Exploration of Landscape Urbanism for Inner City Urban Design by Yi Zhong

Exploration of Landscape Urbanism Concepts for Inner City Urban Design A design proposal based on Landscape Urbanism for Butetown Riverbank, Cardiff

A Dissertation submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Master of Urban Design Author: Yi Zhong (c1429225) Supervisor: Andrea Frank Cardiff University September, 2015

Abstract

Acknowledgements

Landscape Urbanism, as an academically fashionable theory, gained both attention and criticism these years for being an attracting topic but lacking actual practices.

I would like to thank my supervisor, Andrea Frank, who gives me the courage and guidance to explore this topic, and I also would like to thank Naha Nasser, Federico Wulff and Alain Chiaradia who gives me advice during Autumn Studio and Spring Studio and help me develop a deeper understanding towards urban design.

This research-based design project, thus, firstly summarizes three theoretical tendencies (hybridization with ecology, seeing cities as "landscape", the combination of former two) emerging from the development process of Landscape Urbanism and identifies three deign strategies (Landscape Infrastructure, Landscape Framework and Landscape as "seed / catalyst"), and then, highlights the current problems existing in this theory. In case study part, it examines and analyses the practicability of these strategies, and the outcome of it will give sufficient guidance for the following design part, where the three strategies are applied to the design site, an inner city post-industrial site in Butetown, Cardiff. The conclusion combines both the exploration of Landscape Urbanism theory and the experience gained from the experiment of applying it, and further highlights the good practicability of the strategies of Landscape Infrastructure and Landscape Framework, and also points out that the combination with other more conservative theory could be a way for Landscape Urbanism to continue to survive, and finally summarizes the general influence on built-environment disciplines brought by the theory Key words: Landscape Urbanism, Inner City Urban Design Project, Post-industrial Site

List of figures Figure 2.1 Literature review diagram Figure 2. 2 Picture of Meoll De la Fusta Figure 2. 3 Sections Figure 2. 4 A landscape framework from hydrology Figure 2.5 New urban form proposed by Landscape Urbanists Figure 3.1 The map of Toronto Figure 3.2 Phased urbanization Figure 3.3 The map of Perth Figure 3.4 Master plan Figure 3.5 Master plan diagrams Figure 3.6 Avenue sections Figure 3.7 Infrastructure section

2 3 3 4 4 8 8 10 10 10 10 11

List of tables Table 3.1 Evaluation form for case study Table 3.2 Evaluation form for two cases

7 12

Table of Contents

Part Ⅱ

Part Ⅰ 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Information 1.2 Gap in Knowledge 1.3 Research Aims 1.4 Research Questions

1 1 1 1 1

2. Literature Review 2.1 Literature Review Diagram 2.2 Three Tendencies in Landscape Urbanism 2.3 Three Design Strategies from Landscape Urbanism 2.4 Two Main Problems in Landscape Urbanism

2 2 2 3 4

3. Case Study 3.1 Case Selection Criteria 3.2 Analytical Framework 3.3 limitation 3.4 Case One 3.5 Case Two 3.6 Conclusion

6 7 7 7 8 10 12

4. Site Analysis 4.1 Site Location 4.2 History Background 4.3 Spatial Layout Analysis 4.4 Foregrounding - Green Space 4.5 Foregrounding - Infrastructure 4.6 Land Use 4.7 Streetscape & Landmark Analysis 4.8 Policy Review 4.9 Design Brief

13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

5. Application of Landscape Urbanism On Site 5.1 Diagram 5.2 Application of "Landscape Infrastructure" 5.3 Application of "Landscape Framework" 5.4 Application of "Landscape as Seed / Catalyst" 5.5 Conclusion Diagram

22 23 24 27 29 31

6. Design 6.1 Mater Plan 6.2 Second Surface 6.3 Stormwater Infrastructure 6.4 Urban Agriculture 6.5 Master Plan (without second surface) 6.6 Land Use 6.7 Building Height Analysis 6.8 Street Section & Character 6.9 Sequence of Spaces 7. Conclusions

32 33 35 38 40 42 44 45 46 48 49

8. Appendix 9. Bibliography

50 54

1. Introduction This MA Urban Design project explores the applicability of Landscape Urbanism (LU) under the inner-city urban context. It has two parts. The first part consists of research (Chapter1 – Chapter3), where the tendencies, design strategies and problems will be summarized based on literature review. The second part is design project, which is comprised by the attempt to apply the research results to the design site (Chapter3 – Chapter7).

1.1 Background information Landscape Urbanism is one of the strongest emerging themes among built environment disciplines (Chen & Ge, 2010), which attempts to reorganize the relationship between architecture, town planning and landscape architecture, using the semantic transformation of “landscape” to reinterpret the contemporary cities and propose new design and strategies for them. Discussed by many cuttingedge academic organizations in the world, the applicability of this theory has been a controversial topic these years.

1.2 Gap in knowledge As a professionally and academically fashionable theory, Landscape Urbanism has been given a wide berth in the media and public process (Kelbaugh, 2011). However, the small number of projects has led to a criticism that this theory’s ability to produce real impact is very weak. Furthermore, sceptics argue that the outcome of Landscape Urbanism is usually only related to landscape architecture, rather than urban design projects. For instance, Kelbaugh (2011) proposes that, LU based projects are often “accomplished” and “exquisite” landscape architecture, neither “urban” enough to be urban design projects, nor seem able to be embedded in the ordinary urban fabric. Some studies do have examined the performance and development of Landscape Urbanism in practice (Kim & Jeong, 2014; Yang, 2009; Weller, 2008). However, the initial reading shows that there is relatively limited literature on the practices of LU in urban design projects. Most of the writing on Landscape Architecture in practice is based on how the theory combine with ecological thinking or ecological techniques, or how the landscape infrastructure has been multi-functionally used. Thus, this indicates a gap in knowledge that this research can start to fill.

1.3 Research aim Identify the practical ways to apply Landscape Urbanism under the inner city context and test the design ideas from this theory on a specific design site (Butetown Riverbank, Cardiff, UK) 1.4 Research questions 1. What are the limitations for applying Landscape Urbanism on urban design project? 2. How to enhance the practicability of Landscape Urbanism? 3. How can the research findings be apply to an inner city urban design project?

2. Literature Review 2.1 Literature Review Diagram

2.2 Three Tendencies in Landscape Urbanism

Three tendencies in Landscape Urbanism and their interpretation Hybridization with ecology the integration of ecological thinking or use ecological technique directly

Seeing cities as

Combination of former two

"landscape" Regard landscape as basic block to generate urban construction

See cities in a landscape way and also emphasize the urban process

Three design strategies derive from the theory Landscape

Landscape as

Infrastructure

catalyst /seed

framework

Two main problems in Landscape Urbanism Ignoring human experience

Combine Landscape Urbanism with other urban design theories

Figure 2.1 Literature review diagram

In a danger of conceptional generalization

Identify Landscape Urbanism from Landscape Architecture and McHarg's planning theory

The first tendency is the hybridization with ecology, which mainly shows as two forms. One is to integrate ecological thinking into the design process: As Weller (2006) argues that “ecology is becoming synonyms for new and more complicated models of universal disorder such as chaos and complexity theory” (p.75). Hence, it is expected to get a better understanding of cities’ formation and evolution. Similarly, Corner (2006) argues that, notions as diversification, flows, complexity and indeterminacy from ecology are becoming generators for design ideas and started to influence designers. He further points out that the ecological thinking in design process will bring out more attention to the design of ‘processes’, ‘strategies,' 'agencies,' and 'scaffoldings', which act as catalytic frameworks that may enable a diversity of relationships to create, emerge, network, interconnect, and differentiate. He believes that the creative relationship between ecological thinking and design process will exploit a new potential for more meaningful and imaginative cultural practice, which could solve urban issues in a better way. Besides the ecological thinking, Landscape Urbanism also directly pays attention to urban ecological problems and design with real ecological elements, solving problems with ecological technique. This is a relatively conserved idea among these tendencies, and as Waldheim (2002) argues, it can be regarded as an extension of Ian McHarg’s (1969) planning theory (one of the most influential planning theories which tries to reconcile the conflicts between cities and ecological system after Second World War). In this idea, ecological elements are usually taken into consideration to enhance the positive operation of urban environment. Mossop (2006), for example, proposes a network of landscape infrastructure that is related to the local eco-system, whose starting point is based on the most “permanent” and “enduring” elements of cities such as geology, topography and hydrology (p. 172) . For this idea, Ge and Chen (2010) state this is a good strategy that advocates the self-sustaining of site and shows the respect for the nature and it should be implemented through the whole process of design, build and management. The second tendency appearing during the development process of Landscape Urbanism is to make landscape (instead of architecture) to be the basic building block of cities. Under this specific context, “Landscape” is a metaphor for today’s cities which is made up of “a catalytic emulsion, a surface literally unfolding events in time” (Wall, 1999, p.237). For Landscape Urbanists, there is a shift from seeing cities in formal spatial terms to regarding them in four dimensional systems of flux (Weller, 2006, p.77) For example, Koolhaas (1999) read cities as ‘SCAPE’, where architecture, infrastructure and landscape are equal and subject to the same force. By bring all these elements to the same level, it is expected to achieve Landscape Urbanism’s goal of “integrate the conceptual fields of landscape architecture, civil engineering and architecture” (Tatom, 2006, P. 181). The third tendency, to some extent, can be regarded as the combination of the former two. James Corner (2006) is one of the representatives of this tendency, who emphasizes the dynamic process as well

as to have landscape to be the basic block of cities. Firstly, he proposes the concept of “processes over time”, where he argues that the elements such as capital accumulation, deregulation and globalization that happened during urbanization are much more significant than the shaping of spatial forms so the “dynamic multiplicity of urban processes” deserves more attention (p. 28). Following this argument, he advices to have ecological thinking to be a “useful lens” to understand and conceptualize this “organic” and “fluid” urban form (p.29). This, hence, shows his acknowledgement for the first tendency. Secondly, he proposes the concept of “the staging of surface” as a basic prototype of today’s cities (p. 30). “Staging” shows the emphasis of “dynamic process”, which introduces the former concept. “Surface”, by his argument, covers a wide range of scales, from sidewalk, street to infrastructural matrix of urban surface, which is a “field of action” where the forces that shape cities converge and disperse (p.30). This idea undoubtedly shares the same opinion with the second tendency, who also emphasizes to interpret the city in a landscape way. Finally, he points out that Landscape Urbanism is a theory concerned with “working surface over time” and attempt to create an “ecology of various systems and elements that set in motion a diverse network of interaction” (p.31). By proposing this concept, to some extent, James Corner shows an opportunity to combine two tendencies. 2.3 Three Design Strategies from Landscape Urbanism As the theory’s development and self-improvement, there are several design strategies that can be summarized from practices. The following content will introduce them and further explain how each design strategy evolve from the theory of Landscape Urbanism. 2.3.1 Landscape Infrastructure This strategy mainly derives from the interpretation of seeing cities as “landscape”, which means to “foreground infrastructure” (Thompson, 2012) and pay as much attention to infrastructure as to architecture. Landscape Urbanists such as Waldheim (2006) and Mossop (2006) advocate to pay more attention to infrastructure such as roads, airpor ts, stations, overfly, riverbank, drainage system and combine the operation of infrastructure with natural and social processes to make cities more ecologically and economically sustainable. Based on this, Corner (2003) further propose an infrastructural network that can make up the urban surface and could be the spatial framework for urban formation and evolution. It aims to develop an “adoptive system” to create continuous and decentralized field where flexible arrangements are allowed to happen, and also replace rigid structure to provide support for various uncertain factors in future’s urbanization. Corner’s proposal shows Landscape Urbanists’ greater ambition of producing more profound influence on cities’ development and formation. Its urban-level perspective demonstrates the potential of applying this strategy to urban design projects. The Moll De La Fusta in Barcelona, for example, is an excellent practice of this strategy. As the images shown blow, its well-designed section perfectly accommodates high-speed transportation and pedestrian strolling, which proves that the variety of public place can be maintained even combine with big urban infrastructure.

Figure 2. 2 Picture of Meoll De la Fusta, source: myself

square

high-speed way

urban road

building

Traditional way of design, making the high-speed way a scar on urban fabric

square

high-speed way

urban road

building

Landscape Urbanism way, stiching the infrastructure into urban fabric Figure 2. 3 Sections, source: from myself

Rather than letting the infrastructure relentlessly cut the continuity of urban space, this design stitches the infrastructure into the urban fabric and creates an uninterrupted urban surface. Hence, the intention of landscape infrastructure is very clear: when designers start to see cities as “landscape”, where all the built elements deserve the equal attention, any possible factors that may cause blocking or cutting off will not be allowed to exist.

2.3.2 Landscape as seed / catalyst This strategy comes from the attention on urban process, and it embraces the indeterminacies in urbanization. Landscape Urbanism advocates to have landscape as the driving power to generate urbanization. In the process of development, “Landscape as seed” means landscape takes the role of being a start point: Urbanization could start from the construction of various green spaces. As time goes by, vegetation grows up and add value to the area, attracting investments and catalyze developments. Finally, these green spaces remain and become the urban structure. For the result it brings out, Waldheim (2006) thinks this is a “fundamental indictment of the nineteen-century Olmstedian model”, which means differ from traditional mode (parks serve like oasis in city), the green spaces cross the boundaries of park, and extend itself to wider urban environment, acting as flux generator to create a new urban medium. This strategy emphasize the combination of natural process and urbanization, aiming to make landscape as basement and medium for the city

2.3.3 Landscape as Strategic Framework Landscape Urbanism usually proposes basic strategic framework for cities to form, develop and evolve. Creating such a framework requires designers to reverse figure and ground, building and space. Attention is dedicated to “vacant spaces” ------ focusing on how to use voids with different functions to structure urban typology (instead of arranging the layout of buildings). As Shamnon (2006) states, this void framework is based on the investigation and analysis of site condition, habitats, heritage, existing infrastructure and new programmes, and its integrity and maintenance will be given the priority in future’s development. On the other hand, the leftover “archipelago” made by this framework will have a great degree of freedom. Thus, the pressure from political and economic indeterminacy will be relieved by this flexible framework. For instance, hydrology is usually used as a clue to generate the framework by Landscape Urbanists in a large-scale project

2.4 Two Main Problems in Landscape Urbanism During the process of developing and evolving, two main problems which reduce the practicability of the theory have been identified. The following content will explain the problem firstly, and then come up with possible solution or explain the impact brought by it. 2.4.1 Ignoring Human Experience Thompson (2012) raises a question for this theory: Where are the people? He astutely observes that, in the beautiful graphics and “tortuous” text from Landscape-Urbanism-based design works, “The individual human life gets forgotten”. The diagrams are just presented as “generative ‘machines’” for place-making, no imagination nor explanation for how the prospective inhabitants will live and work in those places. Even in the theoretical books of Landscape Urbanism, again, he argues people’s influence on design process is absent except the short emergence in the abstract concept of “performance”. Sometime, even there is detail design for urban space, its bold design form that abandons traditional urban design principles also leads to controversy. Kelbaugh (2011) doubts if the enclosure-lacked and suburban-like open space advocated by Landscape Urbanists can really work for people, because there usually is no clear definition for outdoor rooms of plazas or streets in Landscape Urbanism projects, and sadly they are the main places where public life takes place.

Figure 2. 4 A landscape framework from hydrology Source: http://issuu.com/aalandscapeurbanism/docs/landscape-urbanism-2011-12-productive-urbanscapes

Figure 2.5 New urban form proposed by Landscape Urbanists

Source: http://landscapeurbanism.aaschool.ac.uk/#

The ignorance of human’s experience is a problem preventing the theory from being applied. The voices emerging recently who advise to combined Landscape Urbanism and New Urbanism might provide a new way to solve this problem. As far as we know, Landscape Urbanism and New Urbanism are two fundamentally different kinds of approaches to make cities and even criticize each other’s design philosophy, but Heins (2015) found the common ground they share and argues there are possibilities for them to work together. As he states, Landscape Urbanism does not have actual principles for concrete urban design and lacks built-up project to illustrate their ideas for it, so there are chances to draw from New Urbanists’ ideas such as walkability, vibrant public space, interconnected street networks and mix-used zoning to fill the blank space of concrete design. As to the ideas from New Urbanism, there is no doubt that the traditional urban typology created by it would takes full account of human experience. The combination between Landscape Urbanism and New Urbanism, hence, could be regarded as a solution to create human urban spaces in a Landscape Urbanism project. In addition, Ellis (2015) and Weller (2008) both share the similar idea with Heins. Furthermore, Kullmann (2015) also proposes the potential methods, “Walkable cities with contemporary, rather than nostalgic, design guidelines are a straightforward place to begin. Infusing cities with green infrastructure that is designed to directly contribute to city life rather than inertly buffer it is another strategy”. These all shows a potential to combine these two theories. 4

Indeed, New Urbanism could be one option, there are actually many good urban design principles that Landscape Urbanism could be combined with. Under a British context, the classic design principles such as accessibility, legibility and diversity (Bentley et al., 1991) are highly accepted in the UK urban design field and have won high position in terms of modern city design. Thus, especially for the specific design site (Butetown Riverbank), UK urban design principles are also an ideal object to be drawn on.

2.4.2 The Danger of Conceptional Generalization Chen and Ge (2010) point out this theory is faced with the danger of generalization and argue the reason is “the lack of spectacular methodology and the absence of continuous attention for certain urban problems”. Similarly, Yang (2011) shares the same opinion and he thinks this is mainly because Landscape Urbanism has very broad academic horizon, and its definitions for the boundaries between different disciplines are blur. Indeed, there are other theories or academic concepts which seem to have overlapping parts with the ideas from Landscape Urbanism, and for this research-based design project, it is necessary to identify the most original ideas and concepts to guide following design work. The following part will propose two academic terms that Landscape Urbanism is usually confused with and then further distinguish their differences.

Secondly, Landscape Urbanism directly roots in Ian McHarg (Kelbaugh, 2011). As a theory concerned with reconciling the conflicts between environmental quality and urbanization, Landscape Urbanism also usually proposes frameworks according to natural factors (such as ecologically sensitive region) as McHarg does, but Landscape Urbanists such as Corner (2006, p.) and Wladheim (2006, p.), to some extent, both stands on the opposite: they reject the opposition of city and nature in MacHard’s planning theory and practice. In MacHarg’s (1969) point of view, there should be an absolute distinction between the sustainable, spiritually comfortable rural area and ugly, dirty industrial city. This can be regarded as the binary opposition between city and nature. However, Landscape Urbanism encourages the hybridity between natural and artificial systems (Thompson, 2012). Urban sprawl, for example, extending city’s footprint into the countryside, is what Landscape Urbanists embrace and think could be an ideal place to apply the theory (Heins, 2015), but it is exactly what MacHarg criticizes. In addition, Kelbaugh (2011, p.165) also points out that Landscape Urbanism emphasizes the fluidity and indeterminacy of natural systems, but the view of nature in MacHarg’s theory has been shown to be too static, which is also a difference between two theories. Thus, Landscape Urbanism should be regarded as a critical inheritance of Ian MacHarg’s theory, rather than “old wine in a new bottle”.

Firstly, critics doubt that Landscape Urbanism is just Landscape Architecture in a new packing. As Heins (2015) states, the fact that most of the Landscape Urbanism projects are parks or public open spaces raises a question that if Landscape Urbanism is an urban design theory. Kullmann (2015) even argues that “Perhaps it (Landscape Urbanism) is landscape architecture at its best, reinvigorated by revisiting its own canon and by absorbing the influence of architecture’s foray into landscape and urban design“(p. 312). Furthermore, it is also undeniable that Landscape Urbanism originally derive from landscape discipline (Waldheim, 2006) and the starting point of this theory is to interpret urbanization from the scope of landscape (Corner, 2006, p. 23). However, compared with the conventional design scope of Landscape Architecture, which only focus on a certain plot, Landscape Urbanism require designers to look beyond the boundaries of the site and jump out the scale that has been given. As Pollak (2006) puts it, Landscape Urbanists should concern the site under much wider urban context and multiple ecological systems. Furthermore, the meaning of “landscape” in Landscape Urbanism has shifted from the traditional understanding of “visible features of an area of land” (Wikipedia) to “a catalytic surface literally unfolding events in time” (Wall, 1999, p.237), which means to have “landscape” to be the model for urbanism (Waldheim, 2006, p. 38), and it is clearly different from the definition of Landscape Architecture. Thus, theoretically, the fundamental appeal of this theory is to set up a new mode for urban design. As for the fact of lacking urban design projects, it can be ascribed to various factors such as policy, capital or the problem of the design itself (as mentioned before, the ignorance of human experience), so it is unreasonable to have the lack of practices to be the argument for demonstrating that Landscape Urbanism is “rebranded Landscape Architecture” (Kullmann, 2015)

3. Case Study 3.1 Case Selection Criteria 3.2 Analytical Framework 3.3 limitation 3.4 Case One 3.5 Case Two 3.6 Conclusion

3. Case Study To further understand how practitioners have applied Landscape Urbanism to urban design projects, two cases have been selected and will be examined in this chapter 3.1 Case Selection Criteria and Methodology The basic principle for selecting cases is that the case must follow the key words of this research question and demonstrate how to use Landscape Urbanism design strategies mentioned above properly. Thus, cases should meet the demands as follow: - The application of Landscape Urbanism in the case must put a profound influence on urban design and future's urban form. - The case should best be located in inner city area with large transport infrastructure surrounding - The case should best be built on a post-industrial site (brownfield) 3.2 Analytical Framework Based on the three Landscape Urbanism design strategies, an analytical framework that aims to figure out how to use the strategis properly and what kind of influence they can bring to cities is propsed Strategy (dimension)

The degree of application (value)

Outcome

Landscape Infrastructure

none / weak / strong

Why designers use these strategies

Landscape Framework

none / weak / strong

How desingers use them

Landscape as seed / catalyst

none / weak / strong

What benefits it can bring

Table 3.1 Evaluation form for case study

3.3 Limitation As mention before, Landscape-urbanism-based urban design project are very few, which leads to the fact that it is difficult to find cases sharing similar condition with the design site and meanwhile being a Landscape-urbanismbased urban project. Thus, the selected two cases as blow cannot meet all the criteria above. For instance, both of them are located in suburban area. This, hence, decreases the reference value of the cases for the following design part. Another limitation is from the attribute of these cases. One of them is a design project in an international competition, another one is both professional consultancy and a research project (Weller, 2008) proposed by a department of an university. Both of them have not been implemented. Though their innovation and rationality have gained praise, the absence of practice, to some degree, still makes them only stay at an academic level.

3.4 Case One. Downsview Park, Toronto, Canada

Location: Toronto, suburban Area: 130 ha. Client: Toronto Government Background: International Competition Time: 1999 Designers: Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau

Site

City Centre

Description: Faced with degraded natural system (former air army site) and the constraint of funding, the designers use trees (instead of architecture) to be the motive power to generate urban expansion and propose phased strategies to guide construction. As the vegetation grow, the rise of land value will bring more funding for the further construction of buildings and infrastructure, which will form a virtuous cycle.

Figure 3.1 The map of Toronto Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps

Analysis

Phase 1. 2001-2005: Phytoremediation. In this stage, only purify and fertilize the contaminated soil to make it ready for future use. Some basic facilities could be set up to contain contemporary uses.

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 2. 2006-2010: New vegetation will be planted in the cleansed land and extent into the surrounding area, which aims to make the city and park connected. “Land bridges” are also proposed to connect the park and neighbouring communities to create corridors for creatures to cross. In this stage, construction for road network will begin and more activities will be arranged to the site. Phase 3. 2011-2015: It is expected that 25% of the land will be taken by mature plant communities that grew freely, and the remaining land’s function will be decided according to the future local plan and development. In this phase, saving from previous phases will be invested in infrastructure such as bus stops and cultural facilities in the park.

It is obvious that the design actually starts from the perspective of strategy, rather than form. , Instead of coming up with a concrete designed master plan to emphasize the result, designers propose a series of phased strategies to guide the construction process. Wang and Zhang (2007) argue that this kind of strategies are the response to the indeterminacy of the site. According to their statement, Downsview area is mainly faced two kinds of unpredicted situation: the restoration of the local ecosystem is complicated and the ultimate morphology is hard to control. Additionally, Downsview may play an essential role in Greater Toronto’s future urbanization, because newly increased population is very likely to fall within in suburban areas like Downsview. These two factors will change Downsview area both environmentally and demographically, which makes the future’s urban life very uncertain. Due to this reason, designers think it will not be convincing to propose a master plan only using today’s information. Thus, the developing process of landscape is more important than any kinds of concrete design form. So a conceptual and instructional developing strategy is proposed to guide the future’s concrete design (which will depend on practical situation) and make the park to be gradually formed. This, hence, ensures the flexibility and enable the park to cope with the future change. Meanwhile, it also interprets designers' comprehension of Landscape Urbanism

Figure 3.2 Phased urbanization

Source: http://archrecord.construction.com/people/interviews/archives/0106mau-1.asp

Landscape as catalyst/seed: strong The park is like “seed” as well as “catalyst”. Firstly, the park is like a seed that is embedded into the suburban area and grow freely, with “land bridges”, finally extending itself into the city. Instead of just being a green block whose boundaries are totally cut off from surrounding urban context, Downsview Park will act as “green sprawl” to spread green elements in the city and makes the city a “park”. Secondly, this kind of “green sprawl” will also enhance the environmental quality and add value to the surrounding land, which acts like “catalyst” to attract investments and enhance urbanization. Thus, here, landscape (which is embodied as vegetation and paths) replaces architecture to be the basic element to drive urbanization. Meanwhile, as the first phase of urbanization, phytoremediation demonstrates Landscape Urbanism's attention to natural process. During this period, urban life is gradually introduced: Firstly public activities such as festival celebrations are introduced to the site, eventually when some land is ready, further construction will take place. The combination of urbanization and natural process can usually achieve a win-win situation both for city and the local eco-system, in this case, additionally, it also makes the project affordable and quickly fit into urban life.

Landscape as framework: strong As mentioned in phase three, the vegetation is allowed to grow freely and the remaining vacant land which has not been taken by vegetation will be used for construction, so the final profile of the green space will put a direct influence on the future’s urban structure. Landscape infrastructure: none Conclusion In the design strategy for Downsview Park, it is obvious that landscape is the theme that almost goes through the whole process of urbanization. This is a successful practice of Landscape Urbanism and brings following benefits to the design: Providing clients with an economic way to start and a feasible way to operate the development of the park; Give priority to local ecosystem, combine restoration with urbanization. Enhance environmental quality, generate new urbanization for the area. Thus, in this case, Landscape Urbanism serves as a good starter and guidance.

3.5 Case Two. The Wungong Urban Water (WUW) Landscape Structure Plan (LSP), Perth, Australia

40 km

Perth urban area

Site Figure 3.3 The map of Perth

Location: Outskirt of Perth Area: 1500 ha. Client: Armadale Redevelopment Authority (ARA) Designers: University of Western Australia Landscape Architecture Department, ARA

Landscape as framework: Strong With the water-sensitive theme, ecologically sensitive area such as wetlands and riparian zones are set aside and regarded as conservation area. Based on that, Designers propose a matrix of public open space, whose strips are known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;park avenuesâ&#x20AC;?, to be the primary guideline (or structuring device) for the following development. These park avenues are 85-foot-wide and 650 feet from one another across the while area, and their orientation is designed to be the wind corridor to cool down the temperature in the summer and maximize the opportunity for housing solar energy. To ensure that residents will use this public open space system frequently, designers set a rule that all the future houses should never be more than 325-foot away from park avenues. Additionally, each park avenue will eventually lead to the Wungong riverside, which is also a main inducement to entice people to move their length. Framework of Road Avenue

Framework of Park Avenue River Wetland reserve Park avenue

River Wetland reserve Park avenue

Source: Weller, R. 2008. Landscape (Sub) Urbanism in Theory and Practice. Landscape Journal, 27(2), pp.247-267.

This is a master planning project of a suburban residential development in Perth, Western Australia. Proposed by a design team mainly from the University of Western Australia Landscape Architecture Department, the master plan seeks to provide the suburban with a holistic framework through giving design priority to landscape architecture. As Weller (2008) states, "This case is a good example for making the lofty Landscape Urbanism principles down to the earth and Meanwhile, it also identifies the potential for drawing from other theories to make the whole design more practical and feasible. Master Plan

Figure 3.5 Master plan diagrams Source: Myself

Section of Park Avenue

2.5m path

14m drainage swale

7.5m Verge

7.5m Vehicle Way

2.5m path

12m road

7.5m Verge Figure 3.6 Avenue sections

22.5m Road Avenue Figure 3.4 Master plan Source: Weller, R. 2008. Landscape (Sub) Urbanism in Theory and Practice. Landscape Journal, 27(2), pp.247-267.

Source: Myself

Landscape infrastructure: Strong A drainage system that uses swales to collect storm water and filter it before it enter natural drainage system is also integrated into the park avenue system. There are central green space in each park avenue which are defined by 4 rows of trees (35-foot wide) serving as swale system (and as recreational space when it is dry). As a green channel network, park avenue system will not only convey storm water and people, but also be utilized by wildlife. Thus, the system is also an ecological landscape infrastructure with ecological functions at the same time.

Figure 3.7 Infrastructure section Source: Myself

Landscape as seed / catalyst: None The landscape framework here does not enhance or generate new urbanization from the essence, so it is not a catalyst which functions as driving power for urbanization. Additionally, rather than offering spare room for vegetation or other landscape elements to grow or sprawl, the master plan actually puts limitation on landscape’s development, so landscape is not a “seed” growing freely, either. Conclusion From the point of embracing the indeterminacy in the city, the design seems like stands in the opposite of Landscape Urbanism: Striated by the park avenues, the landscape framework in the master plan is strict and overarching, because designers have proposed the size of each block and the width of each street. Landscape Urbanists may argue that this is over-determined and inflexible, and it eliminates the possibility for indeterminacy. As to such a fact, Weller (2008) explains it through two main reason behind: Firstly, a fixed system can ensure a holistic matrix of interconnected network that forms a complete system for drainage, habitat and public space, and help create a large-scale sense of place. Secondly, suburban area does not have much potential in the sense of vibrant urbanity as urban area does, so the absence of a concrete master plan could simply mean let the development loose and eventually lead to a typical desolate suburban scene. Thus, as he argues, “lines need to be drawn”. Meanwhile, we can also find that landscape infrastructure has a very good ability to be integrated into landscape framework and it is possible that it can also be integrated into various urban framework such as road network or green space system

3.6 Conclusion Case 1. Downsview Park Case 2. Wugong Landscape framework

Landscape Infrastructure

Landscape Framwork

Landscape as seed / catalyst

Strong

None

Strong

Table 3.2 Evaluation form for two cases

Through the two cases studies of how practitioners apply Landscape Urbanism to urban design projects, the following new findings can be identified: Landscape Framework is a very practical strategy. In Case 1, to cope with the indeterminacy in Toronto's future development, designers give the priority to the park and let it grow freely and eventually form a green profile. It is no doubt that the shape of park will influence future's urban grain. In Case 2, green elements are directly integrated into the road network, which serves as a bridge between city and nature. These two ideas show the potential to utilize the green elements in the city: no matter it is linear park, central park, street mini park or boulevard, green corridor, there could be a way to connect them to create a green network which could reorganize the built elements and eventually rebuild the urban grain of the city. Similarly, Landscape infrastructure also shows a good practicability. Due to the ubiquity of infrastructure, it is easy for designers to find a chance they can work on. Vice versa, "landscape" in conventional sense is also a common built element in urban environment, and it could be turned into infrastructure if designers add additional function to it and make it "works". The application of the last one, landscape as "seed / catalyst", could be problematic. According to the follow-up report, ten years after the design won the competition, the plan for Downsview Park is still in the air (Domenico, 2011). Czerniak (2001) raises a question for this design, "How much design is enough?". The designers have not given an answer, because the degree of flexibility and openness is very unclear. That is exactly the problem of applying " landscape as seeds / catalyst": Landscape Urbanists usually only propose a loose development strategy which claims that it concerns with indeterminacy, but actually the strategy is too loose to be used. Indeed, this design strategy is a good way to interpret and cope with the indeterminacy in the city, but more things need to be done. However, "Landscape as seed / catalyst" is also a strategy which emphasizes time and process (seeds grow over time and become catalyst when it becomes mature). Thus, avoiding the embracement with indeterminacy and promoting the attention on process could be a better way to apply this strategy.

4. Site Analysis

4.1 Site Location 4.2 History Background 4.3 Spatial Layout Analysis 4.4 Foregrounding - Green Space 4.5 Foregrounding - Infrastructure 4.6 Land Use 4.7 Streetscape & Landmark Analysis 4.8 Policy Review 4.9 Design Brief

4.1 Site Location The design site is located in the east riverbank of Butetown area, which is comprised by four sections: South Station Square, Callaham Square, Dumballs Road Industrial Zone and Canal Parade. With an essential location of between City Centre area and Cardiff Bay area Site Boundary Location of Cardiff

Urban Structure of Cardiff South Station Square

Callaham Square

Canal Parade

Cardiff Airport

Bristol Airport Dumballs Road Industrial Zone 0 km

Taff River

10 km

20 km

30 km

40 km

Fully accessible to the river Accessible to the river Cut off from the river Fully accessible to the river Accessible to the river Cut off from the river

0 km

3 km

6 km

9 km

12 km

100m

200m

300m

400m

riverside highly accessible riverside accessible riverside unaccesible

Source: https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=river+taff&biw=1301&bih=641&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAWoVChMIjdPKnLDjxwIV6hHbCh3Kugds

4.2 History Background

Source: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/ancientroam/historic

Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/loumorgangalleries/72157622442764077/

Source: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regeneration-project

The land has a long history of being an important industrial site for Cardiff. It was originally water meadow before nineteenth century. After that, the land was reclaimed to be used as a timber pond. During the war time, it was used for a factory complex for heavy industry. After World War 2, the land started to be converted to other uses gradually, such as warehouse, garages and training centres. Since the 1980's, parts of the land also have been used for metal recycling and waste transfer

4.3 Spatial Layout Analysis Location

Transportation

train station railway line primary linkage secondary linkage area 0m

250m

500m

Barriers & Accessbility

train station car park railway line cycle route main bus route 750m

1000m

250m

main barrier main attraction

500m

750m

1000m

250m

500m

750m

1000m

The unique location od the site presents great capabilities for the introduction of a series of mix-use programmes, environmental improvements and infrastructure constructions. However, with River Taff on the east and a railway line to the west, the east-west connectivity is seriously limited. 15

4.4 Foregrounding - Green Space Cardiff is one of the greenest cities in the UK. From this map, various kinds of green spaces can be identified. However, within the site, green space is a rare occasion for the public and all the existing green spaces are in a low using rate.

4.4.1 Civic / community parks Canal Park (left) is a linear community park which link Butetown community to Bay area. The northern part can be enlarged to contain more activities and extended to Callaham Square Silurian Park and the green space in the north both serve as community park with a relatively less obvious location, which makes them more private and gives more priority to local users 1

3 2 Grange Garden (left) performs its function as community park very well. Various facilities and spacious green space attract residents to come 1

Hamadryad Park is big waterfront civic park connected with Canal Park. The using rate is low due to its suburban location, but it also offer citizens an ideal place to cycle or jog

4.4.2 Road / building attached green spaces The linear green spaces (left) along Lloyd George Avenue (A470) mainly perform aesthetic function currently, but it is undeniable that it also can be transformed in to a linear park. The bushes along east Taff River Bank have the potential to be extended as future's riverfront park to offer citizens activities such as cycling and become a city-wide attraction 2

Civic / community park Sport green space

Road/building attached green space Abandoned green space

Wetland reserve area

100m

200m

300m

Private green space

400m

Source: all the pictures are from myself

Site boundary

4.5 Foregrounding - Infrastructure The proximity to the Central Station should have brought a high accessibility to the site. However, the railway lines serve as barriers to the site

4.5.1 Railway line 1 1

2 1

Source: http://www.visitcardiff.com/

With Central Train Station on it, railway line 1 is the main railway line in Cardiff City and it also act as a scar on urban brain, which put on a bad influence on the connectivity of north to south. Within site area, there are three main culvert for pedestrian and vehicles to across though, they also create dead space and unpleasant walking experience

Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps

4.5.1 Railway line 2 1

2 2

Source: http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/for/prospective/campus-life/cardiff-and-wales/areas-of-cardiff.html

culverts

railway line

100m

200m

300m

400m

Railway line 2 lies to the west of the site, making this area suffer from the separation in east-west direction. There are only two culverts only for pedestrian to cross, and their dark and wet environment not only cause unpleasant walking experience, but also increase the unsafe factors

Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps

4.6 Land Use 4.6.1 A-section: South Station Square, 4 ha.

Mainly taken by industrial properties, the current land use of the site also shows the sign for office construction

This section is currently mainly taken by Brains Brewery, with a large car park in the front of Central Station's back gate and a few residential houses in the south. Brains heritage buildings and the chimney can be reused and transformed into a citywide attraction and an iconic landmark. The car park square has a potential to be transformed into a civic square 1

Brain's Brewery

Car park

Small number of houses

Source: all the pictures are from myself

4.6.2 B-section: Dumballs Road Industrial Zone, 18.7 ha. This section is mainly taken by warehouses, with some office buildings on the northern edge. The riverfront has a great capability for high-quality residential developments and waterfront destination.

10 3 Warehouses

Wasteland in the riverbank

Cardiff and Vale College

Source: all the pictures are from myself

4.6.3 C-section: Callaham Square, 2.5ha. Callaham Square now is paved by hard landscape and with vehicle ways surrounding it, where the problem of car orient exists and the using rate is very low. 7

5 Callaham Square

Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps

Circle road in Callaham Square

Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps

4.6.4 D-section: Canal Parade, 5.8ha. The current land uses in this section are complicated: with primary school, Greek language school, hotel, surgery, churches and residential houses, the site also commands the capability to be a destination showing the multi-cultural back ground of Cardiff

Residential

Office

Industrial

Commercial

Recreation

Institue

Large infrastructure

100m

200m

300m

400m

Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps

Greek Church

Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps

St. Mary's Church

Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps

Greek school

4.7 Streetscape and Landmark Analysis

Streetscape

Due to the domination of industrial housing, the site is surrounded by roads that mainly dedicated to vehicle transport. There is no street furniture or place to linger on these disserted streets. However, the proximity to City Centre can give designer the hope to introduce relevant activities into the streets in the site. Source: all the pictures from: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.4704631,-3.1631785,14z?hl=zh-CN

Local Landmark Local landmarks in and around the site are mainly tall buildings, such as residential tower, industrial chimney and church tower. The profile of Millennium Stadium adds unique feature to the skyline in this area, future's development should best reserve a view corridor for this.

Source: all the pictures from myself

100m

200m

300m

400m

4.8 Policy Review 4.8.1 Key Policy The Cardiff Local Development Plan Masterplanning Framework identifies a few large areas for future's developments and construction.

In this policy, the design site falls within an planning area called " Cardiff Central Enterprise Zone and Regional Transport Hub", which is positioned to be Cardiff's future business centre district and transport hub. Proposed uses include: employment uses, regional transport hub and approximate 2000 homes Site Area (ha) : 78.8 ha Wards : Adamsdown, Butetown, Cathays Five key factors have been identified in the area:

Source: Cardiff Local Development Plan Masterplanning Framework (Cardiff Council, 2014) Site Area (ha) : 78.8 ha Site boundary in the policy Site boundary for design

- Significant Gateway to the city - Major transport intersection for the city - River Taff frontage - Railway lines impact on pedestrian movement and - Legibility Source: Cardiff Local Development Plan Masterplanning Framework (Cardiff Council, 2014)

4.8.2 Strategic Schematic Framework - City Scale

Source: Cardiff Local Development Plan Masterplanning Framework (Cardiff Council, 2014)

The site is located along Taff Corridor and the riverside is currently hard pavement without vegetation, so influenced by the policy, the design brief is expected to pay attention to the greening of Taff River side.

In the framework of "Movement", Dumballs Road in the site has been positioned as a site for rapid transport, which means it is expected to be the key linkage and main vehicle way between City Centre and Cardiff Bay area

In the framework of "neighbourhood", a proposed local neighbourhood centre falls within the site area

4.9 Design Brief According to the site analysis and local policy, a design brief is proposed from six aspects: 1. Development Density - Maximise densities to make efficient use of the land. - Ensure the accessibility for high density development. 2. Sustainable Transport Corridor - Improve Canal Park and extend it to be a link between city centre and Bay area, creating of a walking and cycling route based on it. - Develop walking and cycling route along the river bank 3. Response to neighbouring community - Create a new community hub, and combine it with the existing Butetown Community Centre and Loudoun Square. - Develop new play areas to benefit the wider community. - Support the Butetown Regeneration by improving connections to, and provision of, community facilities and services. - Strengthen East-West walking and cycling connections between Butetown and Grangetown 4. Functional Planning - Develop Callaghan Square as Cardiffâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new central business district as well as a civic activity space - Create destination spaces with active uses which complement the business offer - Develop new function in the south of Central Station to take advantage of the people flow - Provide a range and choice of sites to meet business needs including start-up businesses, creative workshops and incubator units. - Opportunities for local facilities to form part of a new â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;high streetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; along Dumballs Road. 5. Distinctive character - Use well-designed signage system and clear-defined pedestrian routes to enhance the legibility. - Use the industrial maritime heritage to demonstrate the cultural background of this area 6. Green open space strategy - Extend and widen Canal Park as continuous route to Callaghan Square and even City Centre. - Add more functions such as leisure and sports to Canal Park - Create continuous river linear park which contain various function on Taff east bank.

5. Application of Landscape Urbanism On Site In this section, three design strategies derive from the theory of Landscape Urbanism will be applied to the site under the particular consideration of the practical condition of both the site and wider context

5.1 Diagram 1. Landscape Infrastructure

Site condition Option 1: sponge city

Site condition Option 2: second surface

Site condition Option 3: urban agriculture

Productive city

2. Landscape Framwork

3. Landscape as seed / catalyst

Site condition

(historical) landscape framework

A possible development process

5.2 Application of "Landscape Infrastructure" 5.2.1 Option 1. Sponge City Cardiff: the rainiest city in the UK

"Greener Grangetown" Project Grangetown lies just on the opposite bank to the site. The project of "Greener Grangetown" has proved the possibility of applying stormwater manage on Cardiff local community, which aims to reduce the amount of water flowing into sewers by using pocket parks (swales) and permeable pavement. Thus, the site, which will be the future's flagship project of the city, it is even more necessary for designers to integrate such a advanced design strategy to the site

An average of rainy days every year,which means two wet days for three dry ones

149

Rainy days

Dry days

Surface water treatment station is

10 miles away from Cardiff City

Source: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/cardiff-suburbs-streets-transformed-green-6926298

be saved if the amount of surface water can be reduced £0.25m will

The concept of "sponge City"

Source: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/britains-rainiest-city-revealed---4455480

Source: http://www.urban75.org/blog/a-particularly-rainy-august-bank-holiday-monday-in-cardiff/

According to the report, Cardiff has racked up an average 115cms of rain every year, which ranks the first among all the British big cities. At the moment, surface water in Cardiff is pumped 10 miles away to a treatment station in the Vale of Glamorgan which uses large amounts of energy. And it is said reducing the amount of water pumped over that distance could help save the council up to £250,000 a year (WelshOnline, 2014).

Sponge City means cities to be a giant infrastructure for storm water management, serving like a sponge which has good resilience to cope with environmental changes and natural disasters, collecting storm water from rainy days, filtering and storing it for future uses. Sponge City can reduce the pressure on sewer system and the waste of natural resource, which is an advanced strategy for future’s urban construction Source: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/cardiff-suburbs-streets-transformed-green-6926298

An intention picture of "sponge city" applied on the site Green Roof

Rain garden permeable pavement

Swale corridor

River Taff wetland

water-collecting tree pool Vehicle way

Vehicle way

River Taff

Pedestrian way

To water treatment pool for further purification

5.2.2 Option 2. Second Surface Infrastructure: an isolated element in the site

Second Surface Based on actual condition on the design site, "second urban surface" is an infrastructural network that derives from skyway network, and it is a network that not only connects rooftops and rooftops, rooftop level and ground level, but also stitch infrastructure into the city. Cardiff Bay Station An intention picture of second urban surface applied on site

Site

Butetown community site: new development

Butetown community

railway line

central station

Source: http://www.urban75.org/blog/cardiff-bay-railway-station-in-old-tiger-bay-quietly-rotsaway/

The site is faced with a problem of serious spatial isolation caused by infrastructure: two railway lines cut off the spatial connection and only left a few dark and wet culverts for pedestrian to walk through.

Two main functions of Second Surface "skyway": a rudiment for Second Surface Tuner (1995) points out that it will be increasingly difficult to provide quiet and sunny places in future's dowtown. Meanwhile, all the roof gardens are just independent units that are isolated from urban circulation system. So he proposes the network of skyways to link the roof gardens, which aims to offer office workers idea lunch place, as well as for jogging, sunbathing and playing games. Source: https://www.roofrocket.com/roofing_blog/green-roofing/green-roof-gardens/

From the skyway network, we can see the attention to the reutilization of urban spare space and the ambition to turn them into a giant urban circulation to give the city more development spaces.

Connects urban fragments

Extra urban spaces

How does the Second Surface generate blocks? Source:

Instead of simply connecting the rooftops by bridges, as infrastructural network, Second Surface will put on a profound influence on the design of the city: For the convenience of the disable, Second Surface will keep all the rooftops at the same level, and the leftover part can be used for higher building 1

5.2.3 Option 3. Urban Agriculture Urban agriculture

Policies, opportunities and benefits

"Without famers and farming, cities would not exist", the statement put by Steel (2008) points out the close connection between agriculture and cities. As the capital expands and technique develops, there will be an increase of more than three billion people on the planet and most of them will emerge in cities (UNEP, 2012), which will brings a huge pressure on environment. Urban Agriculture, which is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city (Bailkey et al., 2000), can provide a great opportunity to meet the growing demand for food by using the land within the city.

Cardiff Food and Health Strategy 2008-2011 (2008) advocates reducing ecological footprint during the production of food, which is an opportunity for urban agriculture because if the food grows in the city, lots of energy consumed by transportation can be saved. Meanwhile, the strategy affirms the importance of food education and training, which aims to inform people the knowledge that can help to make safe, healthy and sustainable food choices. Urban agriculture can be the next-door primary scene for this kind of educational activities

Urban agriculture and Cardiff: current situation Shelley Garden, Plasnewydd, Cardiff

There are urban agriculture emerging in Cardiff. Shelley Garden is a typical example for the food growing project within communities, which shows the potential of urban farming in Cardiff.

Urban agriculture can meet the demand from the policy. As Garrett (2008) puts it, urban agriculture can economically enhance local produce sector in long term by activating local produce and offering more jobs, and the process of establishing and managing urban agriculture projects will also contribute to the coherence of communities by getting people working together. Furthermore, he also argues that the information and knowledge about health and nutrition will also be spread during local food growing activities.

Provide more job opportunities

Educational function

Enhance social coherence

Source: http://www.pbs.org/food/features/food-forward-pilot-urban-farming/

Source: http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/site/ataglance/2013/09/steinhardt-celebrates-fall-with-first-harvest-offood-studies-programs-urban-farm-lab.html

Source: http://www.pbs.org/food/features/food-forward-pilot-urban-farming/

Source: https://cardiffgardeners.wordpress.com/tag/shelley-gardens/

Map of Farmer markets in Cardiff

There are three main farmer market in Cardiff and they are in Plasnewydd, Riverside and Rhiwbina, which mainly sell organic food from Cardiff's surrounding farmland.

Rhiwbina

These farmer markets open weekly and their popularity gives us a great vision of future's urban agriculture in this city Plasnewydd Riverside Source: https://cardiffgardeners.wordpress.com/tag/shelley-gardens/

As to the site, the proximity to Butetown community gives it a potential need for urban agriculture. According to The Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2014 (Welsh Government, 2014), Butetown is one of the most depressed area in Wales, and the spatial isolation brought by the railway lines contribute to the social isolation (Punter, 2006). Urban agriculture is expected to offer more job for neighbouring communities and enhance social coherence. Besides that, Butetown has a higher percentage (9.6%) of low bir th weight babies when compared with the UK average (7.0%), (Cardiff Community Profile, 2002). So urban farming can also be a googd chance to spread food knowledge and encourage them to have a healthy diet

Contains OS data ÂŠ Crown copyright and database right 2015. FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY

Scale 1:35000 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Aug 14, 2015 14:48 3

3.5

4.5

5 km

Yi Zhong Cardiff University

Butetown community is not an economically active area, with about 8.5% unemployed population (Source: http://datashine.org.uk/#table=QS601EW&col=QS601EW0009&ramp=RdYlGn&layers=BTTT&zoom=14&lon=-3.1689&lat=51.4696)

5.3 Application of "Landscape Framework" 5.3.1 Precedents Review

Clue 1: Hydrology as framework

As the statement before, landscape framework is mainly from the acknowledge of the current conditions of the site. Site features such as hydrology, topography, surrounding existing green spaces and so on could be the "clue" to suggest the formation of a framework. The following examples show how designers utilize these "clues" to develop a flexible and robust landscape frame work to guide the future development

Source: http://issuu.com/aalandscapeurbanism/docs/landscape-urbanism-2011-12-productive-urbanscapes

Clue 2: Green elements as framework

Clue 3: Heritage as framework

Clue 4: Policies or new programmes

Laguna West, U.S.

Duisburg-Nord Landscape Park, Germany

Source: https://lanplg.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/urban-design-case-study-laguna-west-sacramento-county-california/

Source: http://www.chla.com.cn/show.php?contentid=125442

Source: https://safetravelsolutions.org/solid-crisis-policies-and-practices/

Creating a framework based on existing green elements is a easy way to apply this design concept. Laguna West shows how can the greenway shape the urban form of a community.

The industrial heritage Duisburg-Nord Landscape Park is well used by designers. Railway lines and main roads that used to serve factories have been remained to structure the new construction of the park.

Looking at local policy and the new programmes in plan can give designers the sense of what the future vision might be and avoid the core construction areas when design the frame work

Landscape Urbanists usually use local hydrology as first clue to develop a landscape framework for a water sensitive design.

5.3.2 Proposing a landscape framework for the site

Surrounding green elements and new programme as frame work In Local Deposit Development Plan (Cardiff Council, 2014), a green corridor will be developed along River Taff, plus the existing green space of Canal Park, the two linear green spaces will cover the eastern and western boundaries of the site.

Identify clues in the site Hydrology

No streams, canals or culverts in the site

Green elements

√

Canal park is located in the west of the site, and the plan to extend it will make it become a green spine for the site

Heritage

√

The site has a long history of being industrial zone, which leaves a clear and typical urban grain for the site

Policy or new plan

√

A new green corridor along River Taff in is also proposed in local development plan

city

Industrial heritage as frame work The historical urban grain not only expresses the high efficiency and fast speed that industrial activities require, but also become a main feature of this area. Remaining this, to make future new flesh of urban environment grows from this old industrial bone, is the best way to show the respect for the historical context 1880's

1900's

1980's

(historical) industrial road network

1940's

bay

Canal Park as existing green space lies in the west of the site

bay

Proposed green corridor is along River Taff

bay

Connect them to maximize the social and ecological benefits

(historical) landscape framework: a metaphor for Cardiff's indstrial transformation

Source: myself

Industrial road network, the black vessels supporting industrial activities

Source:http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/

1880's: In late nineteenth centuary, Dumballs road, Penarth Road and Glamorganshire Canal already exist 1900's: In the beginning of twentieth century, Trade Street emerged.

1940's: Curran Road emerged by the railway line. Most of the land was taken by ware houses and factories and the roads between them are perpendicular to the axis of Bute East Dock 1980's: Curran Road was extended to south. Canal was filled and became today's Canal Park

(historical) Landscape framework, the green vessels supor ting future's new and sustainable new town

Source: https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%9C%9F%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%93

The remained road network used to be transport corridors for industrial material and product, like black vessels for an industrial body. By transform them into boulevards, there will be a shift from "black" to "green". Combined with the proposed adjacent green spaces, this (historical) landscape framework not only makes the site more ecofriendly and visually appealing, but also a metaphor of Cardiff's industrial transformation: from traditional industry to a more sustainable and eco-friendly development mode.

5.4 Application of "Landscape as seed / catalyst" 5.4.1 Identify the "seeds" in the site "Seeds" should be like starting points which can grow or develop over time during urbanization process and eventually form a certain scale and put influence on surrounding urban environment. In the context of Landscape Urbanism, "landscape as seeds" does not only look at green element, but also all the political, economic and social elements which have the potential to grow and be the driving power for urbanization in site

The rich industrial heritage in the site has value. Several industrial buildings could be remained and transformed into other uses. The following three industrial buildings are selected to be the future new cultural or recreational facilities to be the "seed" to drive the regeneration of this whole area. 1

1 1 2

Source: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/775319

Source: myself

1. Brain's brewery, with a tall chimney leading the skyline, has been serving as local landmark for these area for decades. Its spacious interior space and the proximity to Central Station give it the potential to be transformed into an industrial museum to tell the industrial history of Cardiff 2. Warehouses with river landscape can be transformed into an art centre to accommodate ar t workshop, studios and spontaneous

Source: http://www.tradestreetcafe.com/

activities, Part of it can be transformed into a pier to accommodate a new water bus stop 3. Trade Street historical house, where already taken by a cafe shop, is a good start for the change of the land use. The food theme can be further extended and introduce temporary activities such as food popups or beer festival.

Industrial heritage as "seed" Educational cluster as "seed" Green elements as " seed"

The band new building for Cardiff and Vale College has already been in used since 2015's summer, which is expected to drive the popularity of this area and bring more economic activities to the site by gathering students together 1

Source: http://www.e-architect.co.uk/china/industrial-museum-chongqing

Source: https://artisnotanoption.wordpress.com/2012/11/27/november-art-workshop-a-great-success/

Industrial Museum

Art work shop

Food pop-ups

Source: myself

Source: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2014/01/lemvig-skatepark-by-effekt/

Source: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2014/12/heerenschurli-sport-complex-by-topotek1/

Rolling skating field

Football field

A large area of Canal Park is just vacant grass without facilities, which leads to a low using rate. As a "seed" to generate new development, Canal Park will be extended and more functions are expected to be added. According to the existing function, the theme of "play" can be extended and turn this park into a sport park which can benefit all the adjacent neighbourhoods. 2

Source: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2015/01/on-to-new-shores-the-lahnaue-giesen-by-a24-landschaft-landschaftsarchitektur/

Source: myself

Reconnect people and the river

Source: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2015/05/copenhagen-strategic-flood-masterplan-by-atelier-dreiseitl/copenhagen_cloudburstmasterplan-atelier-dreiseitl-07/

Flooding control

This wasteland along the river disconnects with the Taff River green corridor, and the canalized riverbank cut off the connection between the river and the community. As one of the starting points of the project, This wasteland is expected to be transformed in to a wetland park, which mainly emphasizes the reconnection of people and river. In addition, wetland also has ecological function such as being habitats and flooding control

5.4.2 The process of urbanization city

city

bay

Phase 1. 2015-2017: Put Cardiff and Vale College into use, start to transform brewery, warehouses and Trade Street house, and also start to build wetland park and extend Canal Park

bay

Phase 2. 2017-2019: New industrial museum, Art Centre and Trade Street Food House are in used and the college brings the vitality they can feed on. Vegetation is growing in the two parks

bay

Phase 3. 2019-2024: Two parks becomes mature, adding great value to this area. High-quality urban construction will take place during this period and finally turn this area into Cardiff's flagship urban project

5.5 Conlusion Diagram After the exploration of applying the strategies to the site, we can find that it is possible to combine all the strategies together and form a comprehensive design strategy which can cover most parts of design process. At the end of the combination, a new urban form (productive city) will be proposed.

SITE & SURROUNDING AREA south station square, Dumballs Road industrial zone, Callaham Square, Canal Parade, Butetown community, Grangetown,Century Wharf

SPATIAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

Isolated by two railwaylines Disconected from the river

No green space within the site Canalized riverbank, a great loss of habitat

SOCIAL High unemployment in Butetown community Social isolation in Butetown community

SECOND SURFACE

SPONGE CITY

LANDSCAPE FRAMEWORK

URBAN AGRICULTURE

Provide sky walkway Extra urban space

Green stormwater collecting facilities Stormwater collection

Green element and historical road network as framework Guidance for future's urban grain

Create job opportunities Enhance community cohesion

Providing water and space

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Landscape infrastructure

NEW URBAN FORM: PRODUCTIVE CITY

Landscape framework Landscape as "seed / catalyst"

6.1 Master Plan

Public green space

Road

Private green space

Pavement & pedestrian - only street

Agricultural green space

Shared-surface road

Green house

Arch way

50m

100m

150m

200m

250m

6.1.1 Perspectives

6.2 Second Surface

Railway line Second surface Elevator and stairs Road

50m

100m

150m

200m

250m

6.2.1 Bird's view of Second Surface

S econd Surface extends another urban stage on a different level, flexibly holding various activities in urban life, which will be valuable extra space in future's compact and high-density cities Directly connects to surroundings

Efficient commuting Target building Starting ponit

Butetown community Railway line

10 min walk

18 min walk

Serving as pedestrian overpass, second surface directly crosses the railway line and connect to the adjacent green space

The future bussiness zone will bring a lot of pressure on the Central Station. The second surface will help facilitate passenger flow and enhance efficient commuting

6.2.2 Second Surface zoning a. Long Bridge cross Canal Park

Source: http://centerforactivedesign.org/high-line/

Source: http://www.nexuscorp.com/roof.asp

Source: https://hbr.org/2012/05/bring-your-garden-to-work/

Source: http://www.nexuscorp.com/roof.asp

Roof garden offers office workers a place to take a break

Rooftop green house

Source: http://blogs.ext.vt.edu/farm-to-table/2013/03/14/the-grass-and-possibly-garden-is-always-greener-on-the-roof/

Source: http://life.wilko.com/teaching-kids-gardening/

Rooftop farm

Ideal palce for education and training

Various facilities and an ideal place for exercise

Pop-up activities

b. Bussiness zone roof tops

c. Residential zone roof tops

6.3 Stormwater Infrastructre

Existing local hydrology Wetland Swale Rain garden

50m

100m

150m

200m

250m

6.3.1 Infrastructure Sections Street

Courtyard

Wetland

Source: http://www.biocycle.net/2012/03/14/recycled-organics-make-splash-in-green-infrastructure/, http://jhsteelgrating.en.hisupplier.com/product-431183-Tree-pool-Gratings.html, https://www.flickr.com/photos/la-citta-vita/4749837642, http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3967567, https://www.flickr.com/photos/sarfrazh/14691950925/, http://www.samhblog.org.uk/blog/?p=239

1. Swale in the middle of the road, collecting storm water and filtering it before it goes to the drain tube. It 3. Rain gardens are located in the courtyard or mini parks on the street, which collects, contains and filter 5. Wetland on the riverbank also collect and filter water, and meanwhile, becomes an important green also works as a mini eco-system, which can provide creature living corridor stormwater before it reach the drain tube corridor to connect Cardiff Bay and City Centre 2. Special designed tree pool can also collect surface runoff to drain tube 4. Rain gardens can also perform its basic function as garden to contain various public or private activities 6. Cardiff is an essential transition hub for migratory birds from Scandinavia, wetland can offer them more living space

6.3.2 Section Persperctive

Stormwater infrastructure: wetland

Stormwater infrastructure: street

Housing

Stormwater infrastructure: Rain garden

6.4 Urban Agriculture

Rooftop farm Rooftop greenhouse Vertical agricultural tower Welsh agriculture centre Farmers' market

50m

100m

150m

200m

250m

6.4.1 Rooftop Farming

6.4.4 Benefits

A new mode has emerged and is expected to provide hope for foods to grow in cities: the utilization of the urban landscape in rooftops. Japanese office workers have started to turn the rooftops of their working places to productive oasis in the cities (Harumi, 2008). In America, Rooftop farming also found its market in post-industrial cities such as Detroit and Chicago (Baeclay, 2013). The world-wide popularity proves that rooftop farming has very strong operability and has the potential to be applied here. It will become a good way to utilize spare urban spaces and create productive landscape

Creating more jobs Fresh food just around the corner

Economic Benefits Health

Seeing the whole process of food growing Education and Trainning Getting residents working together More green spaces

Community Cohesion Sustainable Land Use

6.4.5 Outputs Source: http://www.cityfarmer.info/2008/11/10/tokyo-rooftop-and-underground-urban-farming-lures-young-japanese-office-workers/

It is almost impossible to know the precise number of how much food the rooftop farmland could grow. The figures blow are only an estimation and the estimated productivity of the farmland is according to a report offered by Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs in 2015

18,977square metre farmland in total, with an estimated productivity of 8.6 tons / ha., could produce about 16.3 tons wheat a year.

6.4.2 Vertical Agriculture

Food can be grown without soil. Modern techniques such as soilless cultivation give a solution about growing food in future's compact city and utilizing the limited urban space. Four vertical agriculture towers are proposed to contain such a new plating pattern

If it is fruit and vegetable, 18,977 square metre farmland in could grow 20.1tons fruit and vegetable a year with an estimated productivity of 10.6 tons / ha. Following the advice of "Five a Day": 0.5kg of fruit and vegetables a day (NHS, 2013), the output is expected to meet the one-day demand from about 9% of Cardiff citizens

6.4.6 Welsh Agriculture Centre

Welsh Agriculture Centre is an agricultural complex which contains functions like agricultural corporate headquarter, agricultural trade talks and new agricultural product research

Source: http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/jul/02/next-gen-urban-farms-10-innovative-projects-from-around-the-world

6.4.3 Farmer Market

The biggest farmer market in Wales is expected to emerge in this triangular square. It will absorb the Riverbank Farmer Market in the opposite riverbank and sells not only the food from the rural area, but also the ones on the top of roofs

Source: http://www.ct.gov/doag/cwp/view.asp?a=3260&q=398996

Source: http://www.commercialdomesticinvestigations.co.uk/late-payment-problems-to-be-tackled/, http://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/agricultural-and-food-scientists.htm, http://www.kinematik.com/industries/agricultural-science, http://www. wilentz.com/commercial-litigation

6.5 Master Plan without second surface

Public green space

Road

Private green space

Pavement & pedestrian - only street

Arch way

Shared-surface road

50m

100m

150m

200m

250m

6.5.1 Urban Grain Roath

6.5.2 Transportation Heath

Grangetown

140~170m

The size of urban block is from the local traditional community in Cardiff, which aims to build a human-scale community and make residents feel familiar and warm

Main Road

40~60m

In a traditional Cardiff community, The relationship between main road and residential street is usually like the graphic above

Railway station Railway line

The layout of urban blocks will follow the (historical) landscape framework

Existing bus route Existing bus stop New bus route New bus stop

150m

Existing cycle route New cycle route Pedestrian only route

300m

450m

600m

Water bus route Existing water bus stop New water bus stop

The urban grain eventually follows two guidance: the size of traditional Cardiff community block and the fabric of (historical) landscape framework

6.6 Land Use Second Floor

Ground Floor

Overall Floorage: 526,605 square metres

Overall Green Space: 201,584 square metres

Office: 216,229

Farmland: 18,977

Retail: 18,841

Vertical agriculture: 11,700

Residential: 236,852

Public green space: 149,118

Recreation: 10,057

Resident-only green space: 21,789

School: 16,025 Amenities: 7,596 Hotel: 9,305 Vertical agriculture: 11,700

6.6.1 Vertical Land Use 1

3 4

2 5

Office

Residential

Hotel

Vertical agriculture

Retail

Recreation

Amenity

School

1. New Callaham Square: The two new towers in the south of the square which contain various functions such as office, hotel and residential apartment 2. Cardiff Industrial Museum: Transformed from Brain's brewery, the museum will show the long industrial history of this area and become a regional tourist attraction 3. New business zone: Taking advantage of the high accessibility offered by the Central Station, the new business zone is expected to be the biggest Central Business Area (CBD) in Wales and the Wall Street of Cardiff 4. Riverbank Community: Combined with urban agriculture, this community aims to provide residents a vivid, harmonious and sustainable living environment 5. Community Centre

6.7 Building Height Analysis 1

1-3 floors

5-8 floors

3-5 floors

Tower

9 Callaham Tower 109m New Tower 79m

Standing on the roof farm can also see the new skyline of Cardiff, which is comprised by new towers and existing high risings

6.8 Street Character Office Retail Residential

1. Callaham Square 1. Callaham Square

2. Dumballs Road 5m pedestrian way

12m vehicle way 25 m Urban Street

3m 5m car park pedestrian way

Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.5226977,-0.0948454,3a,75y,177.76h,87.95t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sFLVC-YYKIgUmZKraxGzbpA!2 e0!7i13312!8i6656!6m1!1e1

2. Dumballs Road

3. New Trade Street

3m swale

2m elevator

4m pedestrian way

12m vehicle way 20 m Urban Street

4m pedestrian way

Source: http://www.citadelrisk.com/contact-us/uk-office/

3. New Trade Street

Urban Street Office Street

Retail Street Residential Street

50m

100m

150m

200m

2m swale

Riverside Street

2m elevator

3m pedestrian way

9m 3m vehicle way pedestrian way 15 m Residential Street

Source: http://www.soldbyshane.ca/2012/06/queens-quay-to-become-torontos-champs-elysees/

Office Retail Residential

4. Retail Street

4m swale& street facilities Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.5226977,-0.0948454,3a,75y,177.76h,87.95t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sFLVC-YYKIgUmZKraxGzbpA!2 e0!7i13312!8i6656!6m1!1e1

2m elevator

4. Retail Street

4m pedestrian way

12m pedestrian-only way 20 m Urban Street

4m pedestrian way

5. Riverside Street

1.5m cycle way

2m elevator

Urban Street Office Street

Retail Street Residential Street

50m

100m

150m

4m pedestrian way

3m swale

12m vehicle way 20 m Riverside Street

4m pedestrian way

Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps

200m

Riverside Street

6.9 Sequence of Spaces 1

1. Central Station South Square 2. Curran Street North Square 3. Callaham Square 4. Community Triangular Square 5. Entrance of New Bridge 6. Curran Street South Square

3 1 2

4 6 5 3

6 5

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-33685200, http://www.lendlease.com/australia/sectors/retail, http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2015/04/mcburney-lane-by-hapa-collaborative/, http://udconnect.net/houtan-wetland-park-shanghai/, http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2015/03/ericusspitze-by-wes-landscape-architecture/

7. Conclusions Through the exploration of the theory and the experiment of applying the theory to practice, several new findings are identified. Firstly, as design strategies, landscape infrastructure and landscape framework have proved their practicability when it comes to inner city urban design project. Because they both do not have any actual character against a certain urban form, they could be integrated into inner city environment easily. As to the strategy of “landscape as seed / catalyst”, at least in this design project, is an attempt on changing the process of urbanization: improving the environment firstly and then waiting for developers to come. However, under the pressure of market economy, a development process proposed by designers does not always count, because an area’s regeneration is usually led by the market. Hence, such a strategy will not be always easy to be implemented as long as the political and economic environment stay the same. As to the theory itself, as mentioned before, the integration of Landscape Urbanism strategies between inner city urban form in this design project has proved that this theory can obtain living space by being combined with other more conserve urban design theory (Neoclassicists and New Urbanists will appreciate when they find the urban grain evolves from Cardiff’s traditional community). However, the success of the strategies has not won a recognition for the theory itself. Designers can apply these strategies without ecological thinking or seeing cities as landscape, which indicates that there is no necessary connection between the strategies and the theory (though the strategies can be deduced from the theory). More notably, as the strategy develops over time, some of them start to move further and further from the original intention of the theory. For instance, as an extension of Landscape Infrastructure, Green Infrastructure seems gain more pages these years and has the potential to replace the former one, but actually Green Infrastructure (which focus on vegetation) cannot reflect all the full meaning contained by Landscape Infrastructure. Thus, these factors make Landscape Urbanism become like a collection of ideas, rather than a real theory which can truly produce something. However, there are ideas from the Landscape Urbanism discourse which have great value, among which we can see the ecological thinking, the reverse of figure and ground, the attention on how landscape works rather than how landscape looks and the creative way of transforming post-industrial sites. In addition, also influenced by this movement, Landscape architects start to jump out of the boundary of the site and consider from an urban perspective. Architects begin to pay more attention on combining background information and wider context. Planners start to seek the most appropriate way to reconcile the conflicts between nature and cities. It is uncertain that if Landscape Urbanists’ vision of breaking down discipline boundaries will come true one day, but the trend of interdisciplinary thinking has emerged, and this, should partly thank to Landscape Urbanism.

50 m

100 m

150m

200m

250m

Appendix-8.1 Master Plan

Public green space

Road

Private green space

Pavement & pedestrian - only street

Agricultural green space

Shared-surface road

Green house

Arch way

8.2 Ethical Form

8. Bibliography Books

Articles in Book

Duany, A. and Talen, E. 2013. Landscape urbanism and its discontents. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.

Corner, J. 2006. Terra Fluxus. In: Waldheim, C. eds. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, pp. 21-33

Kaufman, J. and Bailkey, M. 2000. Farming inside cities. [Cambridge, Mass.]: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. McHarg, I. 1969. Design with nature. Garden City, New York: Published for the American Museum of Natural History [by] the Natural History Press.

Kelbaugh, D. 2014. The Environmental Paradox of the City, Landscape Urbanism and New Urbanism. In: Tigran, H. et al. eds. Emergent Urbanism: Urban Planning & Design in Times of Structural and Systemic Change. Surrey: Ashgate Pub Co, pp. 159-174

McGlynn, S., Smith, G., Alcock, A., Murrain, P. and Bentley, I. 2012. Responsive Environments. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

Mossop, E. 2006. Landscapes of Infrastructure. In: Waldheim, C. eds. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, pp. 163-177

Punter, J. and Hooper, A. 2006. Capital Cardiff 1975-2020. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Pollak, L. 2006. Constructed Ground: Ouestions of Scale. In: Waldheim, C. eds. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, pp. 125-139

Steel, C. 2008. Hungry city. London: Chatto & Windus. Waldheim, C. 2006. The landscape urbanism reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

Journal Articles AngĂŠlil, M. and Klingmann, A. 1999. Hybrid Morphologies: Infrastructure, Architecture, Landscape. Daidalos, 73(10): pp.16-24. Chen, J. and Ge, M. 2010. A study on the genealogy and concept of landscape urbanism. Architectural Journal, 30(11), pp.15-19 Ellis, C. 2015. Landscape Urbanism and New Urbanism: A View of the Debate. Journal of Urban Design, 20(3), pp.303307. Heins, M. 2015. Finding Common Ground Between New Urbanism and Landscape Urbanism. Journal of Urban Design, 20(3), pp.293-302. Kim, Y and Jeong, W. 2014. Development of landscape urbanism in practice. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture, 42(1), pp.1-17 Kullmann, K. 2015. Grounding Landscape Urbanism and New Urbanism. Journal of Urban Design, 20(3), pp.311-313. Pe la PeĂąa, D. (2015). New Landscape Urbanisms: Promising New Paths for Urban Design. Journal of Urban Design, 20(3), pp.314-317. Thompson, I. 2012. Ten tenets and six questions for landscape urbanism. Landscape Research, 37(1), pp.7-26. Turner, T. 1995. Greenways, blueways, skyways and other ways to a better London. Landscape and Urban Planning, 33(13), pp.269-282. Yang, R. 2009. Discussion about the concept and theory of Landscape Urbanism. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 21(3), pp.60-63 Waldheim, C. 2002. Landscape Urbanism: A Genealogy. PRAXIS Journal, 5(4), pp.4-17.

Shannon, K. 2006. From Theory to Resistance: Landscape Urbanism in Europe. In: Waldheim, C. eds. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, pp. 141-161 Tatom, J. 2006. Urban Highways and the Reluctant Public Realm. In: Waldheim, C. eds. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, pp. 179-197 Waldheim, C. 2006. Landscape as Urbanism. In: Waldheim, C. eds. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, pp. 35-53 Wall, A. 1999. Programming the urban surface. In: Corner, J. eds. Recovering Landscape. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. 1st ed. pp. 234-240 Weller, R. 2006. An Art of Instrumentality: Thinking Through Landscape Urbanism. In: Waldheim, C. eds. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, pp. 69-85

Policies City of Cardiff Council (2014), Cardiff Local Development Plan Masterplanning Framework, accessed online:https:// www.cardiff.gov.uk/ENG/resident/Planning/Local-Development-Plan/Examination/Core-Document-Library/LDP-Stages/ Documents/LDP059%20Deposit%20Masterplanning%20Framework%20Updated%20May%202014.pdf City of Cardiff Council (2006), Dumballs Road Area Planning Brief Supplementary. Planning Guidance, accessed online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regeneration-project-dumballs-road-cardiff-gdv-420m City of Cardiff Council (2007), River Taff Corridor Action Plan, accessed online: formerly.cardiff.gov.uk/objview.asp?object_ id=9589 City of Cardiff Council (2013), Cardiff Business & Industrial Landbank Monitoring, accessed online: https://www.cardiff. gov.uk/ENG/resident/Planning/Local-Development-Plan/Examination/Core-Document-Library/Cardiff-Council-Docs/ Documents/CC32%20Business%20and%20Industrial%20Landbank%20Monitoring%202013%20(Combined).pdf City of Cardiff Council (2008), Cardiff Food and Health Strategy 2008-2011, accessed online: http://www. cardiffhealthalliance.org/attributes/HWB/food/Food+HealthStrategy_08-11.pdf

Weller, R. 2008. Landscape (Sub) Urbanism in Theory and Practice. Landscape Journal, 27(2), pp.247-267.

Reports City of Cardiff Council (2002), Cardiff Community Profile, accessed online: cardiffdigs.co.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=286 Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (2015), Total factor productivity of the UK agricultural industry 2014 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1st estimate, accessed online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/424942/ agriproductivity-statsnotice-30apr15.pdf United Nations Environmental Programme (2012). Global Environment Outlook-5. New York: Routledge Welsh Government (2014). The Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2014, accessed online: http://gov.wales/statisticsand-research/welsh-index-multiple-deprivation/?lang=en

Master Dissertation Garrett, S. 2008. Urban agriculture in Cardiff. MA Dissertation, Cardiff University.

Online News Cardiff, the rainiest city in the UK: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cardiff-gets-accolade-no-onewanted-7956072 Cardiff and Vale College: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-21746734 Downsview Park Toronto: Frameworks as Design: http://ecosistemaurbano.org/english/downsview-park-torontoframeworks-as-design/ Greener Grangetown Project: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/cardiff-suburbs-streets-transformedgreen-6926298 Rooftop farm in Tokyo: http://www.cityfarmer.info/2008/11/10/tokyo-rooftop-and-underground-urban-farming-luresyoung-japanese-office-workers/ Rooftop farm in Chicago: http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/09/24/225745012/why-aren-t-there-more-rooftop-farms

Website The conventional meaning of "landscape":https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape "Five a day" http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/5aday/Pages/5ADAYhome.aspx