanghai) costed 200 million yuan. Produces 1,500 tonnes of fresh water per hour for the surrounding urban areas including Shanghai Causes of Energy China at one stage was building a new coal power station every week to keep up with the high demand from industry and high population 90% of China’s energy comes from burning fossil fuels. At present China already produces 15 billion tonnes of CO2 every year, the UK only produces 3 billion tonnes Since 90% of China’s energy comes from fossil fuels, extracting these fuels like coal and gas is extremely dirty and causes huge amounts of pollution. To mine 1 ton of coal, it causes over 3 tonnes worth of pollution (CO2 from machinery and transporting then dust from the extraction too)