ATTENTION ECONOMY 2
CONTENTS
3 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
0.0
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
5 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
1.0 - ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... p.7 - 10 2.0 - MEME AND SPIMES STUDY .................................................................................................................... p.11 - 30 3.0 - SITE AND CONTEXT .................................................................................................................................... p.31 - 52 4.0 - EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL .......................................................................................................... p.53 - 98 5.0 - APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................................................... p.99 - 121
ATTENTION ECONOMY 6
ABSTRACT
7 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
1.0
ABSTRACT
ATTENTION ECONOMY
8
ABSTRACT
PLEATED COMPOSITES
[mass consumption vs. retreat] 1. Hypothesis At its core, the project is a mutated form of the modern shopping centre which has replaced the traditional public space in town centers. The project challenges the current model of mainstream retail consumption which is purely driven towards manipulating and disorienting the consumer into the acquisition of goods. This current model is incredibly intensified, manifests intentionally confusing layouts and is often subject to overcrowding in peak times causing stress, discomfort and limits the public appeal to stay longer than needed. In opposition, the proposal conditions mental decompression, allowing the user’s stress and the pressures the congested site dynamics to be released in a controlled architectural stream in an attempt to redefine a sustainable public space infused with a program of retail, aquarium and public transport interchange. The hybrid program shares a central relaxation space called “the decompression chamber”. Here, the Atrium as a meme is appropriated and transformed into a performative space which conditions relaxation. Furthermore, the idea of the aquarium display and the idea of the window display become the same meme under the name “tank”. The tank is used as a mediator between the retail and shopping experience, conditioning fluidity and relaxation throughout the building. 2. Methodology The building improves the local environment as it sits within a masterplan of pedestrianisation of Oxford Street. The building effectively diverts the pedestrian and infra¬structural dynamics off Oxford Street on to the site, and disperses them through the program in order to relieve them from the current state of congestion. On an infrastructural level, the building integrates passages to the Underground + Crossrail network and incorporates deviated bus routes. The building is elevated of the ground in order to make the site fully open and accessi ble encouraging pedestrian flows between smaller backstreets and Oxford Street itself supporting the idea of escaping the crowds. The building is supported at 3 localized pressure points where the vertical circulation happens, corresponding to the locations where the building touches the ground. The essential concept of the building is that it pulls you into another world - a world where things seem to float in the air, including yourself. This is a pro¬gressive transition from congested to open, from hectic to calm and from noisy to peaceful. 3. Design Criteria To encourage the crossover between the aquarium and the retail spaces, a gradient of opacity is applied to the programmatic division. Instead of a retail program which is completely internalized and has no visual connection to the exterior, the building proposes a controlled visual connection to the outside environment through water tanks of varying translucency, so the user is not completely disoriented, nor distracted by external views. Merchandise and Aquaria displays are oriented both towards the street as well as to the interior of the centre. The window display is becomes a static plane, but an activated three dimensional construct. In specific zones designated to housing cafes and other public spaces inside the shopping program, the user will be able to have a glimpse into the aquarium displays, instigating curiosity, leaving the user want to go and pay for a ticket and go round the aquarium itself. Similarly, tourists are drawn out of the aquarium into the public spaces of the shopping centre where they are encouraged to have a drink or go for some retail therapy. The climax of the experience for all programs is the decompression chamber, which induces calm and meditation through its tall water wall and the trickling of water channeled down from the roof. The air is refreshed and noise is cut out, with many seating/lounging opportunities inducing a sense of tranquility. 4. Expected Outcome The project will bring more capital, public life and vibrancy to the West End of London in a controlled manner. With the finalization of the Crossrail network in a few years, the site will become a highly dense area with many foreseable problems concerning pedestrian capacity and comfort levels inducing high stress levels. The building will address these issues by re-orienting the one dimensional use of retail use of oxford street onto the site, and enlarge the window of time tourist activities and restoration are available. The building will provide a valuable model for a new type of consumption which promotes tranquility and intrigue, which in turn will be a catalyst for a new marketing strategy and sustainable capitalism. The consumer/users will abide by a new cultural phenomenon where relaxation and meditation are associated with retail therapy and consits in the basis of neo public space. This public spaces is where you come to escape your hectic busy city lives.
PLEATED COMPOSITES
ABSTRACT
9 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
RETAIL PROGRAM
AQUARIUM PROGRAM
ATTENTION ECONOMY 10
MEME STUDY
11 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
2.0
MEME STUDY
MEME STUDY
SELECTED MEMES
Apple/Microsoft Store
Aquarium/Fish Tank
ATTENTION ECONOMY
12
Image courtesy of Brian Collins via Wikipedia
TECHNOLOGY
Image courtesy of Richard Bartz via Wikipedia
Window Display / Tank
Image courtesy of www.retail-mannequindisplay.blogspot.co.uk
Counterweighted Overhangs
Image courtesy of Skip88 via Wikipedia
Articulation of Iconic Towers
Image courtesy of www.completeofficesearch.com
CONSUMER
Building Skin responding to information
TEACHER / GURU
Image courtesy of Matt Brown via Flickr
Responsive Building Skins
now
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Space for physical exchange as opposed to metaphysical network exchange
The Computer Store inovation by apple, where people can go to a place which is specific to a brand, and are able ask for free help and teaching on how to use a product, is a meme that is catching on for many companies all over the world. It is a place of teaching which encourages cosumerism, and creates a cult following.
The aquarium tank is synonymous with the display of fishes or marine environments. Contemplation of fish in an aquarium seem to have a significant effect in reducing levels of stress and anxiety. Observation of aquaria has also been shown to reduce muscle tension and pulse rate in elderly subjects in comparison to control groups who watched a placebo video tape or a video tape of an aquarium.
Building skins responding to information related to its a buildings use, the time of day, or localised agents interacting with it (people, weather, events) are an architectural meme that has increasingly been used in the last few years. The interest lies in the buildings ability to take information, process it and created a simple outcoming effect such as lighting.
Modern steel construction enables the architect to be playful with his design and not be limited by the seemingly impossble task of defying gravity. As a result steel contruction has a been naturally selected and is extremely popular because it frees up the design possibilities.
Modern steel construction enables the architect to be playful with his design and not be limited by the seemingly impossble task of defying gravity. As a result steel contruction has a been naturally selected and is extremely popular because it frees up the design possibilities.
The modern city tower has been for a long time an answer to resolving high density within a small and tight footprin. However, the articulation of the tower, informed by specific design criteria and desired aesthetics, has been a contemporary meme which aims to transform the tower into a beautifull object, and ultilmetly into an icon. The building as an icon occupies the skyline and is regognised as a symbol for a city, which is a desired affect that architects are asked to deal with.
MEME STUDY
Retail Rail
Vatican Museum
13 DS13
SELECTED MEMES
Image courtesy of www.esquire.co.uk
A bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. These are normally positioned on the highway and are distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations. The construction of bus stops tends to reflect the level of usage. Stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating and possibly electronic passenger information systems; less busy stops may use a simple pole and flag to mark the location and ‘customary stops’ have no specific infrastructure being known by their description. Bus stops may be clustered together into transport hubs allowing interchange between routes from nearby stops and with other public transport modes.
Apple/Microsoft Store
Image courtesy of www.michaeljamescasey.com
One of Louis Kahn’s principal architectural idea was the distinction between ‘served’ and ‘servant’ spaces. Servant spaces have a functional use and are essential for a building to function correctly. Servant spaces serve the served spaces which are the most important part of the architectural intervention. This concept was a very useful way to unaderstand the organisation of a building and is still to this day greatly influencial.
Elevator Shafts in Tall Buildings
Image courtesy of http://changehere.wordpress.com
The core of tall buildings compacts the same programatic needs for vertical circulation, structure and services in the same planar position for all floors, in order to maximize their efficiency.
Expressive Structures
Image courtesy of www.picomeanslittle.com
Calatrava set a trend by creating a functional way to express design intentions. The structure and engineering of an architectural project may be expressed in an artistic way as opposed to simply finding the most rational and cost effective solution. Calatrava often expresses movement through his architecture, which can be argued to be stunning sculptures as well as having the original functionality it was designed for (ie bridge).
Image courtesy of www.nixieclothinge5.blogspot.co.uk
The clothes rail is found in every retail store in the world. Its use could be shifted from the pure purpose of hanging clothes to being part of the architectural environement. The consumer is directed by the rail and it is a clear indicator of where to find the product. The rail could go beyond this and enable the user to be liberated from the ground plane and explore the navigation through 3D architectural space.
Image courtesy of www.worldtoptop.com
Jean Nouvel’s Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris has a south facing facade populated with ocular devices of striking originality, made up of numerous and variously dimensioned metallic diaphragms set in pierced metal borders. These diaphragms operate like a camera lens to control the sun’s penetration into the interior of the building. The effect is like a giant Islamic pierced screen which has the functionality of shadding parametrically. This innovitive design was a landmark that kick started architects into thinking about shadding in more creative and responsive ways.
DANIEL REYNOLDS
Bus Stop
MEME STUDY
CIRCULATION IN PLACES OF DISPLAY
ATTENTION ECONOMY
14
Vatican Museum
The vatican Museum is one of the oldest museums in the world, holding a vast quantiy of historical artefacts, which has many circulation issues due to the its vast number of visitors.
Sir John Soane Museum
Tate Modern
Pompidou Centre
Vatican Museum
Image courtesy of Arwen O’Reilly Griffith via Flicr
Image courtesy of www.neatza.com
Image courtesy of www.galinsky.com
Image courtesy of www.alexmartinarchitecture.co.uk
Image courtesy of Arwen O’Reilly Griffith via Flicr
Image courtesy of www.neatza.com
Image courtesy of www.galinsky.com
Image courtesy of Studio Daniel Libeskind
Sir John Soane’s Museum is cluttered in every corner from ceiling to floor with a collection of ancient relics, curios, paintings and 19th century furnishings making for a compressed and very personal space (you feel like you are in a house).
Herzog and de Meuron’s design converts an old factory into a currating museum for Tate modern consisting in a multi-level museum serviced by a series of escalators orientated towards the side of a huge turbine hall, allowing numerous exhibitions to take place at different scales.
The Pompidou centre manages to create an uninterrrupted internal museum space by relocating the services, circulation and major structural elements to the outside of the building.
The vatican Museum is one of the oldest museums in the world, holding a vast quantiy of historical artefacts, which has many circulation issues due to the its vast number of visitors.
CIRCULATION IN PLACES OF DISPLAY
MEME STUDY
15 DS13
Image courtesy of Zaha Hadid Architects
The building is a composition of bending rectangular extrusions, overlapping, intersecting and piling over each other, resembling a piece of massive transport infrastructure where the visitor can circulate in one large fluid motion.
Guggenheim Museum
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
California Academy of Sciences
The Ghost Ride/Fun House
Image courtesy of www.giana-g.com
Image courtesy of rowan.parkinson via Flickr
Image courtesy of Rowan Parkinson via Flickr
Image courtesy of Alexis Sanchez via Flickr
Image courtesy of www.moleskinefotos.blogspot.co.uk
Image courtesy of www.thearchitectpainter.com
Image courtesy of www.rpbw.com
Image courtesy of Alexis Sanchez via Flickr
The unique ramp gallery of the Guggenheim extends from just under the skylight in the ceiling in a long, continuous spiral along the outer edges of the building until it reaches the ground level. This type of circulation allows infinite view points of displayed art.
The Guggenheim museum in bilbao has a range of ground breaking circulation typologies put into place including circulating inside large scale artwork, where the visitor is emerced in the content he is viewing.
Renzo Piano designed this science museum with the idea of bringing the visitor up close and emerced in content that is ususally distant, alien, exotic parts of our planet or of our universe. Rocks, fish and plants in the world’s largestdoor coral reef can be seen from above as well as from under water.
The visitor is forced to going towards the content (thrill of being scared) on a moving train ride.zz
DANIEL REYNOLDS
MAXXI Museum
ATTENTION ECONOMY
16
MEME STUDY
LAYERED RETAIL CIRCULATION
From the offset, the interest lied within researching clothing retail as an architectural typology and exploring its role as a leisure activity and a tourist attraction. This research resulted in a number of quick explorations that formed the basis of an installation exploring the retail ritual every consumer goes through whilst shopping. The aim was to celebrate and reinvent the culture of retail therapy and move it towards a relaxing experience as opposed to a stressful event. Research was pursued into the rituals one goes though during retail therapy. The retail ritual, specifically in clothing, consist in 3 main scenarios which are repeated. A - Browsing / Window Shopping B - Testing / Changing C - Queuing / Paying This rigid pattern is tested through a modelled viewing machine (see Fig.12) that tests different compositions of the same scenarios. The result is a distortion of the ritual which can be manipulated for a more relaxing and efficient experience, reacting against the current stressful mainstream clothing Store model such as topman. By studying the different scenarios that are embedded in modern retail cultures of the west, it is possible to associate each scenario with a set of condition (i.e. relationship of the shop with the street, and the different stages of shopping). These can be translated into architectural conditions, which can be manifested as profile sections revealing spatial relationships. Rails upon which are suspended fabric are lofted between each profile. The relative centre of the rails are shifted to bring privacy to the changing rooms and attention to the zones that display the product.
CIRCULATION LAYERINGS SPACE BECOMES MORE EXCLUSIVE AS ONE TRAVERSE DEEPER THROUGH THE LAYERS
LINE OF VISION
The overall form of the installation was developed and manifested through the hanging sheets in a circular fashion. The sheets have raised parts where the fabric has been pulled up and creased in order to reveal an “entrance” or a “window” which guides the shopper from the outside layers to the inner ones, and vice-versa
LIGHT
SILOUHETTE CANVAS
CLOTHING RETAIL AS VIEWING CONTENT
MEME STUDY
SOHO SQUARE
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Glasshouse
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Mainstream Clothing
High End Clothing
Small Clothing Outlets
21. Machine - A 22. Social Suicide 23. The Great Fog Jewls 24. Stromboli’s Circus 25. Hugo Boss 26. American Apparel 27. Ben Sherman 28. Beyond Retro 29. Framestore 30. Kleins Fabric Shop 31. BM Soho 32. Liberty 33. Agent Provocateur 34. Bang Bang 35. Prowler 36. Cloth House 38. Ann Summers 39. Clone Zone 40. Kokon To Zai
Fabric Material Hub
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DANIEL REYNOLDS
1. ZARA 2. GAP 3. River Island 4. John Lewis 5. Topshop 6. H&M 7. Uniqlo 8. Swarovski 9. Plazza Shopping Centre 10. Clarks Shoe’s 11. TK Maax 12. Beneton 13. Ted Baker 14. Lacoste 15. Jaeger 16. Ferrari Store 17. Zara 18. Levi’s 19. Banana Republic 20. Superdry
DS13
ON Main High Street:
17
MEME STUDY
RETAIL RAIL EXPLORATION
ATTENTION ECONOMY
18
RETAIL CLOTHES RAIL
Image courtesy of www.nixieclothinge5.blogspot.co.uk
The clothes rail is found in every retail store in the world. Its use could be shifted from the pure purpose of hanging clothes to being part of the architectural environement. The consumer is directed by the rail and it is a clear indicator of where to find the product. The rail could go beyond this and enable the user to be liberated from the ground plane and explore the navigation through 3D architectural space.
A
Mirror Space
Short Queue
Paying Desk
Changing Room
A
Rail as Structure
RETAIL RAIL EXPLORATION
MEME STUDY
19 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
Hanging Fabric
Hanging Clothes
Voyeurism
ATTENTION ECONOMY
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MEME STUDY The layering of suspended sheets of fabric and the pleating of fabric as to create a palette of translucency and opacity is studied, in order to curate architectureal conditions (for example public vs private space). Furthermore, the idea of integrating structure with a skin which could adapt its tranparency was something I was very keen to inverstigate through the study of fabricting pleated and creased materials. From this initial formal interest and the clothing retail background established during the workshop, the project moved towards rethinking the shopping centre as an architectural typology, and hybridising it with an aquarium.
FABRIC EXPLORATION
FABRIC EXPLORATION
MEME STUDY
21 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
Display Zone
Display Zone
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DANIEL REYNOLDS VERTICAL DISPLAY AND CIRCULATION
Display Zone
VERTICAL CIRCULATION EXPLORATION
Display Zone
MEME STUDY
Display Zone
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ATRIUM/ VOID
From this study, the notion of continuous flowing movement took precedent. I began to look alternative transitional curated environments and the use of water and aquariums to study and analyse how they would relax the viewer in a busy setting and heighten the experience of viewing the displayed content such as art, consumer goods and scientific displays.
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The exercise aims to explores the idea of freedom in viewing content. By flipping the circulation from a horizontal motion to a vertical loop, the user M RIUM ATRIU L ATaccess canHORIgain to unplanned NTAL ZONTA HORIZO viewpoint and experience the content in a personal way. The viewer is allowed freedom in the vertical space as opposed to being restricted to a horizontal plane.
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INTERCH
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ATTENTION ECONOMY
The research on memes and DANIEL REYNOLDS DANIEL REYNOLDS their in archiVERTICALimplementation DISPLAY AND CIRCULATION VERTICAL DISPLAY AND CIRCULATION tectural typologies lead to a short design exercise involving the adaptation and so-called “mutation” of a meme into a new entity which is born out of a Darwinian need to evolve or adapt to a certain scenario. My scenario stems from a consumerist calling for better integrated circulation spaces The Scheme aims to explore the idea of freedom in viewing content. By flipping the circulation from a horizontal motion to a vertical loop, the user can gain access to unplanned viewpoint and experience the content in a personal way. The viewer is allowed freedom in the vertical space as opposed to being restricted to a horizontal plane.
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VERTICAL CIRCULATION EXPLORATION
MEME STUDY
23 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
Curved Elevator Trajectory
Elevator Through Aquarium
Typical Vertical Circulation [Elevator Shaft]
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DANIEL REYNOLDS VERTICAL DISPLAY AND CIRCULATION
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ATTENTION ECONOMY
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MEME STUDY PRECEDENT [CANADIAN PAVILION VENICE BIENALE] To investigate a new world of mobile people and ideas, MLO first created a conceptual grid from rectangular extrusions of various types of wood. In the words of MLO, “the landscape is envisioned as a grid mosaic – an abstraction of the physical [configuration], social [relationship], economic [size] and political [hierarchy] conditions that form Canada’s pluralistic cultural identity.”
VENICE BIENALE 2012 - CANADIAN PAVILION
VENICE BIENALE 2012 - CANADIAN PAVILION
MEME STUDY
25 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
MEME STUDY
ATTENTION ECONOMY
26
VERTICAL CIRCULATION FIELD Personal Vertical Circulation
Freedom in Floating Movement
Personal Zen Chamber
Caustic Reflections
Hanging Chambers - Stalactite
Grounded Chambers - Stalagmite
MORPHING VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
MEME STUDY
27
Vertical Taurus Knot Loop
Taurus Knot Loop
DANIEL REYNOLDS
Cilindrical Ramp Loop
DS13
Aquarium Tanks
Morphed Circulation
ATTENTION ECONOMY
28
MEME STUDY
HANGING TANKS
HANGING TANKS
MEME STUDY
29 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
ATTENTION ECONOMY 30
SITE AND CONTEXT
31 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
3.0
SITE AND CONTEXT
ATTENTION ECONOMY
32
SITE AND CONTEXT
RETAIL IN LONDON
Retail Footprint data for London (Consumer Spending (£ m)
ship of the Selfridges chain, it has been on this site for over a century,
1 West End 4161.1 2 Croydon 960.3 3 Kingston 880.4 4 Bromley 731.2 5 Brent Cross 635.3 6 Romford 581.0 7 Ilford 426.4 8 Kensington 367.0 9 Richmond 338.7 10 Uxbridge 336.8 Oxford Street is home to a number of major department stores and numerous flagship stores, as well as hundreds of smaller shops. It is the biggest shopping street within Inner London, and though not necessarily the most expensive or fashionable, is considered to be the most important, and forms part of a larger shopping district with Regent Street, Bond Street and a number of other smaller nearby streets.
The Window Display as a Meme: A display window (most commonly called shop window is a window in a shop displaying items for sale or otherwise designed to attract customers to the store. Usually, the term refers to larger windows in the front façade of the shop. Display windows at boutiques usually have dressed-up mannequins in them. Putting a window display of merchandise in a store’s window is called “window dressing”, which is also used to describe the items displayed themselves. As a figure of speech, “window dressing” means something done to make a better impression, and sometimes implies something dishonest or deceptive.
For many British retail chains their Oxford Street branch is regarded as their ‘flagship’ store. Major stores on the street include: Debenhams, the flagship of the national department store chain. Formerly Marshall & Snelgrove, renamed in 1973 after being rebuilt. The original Debenham & Freebody store was in nearby Wigmore Street.
SHOPPING CENTRE
HMV, the music retailer has three stores on the street including a concession within Selfridges and its shop at 150 Oxford Street, which is Europe’s largest music shop at 50,000 square feet (5,000 m2). House of Fraser, the London flagship of the national department store chain. The store traded as D H Evans until 2000. It is located in an art-deco building completed in 1935; the first department store in the UK to include escalators serving every floor. John Lewis, the third-largest department store in the UK and flagship of the John Lewis chain, opened in 1864. Marks & Spencer. Marks & Spencer Marble Arch, largest Marks & Spencer store of 170,000 square feet (16,000 m2) at the junction of Oxford Street and Orchard Street. A second branch between Regent Street and Tottenham Court Road stands on the site of the famous Pantheon building. Its fine polished black granite frontage completed in 1938 was awarded Grade II Listed Building status in September 2009. Selfridges, the second-largest department store in the UK and flag-
VS HIGH STREET
LONDON’S RETAIL LANDSCAPE
SITE AND CONTEXT
33 DS13
OXFORD STREET
Essex Hertfordshire
Enfield
Barnet
Waltham Forest
Haringey
Redbridge Havering
Buckinghamshire
Brent Camden
Islington
Hackney
Hillingdon Newham Ealing City of Westminster
Slough
Hammersmith Kensington & Fulham & Chelsea
The City
Tower Hamlets
Thurrock
Southwark Greenwich
Hounslow
Bexley Wandsworth
Lambeth Lewisham
Richmond Upon Thames
Windsor and Maidenhead
Merton Kingston upon Thames
Bromley Sutton
Surrey
OXFORD STREET
DANIEL REYNOLDS
Harrow
Croydon
Kent
ATTENTION ECONOMY
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SITE AND CONTEXT
RETAIL IN LONDON
The ten most-visited attractions in London are: 1. British Museum 2. Tate Modern 3. National Gallery 4. Natural History Museum 5. London Eye 6. Science Museum 7. Victoria and Albert Museum 8. Madame Tussauds 9. Tower of London 10. Oxford + Regent’s Street
MADAME TUSSAUDS
DESIGN MUSEUM
SITE OXFORD STREET
TOWER OF LONDON
NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM SCIENCE MUSEUM V&A MUSEUM
LONDON EYE
TATE MODERN
SITE AND CONTEXT
Retail on Tottenham Court Road
Bedford Square Quiet Park
35 DS13
TRANSITION SITE
DANIEL REYNOLDS
BUSY / STRESSFULL AREAS
CALM / RELAXING AREAS
Soho Square Leisure
Retail on Oxford Street
SITE - Royal Mail Depot
Charlotte Street Restauration
Tottenham Court Road Tube Station - High Pedestrian Density Causing Discomfort and Stress
ATTENTION ECONOMY
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SITE AND CONTEXT
CRITICAL SITE
Top Shopping Destinations:
LONDON
HIGH RETAIL DENSITY
1.
Oxford Street
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Regent + Jermyn Street
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Bond Street/Mayfair
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Westfield London
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Carnaby Street
6.
Covent Garden
7.
Kings Road
8.
Knightsbridge
9.
Savile Row
10.
Notting Hill
11.
Canary Wharf
11
The whole of the West End of London is a shopping zone. It has several distinct retail districts and shopping streets, many of which have their own themes or specialities from luxury goods in Mayfair to quirky finds in Covent Garden, to large shopping centres like Westfield in Stratford. Shops range from small souvenir shops to high end fashion stores and luxury goods.
Faringdon Station
MOUNT PLEASANT
Tottenahm Court Road Station
10
1
NEW OXFORD STREET
3
Oxford Street Station
5
WEST END 6
2
RATHBONE PLACE 9
2
4
Critical Sites West End [Highest Density of Retail] Crossrail Rapid Transit New Development Crossrail Rapid Transit Station
N 8
7
0m
100 m
200 m
300 m
400 m
500 m
CRITICAL SITE
SITE AND CONTEXT
5 - CARNABY STREET
4 - WESTFIELD WEST LONDON
3 - BOND STREET
2 - REGENT + JERMYN STREET
The birthplace of the fashion and cultural revolution during the Swinging 60s, Carnaby Street is still home to some of the world’s most exciting designers. More than just the world-famous street itself, the Carnaby area consists of 12 streets of fantastic shopping with many one-off creations and unique products.
More than just a shopping centre, Westfield London is an innovative place to shop, to eat, and to meet. Inside the largest urban shopping centre in Europe you’ll find high street favourites including Debenhams, Next, Marks & Spencer and House of Fraser.
Bond Street and Mayfair are the ideal places to go for some extravagant retail therapy. Popular with celebrities on a spree, this is probably London’s most exclusive shopping area, home to big names including Burberry, Louis Vuitton and Tiffany & Co. Neighbouring South Molton Street boasts iconic fashion store, Browns.
An impressively elegant shopping street, Regent Street offers a good range of mid-priced fashion stores alongside some of the city’s oldest and most famous shops, including Hamleys, Liberty and The Apple Store. Nearby, historic Jermyn Street is renowned for men’s clothing shops known for its bespoke shirt makers.
Image courtesy of Panhard via Wikipediea
6 - COVENT GARDEN
7 - KINGS ROAD
8 - KNIGHTSBRIDGE
9 - SAVILLE ROW
10 - NOTTING HILL
11 - CANARY WHARF
Whether you want hip fashion, unique gifts, rare sweets or one-off handmade jewellery, Covent Garden is a great place to explore. You can stock up on the latest urban street wear, funky cosmetics and shoes on Neal Street, check out imaginative arts and crafts at Covent Garden Market or just window shop around the stores.
Shopping is the King’s Road’s main obsession, where eclectic mix of trendy boutiques, unique labels, designer shops and high-street staples, alongside a vast array of cafes and eateries are well establishes. It’s also a great place for inspirational interior design, with Peter Jones, Heal’s, Cath Kidston and Habitat all vying for attention.
Visitors from around the world flock to Knightsbridge and Brompton Road to visit the illustrious shops and department stores. This is the place for prestigious brands and up-to-the-minute trends from the world’s fashion elite. Best known for Harrods and Harvey Nichols and big name fashion designers on Sloane Street.
Known worldwide as the home of bespoke British tailoring, Savile Row is the place to come FOR a handmade suit crafted the old-fashioned way.
Notting Hill offers a vast array of small, unique shops selling unusual and vintage clothing, rare antiques, quirky gifts, books and organic food. Nearby Westbourne Grove offers more high-end shopping, with stylish designer shops dotted between a mix of quirky boho boutiques, hip cafes and art galleries.
underground Canada Square is home to a sleek and modernshopping centre with all the major highstreet chains as well as a good selection of designer stores. Outside lunch hour time, it is one of London’s most chilled-out shopping experiences.
Image courtesy of www.cocomamastyle.com
Image courtesy of Mark Gurman via www.9to5mac.com
Image courtesy of www.collartocuff.files.wordpress.com
Image courtesy of www.schelay.blogspot.co.uk
Image courtesy of www.green0022.blogspot.co.uk
DANIEL REYNOLDS
The heart of London shopping, bustling Oxford Street has more than 300 shops, designer outlets and landmark stores. Home to the legendary Selfridges, it also boasts a range of famous department stores such as John Lewis and Debenhams scattered among every well-known high street chain imaginable.
DS13
1 - OXFORD STREET
37
ATTENTION ECONOMY
38
SITE AND CONTEXT
URBAN FABRIC
SITE
Park + Water Network
6
SITE
Pedestrianised Roads
5
SITE
Minor Roads
4
SITE
Major Road Network
3
SITE
Marylebone
Baker Street
Great Portland Road Marble Arch
Bond Street Warren Street
Oxford Circus
2
Green Park
Euston
Underground Public Transport Network
Goodge Street
Tottenham Court Road Picadilly Circus
Leceister Square
Holborn
Charing Cross
SITE
Retail Consumer Density 2D
1
OXFORD CIRCUS RETAIL DENSITY
SITE
Retail Consumer Density 3D
0
SURROUNDING BUILDING USAGE
SITE AND CONTEXT
39 DS13
SITE
Small Businesses
5
SITE
Public Buildings
SITE
Restauration
4
3
SITE
Electronics
Fashion Retail
2
SITE
Offices SITE
1
Context Massing OX
FO
0
RD
ST
RE
ET
SITE
DANIEL REYNOLDS
6
PEDESTRIAN DENSITY STUDY IN RELATION TO SIDE-WALK
Pedestrianisation:
MILD DENSITY
12:00 13:00
11:00
13:00
00
14:
14:
10:
00
:0 09
08:
00
00
16:
16:
08:
00
00
0
0
:0
09
15
:0
0
0
00
:0
152
133
126
165
113 07:00
07:00
150 26 29
135
122
10
124
18
96
6 2
6
94
13
73 10
64
0
26
22
52 52
38 34
38
40
60
80
04:
0
0
140
:0
03
160
180
200
00
:0
120
0
0
200
100
:0
:0
180
21
03
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
21
160
02:
140
00
120
00
00
100
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
20:
20:
04:
00
00
80
44
0
20
Pedestrian Density Oxford Street West, North Footway
60
19:00
40
27
05:00
49
19:00
05:00
44 20
18:00
18:00
21
24
06:00
27
06:00
163
58 142
22:
00
02:
00
220
23:00
23:00
01:00
01:00
Pedestrians per Minute
Pedestrians per Minute
12:00
12:00 13:00
11:00
13:00
11:00
00
00
14:
10:
14:
10:
00
:0 09
:0
08:
16:
00
00
16:
08:
00
00
0
0
:0
09
15
15
:0
0
0
00
29
115
93
6
154
187 219
07:00
109
Selfridges
GAP
88
Zara
198
56 46
170
34 27
18:00
18
18:00
139
Debenhams
House of Fraser
John Lewis
Nike Town
H&M
Topshop
22
2
69 22
27
38 34
38
40
5
60
Major Consumer Density
121 0
73
29 68
20
49
68
62
19:00
19:00
05:00
20
Major Consumer Density
44
0
17
08:00
10
05:00
06:00
24
River Island
09:00
129
06:00
143
17:00
17:00
07:00
154
New Look
66 58
26
143
134
133
115
105
Primark
40
60
80
04:
120
120
140
:0
160
0
:0
0
:0
03
21
:0
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
21
160
0
0
140
180
180
200
00
22:
02:
00
200
22:
03
00
100
00
100
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
20:
20:
04:
00
00
80
00
02:
00
220
220
23:00
23:00
01:00
01:00
Pedestrians per Minute
Pedestrians per Minute
DANGEROUS ROAD CROSSINGS
100 M
100 M
T
EET EAS
RD STR
OXFO OXFORD CIRCUS
OXFORD
STREET
WEST
EET
NT STR
REGE
Regents Street REET
RD ST
OXFO
12:00
12:00 13:00
11:00
13:00
11:00
00
00
14:
10:
00
09
08:
152
133
126
165
113 07:00
07:00
150 26
32
29
135
122
10
124
18
96
6 2
6
94
13 26
22
52 49
52
27 20
BOND STREET TUBE STATION
38 34
38 19:00
19:00
40
44
0
05:00
44 20
05:00
73 10
64
0
18:00
18:00
21
24
06:00
27
06:00
163
58 142
40
60
60
80
00
04:
00
100
120
120
140
:0
:0 03
160
0
:0
:0 0
21
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
21
160
0
0
140
180
180
200
200
00
22:
02:
00
03
20:
20:
04:
00
00
80
100
00
02:
00
220
220
23:00
23:00
01:00
01:00
Pedestrians per Minute
Pedestrians per Minute
12:00
12:00 13:00
11:00
13:00
11:00
00
00
14:
10:
:0 0
0
08:
26
139
10 22
06:00
44
0
27 20
17
08:00
69
5
121 0
38 34
73
29
38
68
20
62
68
19:00
19:00
40
49
05:00
06:00
27 22
2
05:00
170
34 18:00
18:00
93
6
219
198
115
18
187
46
29 24
154
88
56
09:00
129
143
134 109
07:00
143
17:00
17:00
07:00
154
00
133
115
105
66
16:
00
16:
08:
00
00
0
:0
0
:0
09
15
:0
00
Pedestrian Density Oxford Street West, South Footway
15
09
14:
10:
00
58
40
60
80
80
04:
100
00
100
120
140
03
:0
0
160
0
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
:0
0
:0
160
21
21
:0
0
140
180
180
200
00
02:
00
200
22:
22:
00
02:
00
220
220
23:00
03
20: 00
20:
00 04:
00
60
120
01:00
23:00
01:00
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
148
66
17:00
17:00
157
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
133
105
96
69
36
MARBLE ARCH TUBE STATION
00 16:
00 16:
08:
00
00
0
0 :0
15
:0 15
09 :0
0
:0 0
14:
10:
00
22:
Oxford Street ought to have fountains in the middle and continental-style cafes. Instead, among other things, it’s a sewer for black cabs, a pampered and privileged group who are allowed to clog the streets of central London with their toxic and totally unnecessary presence. There are far too many taxis on the streets of London. London doesn’t need them. Oxford Street should be completely pedestrianised, from end to end, with the exception of the Oxford Circus cross-roads (for traffic going South/North North/ South along Regent Street toward Piccadilly or Marylebone Road), and the Baker Street junction near Selfridges, where traffic crosses over Oxford St from Baker Street through Mayfair. Oxford Street is one of the most important pieces of open public space in the city, and it is cramped, difficult to navigate when crowded and at times dangerous; humans and traffic intermingle very closely at times. The street is the most important shopping street in Europe, and is an economic artery in London.
148
66
17:00
157 69
36 32
220
In the age of internet shopping it becomes less and less necessary to visit shops if you don’t want to, which is why high streets need to be enjoyable, civilised places where you might want to linger over coffee. But London pavement cafes are all too often squeezed in at the edge of the pavement and just a metre or so from a perpetual flow of cars, vans, lorries and cabs.
133
105
96 17:00
Pedestrians hugely outnumber all other street users, yet the crowds are subordinated vehicular traffic which is dangerous and has resulted in many pedestrian casualties. Buses are high polluters. Buses soak up the suppressed demand for cycling.
12:00
11:00
00
10:
15
ATTENTION ECONOMY
SITE AND CONTEXT
22:
40
Pedestrians per Minute
Pedestrians per Minute
LOW DENSITY
OXFORD CIRCUS TUBE STATION
N
13:00
11:00
00
14:
14:
10:
00
:0 09
00
08:
08:
00
00
16:
16:
152
133
126
165
113
07:00
150 26 29
135
122
10
124
06:00
24 18
96
6 2
6
94
13
73 10
64
0
26
22
52
00
0
140
:0 03
03
04:
00
0 :0
120
160
0
180
200
00
04:
100
:0
0
200
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
21
:0
180
00
21
160
20:
140
38
80
00
120
38 34
40
60
20:
100
44
0
20
19:00
Pedestrian Density Oxford Street East, South Footway
80
27
05:00
52 19:00
05:00
49
60
22:
02:
20
40
00
44
18:00
18:00
21
22:
07:00
163
58 142
27
06:00
148
66
17:00
17:00
157
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
133
105
96
69
36 32
00
02:
00
220
220
23:00
23:00
01:00
01:00
Pedestrians per Minute
Pedestrians per Minute
12:00
12:00 13:00
11:00
13:00
11:00
00
00
14:
10:
14:
10:
00
:0 09
:0
08:
16:
00
00
16:
08:
00
00
0
0
:0
09
15
15
:0
0
0
00
07:00
07:00
198
22
20
09:00
06:00
17
08:00
44
0
27
139
22
69
Major Consumer Density 10
27
5
121
0
38
34
73
29
38
68
62 40
60
60
80
04:
140
03
:0
0
0
:0
160
:0
180
180
200
00
22:
02:
00
200
22:
03
21
:0
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
21
160
0
120
140
0
120
00
100
00
100
20:
20:
04:
00
00
80
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
68
20
19:00
19:00
40
49
05:00
2
170
34
18:00
06:00
46
93
6
05:00
56
115
18
187
219
88
17:00
29
154
109
143
129
24
Major Pedestrian Attractions
154
66 58
26
143
134
133
115
British Museum 105
Intimissimi
18:00
American Apparel
Uniqlo
17:00
00
02:
00
220
220
23:00
23:00
01:00
01:00
Pedestrians per Minute
Pedestrians per Minute
EN
TT
TO M
HA TR UR
CO OA D
SITE
RAT HBO
NEW
REET
RD ST
OXFO
NE PL E
AC
100 M 100 M
ET
RE
N ST
WMA
NE
E
HO
UAR
SQ
SO
E
HO
UAR
SQ
SO
ICK
RW
BE ET
RE
ST
RW
Important Subordinate Streets (Pedestrian Density)
ICK ET
RE
ST
Soho Square
12:00
12:00 13:00
11:00
13:00
11:00
00
00
14:
10:
00
09
08:
16: 00
00
16:
08:
00
00
0
:0
0 :0
09
15
15
:0
0
:0 0
14:
10:
00
152
133
126
165
113 07:00
07:00
150 26 29
135
122
10
06:00
21
124
24 18 6
94
13
22
52 49
52
0
20
40
60
80
80
04:
120
120
140
0
0 :0
:0 03
160
0
:0
0
:0
160
21
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
21
03
38
00
100
00
100
140
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
38
34
20:
20:
04:
00
00
60
44
19:00
19:00
40
27
05:00
44 20
05:00
73
10
64
0
26
UNDER GROUND TRANSPORT 96
2
6
18:00
18:00
06:00
163
58 142
27
CROSSRAIL STATION [2016]
148
66
17:00
17:00
157
32
180
180
200
00
200
22:
02:
00
02:
00
220
220
23:00
01:00
01:00
Pedestrians per Minute
Pedestrians per Minute
12:00
12:00 13:00
11:00
13:00
11:00
00
00
14:
10:
0 09 :0
0 09
00
00
16:
16:
08:
00
0 :0
0 :0
00
00
15
:0
Pedestrian Density Oxford Street East, South Footway 15
08:
14:
10:
00
09:00
115
219
93
6
170
06:00
34 27
18:00
18
18:00
139
22
2 10 22
44
0
27 20
17
08:00
69
5
121 0
38 34
73
29
38
68
20
62
68
19:00
19:00
40
49
05:00
06:00
187
56 46
24
05:00
154
88 198
129
40
60
80
80
04:
120
140
0
03
0 :0
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
160
180
180
200
200
00
02:
00
22:
00
02:
00
220
220
01:00
23:00
01:00
EXTREME DENSITY
23:00
03
160
21 :0 0
21 :0
:0
0
140
Pedestrians per Minute
00
100
00
100
20:
20:
04:
00
00
60
120
COMFORTABLE CAPACITY
143
134 109
17:00
143
07:00
154
17:00
07:00
133
115
105
66 58
26 29
22:
TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD TUBE STATION
133
105
96
69
36
23:00
Berwick Street
00
Carnaby Street
On the pedestrianised Oxford Street, cafes & restaurants would be encouraged to open piazza-style outdoor eating areas and the concrete paving would be intermittently disturbed by small but perfectly formed, well-kept garden & floral arrangements. There would be a lane for ‘fast walking’ - for those of us who want to skip past the tourists and get to our destinations with the minimum of fuss. Cyclists would also have a lane. The pedestrianisation of Oxford Street would encourage people back to do their shopping, eating out and socialising on Oxford Street when they currently might feel more comfortable in a faceless mall or even online through e-commerce. This development would rejuvenate the area, show a commitment to building enjoyable outdoor spaces (as Ken Livingstone did when he paved the road outside the National Portrait Gallery on Trafalgar Square), and give a needed boost to a shopping street which has suffered through the recession.
22:
Next
At busy times, for example at Summer and Christmas, Oxford Street can be an absolutely nightmare. To cross the road, to walk down the pavement behind often slow tourists etc. It’s not an enjoyable place to be. Plans have come and gone to part-pedestrianise the street and install a tram from one end to the other, but they never see light of day. The next Mayor should be bold and take the decision to give Oxford Street back to the people, and banish all forms of non-emergency transport completely.
Pedestrians per Minute
DANIEL REYNOLDS
00
0
0
:0
:0
09
15
:0
0
0
00
41 DS13
13:00
BE
E
12:00
12:00
Density
nts t
SITE AND CONTEXT
HIGH DENSITY 11:00
00
10:
15
op
PEDESTRIAN DENSITY STUDY IN RELATION TO SIDE-WALK
SITE AND CONTEXT
OXFORD STREET PEDESTRIAN ACTIVITY
ATTENTION ECONOMY
42
SITE
St
St
Dea t
t
ck
nd S
nS
rwi
Pola
St
at M
Gre
ek Gre
t
Be
yll S t
hS
g rou
o arlb
ss Rd
Sutt
Arg t
el S
No
t
on S
o Soh are Squ
ng Cro
Chari
Oxford
t
hS
Frit
St
t
St
all S
our
rsh
rd Wa
Ma
an
tem
Ba
pk
Ho ins
Pe
St
Ol
nS
St
t
ly S
mi
Ro
t
idle Br
Sh
Ln
ak
Be
St
ton
mp
o dC
gto
St
xin
Le
St
ter
by
ley
ng
Ki
rna
St
Ca
t
kS
wic
ad Bro
er
t dS
oh
rJ
St
ury
e Av
b tes
af
Sh
t
St
nS
ick
rw Wa
we
Lo
oo erw
ew Br
nt ge Re
Glasshouse
St
ster Leice re Squa
St
CURRENT PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT - SIMULATION
SITE AND CONTEXT
Picadilly Flow
Pedestrians from West Soho
Pedestrians from East Soho
Tottenham Court Road Flow
Oxford Circus Flow
Pedestrians from Oxford Circus
Pedestrians from Tottenham Court Road
Centre Point/ British Museum Flow
Charing Cross Flow
Pedestrians from Charing Cross
Pedestrians from British Museum
DANIEL REYNOLDS
Soho Flow
DS13
Currently, the Site has a major pedestrian running down oxford street. Different types of pedestrians are associated with a specific pedestrian flow which is predictable from the proximity of public transport nodes, site attractors, and general behaviour observed from research on each category. The British museum and areas on Soho are attractors witch divert slightly this linear pedestrian traffic. However, there is not much consideration for the areas just of oxford street. In an attempt to make the local areas less congested, a simulation is carried out in order to see the potential for pedestrian traffic to spill out onto the site.
43
SITE AND CONTEXT
PROPOSED PEDESTRIAN SPILAGE ONTO SITE
ATTENTION ECONOMY
44
Charing Cross Flow
PROPOSED PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT - SIMULATION
SITE AND CONTEXT
45
BE SS TRE
TRE
S
Ne
ME
NE
ST
an
an
ET
NE BO TH RA
e ag ss Pa
NE BO TH RA
e ag ss Pa
SE
ME
ST
ES
ST
ST
ST
EP HE RE N ET
GR
BER
BER
ES
ST
ES
SE
EW SM
EW SM
SE
GR
NER
NER
GR
RE
ST
RE
ET
S
S
ET
WM NE
S EW SM
LL WE
E
AC
PL
AN
AN
WM NE
S EW SM
LL WE
AY NW
STR
STR
AY NW
EET
AY NW
STR
HA
AC
PL
AC
PL
Tourists Flow
rd Ya
STR
HA
NE BO
rd Ya
NE BO
lyn Eve
TH RA
lyn Eve
TH RA
EET
AY NW
E
AC
PL
HA
EET
EET
HA
E
E S NER BER CE PLA
EE STR
EE STR
CE PLA
LS WEL
S NER BER
LS WEL
T
T
's Perry
STREET
and
and
EET STR
Adam
EET STR
e Plac
AN
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WM
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's Perry
WM
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OXFORD
OXFORD
STREET
Eve
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rt
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SO
Retail Consumers
HO
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NS
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HO
SS
SS
NE
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Pedestrian Tourist Traffic: As the British Museum is the number one attraction for tourists, and Oxford street is number ten, there is a high potential for attracting this audience onto the site. This is where the aquarium program comes into play, as it can be an attraction for tourism in its own right.
T
T
ER RN
EE STR
BE
EE STR
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BO
N
HO
UR
UR
BE
T
T
EE
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O RD WA
FAR
REET
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Target Tourist Pedestrian
STR
RA TH
Bus Route Flow
T CH GREA
ST APEL
N
LLE
HO
RE
UA
SQ
EET
EHAM
NS
LLE
HO
EET STR
EET STR
T CH GREA
HO
SO
Target Retail Consumer Pedestrian T
EE
R ST
ET
SM
LL
WE S
NE
EW
NE
WS
ME
WM
A
PL
AN
AN
WM
AY NW
STR
STR
AY NW
CE
lyn
EET
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AY NW
HA
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AC
PL
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and
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ace
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STREET
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urt
HO
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HO
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DO STR
STR
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HO
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Target Pedestrian Site Crossing T
EE
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SO
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STR
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Target Public Transport Pedestrian Flow T
EE
R ST
A
PL
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NE
NE
rd Ya
STR
BO
lyn
BO
TH RA
Eve
TH RA
EET
AY NW
CE
HA
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OXFORD
Pedestrian Retail Consumer Traffic: Retail Consumers who usually spend time on Oxford Street, in particular clothing and fashion consumers, are attracted onto the site for the mix of high end, mainstream and sport Department store available in one holistic and peaceful space.
EET
FAR
EHAM
STR
RE
UA
SQ
STR
Pedestrian Public Transport Traffic: With major Tube Stations and the CrossRail Network to be set into place in the near future (2016), and the bus routes on Oxford Street, there is also a huge potential for the site to an intervention not only on reshaping the current congested situation, built also to improve the pedestrian flow from each transit point (for example from bus to tube transit). Pedestrian Site Crossing: The project also aims to improve the transition from the busy high street and the quiet areas in the back streets, acting as a filter.
DANIEL REYNOLDS
ST
E AC PL
E AC PL
SE
Y
RC
PE
ES
GR
S
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m
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w
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DS13
ER RN
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BO
Four types of pedestrian are targeted for spill out onto the site, which are attracted by the services and the types of program involved in the building. These specific pedestrian traffic types are as follows:
RA TH
ST
BE RA TH
SITE AND CONTEXT
PEDESTRIAN CASUALTIES
ATTENTION ECONOMY
46
London Pedestrian Density
Pattern of Pedestrian Casualties on Oxford Street Across the Week
Oxford Street, Oxford Circus (VIP DAY) Oxford Street, East of Oxford Circus (VIP DAY) Regents Street, Oxford Circus (VIP DAY) Oxford Street, Marble Arch (VIP DAY) Notting Hill Canival (Kensigton Park Road 2012) Oxford Street, Oxford Circus Regents Street, Oxford Circus Oxford Street, Marble Arch The Strand Fleet Street Borough High Street High Holborn Angel, Upper Street
Monday
Marylebone Hight Street
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
40000
[ Pedestrians per hour ]
12:00
0
11:0 Monday
:00
Tuesday
0
Wednesday
10
13:0
Thursday
0
Saturday
12:00
Sunday
14
:00
13:0
0
:00
15
09
:0
0
11:0
Friday
:0
14
10
:00 08
Outer London
0
17:0
07:0
0
:00
16
08
:00
:00
OS Consumer Origin of Visit
16
0
:0
15
09
:0
0
0
:00
0 17:0
07:0
0
Overseas
Central London
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
19:0
0
0 05:0
2000 2000
19:0
05:0
0
Population %
18:00
06:00
UK Overnight Visitors
18:00
06:00
UK Day Visitors
0
4000
:00 04
3:
00
8000 8000
0
0
:0
10000
:00
22
0
01:0
0
01:0
0
10
20
30
40 Population %
50
60
70
80
0
Pedestrian Casualties Car
0
Pedestrian Casualties
23:0
12000
23:0
:00
02
Walk
:00
02
:00 12000
22
Public Transport
:0 0
0
10000
21
21
00 3:
OS Consumer Mode of Transport
:00
0:0 0
6000 6000
20
2
04
:00
4000
OXFORD STREET PESDESTRIAN PROPERTIES
SITE AND CONTEXT
47 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
Fashion Consumers Electronics Consumers Tourists Local Workers Site
ATTENTION ECONOMY
48
SITE AND CONTEXT
CURRENT OXFORD STREET BUS ROUTE
THE PROJECT AS THE CENTRE OF REGENERATION MASTERPLAN However, for a pedestrianisation scheme to work, one needs to consider all the factors which could be affected by such a scheme. Oxford Street is a designated bus lane along its entire length, open only to buses, taxis and two-wheeled vehicles in the daytime on all days except Sundays. It is served by many major bus routes as it corresponds to a major bus network linking West and South London.
SITE
NEW OXFORD
STREET
EAST
OXFORD CIRCUS BUS NODE
WEST
OXFORD
STREET
As mentioned Before, buses are the cause of much of the congestion, contribute to the poor air quality of the street, and are hazard for pedestrians on the site (involving serious injuries and fatalities).
SITE
Along with the argument of improving the social quality of Oxford Street, I decided to make my project the focal point of a masterplan involving the redirection of bus routes joining east and west London. The concept was that the building would divert the current traffic in a smoother transition with sensibility to the local context.
STRIP OF BUS STOPS NEAR SITE
CURENT OXFORD STREET BUS STOPS
SITE AND CONTEXT
49 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
anning of the s diverting all d Street, and above parallel re Street. This pedestrianisaway from Marman Street just , opposite the where chosen o hold a douand their ideal and the prox-
from Marble d Street, then Stretch where mented for acoute will then e in will be fed hich diagonalstops are imer water tank aquarium. The Oxford Street nto Tottenham o New Oxford
PROPOSED BUS ROUTES FROM OXFORD STREET
PROPOSED BUS ROUTE REDIRECTION The proposition for the re-planning of the current bus network involves diverting all routes which go onto Oxford Street, and making them run along the above parallel street, correspond to Wigmore Street. This diversion will help with the pedestrianisation of Oxford Street all the way from Marble Arch all the way to Newman Street just before Tottenham Court Road, opposite the site. Both of these Roads where chosen due to their width capacity to hold a double sided road of bus traffic, and their ideal location in respect to the site and the proximity of Oxford Street. The proposed route will run from Marble Arch turning into Cumberland Street, then Wigmore Street for the long Stretch where new bus stops will be implemented for access to Oxford Street. The route will then turn into Newman Street where in will be fed into an underground tunnel which diagonally crossed the site, where bus stops are implemented underground, under water tank for light dispersion from the aquarium. The route then goes back onto Oxford Street and follows its normal route into Tottenham Court Road and beyond into New Oxford Street.
OMPOSITES
Tube
Site
CURRENT BUS ROUTE
DIRECTION
SITE AND CONTEXT
Site Context Massing
Current Bus Route Road Network
Possible Diversion on Cumberland Place
Bus Route Flow from Marble Arch into Oxford Street
Bus Route Turning Into Newman Street Towards Site
Bus Route On Parallel Wigmore Street
Tube
Site
PROPOSED BUS ROUTE
ATTENTION ECONOMY
50
34
ON ECONOMY I DANIEL REYNOLDS
Site Context Massing
Pedestrianised Street Proposed Bus Route Road Network
PROPOSED BUS STATION ON SITE
SITE AND CONTEXT
51 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
Cyclist
Taxis
Motorbikes
SITE
NEW ROUTE
Buses
ATTENTION ECONOMY 52
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
53 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
4.0
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
ATTENTION ECONOMY
54
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL As my early interests were also related to aquariums and the therapeutic qualities of fish and water tanks, I decided to that the core of the project would be a hybridised program of aquarium and retail were both programs would complement each other.
HYBRID TYPOLOGY PROGRAM
OXFORD STREET ESCAPISM CENTRE
AQUARIUM
CLOTHING RETAIL
Naturalistic Display
High End Clothing Unit
Exhibit in which animals are presented in natural and semi natural surroundings, with the incorporation of elements and techniques to enhance the impression and experience of a natural setting.
High quality product as the result of a direct relationship with fashion designers and their newest line of clothing. This means a higher price range for the products, but with spacious displays conforming to the idea of owning a unique peice of clothing.
Image courtesy of www.ephemeralimpressions.blogspot.co.uk
Image courtesy of www.designscene.net
Ecologistic Display
Mainstream Clothing Unit
Exhibit in which the emphasis is on delivering environmental and conservational message, encouraging activism on behalf of visitors, as well as fulfilling visitors’ intellectuals curiosity with regard to the characteristics of the animals.
Affordable product sold in high volumes sold in chains such as Zara and Topman. Ability to hold and efficiently change a large stock of clothing range.
Image courtesy of www.freshaquarium.com
Image courtesy of www.thestylespy.com
Humanistic Display
Sports Clothing Unit
Exhibit in which animals are displayed in a way that allows visitors to express affection for them. This can be manifested in ray tanks where visitors can touch the animals, or where animals show interaction with trainers or the audience.
Professional Sports wear for swimming, cycling and general fitness. This unit is unique in that you are able to try on the product and testing in sporting conditions.
Image courtesy of www.news.neaq.org
Image courtesy of ww.thatsnotmyage.blogspot.co.uk
AUXILIARY SPACES
AUXILIARY SPACES
Reception/Tickets
Public WC
Maintenance + Filtration
Administration
Feeding Preparation
Staff
Administration
Deliveries
Medical Unit Public WC Staff Deliveries
HYBRID TYPOLOGY PROGRAM
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
55 DS13
BUS STATION
PUBLIC SPACE
Underground Bus Stops Towards West and East London
Zen Public Park A Zen public park will be offered as a calm retreat to tourist in the area and people working in the local offices around Tottenham Court Road, Fitzrovia and Oxford Street.
Waiting time is reduced by a traffic system of decongestion based on allocating individual lanes to each bus route. Users also benefit from seeing caustic effects from aquarium above. Image courtesy of www.rainydaymagazine.com
Image courtesy of Ebrahim Mahomed via www.flickr.com
Bus Depot + Maintenace
Public Atrium + Cafe
Every type of vehicle is allocated a lane in order to decongest the current traffic.
Large space used as a meeting point and interaction between all three programs with service offering visitors food and drink located in at in the middle of the centre.
Image courtesy of www.circleoflondon.blogspot.co.uk
Image courtesy of www.projectprojects.com
Bicycle Shelter Every type of vehicle is allocated a lane in order to decongest the current traffic.
Image courtesy of www.coroflot.com
AUXILIARY SPACES Deliveries Administration Staff
Spatial Connection Program Loop Aquarium Effects Retail Effects
DANIEL REYNOLDS
OXFORD STREET ESCAPISM CENTRE
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
INITIAL GROUND CONDITION
ATTENTION ECONOMY
56
As my early interests were also related to aquariums and the therapeutic qualities of fish and water tanks, I decided to that the core of the project would be a hybridised program of aquarium and retail were both programs would complement each other.
Delivery
RETAIL ZONE 1
Then the idea became to design a mutated form of the modern shopping centre which has replaced the traditional public space in town centers. The project challenges the current model of mainstream retail consumption which is purely driven towards manipulating and disorienting the consumer into the acquisition of goods. This current model is incredibly intensified, manifests intentionally confusing layouts and is often subject to overcrowding in peak times causing stress, discomfort and limits the public appeal to stay longer than needed. In opposition, the proposal conditions mental decompression, allowing the user’s stress and the pressures the congested site dynamics to be released in a controlled architectural stream in an attempt to redefine a sustainable public space infused with a program of retail, aquarium and public transport interchange. The initial concept for the organisation of the building was based on a system of layering in plan rings of building program around nodal points which would consits in public meeting spaces where the hybrid typology would interact.
Aquarium Tank Deep Sea
RETAIL ZONE 2 Public Atrium
Aquarium Tank Exotic Fish Pe
de
Bu
sS
str
ian
bu
Aquarium Tank Coral Reef
sp
ath
tat
ion
RETAIL ZONE 3
INITIAL GROUND CONDITION - LAYERED PLAN
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
57 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
Comunal Atrium Space
Inside Out Retail Space
LAYERING PROGRAMATIIC FORMATIONS AROUND NODES
Nodal Points of Public Space
Aquarium Center
Water Curated Water Curated Lobby Pedestrian bus
path
Interaction Aquarium Interaction withwith aquarBus Station
Bus Station
Circulation ExternalExternal circulation
Retail Outlets Retail Outlets
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
HORIZONTAL GROWTH
ATTENTION ECONOMY
58
Volumetric Coral Growth
Insertion of Floor Plates
HORIZONTAL GROWTH
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
59 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
Circulation In - Between Tanks
Aquarium Tanks
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
ELEVATED GROWTH
ATTENTION ECONOMY
60
Aquarium Tanks
Retail
Underground Bus Station
Aquarium Overhanging Entrance
ELEVATED GROWTH
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
61 DS13
Retail
Underground Bus Station
Aquarium Overhanging Entrance
DANIEL REYNOLDS
Aquarium Tanks
ATTENTION ECONOMY
62
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL VERTICAL PROPOSAL An initial design exercise looked at the potential to develop a high rise on the site, in order to lift pedestrian traffic off the ground and allow for viewing platforms. However, within the conservation area this would be a drastic move which would meet a lot of opposition and cause overshadowing issues to the North side of the site. I decided against this move, and instead started to look at a more horizontal project which would keep with original skyline of the site and existing height of the building.
INITIAL VERTICAL CONCEPT
INITIAL VERTICAL CONCEPT
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
63 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
ATTENTION ECONOMY
64
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL HORIZONTAL PROPOSAL A Horizontal proposal is more suited for the site and the program it contain as it involves many circulation spaces for circulation. The building can still be raised of the ground and have the experiential quality of vertical movement through the curration of elevators moving through aquarium and water tanks. The proposal develops a thesis around the layering of circulation spaces in between aquaria and retail programs of the building.
AQUA-SHOPPING TYPOLOGY
AQUA-SHOPPING TYPOLOGY
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
65 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
AQUARIUM PROGRAM SHOPPING STREET
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
SHOPPING CENTRE TYPOLOGY
ATTENTION ECONOMY
66
WATER CO NTA
INEMENT / ATRIUM
AQUARIUM TYPOLOGY
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
67 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
INFORMA TIVE ARTWOR K
ATTENTION ECONOMY
68
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
AQUA-SHOPPING TYPOLOGY
AQUA-SHOPPING TYPOLOGY
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
69 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
CONCEPT PLAN - CROSSRAIL PROXIMITY
ATTENTION ECONOMY
70
PROXIMITY TO UNDERGROUND AND CROSSRAIL NETWORKS By studying the local infrastructure, it has been discovered that the CROSSRAIL development sits just opposite that sire. The Scheme will have entrances on oxford street opposite Newman street just across the site. This enables the possibility of connection with this transport network as well as tube station access to the central line which runs under oxford street. The Access to such facilities would be accessed from the centre of the site, which would be connected via underground tunnels. The centre of the site would connect bus, tube and Crossrail networks acting as a transit node sorting out all hectic pedestrian traffic into a controlled and distributed flow.
delivery
ZEN SPACE RETAIL
ZEN SPACE AQUARIUM
Bus Route
ZEN SPACE CORE
Bus Route
Aquarium Entrance tourists
er
helt
eS Bik Public Park
Retail Entrance
Park Users
Tunnel Connecting to Public transport = Aquarium Users
Street Frontage= Retail shoppers
Variable Aquarium/Retail Ratio The amount of Aquaria and Retail program can be adapted to defferent scenrios related to design fiction. This is done by adjusting the parametric adaptability in size of the Aquarium Tanks in relation to Retail Luminosity requirements Variable Facade Opacity The faรงade would of the building would help attract retail shoppers on Oxford Street and tourist on site by revealing part of its aquarium and retail spaces through a controlled opacity on the building skin.
CENTRAL LINE
CROSSRAIL
TRANSPARENCY CONCEPT
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
71 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
Opaque Facade
RETAIL AQUARIUM
Transparent Facade
ATTENTION ECONOMY
72
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
TRANSLUCENCY TESTS
CONCEPT MASSING
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
73 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
ATTENTION ECONOMY
74
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL A central atrium seamlessly incorporates water into the design of the building. Moving away from aquariums as small, rectangular glass boxes that contain a few different fish, we can start to extend your aquarium design into the rest of the building. The aquarium twists through retail spaces and acts as a wall. Alternatively, you could incorporate the aesthetic of ocean life into your home with blue-green walls, water-colored light fixtures that cast your living spaces in an aquatic hue, or pools and basins that compliment your aquarium. In short, your aquarium is only as limited as your imagination.
CONCEPT ATRIUM MASSING
CONCEPT ATRIUM MASSING
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
This central space would be the most relaxing space of the centre where calm and zen atmosphere are primary effects for the users to enjoy.
75
ATTENTION ECONOMY
76
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL A model consisting in a 360 degree jig was developped in order to test the structural qualities of pleated armature on the surface of fabric in the form of a cylinder. different formations were created with lighting effects in mind. As the fabric was then coated with resin, the resulting material was semi transparent and could diffuse light. Therefore, the structural qualities of the fabric were balanced with atmospheric preferences for the the atrium. The form finding exercise proved used as it was possible to assume the lighting and structural efficiency of a similar form on a digital model which is parametrically controlled to suit the massing on site and react accoring to incident sunlight for mximising the potential of natural illumination and thermal mass gained in the water tanks contained behing the structural atrium.
ATRIUM PLEATED FORMATIONS
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0
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ATRIUM PLEATED FORMATIONS
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
60 cm
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10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10 cm
-10 cm
-10 cm
-10 cm
-10 cm
-10 cm
-10 cm
-10 cm
-10 cm
-10 cm
-20 cm
-20 cm
-20 cm
-20 cm
-20 cm
-20 cm
-20 cm
-20 cm
-20 cm
-20 cm
-30 cm
-30 cm
-30 cm
-30 cm
-30 cm
-30 cm
-30 cm
-30 cm
-30 cm
-30 cm
-40 cm
-40 cm
-40 cm
-40 cm
-40 cm
-40 cm
-40 cm
-40 cm
-40 cm
-40 cm
-50 cm
-50 cm
-50 cm
-50 cm
-50 cm
-50 cm
-50 cm
-50 cm
-50 cm
-50 cm
-60 cm
-60 cm
-60 cm
-60 cm
-60 cm
-60 cm
-60 cm
-60 cm
-60 cm
-60 cm
DANIEL REYNOLDS
30 cm
20 cm
DS13
60 cm
77
ATTENTION ECONOMY
78
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
ATRIUM PLEATED FORMATIONS
60 cm
60 cm
50 cm
50 cm
40 cm
40 cm
30 cm
30 cm
20 cm
20 cm
10 cm
10 cm
0
0
-10 cm
-10 cm
-20 cm
-20 cm
-30 cm
-30 cm
-40 cm
-40 cm
-50 cm
-50 cm
-60 cm
-60 cm
ATRIUM PLEATED FORMATIONS
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
79 DS13
60 cm
50 cm
50 cm
40 cm
40 cm
30 cm
30 cm
20 cm
20 cm
10 cm
10 cm
0
0
-10 cm
-10 cm
-20 cm
-20 cm
-30 cm
-30 cm
-40 cm
-40 cm
-50 cm
-50 cm
-60 cm
-60 cm
DANIEL REYNOLDS
60 cm
ATTENTION ECONOMY
80
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL FABRIC BEFORE RESIN APPLICATION
ATRIUM PLEATED FORMATIONS
ATRIUM PLEATED FORMATIONS
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
DS13
FABRIC AFTER RESIN APPLICATION
81
DANIEL REYNOLDS
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
ATRIUM PLEATED FORMATIONS
PROGRAM ORGANISATION ON SITE
ACCESSIBLE PUBLIC ATRIUM CYLINDER VOLUME
ATTENTION ECONOMY
82
STRUCTURAL PLEATING
ORIGINAL OUTLINE
STRUCTURAL PLEATING
AQUA RETAIL ZONE 03 Mainstream Retail + Large Aquarium Tanks PUBLIC ACCESS TO ZEN ATRIUM [TRANSITION TOWARDS OXFORD STREET]
PUBLIC ACCESS TO ZEN ATRIUM [ESCAPE FROM OXFORD STREET]
AQUA RETAIL ZONE 01 Small boutiques + Tactile Aquarium Display
CENTRAL ZEN ATRIUM
AQUA RETAIL ZONE 02 High End Spacious Retail + Medium Size Aquarium Tanks [Coral Reff / Jelly Fish Display]
PUBLIC ACCESS TO ZEN ATRIUM [ESCAPE FROM OXFORD STREET]
ARTICULATION FOR UNDERGROUND BUS STATION
ARTICULATION FOR GROUND LEVEL ATRIUM ZEN SPACE
ARTICULATION FOR ROOF LEVEL RAINWATER COLLECTION
WATER CAPTURE AND BIFURCATION IN PLEATED GROVES
UNDERGROUND BUS STATION
PUBLIC ZEN ATRIUM
WATER FILTRATION + STORAGE/REDISTRIBUTION LEVEL
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
STRAIGHT VERTICAL PLEATED ATRIUM
BOTTOM TAPER [ LESS ATRIUM FLOOR SPACE/MORE SKY ]
TOP TAPER [ MORE ATRIUM FLOOR SPACE/LESS SKY/MORE TANKS ]
ARTICULATED MASSING WITH STRAIGHT ATRIUM
ARTICULATED MASSING WITH BOTTOM TAPERED ATRIUM
ARTICULATED MASSING WITH TOP TAPERED ATRIUM
83 DS13
ATRIUM PLEATED FORMATIONS
MEDIUM HEIGHT EAST BLOCK
LOWER SOUTH BLOCK
MEDIUM HEIGHT EAST BLOCK
LOWER SOUTH BLOCK
MEDIUM HEIGHT EAST BLOCK
DANIEL REYNOLDS
LOWER SOUTH BLOCK
ATTENTION ECONOMY
84
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL The Massing Study Proposes to lift the building off the ground in order to allow pedestrian movement across the site and link up small passage-ways which are commonly used as an alternative to walking along the busy Oxford Street. The building formation is organised so as the entrances to the retail centre and the aquarium face their respective pedestrian movement from Oxford Street.
MASSING STUDIES
PASSAGE-WAY LINKS ACCROSS SITE
BUS ROUTE ENTRANCE
TOURIST GATHERING
RETAIL GATHERING
R
HELTE
BIKE S
TOURISTS
E RONTAG STREET F D R S O R F E X M O SU AIL CON FOR RET
RETAIL
MERS
CONSU
IL
ROSSRA
UND + C
RO UNDERG
MASSING STUDIES
DANIEL REYNOLDS
The decompression chamber acts as a catalyst for the relaxation of visitor’s on the site. It consists of a pleated vertical atrium which support a wall of water. This water wall is part of the aquarium program, however visibility of aquaria exhibition from whithin the chamber is controled via pleating at a smaller scale localy. The Chamber also channels water from the roof down to an underground tank for waste water use in the WC network, and can be treated for top up water in the aquarium tanks. The process of collection is also used to highten the experience of the visitor seeking calm and refuge in the chamber. Movement is seen on the surface of the chamber as water trickles its way down when it is raining, reinforcing the experience of a being surrounded by water.
85 DS13
Decompression Chamber
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
ATTENTION ECONOMY
86
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
MASSING STUDIES
Retail Atriums
Floor Plates Arranged According to Program
Retail Program
Typical Floor Plan of Inner Retail and Outer Aquarium
Aquarium Program
Aquarium
Bus
Retail
Aquarium
Retail
Decompression Chamber
Retail Program
Aquarium Program
Cafes + Access to 1st Floors
Aquarium and Retail Programatic Volumes
MASSING STUDIES
Large Aquarium Tanks
Cafes
Sunken Plazzas
Rain Water Collection + Effects in Chamber
Rain Water Collection Roof
Skin for Rain Water Run-Off
Water Trickling on Surface
Water Collection Tank
Vertical Circulation Through Aquarium Tanks
Bus Entrance
Elevator In Aquarium Tanks
Bus Stop
Underground Bus Station
Connection to Cross Rail
DANIEL REYNOLDS
Skin for Water Run-Off
87 DS13
Raised Ground Floor for Open Circulation + Cafes
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
ATTENTION ECONOMY
88
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
Elevators in Aquarium Tanks
Decompression Chamber
Rain Water Collection Tank
Bus Station
MASSING STUDIES
MASSING STUDIES
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
89 DS13
Sunken Piazza for Cafes
Oxford Street Frontrage
Zen Chamber
Rain Water Collection Tank
Bus Station
DANIEL REYNOLDS
Elevators in Aquarium Tanks
ATTENTION ECONOMY
90
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
CONTROLLED TRANSPARENCY ON BUILDING FACADE THROUGH PLEATING
OXFORD STREET FRONTAGE
VERTICAL ELEVATOR SHAFTS WEAVED THROUGH AQUARIUM TANKS GIVE THE SENSATION OF FREEDOM IN CIRCULATION LIBERATED FROM THE GROUND PLANE
WATER REFRACTION EFFECTS
WATER CHANNELLING THROUGH ARTICULATION OF ROOF
ROOF LIGHT FOR RETAIIL ATRIUM
MASSING STUDIES
MASSING STUDIES
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
91 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
ATTENTION ECONOMY
92
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL MASSING CONCEPT The building organizes itself around a central atrium which acts simultaneous as a public Zen aquarium, structural support for the building along with the vertical stacking aquarium tanks and, rain water collection device, which not only uses collected rain for recycling but also for experiential effect running off glass walls. Three zones of layered shopping an retail space are organize around this central atrium using it as structural support, and are articulated according to orientation for maximizing solar gain which can be store as thermal mass in water tanks in winter, and used as a cooling device in summer.
MASSING STUDIES
MASSING STUDIES
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
93 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
ATTENTION ECONOMY
94
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL The primary structure of the building comprises of a steel structure onthe outside face of the buidling which wraps around and connects to a structural central atrium. The original intention for the skin wrapping around the central volume was to be comprised of strips flowing up and down according to where structural support was needed. The lower part is elevated in order to allow lower pedestrian movement on an open site, under an elevated building.
ORIGINAL STRUCTURAL CONCEPT
ADAPTED STRUCTURAL CONCEPT
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
In order to apply the pallette of transparent and opaque cladding on these strips required a rethink of the tesselation in order to adhere to the concept and be tailored to the structure, as aoposed to trying to fit a geometry onto a surface. One such case has happened on the Guangzhou Opera House by ZHA, where they had a volume and which was specified a triangulation for lightweigh concrete panels. The contractor which was responsible for detail the triangulation found it difficult to fit the geometry in order to that it was seemless and fitted perfectly, ending up in noticeable poor detailing. Therefore by applied the diagrid to the structure (macro level), the cladding individual tiles (micro level) can be detailed efficientyly with less margin for mistakes. Furthermore, extra bracing was added at nodal points in order to make the improve the overall strenght require in a building holding such large volumes of water.
95
ATTENTION ECONOMY
96
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
CURVATURE ANALYSIS
For the purposes of fabrication and tile transportation, it is far more easier, cost effective and efficient to have as many flat panels as possible. In some locations on the skin this is impossible as the angles invold are too high. However best efforts will be made to minimize the amount of curved panels. One way to achieve this, is by carrying out a curvature analysis of the building surface in order to see where the problematic areas are. A first system used for analysis the curvature of specific tiles used the radius of curvature at the center of the panel (r) to approximate the detection (d) over an average length (L) The symmetry of the system means it cannot produce accurate results for irregularly shaped panels. This was developed further uses a bounding box with a local (aligned) coordinate system to evaluate the detection of a panel (d) using the depth of the box. This system accounts for irregularly shaped panels. The curvature is determined as an average at the centre of the surface of each divided panel, increasing the speed it takes to measure the curvature of inidividual panels (which amounted to over 250 on this small section).
Curvature Analysis: Alternative Systems
System 1.
Curvature Analysis: Alternative Systems
uses the radius of curvature at the center of the panel (r) to approximate the deflection (d) over an average length (L)
System 1.
The symmetry of the system means it cannot uses the radius of curvature at the center of the produce accurate results for irregularly shaped panel (r) to approximate the deflection (d) over an panels average length (L)
r
r
The symmetry of the system means it cannot produce accurate results for irregularly shaped panels
d L
System 2. Uses a bounding box with a local System 2. to evaluate (aligned) coordinate system the deflection of a panel (d) using the a local Uses a bounding box with depth of the box. (aligned) coordinate system to evaluate
d
L
the deflection of a panel (d) using the
depth of the box. This system accounts for irregularly shaped panels but cannot give any This system accounts for irregularly information on shaped curvature radii panels but cannot give any information on curvature radii
d
d
FRACTAL PATTERN
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL
AA
A
AAA
A AA AAA
DANIEL REYNOLDS
AAA AA A A
DS13
A pattern based on the fractal system of duplicating the sizes of panel in between categories of curvature is adopted. In terms of design, larger panels can be applied to where suits best environementally. The layout of the building can be slightly modified so as to fit as many flat panels as possibe on the facade as the main concern is with fitting them on transportation vehicles.
97
ATTENTION ECONOMY
98
EVOLUTION OF THE PROPOSAL The Diagrid Subdivion of the panels allows for localised grouping of the same type, where we can start to specify the type of tranparency/opacity required, responding to programatic needs and environmental concerns such as light penetration and air circulation (made possible via small perforations on the underside of the pleated surfaces.)
Localised Semi-Transparent Surface Subdivision Localised Opaque Surface Subdivision
PROGRAM VISIBILITY
APPENDIX
99 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
5.0
APPENDIX
ATTENTION ECONOMY
100
APPENDIX
HANGING TANKS
HANGING TANKS
APPENDIX
DS13
Aquarium Tanks
101
DANIEL REYNOLDS
Curated Circulation
ATTENTION ECONOMY
102
APPENDIX
VEHICLE TYPES
Large Turning Circle LANE 5 - Bendy Bus
Distribution According to Curvature and vehicle Length
LANE 4 - Standard Stop LANE 3 - Terminal
Towards West London
Towards East London
s
erie
Deliv
Deliv
erie
us
dy B
LANE 2 - Taxis
19.19m
Ben
dy B
ker
ec le D
Dou
b
Dou
3.14m
ble
i
Tax
LANE 1 - Bicycles
s
Ben
us
Dec
ker
Tax
i
s
Bike
Bike
s
2.53m
3.14m 12.24m
2.55m
Rethinking the Bus Stop
Flag/Bus Sign
Shelter
Information
Map
Seating
Advertisement
4.35m
10.03m
2.49m
4.35m
11.25m
2.54m
Aquarium
Small Turning Circle
1.69m
1.74m 0.32m
UNDERGROUND BUS STATION
APPENDIX
103 SITE
Bus Station Grid
Overhead Aquarium
Slope to underground = 1:12 m
TOWARDS WEST LONDON Deliveries Bendy Bus Stop Double Dekker Bus Stop Taxi Stop
TOWARDS EAST LONDON Station Lobby Double Dekker Bus Stop Bendy Bus Stop Deliveries
Water Features Public Park Bike Shed/Parking
Building Ground Footprint
DANIEL REYNOLDS
50 m slope to underground bus station
DS13
SITE
ATTENTION ECONOMY
104
APPENDIX
METABALL EXPLORATION TWO DIMENTIONAL
PRESSURE POINTS
METABALL EXPLORATION THREE DIMENTIONAL
APPENDIX
105 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
ATTENTION ECONOMY
106
APPENDIX
PLEAT FORMATIONS
PLEATING AND CONTAINING VOLUMES OF WATER Digital and physical test where made to see how weight would form creases acting as pleated armatures making the surfaces of the surface structural. This was developed further by physically and digitally testing the potential strength and light affects made on a cylindrical volume Maximum Creasing Before Fabric Tear
Volume of Large Weight Placed on Tensile Fabric Membrane
Volume of Small Weight Placed on Tensile Fabric Membrane
Tensile Fabric Membrane
PLEAT FORMATIONS
APPENDIX
107 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
ATTENTION ECONOMY
108
APPENDIX
PLEAT FORMATIONS
PLEAT FORMATIONS
APPENDIX
109 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
ATTENTION ECONOMY
110
APPENDIX
STRETCHED FABRIC
There are issues with fabric and resin. It was hard to know how much to stretch fabric to maintain the same shapes and geometries. Fabric can only take so much weight while I am are pouring resin. It limits the size and pouring resin on strecthed fabric means that it goes everywhere as it is very liquid Once I stretched fabric started applying resin, fabric deformed. When stretched, I didn’t want shape to change.
and the it is the
I therefore made an adjutable jig a cylinder volume instead of a surface in order to better control the amout of pleating and measure the effects of pleating creating by the means of a backlight which would reveal where tranparency is occuring
STRETCHED FABRIC
APPENDIX
111 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
ATTENTION ECONOMY
112
APPENDIX
PLEAT FORMATIONS
Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = 0
Single Pleat Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = -1.1
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = -1
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = -1
Offset Y = -1.1
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Single Pleat with Lateral Offset 1 Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 1.5
Offset Y = 1 Offset Y = 1.5
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = -1
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = -1.5
Offset Y = 1
Offset Y = -1.5
Offset Y = -1
Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = 0
Single Pleat with Lateral Offset 2 Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 1.5
Offset Y = 1.5 Offset Y = 1.5
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = -1
Offset Y = 1.5
Offset Y = -1.5
Offset Y = -1.5
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = -1
Offset Y = -1.5
Offset Y = -1
Offset Y = -1.5
Offset Y = -1
Single Pleat_Bifurcation (Offset 3) Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = 0
Double Pleat
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 2 Offset Y = 2
Offset Y = 1.5
Offset Y = 1.5
Offset Y = 1.5
Offset Y = 2
Offset Y = 0 Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 2
Offset Y = -1
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 1.5
Offset Y = -1.5
Offset Y = -1
Offset Y = -1 Offset Y = -1
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = -1
Offset Y = -1 Offset Y = -1 Offset Y = -1 Offset Y = -1
Double Pleat with Lateral Offset 1
Offset Y = -1 Offset Y = -1.5
PLEAT FORMATIONS
Offset Y = 1
Offset Y = 2.7
Offset Y = 2.7
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = 0
Offset Y = -3
Offset Y = -3
Offset Y = -2 Offset Y = -2 Offset Y = -2 Offset Y = -2
DANIEL REYNOLDS
Through this physical and digital testing, it became apparent that what was happening in the script I had developed to mimic pleating was not what was happening in reality. The physical tests where made by pinning down specific points of the fabric in order to make it rise up from the ground plane. the closer the point are together, the higher the pleat would be. However, as this physical exercise consited in moving limited a number of points, the fluidity of the pleat over the whole length of the fabric was interupted and did not corespond to the fluid motion I was looking for as the pleats were not aesthetically pleasing and the diffrence in pleating was to sharp giving a stagered effect as opposed to a smooth gradient where two different pleating variations smoothly merge into one another.
113 DS13
Offset Y = 1
APPENDIX
ATTENTION ECONOMY
114
APPENDIX PLEATING/FOLDING MENT
PLEAT FORMATIONS
DEVELOP-
PLEAT [noun] a fold of definite, even width made by doubling cloth or the like upon itself and pressing or stitching it in place. FOLD [verb] to bend (cloth, paper, etc.) over upon itself.
Ceiling
The internal arrangement of fabrics, as woven assemblies of fibres, means that they are able to self-organise as particular fold formations in relation to local manipulations with a high capacity for geometrical and topological differentiation. A fold on a piece of fabric can be defined as a set of parameters of displacement in relation to geometric features such as height, length and orientation. Specific results are achieved by displacing strategic points on the surface, creating folds as a result of the self-organising tendencies of the fabric. The pleating can interact with light either as reflective or absorbent surface depending on a series of parameters such as depth and density of pleats, bundling and surface curvature, producing a range of performative effects from direct and reflected to diffused lighting conditions. In ordet to understand the behaviour of fabric pleating I decided to proceed with some initial tests both digitally and physically.
Roof
PLEAT FORMATIONS
APPENDIX
Tactile External Skin
HORIZONTAL ARRANGEMENT
DANIEL REYNOLDS
Tactile Internal Wall
DS13
Through this physical and digital testing, it became apparent that what was happening in the script I had developed to mimic pleating was not what was happening in reality. The physical tests where made by pinning down specific points of the fabric in order to make it rise up from the ground plane. the closer the point are together, the higher the pleat would be. However, as this physical exercise consited in moving limited a number of points, the fluidity of the pleat over the whole length of the fabric was interupted and did not corespond to the fluid motion I was looking for as the pleats were not aesthetically pleasing and the diffrence in pleating was to sharp giving a stagered effect as opposed to a smooth gradient where two different pleating variations smoothly merge into one another.
115
ATTENTION ECONOMY
116
APPENDIX In attempt to understand better how I could achieve a pleating that would reflect better the smooth digital one, I developed a larger model where the pleating was adjustable by moving tension a greater number of clipping points on a curved jig, mimicking a curve surface. Different pleating patterns were tested out. Although these patterns were intersting in their own right, the were still not the smooth result I was looking for, and there was not much parametric data I could extract from them.
PLEAT FORMATIONS
PLEAT FORMATIONS
APPENDIX
DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
None the less, this model was useful as I started to see these pleted patterns as facade cladding which could be applied internally as ceilling and wall panels, and externally roof and facade panels which could be performative and tactile.
117
APPENDIX
PLEAT FORMATIONS
ATTENTION ECONOMY
118
SOLIDIFICATION OF FABRIC
JIG 50 % FULL
JIG 100% FULL
PLEAT FORMATIONS
APPENDIX
119 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS
JIG FAILURE - SAGGING
DRIED CONCRETE IN JIG
FINAL CONCRETE TILE
ATTENTION ECONOMY
120
APPENDIX
PLEAT FORMATIONS
Pedestrianisation: Pedestrians hugely outnumber all other street users, yet the crowds are subordinated vehicular traffic which is dangerous and has resulted in many pedestrian casualties. Buses are high polluters. Buses soak up the suppressed demand for cycling. In
the
age
of
internet
sho
PLEAT FORMATIONS
APPENDIX
121 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS