TECTONIC, RIVERS & CLIMATE CHANGE REVISION BOOKLET
Tectonics Processes associated with plate margins -
Convection currents – the core is very hot (over 5000⁰C) leading to heat rising through the Mantle and cooling at the crust and sinking.
There are 3 different types of plate boundaries 1) Constructive – 2 plates moving apart from each other allowing new material to come up between the plates, e.g. Iceland Volcano costed airlines £130mil a day. This creates volcanoes. 2) Conservative – 2 plates moving past each other causing friction, e.g. San Francisco 1989 63 died, over 3,500 injured. This causes earthquakes. 3) Destructive – An oceanic plate (heavy) sinks below a continental plate (light), e.g. Kobe, Japan
Earthquake costed $147billion. This creates volcanoes and earthquakes.
Volcano term to remember is PRESSURE, while EQ term to remember is FRICTION Earthquake Case Studies (LEDC) Haiti 12th January 2010 – Porte-au-Prince was the main city to be effective. Over 1 million people homeless, 200,000 killed. Cholera outbreak in the aid camps was a massive problem, killing 300 people. (MEDC) Kobe, Japan 17th January 2005 - At 5.46am a 7.1 earthquake hit the city of Kobe in Japan. The Philippine Plate is sinking under the Eurasian Plate causing a Destructive Plate Boundary. 5,500 people were killed (leading to depression), 30,000 injured (main breadwinner out of work for long periods of time) and 300,000 people were made homeless (disease can spread easily in aid camps due to over-crowding). The cost of the earthquake is over $147 billion dollars. (LEDC) Izmit, Turkey 17th August 1999 - At 3.01am a 7.6 earthquake hit the city of Izmit, Turkey. The Anatolian Plate (Turkey) is getting squeezed between the African Plates and Eurasian Plate. 17,000 people were killed (leading to depression), 45,000 injured (main breadwinner out of work for long periods of time) and 600,000 made homeless (disease can spread easily in aid camps due to over-crowding). The cost of the earthquake was $24.5 billion dollars. The worst effects were on the cheap buildings put up by dodgy builders who used a higher percentage of sand instead of cement. Also, the builders used salt water from the local sea which was cheaper than fresh water which caused the buildings to be weaker. (LEDC) Kashmir, Pakistan 8th October 2005- At 8.52am a 7.6 earthquake hit the city of Kashmir in Pakistan. The Indian Plate is colliding with the Eurasian Plate. It killed 79,000 people (leading to depression), over 100,000 injured (main breadwinner out of work for long periods of time) and 3,300,000 homeless (disease can spread easily in aid camps due to over-crowding). The cost of the earthquake was $5billion dollars. The worst damage was in areas where there was poor construction of houses and the lack of education to understand the concept of an earthquake and what to do.
Effects of an EQ Effects
‘A’ grade explanation
Demographic
Death due to collapsed buildings
Leading to depression and stress for family and friends
Social
Homelessness due to homes being either destroyed or too damaged to return
Leading to over-crowding in aid camps causing the spread of disease – Cholera 300 died in Haiti
Economic
Loss of business due to industry and infrastructure (roads, bridges, ele supplies destroyed/damaged)
Leading to economic problems and temporary unemployment
Volcanoes -Ring of Fire - Many volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean -Viscosity - The thickness and consequently the easiness for liquids to flow -Pyroclastic Flow - A mixture of ash, melted ice and debris that rushes down volcanoes -Lahars - Debris and ash that flows down volcanoes -Magma - Molten rock inside the earth
Montserrat Volcano Montserrat island sits on a destructive plate boundary Dormant for 350 years Effects - 2/3 of the island was covered in ash with forest fires from pyroclastic flows - 50% of the population were evacuated to the north of the island to live in makeshift shelters leaving the old capital, Plymouth empty - 23 people died in 1997 - The airport and port were closed - 40% of Montserrat industry is based on tourism
Effects of volcano
Effects
‘A’ grade explanation
Demographic
Death due to collapsed buildings with ash being heavy on the roofs
Leading to depression and stress for family and friends
Social
Homelessness due to homes being either destroyed or too damaged to return
Leading to over-crowding in aid camps causing the spread of disease
Economic
Loss of business due to industry and infrastructure (roads, bridges, ele supplies destroyed/damaged)
Leading to economic problems and unemployment
Hazards associated with tectonic activity – This means Tsunami’s and Pyroclastic flows Boxing Day Tsunami 26th December 2004 an earthquake of magnitude of 9.0 on the richter scale struck under the sea just of the Indonesian coast. Causes – The Indian and Eurasian plates moved towards each other. The Indian plate moves below the Eurasian plate. The Eurasian plate got stuck on the Indian plate and started to move downwards with the Indian plate. The pressure got so high that the Eurasian plate bounced back into place. The Indian Ocean above the plate also moved upwards suddenly too causing the tsunami. Effects 120,000 killed in Indonesia leading to stress and depression for the family and friends left behind Over 1 million people were instantly made homeless – causing aid camps with the heighten risk of disease spreading due to over-crowding
Japanese Tsunami Toyota factory closed for 2 months and only opened for 2 days in April and May due to lack of electricity
Effects of a Tsunami
Effects
‘A’ grade explanation
Demographic
Death due to being washed away and drowning
Leading to depression and stress for family and friends
Social
Homelessness due to homes being destroyed by the wave
Leading to over-crowding in aid camps causing the spread of disease especially with water born diseases
Economic
Loss of business due to industry and infrastructure (roads, bridges, ele supplies destroyed/damaged)
Leading to economic problems and temporary unemployment
Pyroclastic flow – secondary tectonic hazard (in the spec this is called ‘hazards associated with tectonic activity’)
Case study – Montserrat Volcano pyroclastic flow over the capital city Plymouth forcing the entire city population to move to the North of the island. Effects
‘A’ grade explanation
Demographic
Death due to collapsed buildings with ash being heavy on the roofs
Leading to depression and stress for family and friends
Social
Homelessness due to homes being either destroyed or too damaged to return because of roofs collapsing due to heavy ash
Leading to over-crowding in aid camps causing the spread of disease
Economic
Loss of business due to industry and infrastructure (roads, bridges, ele supplies destroyed/damaged)
Leading to economic problems and unemployment
Regional impacts of a tectonic hazard Case Study
‘A’ grade explanation
Loss of business
Swindon Toyota Factory closed for 1 month because the Toyota factory closed for 2 months in Japan
Over-crowding
Montserrat volcano forced 50% of the population to move from the South to the North of the island Icelandic volcano – stopped airlines for weeks in the whole of Europe costing £130mil a day
Travel Disruptions
No electricity for factory so couldn’t make the parts for the Swindon factory. Temporary unemployment until the factory re-opened Additional strain on the resources such as housing and jobs Airlines couldn’t fly because the ash would get into the engines so no fly zone. Airlines had to pay to get customers back or put them in hotels
Mount Etna, Sicily - Tourism is a major industry in Sicily. - Tourists are attracted by the climate and scenery - It’s slopes are very fertile, support extensive vineyards and orchards and are heavily populated, whereby 60% of the local economy is from vineyards
Solutions to manage earthquakes Solutions
Case Study
Advantages
Disadvantages
Seismograph
Cholame, San Franciso spent over $5 million on a seismograph in 1990
Enable scientists to create patterns and predict future EQ
Gives very little time before EQ to prepare the population
Drills
1st July in Japan
Gives practice and education for population to reduce the effects
Still might be panic causing similar effects
Counter- weights
Tokyo Sky Tree – costed $40 billion
Keeps building in sync with EQ to stop them collapsing reducing the effects
Very expensive so only certain buildings in certain countries can afford the technology
Advantages
Disadvantages
Withstand up to an EQ of 8 richter scale Strategies to manage volcanoes Solutions
Case Study
Seismograph
Montserrat Volcano had a £5 million seismograph
Enable scientists to create patterns and predict future Volcanoes
Gives very little time before volcanoes to prepare the population
Drills
All schools have volcano drills in Hawaii
Gives practice and education for population to reduce the effects
Still might be panic causing similar effects
Strengthening roofs
Goma, Congo 25,000 homes have had strengthen roofs after a huge volcanic eruption in 2002
Stops the ash collapsing the building reducing the effects of a volcano
Very expensive so only certain buildings in certain countries can afford the technology
Perceptions of a tectonic hazard -
Farmers will like a volcanic eruption in the long term because the ash decomposes to create very fertile soils - Mount Etna, Sicily - It’s slopes are very fertile, support extensive vineyards and orchards whereby 60% of the local economy is from vineyards
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Local people will dislike an earthquake because it makes them homeless due to collapsed and damaged buildings – Haiti Earthquake – over 1 million made homeless leading to over-crowded aid camps and the spread of Cholera
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Governments will dislike an earthquake because of the cost to the economy – Kobe, Japan - $147 billion dollars.
Rivers Terms Drainage Basin – The area of land where any precipitation runs into the river
Precipitation – Rainfall, snow, frost, hail and dew Interception – The precipitation that is collected and stored by vegetation Surface Runoff – Water that flows over the lands surface Infiltration – Water that seeps into the ground Evapotranspiration – Water loss from vegetation to the atmosphere Throughflow – Water that flows through small cracks and gaps in the rocks River Regime - The annual variation in the flow of a river Storm Hydrograph (Below) – A graph that shows how a river change over a short period Inputs – Precipitation Flows – Surface runoff, infiltration, throughflow Stores – Sea and lakes Outputs – Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
River Velocity
Urban Areas
Rural Areas
Characteristics of flood hydrographs -
Urban areas have a shorter lag time – there is more surface runoff and less infiltration meaning the water reaches the river quicker than in rural areas – London 55% of precipitation does surface runoff
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Urban areas have a higher river discharge - there is more surface runoff and less infiltration meaning the water reaches the river quicker than in rural areas – Only 15% of precipitation in London infiltrates
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Urban areas are more likely to flood - there is more surface runoff and less infiltration meaning the water reaches the river quicker than in rural areas meaning urban areas are more likely to flood – Prague 50,000 homes flooded costing €3 billion
Factors that influence hydrographs -
Geology - In Yorkshire, there is Whinstone (hard Rock) meaning there is a lot of surface runoff meaning the lag time will be shorter
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Gradient - Boscastle – average 25 degrees angle into the River Jordan and River Valency meaning there is less infiltration and more surface runoff causing the river discharge to be higher
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Heavy precipitation - Boscastle in a period of 24 hours, a months worth of rain - If there is loads of precipitation this means there is a lot more surface runoff meaning the river discharge will be higher in urban areas
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Urbanisation – Thames, London 55% of the precipitation turns into surface runoff meaning the lag time will be shorter
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Deforestation - The Himalaya’s has lost 60% of its forests due to deforestation leading to the Ganges river to flood more often due to having a high river discharge
Characteristics of a River Regime (river from source to mouth) River Landform Waterfall
Meander
Delta
A grade explanation Waterfalls happen near the source of the river due to steep gradient meaning there is more energy in the river causing erosion to happen. A waterfall occurs when the river flows over hard rock with soft rock underneath it. The river due to its energy erodes the soft rock underneath quicker causing the drop. Meanders happen in the middle section of the river due to the gradient reducing meaning there is less energy in the river allowing for deposition to start on the inside of the bends. As the river starts to slow down, it drops some of its sediment (inside of the bend) while the outside of the bend the river is moving faster so erosion takes place. This constant erosion makes the meander to grow. During high river discharge (flood) the river will break and cause an oxbow lake. Deltas happen in the mouth of the river due to the gradient being very low meaning the energy in the river is low causing the river to deposit most of its sediment. As the river deposits its load, the river tries to find ways around the sediment meaning the river mouth starts getting wider.
Factors that influence river regimes -
Geology - Yorkshire at High Force Waterfall is Whinstone (hard Rock) on top of limestone (soft rock) meaning the waterfall is very tall
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Gradient - Boscastle – average 25 degrees angle into the River Jordan and River Valency meaning there is few menders
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Heavy precipitation - Boscastle in a period of 24 hours, a months worth of rain. This increased the number of waterfalls upstream in the steep valleys. If there is loads of precipitation
this means there will be more water in the river, making it flow faster causing more erosion so meaning less deltas
Case Study High Force Waterfall, Yorkshire Tallest waterfall in England at 22m high 500m gorge downstream Amazon River, Brazil Largest river in volume of water in the world The river is 6,500km long, but if the river was straight it would only be 2,000km long
Ganges Delta, Bangladesh Largest delta in the world 350km wide
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Urbanisation – Thames, London 55% of the precipitation turns into surface runoff meaning the lag time will be shorter causing the river to be higher and flowing faster leading to less deltas Deforestation - The Himalaya’s has lost 60% of its forests due to deforestation leading to the delta in the Ganges river being damaged due to flooding
Characteristics of a drainage basin that causes a flood -
Geology - Yorkshire has Whinstone (hard Rock) on top of limestone (soft rock)
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Gradient - Boscastle – average 25 degrees angle into the River Jordan and River Valency – one reason for the flood in August 2004 destroying 90% of the tourism industry
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Urbanisation – Thames, London 55% of the precipitation turns into surface runoff meaning the lag time will be shorter causing the river to be higher and flowing faster. Example is Prague where 50,000 homeless and costed €3billion
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Deforestation - The Himalaya’s has lost 60% of its forests due to deforestation leading to the flood in Bangladesh 2004 where 36million people were made homeless
In the specification it states ‘ relative importance of these factors’ meaning you NEED to rank these factors and make a judgement on which one of them affects flooding the most
Physical impacts of a flood
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Landslides - Fiji 1st Feb 2012 killed 7 as the bottom of the river banks/cliffs eroded leading to landslides
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Nutrients off the farmland pollutes the rivers and effects the ecosystems Mississippi flood 2011 caused the local pesticides and herbicides to be washed into the river causing a decrease of 10% of fish species
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Adds nutrients to the soil Bangladesh – Ganges River 90% of the population are farmers
Impacts of flooding Effects
‘A’ grade explanation
Demographic
Death due to people being washed away
Leading to depression and stress for family and friends
Social
Homelessness due to homes being either destroyed or too damaged to return. Takes at least a year for houses to be stripped and dried out
Leading to over-crowding in aid camps causing the spread of disease OR temporary housing with difficulties for clean water, ele, gas, sewage etc
Economic
Loss of business due to industry and infrastructure (roads, bridges, ele supplies destroyed/damaged)
Leading to economic problems and temporary unemployment
Bangladesh 2004 80% of the country sits on a delta with very small areas above more than 1 metres above sea level. Also Bangladesh is a densely populated country and is experiencing rapid population growth. Effects Death Homeless
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Loss of Business
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800 dead by mid-September 36 million people made homeless (nearly 29% of total population) Spread of disease Flood waters mixed with raw sewage caused diarrhoea outbreak $2.2 billion estimated cost of damage (4% of GDP for 2004) 800,000 ha agricultural land flooded – small scale farmers severely affected Infrastructure severely damaged – damage to roads, bridges, school and hospitals estimated at $7 billion
Boscastle August 2004 Causes -
Heavy precipitation – in 24 hours over a months worth of rain Steep sided valleys – almost a 25⁰ angle on the slopes into the River Jordan and River Valency Geology - The geology of this part of Cornwall is made up of shale covered by impermeable clay
Effects Homeless Loss of business
120 made homeless About 90% of Boscastle’s economy is dependent on tourism (economic impact). 20 bed and breakfasts had to close for the rest of the season As about two thirds of the business is done during the six week school holiday, the effects were even more devastating with half the three weeks remaining.
Prague, Czech Republic • •
•
50,000 evacuated 2/3 of these were still unable to return to their homes 12 weeks after the flood 3 billion Euros total damage in Czech Republic – 1/ 3 of this in Prague itself
Carlisle Flood – Saturday 8th January 2005 Causes - Heavy continuous rain saturated the ground, followed by 200mm of rainfall in a 24hour period. Carlisle is surrounded Rivers Eden, Pettereril and Caldew which all flooded. Carlisle flood defence broke causing wide scale flooding.
Effects – -Flooded 2,700 homes. -In Carlisle three people died. -The cost of the flooding was estimated at over £400 million.
Perceptions of a flood hazard
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Farmers will like a flood in the long term because the river deposits new nutrients and creates fertile soil to increase yield of crops for the future – Bangladesh flood 2004 – 90% of the population in Bangladesh are farmers
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Local people will dislike a flood because it can lead to homeless due to their homes being destroyed or need repairing causing over-crowding in aid camps leading to spread of disease – Bangladesh flood 2004 36 million people made homeless and there was an outbreak of diarrhoea
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Governments will dislike a flood because it will cost the economy to rebuild and infrastructure damages/destroyed – Prague - 3 billion Euros total damage in Czech Republic
Strategies to manage flood hazards
Strategy
Case Study
Advantages
Disadvantages
Levees
In Bangladesh along the River Ganges, 1 m high Levees were built out of the local materials
To increase channel capacity before flooding
If levees break the flood water gets stuck behind the levees and cannot flow back into the river causing flooding to last longer and stagnated water
Deeper channels means an increase channel capacity
Constantly needs doing because the river continue to carries sediment
Attaches cost to owners properties
The poorest can’t afford insurance let alone additional flood insurance, but the poor are the people who suffer most from flooding
Dredging Boscastle – dredged a further 6 feet Flood Insurance
Flood insurance company Zurich charges an additional £200 per year for flood insurance
Climate Change Relationship Between Weather and Climate
Weather is short term, e.g. it is raining this afternoon Climate is long term, e.g. it is going to be a hot summer this year
Global Patterns of Climate
Warmest part of the earth is at the equator due to the sunlight being more intense compared to the poles.
There is most rain over the equator due to the high intensity of the sunlight which increases the rate of evaporation. However, the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer has very little rain due to the decrease in the intensity of sunlight so less evaporation and lack of rain. The increase in rainfall near the north and south pole is because of the increase in precipitation.
The atmospheric processes that result in climate change
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Sun rays come through ozone layer and reflects off the earth
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Some of the rays get trapped into the earths atmosphere by greenhouse gases (Co2) so reflect back to earth
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This heats up the earth and its atmosphere
Short-Term Climate Change La Nina
El Nino
Every 3-7years, pressure becomes too high near Australia and with trade winds weaken, warmer air moves Eastwards towards Peru. This is caused the El Nino effect. El Nino lasts 1 year. Effects of El Nino -
Glaciers on top of the Andes melts and heavy rain in South America causes wide spread flooding – Bolivia in 2007 40 people died
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Australia over 1 million hectares of land had forest fire in 2007 due to the dry weather
Long Term Climate Change
Milankovitch Cycle A natural 21,000 year cycle where the earth orbit around the sun slightly changes every year leading to periods of cold weather called ice ages (where the earths orbit is further from the sun) and periods of warm weather called interglacials (where the earths orbit is closer to the sun) Lasts for 1-3,000 years
Ice Age 10,000 years ago where the ice got down to London
Inter-glacial Now!!! Sea Level Rise by 18 cm in last 100 years
The evidence for climate change (do NOT get confused with evidence for who is causing climate change) •
Sea level rise - 18cm higher than 100years ago Increase in extreme weather - Hottest March in 2012 in the UK leading to the wettest April on record in 2012 with 121mm of rain with 40 flood warnings
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With warmer temperatures, palm trees are now being grown in Cornwall. 50 species of palm trees can now withstand the cold winters and flourish in the warm summers
The relative role of environmental and human factors in recent climate change Humans cause climate change The argument that humans caused climate change is about the link between the increase in CO2 and a range of other changes in climate.
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Cars have increased by 25% in the last 10 years - Cars and factories have rapidly expanded in the last 300 years leading to the amount of CO2 has doubled, at the same air temperatures have increased by 1 degrees
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Factories produce 50% of the worlds CO2
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Cows produce 20% of the worlds methane
Environment cause climate change •
Increase in sun spots, highest in over 1000 years. Increase number of sunspots from 60 – 100 in last 100 years
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Milankovitch Cycle - Inter-glacial of Milankovitch cycle – 21,000 year cycle and at the moment we are in the interglacial (10,000 years since the last Ice Age)
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Alternatively, volcanoes emit sulfate aerosols which cool the climate so a downturn in volcanic activity will similarly warm the Earth. large volcanic eruption such as the Pinatubo eruption in 1991 can have a global cooling effect of 0.1°–0.3°C for several years. In short, a lack of volcanic activity had some part in temperature rise over the first half of the 20th century.
An overview of biomes and their relationship with climate Arctic – polar bears have thick coats because of the very cold temperatures Deserts – cactus have deep roots to get to water deep underground because of the dry weather Rainforest – monkeys have short fur because it rains often and they can dry out quickly
Changing climates and shifting climatic belts and the effect on biomes -
Polar Bears has reduced by 2/3rd in the last 200 years
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In Australia, Eucalypt Trees have reduced by 40% in the last 200 years causing huge problems for Koala Bears
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Moths decline in the UK: The number of larger moths in Britain has decreased by 32% since 1968 More species have declined in southern Britain (75%) than in northern Britain (55%)
Reasons for moths declining -Breeding grounds were mostly pine tree with the sap used for feeding (pine trees reducing in the south of the UK) - Food sources reducing - Habitats threaten in the south of the UK
Increasing levels of extreme weather and the impacts on human activities Hurricane Katrina was in 2005 and was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the fifth deadliest in the history on the USA. How does climate change mean more and more deadly hurricanes?
The temperature of the ocean is the main factor that is needed for a hurricane to be created. With warmer ocean temperatures, more hurricanes can occur.
Effects
Social Effects -More than 1800 people lost their lives due to this disaster -1,000 of people were left without homes, jobs and social security. -Those who suffered through hurricane Katrina and aftermath suffered from emotional and psychological stress. Economical Effects - Economic impact of hurricane Katrina was estimated to be about 150 billion dollars, which was the priciest natural disaster in the United States history. Drought in the UK Last 18 months in the UK, there has been on average 30% less rainfall. Some farmers are claiming a 30% reduction in crop yields Freezing conditions in Europe in 2012 120 died in -32 degrees in Bosnia
The variations of these impacts in different regions Desertification Sahara Desert which has increased by 35km in the last 100 years. Chad – with the Sahara desert expanding at 10km a year, over 5 million farmers will be effected in the next 20 years
Inuit in Arctic Summers in the Arctic are getting as high as 3 degrees meaning permafrost is melting, which is having an affect on the houses that people live in. The buildings are starting to sink. Inuits have no choice but to move inland but this is further from their fishing grounds which is their main source of food and large part of their economy
Maldives Facts • • •
1,200 islands make up this nation. It has a population of 300,000 90% of the industry is tourism due to the white beaches and the many coral reefs
Effects of sea level rise onto the Maldives Positive
Negative
New homes are better built
People being forced to migrate to New Zealand, India or Sri Lanka causing problems with language barriers and community being split up
Social
Social
Economic
Environmental/Political
Community working closely together to fight climate change
Communities split up between the 3 countries causing identity to be lost
Migration might bring new opportunities economically
The main industry in the Maldives is tourism with the white sandy beaches and coral reefs, but new countries don’t have these causing unemployment leading to a lower standard of living
International pressure from the Maldive government to fight climate change
Coral reefs lost due to the rise in sea water and stops sunlight. This causes problems with tourism.
Strategies to address climate change (Have to link back how it reduces CO2)
International Level -
Setting CO2 targets – By trying to encourage countries to reduce their Co2 it means the effects of climate change will reduce in the short term – Kyoto Agreement - The target agreed for the UK target: 12.5%.
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Money to LEDC’s – LEDC’s can spend money on trying to reduce the effects of global warming including irrigation schemes for areas which are drying up – Copenhagen - £30 billion per year until 2025
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Reducing deforestation – by trying to allow more trees in the world, more Co2 will be absorbed reducing the rate of climate change – Cancun Agreement - They also agreed to provide finance to help prevent deforestation which accounts for about 17% of carbon emissions.
Problems with international solutions -
Kyoto wasn’t signed by China or USA – the 2 biggest produces of Co2
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Copenhagen – the targets and money is not legally binding and since the recent recession funding to other countries has been cut -
The need to change mindsets on deforestation including slash and burn to create farmland
Governmental Level Strategies Recycling
Laws – Energy Efficient Light bulbs
Case Study
Strengths
Weaknesses
Recycling has increased by 60% in the UK in the last 10 years
With products being able to be recycled there will be less need to make new items so reducing Co2
Changing peoples mindsets to recycle
In 2007, it became illegal to sell nonenergy saving light bulbs
Forces the public to have to come into line with the national target on climate change
The cost of changing the light bulbs and the time for the bulbs to warm up.
Encourages more use of public transport and reduces congestion
Costs a lot of money, with difficulties in the recent recession
Energy saving light bulbs save 40% of energy and last 6 times longer Promote and improve public transport
£80 million spent on buses in Manchester £17 million spent on trams in Manchester
BUT YOU NEED TO LINK TO CO2? THAT IS THE IMPORTANT PART FOR THE EXAM
Individual Strategies Recycling
Laws – Energy Efficient Light bulbs
Case Study
Strengths
Weaknesses
Recycling has increased by 60% in the UK in the last 10 years
With products being able to be recycled there will be less need to make new items so reducing Co2
Changing peoples mindsets to recycle
In 2007, it became illegal to sell nonenergy saving light bulbs
Forces the public to have to come into line with the national target on climate change
The cost of changing the light bulbs and the time for the bulbs to warm up.
Encourages more use of public transport and reduces congestion
Costs a lot of money, with difficulties in the recent recession
Energy saving light bulbs save 40% of energy and last 6 times longer Promote and improve public transport
£80 million spent on buses in Manchester £17 million spent on trams in Manchester
Individual strategies can be the same as National as long as you argue that individuals are using these strategies Pressure Groups -
Educate people - Friends of the Earth visited 50 schools in the UK to promote sustainability
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Pressure on Governments - Green Peace has continually put pressure on the UK Government to switch from coal to wind. Now there is 300 wind farms in the UK
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Bring awareness - People and the planet has given out over 50,000 leaflets to the general public to highlight the causes, effects and some of the strategies available to reduce climate change
AS First Term Case Studies
Tectonics Constructive Plate Margin – Icelandic Volcano costed Airlines £130 million a day Conservative Plate Margin – San Francisco Earthquake 1989 63 died over 3,500 injured Destructive Plate Margin – Kobe, Japan Earthquake costed $147 billion Case Study Kobe, Japan Izmit, Turkey Kashmir, Pakistan Port-a-Prince, Haiti
Death 5,500 17,000 79,000 200,000 300 died due to cholera
Homelessness 300,000 600,000 3,300,000 1.5 mil
Cost $147bil $24.5 bil $5 bil
Solutions to EQ - Cholame, San Franciso spent over $5 million on a seismograph in 1990
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1st July in Japan
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Tokyo Sky Tree – costed $40 billion. Withstand up to an EQ of 8 richter scale
Case Study Montserrat Volcano
Death 23
Homelessness South to North 50 % of the population – Plymouth destroyed
Mount St Helen
61
Within a 120miles radius
Cost 40% of the islands economy is based on tourism
Mount Etna Icelandic Volcano
Crop yield increase $130 mil per day to airlines
Solutions to Volcanoes - Montserrat Volcano had a £5 million seismograph
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All schools have volcano drills in Hawaii
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Goma, Congo 25,000 homes have had strengthen roofs after a huge volcanic eruption in 2002
Secondary Tectonic Hazards Case Study Boxing Day Tsunami Japanese Tsunami
Death 120,000 died in Indonesia
Pyroclastic Flow – Plymouth in Montserrat
23
Homelessness 1 million
Economic 2 months and only opened 2 days in April and May due to lack of electricity
50% moved to North of Island
Regional Impacts :-
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Swindon Toyota Factory closed for 1 month due to not having enough parts
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Mount Etna, Sicily – 60% of the local economy is from vineyards Rivers
Case Study Boscastle
Death 0
Homelessness 120
Pakistan Prague
1,500
Bangladesh 2004 Carlisle
800 3
6 mil 50,000 with 2/3rd not returning to their homes 12 weeks after flood 36 mil 2,700
Cost 90% of industry is based on tourism 20 B&B had to close 2/3rd of business is done in summer $3 bil $2.2 bil $1 bil
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Geology – In Yorkshire, there is Whinstone (Hard Rock) on top of limestone (Soft Rock)
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Gradient Boscastle – Average 25 degrees into the River Jordan and River Valency
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Heavy precipitation - Boscastle in a period of 24 hours, a months worth of rain - If there is loads of precipitation this means there is a lot more surface runoff meaning the river discharge will be higher in urban areas
-
Urbanisation – Thames, London 55% of the precipitation turns into surface runoff meaning the lag time will be shorter
-
Deforestation – Himalayas has lost 60% of its forests
River Regimes Waterfall - High Force Waterfall, Yorkshire, Tallest waterfall in England at 22m high, 500m gorge
downstream Meanders - Amazon River, Brazil, Largest river in volume of water in the world, The river is 6,500km long but if the river was straight it would only be 2,000km long Deltas - Ganges Delta, Bangladesh, Largest delta in the world, 350km wide
Physical impacts of a flood -
Chemicals off the farmland – Mississippi flood 2011 caused the local pesticides and herbicides to be washed into the river causing a decrease of 10% of the fish species
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Landslides – Fiji 1st Feb 2012 Killed 7 peoples as bottom of the river banks eroded away
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Adds nutrients to the soil - Bangladesh – Ganges River 90% of the population are farmers
Solutions to flooding -
Levees – Bangladesh 2004 1m high levees along the Ganges River
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Dredging - Boscastle – dredged a further 6 feet
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Flood insurance - Flood insurance company Zurich charges an additional £200 per year for flood insurance Climate Change
Short Term Climate Change - El Nino every 3-7 years, lasts 1 year
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Glaciers on top of the Andes melts and heavy rain in South America causes wide spread flooding – Bolivia in 2007 40 people died Australia over 1 million hectares of land had forest fire in 2007 due to the dry weather
Long Term Climate Change
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21,000 year cycle, lasts for 1-3,000 years
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Ice Age - 10,000 years ago where the ice got down to London
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Inter-glacial - Now!!! Sea Level Rise by 18 cm in last 100 years
Evidence for climate change
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Sea level rise - 18cm higher than 100years ago
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Increase in extreme weather - Hottest March in 2012 in the UK leading to the wettest April on record in 2012 with 121mm of rain with 40 flood warnings
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With warmer temperatures, palm trees are now being grown in Cornwall. 50 species of palm trees can now withstand the cold winters and flourish in the warm summers
Human Causes of Climate Change - Cars have increased by 25% in the last 10 years - Cars and factories have rapidly expanded in the last 300 years leading to the amount of CO2 has doubled, at the same air temperatures have increased by 1 degrees -
Factories produce 50% of the worlds CO2
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Cows produce 20% of the worlds methane
Physical Causes of Climate Change
•
Increase in sun spots, highest in over 1000 years. Increase number of sunspots from 60 – 100 in last 100 years
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Milankovitch Cycle - Inter-glacial of Milankovitch cycle – 21,000 year cycle and at the moment we are in the interglacial (10,000 years since the last Ice Age)
•
Decrease in volcanic eruptions – Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991 can have a global cooling effect of 0.1°–0.3°C
Biomes - Polar Bears has reduced by 2/3rd in the last 200 years -
In Australia, Eucalypt Trees have reduced by 40% in the last 200 years causing huge problems for Koala Bears
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Moths decline in the UK: More species have declined in southern Britain (75%) than in northern Britain (55%)
Extreme Weather
Hurricane Katrina 2005 • •
1800 killed 1000 homeless Costed $150 billion
Drought in the UK - Last 18 months in the UK, there has been on average 30% less rainfall. Some farmers are claiming a 30% reduction in crop yields Freezing conditions in Europe in 2012 120 died in -32 degrees in Bosnia
Variations in different regions Desertification - Sahara Desert which has increased by 35km in the last 100 years. Chad – with the Sahara desert expanding at 10km a year, over 5 million farmers will be effected in the next 20 years Inuits in Arctic - Summers in the Arctic are getting as high as 3 degrees meaning permafrost is melting, which is having an affect on the houses that people live in. The buildings are starting to sink.
Sea Level Rise Maldives – • • •
1,200 islands make up this nation. It has a population of 300,000 90% of the industry is tourism due to the white beaches and the many coral reefs Buying land in Sri Lanka, New Zealand and India
International Solutions to Climate Change Kyoto Agreement (1997) - UK target 12.5% Copenhagen Agreement (2009) - £30 bil a year to developing nations Cancun - 17% target to reduce deforestation
Government/Individual solutions
Recycling - Recycling has increased by 60% in the UK in the last 10 years Laws – Energy Efficient Light bulbs - In 2007, it became illegal to sell non-energy saving light bulbs. Energy saving light bulbs save 40% of energy and last 6 times longer Promote and improve public transport - £80 million spent on buses in Manchester. £17 million spent on trams in Manchester Pressure Groups - Educate people - Friends of the Earth visited 50 schools in the UK to promote sustainability -
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Pressure on Governments - Green Peace has continually put pressure on the UK Government to switch from coal to wind. Now there is 300 wind farms in the UK Bring awareness - People and the planet has given out over 50,000 leaflets to the general public to highlight the causes, effects and some of the strategies available to reduce climate change
Fieldwork
ADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGE – WHY? – RELIABILITY/VALIDITY – SOLUTION Planning P – Creating Hypotheses E – Sample hypotheses A – Keeps the investigation focused – stops you going off track – increases validity – SOLUTION C – Only had 3 hypotheses – collected 60 pieces of data (6 materials x 10 times) – not all data was required – decreases validity - SOLUTION E – Further investigations using other materials such as garden soil
P – Selecting materials E – List the 6 types of materials A – Did a stratified sampling method – representational materials – most common materials – increases validity - SOLUTION C – In the real world the materials are mixed together – not like real life – reduces validity - SOLUTION E – Mix materials together to make the investigation more like real life
P – Getting equipment E – List all the equipment required A – Equipment which is easily available – experiment can be repeated – increasing reliability - SOLUTION C – Equipment not like real world – used a beaker to pour water on top instead of a watering can which slow drops the water like precipitation – reduces validity - SOLUTION E – Use a watering can next time
Methods of Data Collection P – Getting equipment
E – List all the equipment required A – Equipment which is easily available – experiment can be repeated – increasing reliability - SOLUTION C – Equipment not like real world – used a beaker to pour water on top instead of a watering can which slow drops the water like precipitation – reduces validity - SOLUTION E – Use a watering can next time
P – Using the equipment E – Step by step guide on how you did the experiment A - Step by step guide on how you did the experiment C – In the real world the materials are mixed together – not like real life – reduces validity - SOLUTION E - Mix materials together to make the investigation more like real life
P – Draw the equipment E A C E
Methods of Data Presentation P – Bar graph
E – Compared 2 materials, X axis has materials, Y axis has amount of infiltration, measured the heights of the bars. DRAW A – Visually easy to compare the heights of the bar – reduces human error of reading pattern wrong – increases reliability – SOLUTION C – Difficult to read if too much data on the graph – might misread data – human error – reducing reliability - SOLUTION E – Only put 2 types of material on a bar graph
P – Line graph E - Compared all 6 materials, X axis has time, Y axis has amount of infiltration, each material a different line on the graph. DRAW A – Can take large amounts of data (6 materials x 10 times) – easy to find patterns – reduces human error – increases reliability - SOLUTION C – If data is wide ranging then scale on Y axis is too large – hard to read the exact number on the Y axis – reduces validity – SOLUTION E – Make sure the scale is large on the Y axis
P - Photographs E – Compared the photographs at 3 minutes of all 6 materials A – Easy to visually see which material had most infiltrated – reduces human error – increases reliability SOLUTION C – Hard to read off exactly the amount of infiltration – reduces validity - SOLUTION E–
Conclusions P – Hypotheses 1
E – This material infiltrated this much .... while this infiltrated this much ............ A – Repeated the experiment 3 times – decrease human error – increase reliability - SOLUTION C – In the real world the materials are mixed together – not like real life – reduces validity - SOLUTION E
P Hypotheses 2 E – This material infiltrated this much .... while this infiltrated this much ............ A – Used the same equipment – reduces equipment error – increases reliability - SOLUTION C - Equipment not like real world – used a beaker to pour water on top instead of a watering can which slow drops the water like precipitation – reduces validity - SOLUTION E
P Hypotheses 3 E – This material infiltrated this much .... while this infiltrated this much ............ A – Electronically measured how much water was in each cylinder after the 5 mins – reduces human error – increases reliability - SOLUTION C – Only put in 3 handfuls of material – not like real life because would have more material to infiltrate that this – reduces validity - SOLUTION E
Evaluation Pick 1 paragraph from Planning, one from Data Collection and one from Data Presentation
What has come up in the exam before? Tectonics
Predicted
Part of the Spec
Exam
Processes associated with plate margins
Jan 09, June 09, Jan 11
Hazards associated with tectonic activity
Jan 09
Demographic, social and economic impacts of tectonic hazards
June 10, Jan 11
Regional impacts of tectonic hazard
Jan 09, June 12
Perceptions of tectonic hazard
June 09
Strategies to manage tectonic hazards
June 10, June 12
Rivers
Part of the Spec
Exam
The drainage basin system The characteristics of river regimes and the factors that influence them The characteristics of a flood hydrograph and the factors that influence them The characteristics of a drainage basin that can cause a flood
Jan 10, June 11
The physical impacts of flooding
Jan 12
The demographic, economic and social impacts of flooding
Jan 11
Perceptions of flooding Strategies to manage flooding
Jan 10, June 11
Climate Change
Part of the Spec Short term climate change
Exam Jan 10
Long term climate change Evidence for climate change
June 10
The atmosphere processes that result in climate change
Jan 12, June 12
The relative role of envir and human factors in recent climate change
Jan 09, Jan 11, June 11, Jan 12
Changing climates and shifting climatic belts and the Jan 11 effect of biomes Increasing levels of extreme weather and the impacts of human activities
June 09
Rising sea levels and their impacts on people
Jan 10
The variations of these impacts in different regions
June 10
The impacts of climate change on society
Jan 09, Jan 12
International strategies to climate change
June 11
Nationals strategies to climate change
June 09, June 11
Individual strategies to climate change
June 09, June 11
Pressure groups to climate change
June 09, June 11
Potential Questions • Explain short term climate change • Evaluate the demographic, social and economic effects of tectonic hazards
• Explain the physical impacts of flooding within a drainage basin • Assess the governmental strategies to address climate change • Explain the impacts of rising sea levels on to society • Explain the atmospheric processes that result in climate change • Explain the factors of a drainage basin that can cause a flood • Explain the local impacts of tectonic hazards • Evaluate the demographic, social and economic impacts of flooding • Examine the physical evidence for climate change • Examine the role of physical factors in recent climate change • Examine the factors that influence the characteristics of a river regime • Examine the regional impacts of tectonic hazards • Evaluate the international strategies to address climate change • Explain the characteristics of a river regime • Explain the impacts of changing climates and shifting belts on to biomes • Examine the factors that influence a hydrograph • Examine the success of individual strategies to address climate change • Assess the different perceptions and awareness of a flood hazard by different groups of people • Explain the impacts of climate change on to society • Explain the effectiveness of strategies used by pressure groups to address climate change • Examine the causes of hazards associated with tectonic activity • Explain the success of strategies to manage a flood hazard • Explain the success of strategies to manage tectonic hazards
• Explain long term climate change • Examine the consequences of increasing extreme weather on to human activities • Evaluate the different perceptions and awareness of tectonic hazards by conflicting groups of people • Examine the role of factors of a drainage basin that can cause a flood • Examine the variations of impacts due to climate change in different regions • Explain the characteristics of a hydrograph • Explain the processes associated with plate margins
Hints to Remember Questions A’s -
Read the question and underline
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Use figures
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Bullet point
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Use everything they provide (compass directions, scale, key, place/street names, average/total columns etc)
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Group countries together (continents, MEDC/NIC/LEDC, close to coast, northern/southern hemisphere, size of country)
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Compare (this line is increasing more than line on a graph etc)
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Highest/lowest points on a graph
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Articles – quote and comment
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Question B’s and C’s -
Read the question carefully
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Difficult questions might be zoomed into one particular part of the spec or zoomed out to cover many different parts of the spec (migration = exporting or receiving, population characteristics/features/structures = gender, age, males/females, urban settlements = CBD, Inner City, R-U Fringe, natural population change = BR, DR and total population etc)
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10 marks = 10 mins = 1 page
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‘and’ – Underline it and think 2 parts of the question
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‘between/countries/different stages’ – compare
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Evaluate/Discuss/Assess/To what extent/the success of/the role of/the effectiveness of/the importance of – needs to criticise
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Questions 3B -
Only 2 paragraphs
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Suggest and Justify OR Ad and Dis
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Methods – check whether data collection or data presentation
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Evidence part of answer is a step by step guide on how you would do it
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Ad/Dis – why? – reliability/validity – solution
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Data presentation – draw them
Question 3C
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Only go 2 paragraphs and come back to do last paragraph if you have time
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Only ask 5 parts of your FW – planning, data collection, data presentation, conclusions and evaluation
-
Methods – check whether data collection or data presentation
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Ad/Dis – why? – reliability/validity – solution
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When discussing the solution, use your locations
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Data presentation – draw them
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Tectonics Colour
Spec
3 points 1)
Processes associated with constructive, destructive and conservative plate margins
2) 3) 1)
Effects of hazards associated with tectonic activity
2) 3) 1)
Demographic, social and economic impacts of tectonic hazards
2) 3) 1)
Local effects of tectonic activity
2) 3) 1)
Regional effects of tectonic activity
2) 3) 1)
Different perceptions and awareness of
tectonic activity by groups of conflicting interests
2) 3) 1)
Strategies to manage tectonic hazards
2) 3) 1)
The effectiveness of management strategies
2) 3)
Rivers Colour
Spec The drainage basin system
3 Points 1) 2) 3)
The characteristics of a river regime
1) 2) 3)
The physical and human factors that influence river regimes
1) 2) 3)
The characteristics of a hydrograph
1) 2) 3)
The physical and human factors that
1)
influence a hydrograph
2) 3)
The physical and human characteristics of a drainage basin that cause flooding
1) 2) 3)
The relative importance of these factors in different flood events
1) 2) 3)
The physical impacts of flooding within a drainage basin
1) 2) 3)
The demographic, social and economic impacts of flooding
1) 2) 3)
Different perceptions and awareness of the flood hazard by groups within a drainage basin
1) 2) 3)
Strategies to manage flood hazards
1) 2) 3)
The effectiveness of flood management schemes
1) 2) 3)
Climate Change Colour
Spec
3 points 1)
Relationship between biomes and climate
2) 3) 1)
Short term climate change
2) 3) 1)
Long term climate change
2) 3) 1)
The evidence for climate change
2) 3) 1)
The atmospheric processes that result in climate change
2) 3) 1)
The relative role of environmental and human 2) factors in recent climate change 3)
1) Changing climates and shifting climatic belts on to biomes
2) 3) 1)
Impacts of increasing levels of extreme weather on to human activities
2) 3) 1)
Impact of rising sea level on to people
2) 3) 1)
The impacts of climate change on society
2) 3) 1)
The variations of impacts in different regions
2) 3) 1)
International strategies to tackle climate change
2) 3) 1)
Government action strategies to tackle climate change
2) 3) 1)
Pressure group strategies to tackle climate change
2) 3) 1)
Individual strategies to tackle climate change
2)
3)