PLEATED COMPOSITES - Final Proposal by Daniel Reynolds

DANIEL REYNOLDS

PLEATED COMPOSITES DS13 I 2012-2013 I ATTENTION ECONOMY UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT DESIGN TUTORS: ANDREI MARTIN ANDREW YAU

DANIEL REYNOLDS I PLEATED COMPOSITES BOOK 03 I DS13 I 2012-2013 I ATTENTION ECONOMY

The proposal conditions mental decompression, allowing the user’s stress and the pressures the congested site dynamics to be released in a controlled architectural stream in an attempt to redefine a sustainable public space infused with a program of retail, aquarium and public transport interchange. The hybrid program shares a central relaxation space called “the decompression chamber”. Here, the Atrium as a meme is appropriated and transformed into a performative space which conditions relaxation. Furthermore, the idea of the aquarium display and the idea of the window display become the same meme under the name “tank”. The tank is used as a mediator between the retail and shopping experience, conditioning fluidity and relaxation throughout the building.

DS13 I 2012-2013 I ATTENTION ECONOMY

PLEATED COMPOSITES AQUARIUM + RETAIL THERAPY ON OXFORD STREET, LONDON

BOOK 03 - FINAL PROPOSAL DANIEL REYNOLDS

ATTENTION ECONOMY 2

DS13

DANIEL REYNOLDS

CONTENTS 0.0

CONTENTS

5 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

1.0 - ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... p.7 - 10 2.0 - FINAL DRAWINGS ........................................................................................................................................ p.25 - 41 3.0 - VISUALISATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... p.25 - 40 4.0 - FACADE SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................................... p.41 - 58 5.0 - APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................................................... p.59 - 73

ATTENTION ECONOMY 6

ABSTRACT

7 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

1.0

ABSTRACT

ATTENTION ECONOMY

ABSTRACT

PLEATED COMPOSITES

[mass consumption vs. retreat] 1. Hypothesis At its core, the project is a mutated form of the modern shopping centre which has replaced the traditional public space in town centers. The project challenges the current model of mainstream retail consumption which is purely driven towards manipulating and disorienting the consumer into the acquisition of goods. This current model is incredibly intensified, manifests intentionally confusing layouts and is often subject to overcrowding in peak times causing stress, discomfort and limits the public appeal to stay longer than needed. In opposition, the proposal conditions mental decompression, allowing the user’s stress and the pressures the congested site dynamics to be released in a controlled architectural stream in an attempt to redefine a sustainable public space infused with a program of retail, aquarium and public transport interchange. The hybrid program shares a central relaxation space called “the decompression chamber”. Here, the Atrium as a meme is appropriated and transformed into a performative space which conditions relaxation. Furthermore, the idea of the aquarium display and the idea of the window display become the same meme under the name “tank”. The tank is used as a mediator between the retail and shopping experience, conditioning fluidity and relaxation throughout the building. 2. Methodology The building improves the local environment as it sits within a masterplan of pedestrianisation of Oxford Street. The building effectively diverts the pedestrian and infra¬structural dynamics off Oxford Street on to the site, and disperses them through the program in order to relieve them from the current state of congestion. On an infrastructural level, the building integrates passages to the Underground + Crossrail network and incorporates deviated bus routes. The building is elevated of the ground in order to make the site fully open and accessi ble encouraging pedestrian flows between smaller backstreets and Oxford Street itself supporting the idea of escaping the crowds. The building is supported at 3 localized pressure points where the vertical circulation happens, corresponding to the locations where the building touches the ground. The essential concept of the building is that it pulls you into another world - a world where things seem to float in the air, including yourself. This is a pro¬gressive transition from congested to open, from hectic to calm and from noisy to peaceful. 3. Design Criteria To encourage the crossover between the aquarium and the retail spaces, a gradient of opacity is applied to the programmatic division. Instead of a retail program which is completely internalized and has no visual connection to the exterior, the building proposes a controlled visual connection to the outside environment through water tanks of varying translucency, so the user is not completely disoriented, nor distracted by external views. Merchandise and Aquaria displays are oriented both towards the street as well as to the interior of the centre. The window display is becomes a static plane, but an activated three dimensional construct. In specific zones designated to housing cafes and other public spaces inside the shopping program, the user will be able to have a glimpse into the aquarium displays, instigating curiosity, leaving the user want to go and pay for a ticket and go round the aquarium itself. Similarly, tourists are drawn out of the aquarium into the public spaces of the shopping centre where they are encouraged to have a drink or go for some retail therapy. The climax of the experience for all programs is the decompression chamber, which induces calm and meditation through its tall water wall and the trickling of water channeled down from the roof. The air is refreshed and noise is cut out, with many seating/lounging opportunities inducing a sense of tranquility. 4. Expected Outcome The project will bring more capital, public life and vibrancy to the West End of London in a controlled manner. With the finalization of the Crossrail network in a few years, the site will become a highly dense area with many foreseable problems concerning pedestrian capacity and comfort levels inducing high stress levels. The building will address these issues by re-orienting the one dimensional use of retail use of oxford street onto the site, and enlarge the window of time tourist activities and restoration are available. The building will provide a valuable model for a new type of consumption which promotes tranquility and intrigue, which in turn will be a catalyst for a new marketing strategy and sustainable capitalism. The consumer/users will abide by a new cultural phenomenon where relaxation and meditation are associated with retail therapy and consits in the basis of neo public space. This public spaces is where you come to escape your hectic busy city lives.

PLEATED COMPOSITES

ABSTRACT

9 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

RETAIL PROGRAM

AQUARIUM PROGRAM

ATTENTION ECONOMY 10

FINAL DRAWINGS

11 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

2.0

FINAL DRAWINGS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

ATTENTION ECONOMY

U RO RG DE UN S BU ND SS CE AC

LEGEND SPACES 01 - OXFORD STREET ENTRANCE 02 - PUBLIC ATRIUM / ZEN SPACE

03 - SHOPPING ENTRANCE / ATRIUM SEATING

04 - AQUARIUM ENTRANCE / ATRIUM SEATING

Bus tion

RIA ST

Sta

05 - SHOPPING ENTRANCE / ATRIUM SEATING

anc

NIS

Entr

06 - WC

B TH RA

07 - CAFE

02 Bus St

08 - RESTAURATION

EST

PED

ation En

trance

09 - SERVICE LIFT SHOPPING

tio

tra

NIS

RIA

10 - CAFE

11 - AQUARIUM TICKETS

EET

STR

12 - SERVICE LIFT AQUARIUM 13 - RESTAURATION PEDESTRIAN FLOWS BUS STATION USERS 01

ZEN SPACE USERS [OASIS SEEKERS]

EET

D STR

OXFOR

RETAIL CONSUMERS + AQUARIUM VISITORS

NISED

TRIA PEDES

S ACCESS

ROUND BU

UNDERG

CROSSRAIL + UNDERGROUND CONNECTION

SRAIL

CROS

0m 5m

50 m

10 m 25 m

100 m

TYPICAL CONNECTING LEVEL PLAN

FINAL DRAWINGS

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AA 08

A ef Re ral Co

qu ariu m k Tan

07 k

uarium Tan

Tropical Aq

BB Retail Lift

Aquarium Lift

Fresh Water Display

05 Retail Lift

Large Fish Aquarium Tank

Void

Deep Sea Display

SPACES k

01 - HIGH END APPAREL elly

h Fis

riu

Tan

Aquarium Lift Retail Lift

02 - SPORTS CLOTHING 03 - MMAINSTREAM CLOTHING 04 - STOCK + SERVICES 03

05 - RETAIL OFFICE 06 - STORAGE

07 - START/END OF AQUARIUM DISPLAY 08 - AQUARIUM SERVICES 09 - ENVIRONMENTAL DISPLAY PEDESTRIAN FLOWS AQUARIUM VISITOR 09

RETAIL CONSUMER

1m 0m

10 m 5m

50 m 25 m

100 m

FINAL DRAWINGS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

ATTENTION ECONOMY

BB und

t Bo

Eas

Bus

Sto

06 01 02

03 ards Tow ssrail Cro

W es

t Wes

top

us S

nd B

Bou

SPACES 01 - BUS STATION LOBBY 02 - TICKETS

03 - PUBLIC WC’S 04 - EMERGENCY MECHANIC 05 - DELIVERIES 06 -RETAIL DELIVERY / SERVICING 07 - OFFICE 08 - AQUARIUM DELIVERY / SERVICING PEDESTRIAN FLOWS UPPER GROUND LEVEL

SS CE

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E AC PL NE

O HB AT

ISE IAN

TR ES

D PE

ED NIS RIA EST PED

AN WM NE

EET STR

100 m 25 m 5m 0m

50 m 10 m 1m

DANIEL REYNOLDS

15 FINAL DRAWINGS TYPICAL CONNECTING LEVEL PLAN

-02

-03

-04

UNDERGROUND BUS STATION

PUBLIC ATRIUM + CAFES

CROSSRAIL LINK

AQUARIUM + RETAIL

WATER TREAMENT + OFFICES

ATTENTION ECONOMY 16 FINAL DRAWINGS SECTION A-A

-01

-05

FINAL DRAWINGS

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DESIGN FICTION

AQUARIUM + RETAIL

PUBLIC ATRIUM + CAFES

OXFORD STREET

UNDERGROUND BUS STATION

BUS STATION TUNNEL ACCESS

CROSSRAIL LINK

-01

WATER TREAMENT + OFFICES

TUNNEL TO CROSSRAIL + TFL

CENTRAL LINE 1m

-03

-04

50 m

10 m

-02

-05

25 m

100 m

FINAL DRAWINGS

PLEATED

COMPOSITES

SECTION B-B

AQUARIUM + RETAIL

UNDERGROUND BUS STATION

18 20

UNDERGROUND BUS STATION

PUBLIC ATRIUM + CAFES

-03

-04

WATER TREAMENT + OFFICES

-02

CROSSRAIL LINK

-01

CROSSRAIL LINK

-01

WATER TREAMENT + OFFICES

DANIEL REYNOLDS

DS13 12|13

ATTENTION

ECONOMY |

MASS CONSUMPTION VS RETREAT

ATTENTION ECONOMY

-05

-02

-03

-04

-05

21 1m

01 - PUBLIC ATRIUM 02 - SHARK / LARGE FISH AQUARIUM TANK 03 - RETAIL SHOPPING ATRIUM 04 - JELLY FISH DISPLAY 05 - LIGHT WELL 06 - RETAIL ZONE 07 - AUQUARIUM 08 - BUS STATION 09 - CROSSRAIL TUNNEL LINKS 10 - WEST BOUND BUS STOP 11 - EAST BOUND BUS STOP 12 - VIP DROP OFF ZONE 13 - WATER TREATMENT 14 - BUS TREATMENT 15 - AQUARIUM SERVICE LIFT 16 - CAFE SPACE 17 - LIFT [ WITH VIEW OF AQUARIUM] 18 - AQUARIUM TUNNEL 19 - ROOF WATER COLLECTION 20 - SUNKEN ACCESS TO BUS STATION 21 - WATER COLLECTION TANK

50 m

10 m 5m

25 m

100 m

DESIGN FICTION

FINAL DRAWINGS

19 DS13

SCHOOL ARRIVES BY BUS AT UNDERGROUND STATION

VIP [RIHANNA] ARRIVES AT CENTRE VIA UNDERGROUND ACCESS

The underground tunnels allow for deliveries and VIP access to the building at different docking stations around the central bus station node. The VIP car drop off also receives caustic light from above aquariums, synbol of the experince of the building.

AN INNER LAYER OF RETAIL RECEIVES LIGHTING AND WATER EFFECTS FROM AQUARIUM THROUGH SEMI TRANSPARENT WALLS

VIP Rihanna enjoying relaxed shopping

Students enjoying aquarium

DANIEL REYNOLDS

The bus stops receive water effects from the vertically stacked aquarium tanks above as to enhance the experience of arrival and entertain while people are waiting for their bus.

ATTENTION ECONOMY

FINAL DRAWINGS

ATRIUM PLEATED FORMATIONS

The building is organized around a central atrium which acts simultaneous as a public Zen aquarium, structural support for the building along with the vertical stacking aquarium tanks and, rain water collection device, which not only uses collected rain for recycling but also for experiential effect running off glass walls. PROGRAM ORGANISATION ON SITE

ACCESSIBLE PUBLIC ATRIUM CYLINDER VOLUME

STRUCTURAL PLEATING

ORIGINAL OUTLINE

STRUCTURAL PLEATING

AQUA RETAIL ZONE 03 Mainstream Retail + Large Aquarium Tanks PUBLIC ACCESS TO ZEN ATRIUM [TRANSITION TOWARDS OXFORD STREET]

PUBLIC ACCESS TO ZEN ATRIUM [ESCAPE FROM OXFORD STREET]

AQUA RETAIL ZONE 01 Small boutiques + Tactile Aquarium Display

CENTRAL ZEN ATRIUM

AQUA RETAIL ZONE 02 High End Spacious Retail + Medium Size Aquarium Tanks [Coral Reff / Jelly Fish Display]

PUBLIC ACCESS TO ZEN ATRIUM [ESCAPE FROM OXFORD STREET]

ARTICULATION FOR UNDERGROUND BUS STATION

ARTICULATION FOR GROUND LEVEL ATRIUM ZEN SPACE

ARTICULATION FOR ROOF LEVEL RAINWATER COLLECTION

WATER CAPTURE AND BIFURCATION IN PLEATED GROVES

UNDERGROUND BUS STATION

PUBLIC ZEN ATRIUM

WATER FILTRATION + STORAGE/REDISTRIBUTION LEVEL

ATRIUM IMFORMS MASSING

FINAL DRAWINGS

BOTTOM TAPER [ LESS ATRIUM FLOOR SPACE/MORE SKY ]

TOP TAPER [ MORE ATRIUM FLOOR SPACE/LESS SKY/MORE TANKS ]

ARTICULATED MASSING WITH STRAIGHT ATRIUM

ARTICULATED MASSING WITH BOTTOM TAPERED ATRIUM

ARTICULATED MASSING WITH TOP TAPERED ATRIUM

LOWER SOUTH BLOCK

MEDIUM HEIGHT EAST BLOCK

LOWER SOUTH BLOCK

MEDIUM HEIGHT EAST BLOCK

LOWER SOUTH BLOCK

MEDIUM HEIGHT EAST BLOCK

DANIEL REYNOLDS

STRAIGHT VERTICAL PLEATED ATRIUM

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Three zones of layered shopping an retail space are organize around this central atrium using it as structural support, and are articulated according to orientation for maximizing solar gain which can be store as thermal mass in water tanks in winter, and used as a cooling device in summer.

ATTENTION ECONOMY

FINAL DRAWINGS

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

VERTICAL STAKING OF AQUARIUM TANKS

HORIZONTAL AQUARIUM TANKS

ZEN PUBLIC ATRIUM FORMED BY “WALL OF WATER”

RAIN WATER COLLECTION

VERTICAL AQUARIUM TANKS

UNDERGROUND BUS STATION

ZEN ATRIUM AS FOCUS

FINAL DRAWINGS

BUS STATION

PUBLIC ATRIUM

BUS STATION

DANIEL REYNOLDS

ZEN ATRIUM FORMED FROM STRUCTURAL + TRANSPARENT FIBRE COMPOSITE MEMBRANE

DS13

The atrium is the focal point of the porject providing zen space for public, supoorting a vertical stacking of aquarium tanks, and chanelling water down underground. Water is collected in areas exposed to airflow both for cooling purposes and to provide a heat sink.

ATTENTION ECONOMY 24

VISUALISATIONS

25 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

3.0 VISUALISATIONS

ATTENTION ECONOMY

VISUALISATIONS During the day. the centre is visited by school children as a part of a field trip on environmental issues concerning the oceans. They usually arrive by public transport through the bus station, or by pedestrian access via rathbone place.

NIGHT SCENARIO

DAY SCENARIO

27 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

Students from St Mary’s grammar school pose in frontof the AquRetail centre as part of a field trip for a learning project on environmentism and sustainability for the world’s oceans.

VISUALISATIONS

ATTENTION ECONOMY

VISUALISATIONS During the night, the centre is visited by retail shoppers and is famous for attacting celebrities known for their taste in fashio such as the pop star Rihanna. The aquarium program of the building is visible at night through the gradient of opacity on the facade, which glows as a beacon for upmarket retail consumers.

NIGHT SCENARIO

29 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

SPOTED! Rihanna leaving the Aqua-Retail center via rathbone place after some evening retail therapy. On her way to Soho, she wanted to see the glowing liquid effect of the facade.

VISUALISATIONS

ATTENTION ECONOMY

VISUALISATIONS

BIRDS EYES VIEWS

BIRDS EYE VIEW OF ROOF

VISUALISATIONS

31 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

CORAL REEF VERTICAL TANK

SHARK AND LARGE FISH VERTICAL TANK

JELLY FISH VERTICAL TANK

Displays live corals and other marine invertebrates as well as fish that play a role in maintaining the tropical coral reef environment.

For marketing purposes, the aquarium promotes special exhibits for shark and large fish which can be purchased by retail shoppers, in addition to their permanent collections.

Watching this tank iis a form of relaxation where users can just sit around and watch the jelly fish float around in smooth sloow moving trajectories.

The user is sumbmerged in a micro environment and learns about environmental

ATTENTION ECONOMY

VISUALISATIONS

ZEN ATRIUM EXPERIENCE

GROUND FLOOR CAFES

VISUALISATIONS

DANIEL REYNOLDS

CAFE

DS13

The pedestrian access to the aqua-retail levels are accessible under the voids of 3 outer the atriums where cafes and restauration is availble.

ATTENTION ECONOMY 34 VISUALISATIONS

35 VISUALISATIONS

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DANIEL REYNOLDS

ATTENTION ECONOMY 36

FACADE SYSTEM

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3.0

FACADE SYSTEM

ATTENTION ECONOMY

FACADE SYSTEM

PLEATED FORMATION

PLEATING PARAMETERS AND CONTROLABILITY

D. Asymmetrical Offset End Point Bundling

In order to make a continuously fluid pleat, I would have to fix a very large number of points. As this would require a huge and unecessary amount of time, it became clear that I should determine the fluidity of the pleat through a series of rods which would be bend according to those initial fixed points. The points no longer would directly hold the fabric in place, but would hold rods, who in turn would hold the fabric in place by being woven into it. A fabric material is subdivied in strips and woven with rods in tension. Pleating is formed by bundling the woven rods at one end of the material.

2.2.3 PLEATING This tile shape could be a PARAMETERS one offAND CONTROLABILITY junction piece of the overall cladIn order to make a continuously fluid pleat, I would it havecould to fix a very not large number of ding pattern, however points. As this would require a huge and unecessarypattern amount of time, itas became clear be the basis of an entire that I should determine the fluidity of the pleat through a series of rods which would the direction goes diagonaly which be bend according to those initial fixed points. The points no longer would directgoes against the original concept. ly hold the fabric in place, but would hold rods, who in turn would hold the fabric in place by being woven into it.

Manipulable Metal Rods

Folded Channel

Flat

Flat Fabric in Tension

A fabric material is subdivied in strips and woven with rods in tension. Pleating is formed by bundling the woven rods at one end of the material.

Bundling

Equal Spacing

PLEATING PARAMETERS AND CONTROLABILITY FIG.

PLEATED COMPOSITES

The main factor which can help manipulate the gradient of opacity is the spacing in between the rods which form the pleats. Because the height and depth of the fabric increases as bundling occurs, we can start to strategically think how to control the opacity of the pannels.

Pleat Formation by Bundling Woven Rods

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DS13 I 2012-2013 I ATTENTION ECONOMY I DANIEL REYNOLDS

PLEATING PARAMETERS AND CONTROLABILITY The main factor which can help manipulate the gradient of opacity is the spacing in between the rods which form the pleats. Because the height and depth of the fabric increases as bundling occurs, we can start to strategically think how to control the opacity of the pannels.

TYPES OF BUNDLING To create the module components necessary for the previously mentioaned standardisation, the initial form of this component needed to be decided on. This was done by looking at different types of bundling and the patterns they imply when they are repeated. The key factor for the standardisation is that the tile is repeatable, and can provide make a few different iterations responding to transparency effects which fir within the same pattern.

Metal Rods

Fabric

Spacing of Rods

Pleating Allowing High Visibility

Pleating Allowing Moderate Visibility

FIG.05

Pleating Allowing Low Visibility

Digital and Physical Pleating Comparison

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A. Linear Pleating A simple linear pleat would not be able to respond a a gradient of opacity meaning that the effects locally would be homogeneously the same which not what we are looking for. B. Central Bundling This tile shape is both tilable and offers the possibility of gradient effects. C. Symmetrical Offset End Point Bundling This tile has a shaope which is difficult to form into a repeatable pattern and would most likely involve making a second smaller tile in order to make the tansitions smoother . Furthermore, it require a high cuvature on the last rod member which could be a problem when it comes to manufacturing (bending steel rods and remove from tile).

Pleating Allowing No Visibility

APPLIED TECHNICAL STUDIES 4ARC719

This tile shape could be a one off junction piece of the overall cladding pattern, however it could not be the basis of an entire pattern as the direction goes diagonaly which goes against the original concept.

A. Linear Pleating A simple linear pleat would not be able to respond a a gradient of opacity meaning that the effects locally would be homogeneously the same which not what we are looking for.

B. Central Bundling This tile shape is both tilable and offers the possibility of gradient effects. C. Symmetrical Offset End Point Bundling This tile has a shaope which is difficult to form into a repeatable pattern and would most likely involve making a second smaller tile in order to make the tansitions smoother . Furthermore, it require a high cuvature on the last rod member which could be a problem when it comes to manufacturing (bending steel rods and remove from cast tile). C. Asymmetrical Offset End Point Bundling C

PLEATED COMPOSITES

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DS13 I 2012-2013 I ATTENTION ECONOMY I DANIEL REYNOLDS

PLEATED PATTERNS

IMPLICATION OF WOVEN RODS The Steel Rods can be wooven into the fabric in three diferent ways.

Unfolded Fabric Outlines

If the intention is to make the channels the same depth, then a pattern responding to the shape of the tile needs to be drawn out on the fabric. In other words, where the tile is narrow, less fabric is needed, and where the tile is wide, more fabric is needed (see tile E). Translucency is moderate only by the spacing and number of divisions.

Unfolded Fabric Outlines

Near Flat Zone

Pleated Zone

If the intension is to further amplify the transparency effects of the centre zone of the tile, then a rectangular piece of fabric should be used to create the creasing. The equality divided segements of the fabric form pleats at the bundled extremeties, and a near flat surface in the middle which are all seamlessly blended together (see tile F). A third option is have a near flat surface at one end, blending into a pleated surface at the other. This requires a complex working out of the curves to trace on the fabric where the pattern cannot be seamless which are both downfalls (see Tile G).

Continuous Pleating

PLEATED COMPOSITES

Pleated Zone

The outline most appropririate for the cladding pattern corresponds to a tyle where bundling happens evenly at each end and is itself symetrical on its central axis. As the whole idea was to have a cladding system revealing or hidding different parts of the inner program of the building, it makes sense that the centre of the tile is the wider zone where a larger range of paramerters are available to manipulate the required effects. IMPLICATION RODS

Pleated Zone

TILE WITH TAPERING AT EXTRMETIES

DANIEL REYNOLDS

WOVEN

The Steel Rods can be wooven into the fabric in three diferent ways.

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DS13 I 2012-2013 I ATTENTION ECONOMY I DANIEL REYNOLDS

B. Pattern for Central Bundling

C. Pattern for Symmetrical Offset End Point Bundling

C. Pattern for Asymmetrical Offset End Point Bundling

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APPLIED TECHNICAL STUDIES 4ARC719

E. Pattern for Linear pleats on tile tapered at extremeties

F. Pattern for parabollic gradient pleats on tile tapered at extremeties

G. Pattern for linear gradient pleats on tile tapered at extremeties

Interlocking Problem

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APPLIED TECHNICAL STUDIES 4ARC719

39 DS13

TILE WITH TAPERING AT EXTRMETIES

FACADE SYSTEM

ATTENTION ECONOMY

FACADE SYSTEM

STRIP PATTERN

PATTERN CONCEPT The basic tile shape chosen for the continuation of the study is 2.3.4 PATTERN CONCEPT the “ curve rhomboid” like one which tapered atchosen its extremTheisbasic tile shape for the continof the study is theposibilites “ curve rhomboid” eties.uation It offers many like one which is tapered at its extremeties. it terms of repetition, stanIt offers many posibilites it terms of repetition, standardisation, depthand and dividardisation, pleat pleat depth sion. division.

Strip of Components with same Divisions and Size

Tile with 4 Pleated Divisions Standard Length

Tile with 6 Pleated Divisions Standard Length

In order for the pattern to be comprised of seamslessly interlocked pannels, In order for the pattern to itbeneeds to be comprised of strips tile with the same comprised of otherwise seamslessly in-match pleat division, they will not up. This pannels, not ideal as itweneeds would like terlocked tomore power over the control of the distribution o be comprised strips tile with the different tileof components. the same pleat division, otherwise they will not match up. This not ideal as we would like more power over the control of the distribution o the different tile components.

In order to counterbalance this limitation, the differenciation in the lengths of the panels can be used to create a gradient of opacity the row direction of the skin. Scale and grouping can be applied to enhance the effect where needed.

PLEATED COMPOSITES

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DS13 I 2012-2013 I ATTENTION ECONOMY I DANIEL REYNOLDS In order to counterbalance this limitation, Strip of Components with same Divisions + Variable Lengths the differenciation in the lengths of the panels can be used to create a gradient of opacity the row direction of the skin. Scale and grouping can be applied to enhance the effect where needed.

Tile with 4 Pleated Divisions Length Type 2

Tile with 6 Pleated Divisions Length Type 1

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APPLIED TECHNICAL STUDIES 4ARC719

DIAGRIDPATTERN

tile inside a rectantarted to see what xed inside a bound pattern then bea design originally large buildings with ular structures with s. It requires less conventional steel operation of diagrid eer Yoram Eilon as:

hat combine gravito one, making the d lighter than a tra-

embers, connectodes, are mutually te an integral netsurface that braces ind, and the memoskeleton in place, wn on internal supand building may broad apertures, exibility for systems I decided to intencept of a diagrid dding components, r a large exoskeleting this logic at an trying to resolve the n designed without an realise a much ject based on the

A legacy of R. Buckminwww.architectmagazine. d]

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ENTION ECONOMY I DANIEL REYNOLDS agrid as a cladbest the design n I could apply els on one same y all are connectosed to multiple t the extremities ore, because of grid allows for a e variation of the veral pattern: in n be changed in

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APPLIED TECHNICAL STUDIES 4ARC719

DANIEL REYNOLDS

The original method for tiling the curved geometry of the panel was by drawing it inside a rectangle which would serve as the base for copying it multiple times to form a pattern. The length of the tile could be adjusted, however the height had to be stadardised in order for it to be repreatable (each row has the be of the same height).

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PLEATED CLADDING SYSYEM

COMPOSITES

FACADE SYSTEM

PLEAT DENSITIES

ATTENTION ECONOMY

LEATING

8 Pleats

tes steel curvture tile, ene, and alting. This ble rods. e soleil or mbers are que. This acity and ccording

n able to EERFILL qualities

brane a family

e of fiberPTFE). ble in a ission choice of ize to a rela-

nd build-

POSITES

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ECONOMY I DANIEL REYNOLDS

6 Pleats

4 Pleats

2 Pleats

0 Pleats

ADAPTABLE FORMWORK

FACADE SYSTEM

43 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

ATTENTION ECONOMY

FACADE SYSTEM FINAL CONCRETE TILE The tile is considered as a mould as it has excess parts which will help for the stretching of a membrane over it, in order to paint and layed fibre compostites on top. Dispite this, and its considerable weight due to the thickness of the base, the model gives a good idea of what a real fabric formwork concrete tile designed with pleats would look and feel like, for finishing and tactility desires.

CONCRETE TILE

FACADE SYSTEM

The current patterning follows a linear strip on the facadewhich is continuous. Therefore, this type of tyle cannot have multiple items in one row because the connection needs to be the same. Therefore we will study what alternative arragements in the pattern can be made in order to have a greater control over the distribution of different tile types.

DANIEL REYNOLDS

Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) consists of high strength glass fiber embedded in a cementitious matrix. In this form, both fibers and matrix retain their physical and chemical identities, while offering a synergism: a combination of properties that can not be achieved with either of the components acting alone. In general, fibers are the principal load-carrying members, while the surrounding matrix keeps them in the desired locations and orientation, acting as a load transfer medium between them, and protects them from environmental damage. In fact, the fibers provide reinforcement for the matrix and other useful functions in fiber-reinforced composite materials. Glass fibers can be incorporated into a matrix either in continuous lengths or in discontinuous (chopped) lengths. This Appication could be particularly interesting for interface between the aquarium and the shopping centre in order to to control the visibilty between both programs.

DS13

One way to play with the transparency of the facade is to use concrete glass.

FACADE SYSTEM

DIAGRID NODES

ATTENTION ECONOMY

d for the e is little roof: the and only under e. a floor walls with orporate for both ck and nsidered, ue to the abricated

Original Outline

Extended Outline

Node

Novum Structures Node Detail

site, then rs in situ.

(FF-Sysuctures1, r spatial g simple technolc issues mass are ons and allow for g and auwing and r surface beam om CNC connecry steel-

POSITES

Final Tile Outline

136

ECONOMY I DANIEL REYNOLDS

FIG.

[top]

FIG.

[bottom]

Final Tile Outline Shape with Nodal Qualities [Novum Structures Node Detail [http://www.novumstructures.com/] Tile Iterations Based on Division Density

DENSITY GRADIENT

FACADE SYSTEM

TRANSPARENCY - SHADDING - WATER COLLECTION

Each panel is manufactured off site, then assembled around nodal connectors in situ. The product preferred is Free Form (FF-System), manufactured by Novum Structures1, a state-of-the-art technology for spatial structures with free geometry. Using simple hollow sections and double node technology, previously complex geometric issues of beam twist, strength and node mass are solved using field bolted connections and factory finishing. The components allow for the use of solid computer modelling and automated design, engineering, drawing and fabrications. Even the most irregular surface forms are achieved using standard beam connector components and custom CNC machined nodes. The bending stiff connection system requires no secondary steelwork at the cladding interface. COMBINING TILE PATTERNS

137

APPLIED TECHNICAL STUDIES 4ARC719

A gradient of opacity is achieved by tiling arranging tiles of different pleat division accordingly (which is now possible as they all have the same outline shape thanks to the nodal diagrid pattern).

DANIEL REYNOLDS

Several strategies were considered for the exterior cladding the project. There is little differential betweenfloor, walls and roof: the surfaces are read as continuous and only the detail and amount of structure under each panel creates differentiation. i.e. a floor surface will have more structure, walls with thermal insulation needs will incorporate insulation, clear acrylic is specified for both walls and clear floors. Unitized, stick and curtain wall skin methods were considered, and a unitised system settled on due to the speed of assembly of this prefabricated structure.

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FINAL TILE OUTLINE SHAPE

FACADE SYSTEM

TILE MATRIX

ATTENTION ECONOMY

achived can also redicing

N POLY-

ouhettes ours can efore it is

Tile 01 - Pleated Glass

Tile 02 - Pleated Glass

Tile 03 - Pleated Glass

Tile 04 - Pleated Glass

Tile 05 - Pleated Glass

Tile 01 - Fibre Glass Composite Panel

Tile 02 - Fibre Glass Composite Panel

Tile 03 - Fibre Glass Composite Panel

Tile 04 - Fibre Glass Composite Panel

Tile 05 - Fibre Glass Composite Panel

Tile 01 - Concrete Panel

Tile 02 - Concrete Panel

Tile 03 - Concrete Panel

Tile 04 - Concrete Panel

Tile 05 - Concrete Panel

er chanerations. crete mix

POSITES

138

ECONOMY I DANIEL REYNOLDS

MATERIAL GRADIENT

FACADE SYSTEM

PLEATED GLASS PANEL:

REINFORCED FIBRE AND RESIN POLYMER COMPOSITE PANEL: Transparency, brise soleil and silouhettes achived by Pleating iterations. Colours can be inbedded in the polymer mix before it is applied to the membrane. CONCRETE PANEL: Tactility for internal panels and water chaneling on roof achived by pleating iterations. Pigment can be added to the concrete mix for colouration.

TRANSPARENCY - SHADDING - WATER COLLECTION

COMBINING TILE PATTERNS AND MATERIAL CHOICES A gradient of opacity is further amplified by combining a choice of Pleated Glass, Reinforced Fibre, and Concrete Panels.

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APPLIED TECHNICAL STUDIES 4ARC719

DANIEL REYNOLDS

Caustics and Translucent effects achived by Pleating iterations. The glass can also be fritted on south facing panels to redicing solar glare.

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TILE MATRIX

FACADE SYSTEM

ATTENTION ECONOMY

FRACTAL PATTERN A pattern based on the fractal system of duplicating the sizes of panel in between categories of curvature is adopted. In terms of design, larger panels can be applied to where suits best environementally. The layout of the building can be slightly modified so as to fit as many flat panels as possibe on the facade as the main concern is with fitting them on transportation vehicles.

FRACTAL SCALE PATTERN

ZONES OF OPACITY

FACADE SYSTEM

51 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

The Diagrid Subdivion of the panels allows for localised grouping of the same type, where we can start to specify the type of tranparency/opacity required, responding to programatic needs and environmental concerns such as light penetration and air circulation (made possible via small perforations on the underside of the pleated surfaces.)

Localised Opaque Surface Subdivision Localised Semi-Transparent Surface Subdivision

ATTENTION ECONOMY 54

APPENDIX

55 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

4.0

APPENDIX

ATTENTION ECONOMY

FIBRE GLASS PANELS

CURVED GLASS PANELS

FINE CONCRETE PANELS

To make the semi transparent panel, a concrete mould is extracted from the same aforementioned process with rectangular sides, acting as a mould. It is lubricated and painted or sprayed with layers of polymer composite reinforced with fibers. The process gradually forms a thin fibrous lightweight and transparent panel.

In order to make curve glass, workers construct a steel mould shaped to the curve radius and dimensions of the desired piece. To stop the pane sticking to the mould, the glass is painted with a mixture of detergent and calcium carbonate. Then, it is placed on the mould and loaded into a kiln heated at 700째C, hot enough to loosen the bonds between the silica molecules so that the glass starts to soften and bend to the profile of the mould. Once in shape, the glass is gradually cooled over a period of about two hours.

1. A tailored sheet of fabric is cut to size and marked with curved lines for the supporting rods to be woven accordingly.

To make a pleated glass panel, the concrete mould is covered with a thin steel which takes the its form after being heated at a high temperature. This is done because glass can only mould onto steel. The Composite mount of steel finish and concrete support if put into a kiln. A glass sheet is introdude and evenly manipulated thanks to temperature gages onto the surface of the composite mould (see Point 6).

2. The Fabric is secured in place in a jig where the top side correspond to the back of the tile. The form work has top bracing which is adjust according to the thickness watnted for the tile base. 3. A fine mix of Cement is poured onto the fabric much like the fabric forrmwork process mentioned previously. 4. Additional top bracing is required to make a fully usable and tilable concrete panel in order for there to be no exes on the sides.

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57 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

Tailored 1. sheet Tailored of fabric 1.sheet Tailored of fabric sheet of fabric

2. The Fabric 2. The is secured Fabric 2. The isbysecured Fabric Adjustable isby secured Adjustable Formwork by Adjustable FormworkFormwork

3. Formwork 3. Formwork filled with cement filled with filled cement 3. Formwork with cement

Concrete 4. Pannel Concrete 4. Concrete Pannel Pannel

5. fibrous lightweight 5. fibrous 5. lightweight and fibrous transparent lightweight and transparent panel. and transparent panel. panel.

6. Pleated 6. Glass Pleated Panel Panel 6.Glass Pleated Glass Panel

121

121 121 APPLIED APPLIED TECHNICAL APPLIED TECHNICAL TECHNICAL STUDIES STUD

4ARC719 4A

58 ATTENTION ECONOMY

LEATING

APPENDIX 8 Pleats

6 Pleats

4 Pleats

2 Pleats

0 Pleats

tes steel curvture tile, ene, and alting. This ble rods. e soleil or mbers are que. This acity and ccording

n able to EERFILL qualities

brane a family

e of fiberPTFE). ble in a ission choice of ize to a rela-

nd build-

POSITES

122

Steel Rods of Formwork in Parallel Position

Steel Rods of Formwork in Low Tension

Steel Rods of Formwork in High Tension

ECONOMY I DANIEL REYNOLDS

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APPLIED TECHNICAL STUDIES

59 APPENDIX

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DANIEL REYNOLDS

APPENDIX

ATTENTION ECONOMY

f 1 part king the d, 2 part op as it at buildchopped the coning (see

he formpoured rated to ottom. It

st trying was that between point 7. d if the opposed op. This ntrol the r size of

IMPROVED CONCRETE MIX The improved concrete consits of 1 part cement with added plastering (making the mix more maleable), 2 part finer sand, 2 part gravel (sourced at an aquarium shop as it doesnt exist smaller than 10 mm at builder;â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s merchants) and a handfull of chopped fibre glass strands used to reforce the concrete when it sets preventing cracking (see point 1, 2, 3, 4).

1. Cement with added Plasteriser

2. Fine Sand

3. 3 mm Aggregate [Gravel]

4. Chopped Fibre Glass Strands

5. Pouring Cement Mix

6. Vibration to release air bubbles

7. Position of Rods Before Pouring

8. Tile Removed from Jig

The mix is poured carefully into the formwork. 30 kg of concrete mix were poured in, and then the formwork was vibrated to release trapped air bubbles at the bottom. It was left to dry for 2 days. An apparent issue that arose whilst trying take out the tile from the formwork was that the rods seemed to be trapped in between the form and solidified groves. see point 7. However, they are easily removed if the are pulled out from the sides as opposed to trying to remove them from the top. This made me realise that the way to control the groves was to change the diameter size of the rods.

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APPLIED TECHNICAL STUDIES 4ARC719

61 APPENDIX

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DANIEL REYNOLDS

APPENDIX

ATTENTION ECONOMY

Unwanted Gap

1. Regular Diagrid Application

2. Diagrid Application in Irregular in Rows [Panels Increase in Size Towards the Middle]

APPENDIX

63 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

3. Diagrid Application in Irregular Colums [Panels Increase in Size towards the Right]

4. Diagrid Application in Irregular Rows and Columns [Panels Increase in Size towards the Right and Middle]

APPENDIX

ATTENTION ECONOMY

DEVELOPED CONCEPT

STRUCTURAL

In order to apply the pallette of transparent and opaque cladding on these strips required a rethink of the tesselation in order to adhere to the concept and be tailored to the structure, as aoposed to trying to fit a geometry onto a surface. One such case has happened on the Guangzhou Opera House by ZHA, where they had a volume and which was specified a triangulation for lightweigh concrete panels. The contractor which was responsible for detail the triangulation found it difficult to fit the geometry in order to that it was seemless and fitted perfectly, ending up in noticeable poor detailing. Therefore by ap-

APPENDIX

65 DS13 DANIEL REYNOLDS

CURVATURE ANALYSIS For the purposes of fabrication and tile transportation, it is far more easier, cost effective and efficient to have as many flat panels as possible. In some locations on the skin this is impossible as the angles invold are too high. However best efforts will be made to minimize the amount of curved panels. One way to achieve this, is by carrying out a curvature analysis of the building surface in order to see where the problematic areas are. A first system used for analysis the curvature of specific tiles used the radius of curvature at the center of the panel (r) to approximate the detection (d) over an average length (L) The symmetry of the system means it cannot produce accurate results for irregularly shaped panels. This was developed further uses a bounding box with a local (aligned) coordinate system to evaluate the detection of a panel (d) using the depth of the box. This system accounts for irregularly shaped panels. The curvature is determined as an average at the centre of the surface of each divided panel, increasing the speed it takes to measure the curvature of inidividual panels (which amounted to over 250 on this small section).

ATTENTION ECONOMY 66 APPENDIX

67 APPENDIX

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DANIEL REYNOLDS

ATTENTION ECONOMY 68

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DANIEL REYNOLDS