Exploration of Landscape Urbanism Concepts for Inner City Urban Design A design proposal based on Landscape Urbanism for Butetown Riverbank, Cardiff A Dissertation submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Master of Urban Design, Author: Yi Zhong (c1429225) Supervisor: Andrea Frank, Cardiff University September, 2015
1. Introduction
This MA Urban Design project explores the applicability of Landscape Urbanism (LU) under the inner-city urban context. It has two parts. The first part consists of research (Chapter1 – Chapter3), where the tendencies, design strategies and problems will be summarized based on literature review. The second part is design project, which is comprised by the attempt to apply the research results to the design site (Chapter3 – Chapter7).
1.2 Gap in knowledge Some studies do have examined the performance and development of Landscape Urbanism in practice (Kim & Jeong, 2014; Yang, 2009; Weller, 2008). However, the initial reading shows that there is relatively limited literature on the practices of LU in urban design projects. Most of the writing on Landscape Architecture in practice is based on how the theory combine with ecological thinking or ecological techniques, or how the landscape infrastructure has been multi-functionally used. Thus, this indicates a gap in knowledge that this research can start to fill.
1.3 Research aim Identify the practical ways to apply Landscape Urbanism under the inner city context and test the design ideas from this theory on a specific design site (Butetown Riverbank, Cardiff, UK) 1.4 Research questions 1. What are the limitations for applying Landscape Urbanism on urban design project? 2. How to enhance the practicability of Landscape Urbanism? 3. How can the research findings be apply to an inner city urban design project?
2. Literature Review Three tendencies in Landscape Urbanism and their interpretation Hybridization with ecology
Combination of former two
Seeing cities as "landscape"
the integration of ecological thinking or use ecological technique directly
Two main problems in Landscape Urbanism Ignoring human experience
Regard landscape as basic block to generate See cities in a landscape way and also urban construction emphasize the urban process
In a danger of conceptional generalization
Three design strategies derive from the theory Landscape Infrastructure
Landscape as catalyst /seed
Landscape as framework
Combine Landscape Urbanism with other urban design theories
Identify Landscape Urbanism from Landscape Architecture and McHarg's planning theory Figure 2.1 Literature review diagram
2.3 Three Design Strategies from Landscape Urbanism As the theory’s development and self-improvement, there are several design strategies that can be summarized from practices. The following content will introduce them and further explain how each design strategy evolve from the theory of Landscape Urbanism.
Landscape Infrastructure
Landscape as Seed / Catalyst
Landscape Framework
Figure 2. 2 Picture of Meoll De la Fusta, source: myself
source: http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/the-high-line/photos
A landscape framework from hydrology square
high-speed way
urban road
building
Traditional way of design, making the high-speed way a scar on urban fabric
square
high-speed way
urban road
building
Source: http://issuu.com/aalandscapeurbanism/docs/landscape-urbanism-2011-12-productive-urbanscapes
Landscape Urbanism way, stiching the infrastructure into urban fabric
Figure 2. 3 Sections, source: from myself
2.4 Two Main Problems in Landscape Urbanism Ignoring human experience
The Danger of Conceptional Generalization Landscape Architecture focus on a certain plot semantic change
New urban form proposed by Landscape Urbanists
Source: http://landscapeurbanism.aaschool.ac.uk/#
Possible solutions New Urbanism
Walkbility
Mix-use diversity
UK local design principles
Increased Density
Traditonal urban structure
Legibility Diversity
Accessbility Robustness
Ian MacHarg's planning theory binary of nature and cities critically inhertance
Landscape Urbanism
Landscape Urbanism
is an urban design theort and focus on urban issues
encourage the hybridization between nature and cities
3. Case Study Case Selection Criteria and Methodology The basic principle for selecting cases is that the case must follow the key words of this research question and demonstrate how to use Landscape Urbanism design strategies mentioned above properly. Thus, cases should meet the demands as follow:
Analytical Framework Based on the three Landscape Urbanism design strategies, an analytical framework that aims to figure out how to use the strategis properly and what kind of influence they can bring to cities is propsed
- The application of Landscape Urbanism in the case must put a profound influence on urban design and future's urban form. - The case should best be located in inner city area with large transport infrastructure surrounding - The case should best be built on a post-industrial site (brownfield)
3. 1 Case One. Downsview Park
Strategy (dimension)
The degree of application (value)
Outcome
Landscape Infrastructure
none / weak / strong
Why designers use these strategies
Landscape Framework
none / weak / strong
Landscape as seed / catalyst
none / weak / strong
How desingers use them What benefits it can bring
Description: Faced with degraded natural system (former air army site) and the constraint of funding, the designers use trees (instead of architecture) to be the motive power to generate urban expansion and propose phased strategies to guide construction. As the vegetation grow, the rise of land value will bring more funding for the further construction of buildings and infrastructure, which will form a virtuous cycle.
Site
Downsview area is mainly faced two kinds of unpredicted situation: the restoration of the local ecosystem is complicated and the ultimate morphology is hard to control. Additionally, Downsview may play an essential role in Greater Toronto’s future urbanization, because newly increased population is very likely to fall within in suburban areas like Downsview. These two factors will change Downsview area both environmentally and demographically, which makes the future’s urban life very uncertain. City Centre
Location: Toronto, suburban Area: 130 ha. Client: Toronto Government
Background: International Competition Time: 1999 Designers: Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau
The map of Toronto
Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps
Due to this reason, designers think it will not be convincing to propose a master plan only using today’s information. Thus, the developing process of landscape is more important than any kinds of concrete design form. So a conceptual and instructional developing strategy is proposed to guide the future’s concrete design (which will depend on practical situation) and make the park to be gradually formed. This, hence, ensures the flexibility and enable the park to cope with the future change. Meanwhile, it also interprets designers' comprehension of Landscape Urbanism
Phase 1. 2001-2005: Phytoremediation. In this stage, only purify and fertilize the contaminated soil to make it ready for future use. Some basic facilities could be set up to contain contemporary uses. Phase 2. 2006-2010: New vegetation will be planted in the cleansed land and extent into the surrounding area, which aims to make the city and park connected. “Land bridges” are also proposed to connect the park and neighbouring communities to create corridors for creatures to cross. In this stage, construction for road network will begin and more activities will be arranged to the site.
Phase 1
Phase 2 Phased urbanization Source: http://archrecord.construction.com/people/interviews/archives/0106mau-1.asp
Landscape as catalyst/seed: strong
Phase 3. 2011-2015: It is expected that 25% of the land will be taken by mature plant communities that grew freely, and the remaining land’s function will be decided according to the future local plan and development. In this phase, saving from previous phases will be invested in infrastructure such as bus stops and cultural facilities in the park.
Landscape as framework: strong
Landscape infrastructure: none
3. 2 Case One. The Wungong Urban Water (WUW) Landscape Structure Plan (LSP) This is a master planning project of a suburban residential development in Per th, Western Australia. Proposed by a design team mainly from the University of Western Australia Landscape Architecture Department, the master plan seeks to provide the suburban with a holistic framework through giving design priority to landscape architecture. As Weller (2008) states, "This case is a good example for making the lofty Landscape Urbanism principles down to the earth and Meanwhile, it also identifies the potential for drawing from other theories to make the whole design more practical and feasible.
40 km
Perth urban area
Location: Outskirt of Perth Area: 1500 ha. Client: Armadale Redevelopment Authority (ARA)
Site
Designers: University of Western Australia Landscape Architecture Department, ARA The map of Perth Source: Weller, R. 2008. Landscape (Sub) Urbanism in Theory and Practice. Landscape Journal, 27(2), pp.247-267.
Designers propose a matrix of public open space, whose strips are known as “park avenues”, to be the primary guideline (or structuring device) for the following development. These park avenues are 85-foot-wide and 650 feet from one another across the while area, and their orientation is designed to be the wind corridor to cool down the temperature in the summer and maximize the opportunity for housing solar energy.
Master plan Source: Weller, R. 2008. Landscape (Sub) Urbanism in Theory and Practice. Landscape Journal, 27(2), pp.247-267.
Section of Park Avenue
2.5m path
14m drainage swale
7.5m Verge
7.5m Vehicle Way
2.5m path
12m road
7.5m Verge Avenue sections
22.5m
Source: Myself
Road Avenue
Infrastructure section Source: Myself
Master plan diagrams Source: Myself
Landscape as catalyst/seed: none
Landscape as framework: strong
Landscape infrastructure: strong
4. Site Analysis The design site is located in the east riverbank of Butetown area, which is comprised by four sections: South Station Square, Callaham Square, Dumballs Road Industrial Zone and Canal Parade. With an essential location of between City Centre area and Cardiff Bay area
Taff River riverside highly accessible riverside accessible riverside unaccesible
Fully accessible to the river Accessible to the river Cut off from the river Fully accessible to the river Accessible to the river Cut off from the river
Site Boundary Location of Cardiff
Urban Structure of Cardiff Callaham Square
South Station Square
Canal Parade
Cardiff Airport
Bristol Airport Dumballs Road Industrial Zone 0 km
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4.3 Spatial Layout Analysis Location
Barriers & Accessbility
train station railway line primary linkage secondary linkage area
Transportation
train station car park railway line cycle route main bus route 0m
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750m
main barrier main attraction
1000m 0m
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The unique location od the site presents great capabilities for the introduction of a series of mix-use programmes, environmental improvements and infrastructure constructions. However, with River Taff on the east and a railway line to the west, the east-west connectivity is seriously limited.
Source: https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=river+taff&biw
Foregrounding - Green Space
Civic / community parks
Cardiff is one of the greenest cities in the UK. From this map, various kinds of green spaces can be identified. However, within the site, green space is a rare occasion for the public and all the existing green spaces are in a low using rate.
Canal Park (left) is a linear community park which link Butetown community to Bay area. The northern part can be enlarged to contain more activities and extended to Callaham Square Silurian Park and the green space in the north both serve as community park with a relatively less obvious location, which makes them more private and gives more priority to local users 1
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3 2
Grange Garden (left) performs its function as community park very well. Various facilities and spacious green space attract residents to come 1
Hamadryad Park is big waterfront civic park connected with Canal Park. The using rate is low due to its suburban location, but it also offer citizens an ideal place to cycle or jog
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Road / building attached green spaces The linear green spaces (left) along Lloyd George Avenue (A470) mainly perform aesthetic function currently, but it is undeniable that it also can be transformed in to a linear park. The bushes along east Taff River Bank have the potential to be extended as future's riverfront park to offer citizens activities such as cycling and become a city-wide attraction 2
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Civic / community park Sport green space
Road/building attached green space
Wetland reserve area
Abandoned green space
Site boundary
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300m
Private green space
400m
Source: all the pictures are from myself
Foregrounding - Infrastructure The proximity to the Central Station should have brought a high accessibility to the site. However, the railway lines serve as barriers to the site
Railway line 1 1
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Source: http://www.visitcardiff.com/
With Central Train Station on it, railway line 1 is the main railway line in Cardiff City and it also act as a scar on urban brain, which put on a bad influence on the connectivity of north to south. Within site area, there are three main culvert for pedestrian and vehicles to across though, they also create dead space and unpleasant walking experience Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps
Railway line 2 1
1
2 2
Source: http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/for/prospective/campus-life/cardiff-and-wales/areas-of-cardiff.html
0m
culverts
100m
200m
Railway line 2 lies to the west of the site, making this area suffer from the separation in east-west direction. There are only two culverts only for pedestrian to cross, and their dark and wet environment not only cause unpleasant walking experience, but also increase the unsafe factors
400m
300m
railway line
Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps
4.6 Land Use A-section: South Station Square, 4 ha. This section is currently mainly taken by Brains Brewery, with a large car park in the front of Central Station's back gate and a few residential houses in the south. Brains heritage buildings and the chimney can be reused and transformed into a city-wide attraction and an iconic landmark. The car park square has a potential to be transformed into a civic square
Mainly taken by industrial properties, the current land use of the site also shows the sign for office construction
1
Brain's Brewery
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2
Car park
Small number of houses
Source: all the pictures are from myself
A 2
B-section: Dumballs Road Industrial Zone, 18.7 ha. This section is mainly taken by warehouses, with some office buildings on the northern edge. The riverfront has a great capability for high-quality residential developments and waterfront destination.
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Warehouses
Wasteland in the riverbank
Cardiff and Vale College
Source: all the pictures are from myself
B
C-section: Callaham Square, 2.5ha. Callaham Square now is paved by hard landscape and with vehicle ways surrounding it, where the problem of car orient exists and the using rate is very low. 7
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5 Callaham Square
Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps
Circle road in Callaham Square
Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps
D-section: Canal Parade, 5.8ha. The current land uses in this section are complicated: with primary school, Greek language school, hotel, surgery, churches and residential houses, the site also commands the capability to be a destination showing the multi-cultural back ground of Cardiff 9
Residential
Office
Industrial
Commercial
Recreation
Institue
Large infrastructure
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Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps
Greek Church
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Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps
St. Mary's Church
Source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps
Greek school
Streetscape and Landmarks Streetscape
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Due to the domination of industrial housing, the site is surrounded by roads that mainly dedicated to vehicle transpor t. There is no street furniture or place to linger on these disserted streets. However, the proximity to City Centre can give designer the hope to introduce relevant activities into the streets in the site.
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Source: all the pictures from: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.4704631,-3.1631785,14z?hl=zh-CN
Local Landmark
Local landmarks in and around the site are mainly tall buildings, such as residential tower, industrial chimney and church tower. The profile of Millennium Stadium adds unique feature to the skyline in this area, future's development should best reserve a view corridor for this.
Source: all the pictures from myself
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Policy Review Key Policy The Cardiff Local Development Plan Masterplanning Framework identifies a few large areas for future's developments and construction.
In this policy, the design site falls within an planning area called " Cardiff Central Enterprise Zone and Regional Transport Hub", which is positioned to be Cardiff's future business centre district and transport hub. Proposed uses include: employment uses, regional transport hub and approximate 2000 homes Site Area (ha) : 78.8 ha Wards : Adamsdown, Butetown, Cathays Five key factors have been identified in the area:
Source: Cardiff Local Development Plan Masterplanning Framework (Cardiff Council, 2014) Site Area (ha) : 78.8 ha Site boundary in the policy Site boundary for design
- Significant Gateway to the city - Major transport intersection for the city - River Taff frontage - Railway lines impact on pedestrian movement and - Legibility Source: Cardiff Local Development Plan Masterplanning Framework (Cardiff Council, 2014)
4.8.2 Strategic Schematic Framework - City Scale
Source: Cardiff Local Development Plan Masterplanning Framework (Cardiff Council, 2014)
The site is located along Taff Corridor and the riverside is currently hard pavement without vegetation, so influenced by the policy, the design brief is expected to pay attention to the greening of Taff River side.
In the framework of "Movement", Dumballs Road in the site has been positioned as a site for rapid transport, which means it is expected to be the key linkage and main vehicle way between City Centre and Cardiff Bay area
In the framework of "neighbourhood", a proposed local neighbourhood centre falls within the site area
Design Brief 1. Development Density - Maximise densities to make efficient use of the land. - Ensure the accessibility for high density development. 2. Sustainable Transport Corridor - Improve Canal Park and extend it to be a link between city centre and Bay area, creating of a walking and cycling route based on it. - Develop walking and cycling route along the river bank 3. Response to neighbouring community - Create a new community hub, and combine it with the existing Butetown Community Centre and Loudoun Square. - Develop new play areas to benefit the wider community. - Support the Butetown Regeneration by improving connections to, and provision of, community facilities and services. - Strengthen East-West walking and cycling connections between Butetown and Grangetown
4. Functional Planning - Develop Callaghan Square as Cardiff’s new central business district as well as a civic activity space - Create destination spaces with active uses which complement the business offer - Develop new function in the south of Central Station to take advantage of the people flow - Provide a range and choice of sites to meet business needs including start-up businesses, creative workshops and incubator units. - Opportunities for local facilities to form part of a new ‘high street’ along Dumballs Road. 5. Distinctive character - Use well-designed signage system and clear-defined pedestrian routes to enhance the legibility. - Use the industrial maritime heritage to demonstrate the cultural background of this area 6. Green open space strategy - Extend and widen Canal Park as continuous route to Callaghan Square and even City Centre. - Add more functions such as leisure and sports to Canal Park - Create continuous river linear park which contain various function on Taff east bank.
5. Application of Landscape Urbanism Design Strategies 5.1 Application of Landscape Infrastructure 5.1.1 Option 1. Sponge City Cardiff: the rainiest city in the UK
"Greener Grangetown" Project Grangetown lies just on the opposite bank to the site. The project of "Greener Grangetown" has proved the possibility of applying stormwater manage on Cardiff local community, which aims to reduce the amount of water flowing into sewers by using pocket parks (swales) and permeable pavement. Thus, the site, which will be the future's flagship project of the city, it is even more necessary for designers to integrate such a advanced design strategy to the site
An average of 149 rainy days every year,which means two wet days for three dry ones
Rainy days
Dry days
Surface water treatment station is
10 miles
£0.25m
away from Cardiff City
Source: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/cardiff-suburbs-streets-transformed-green-6926298
will be saved if the amount of surface water can be reduced
Source: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/britains-rainiest-city-revealed---4455480
Source: http://www.urban75.org/blog/a-particularly-rainy-august-bank-holiday-monday-in-cardiff/
According to the report, Cardiff has racked up an average 115cms of rain every year, which ranks the first among all the British big cities. At the moment, surface water in Cardiff is pumped 10 miles away to a treatment station in the Vale of Glamorgan which uses large amounts of energy. And it is said reducing the amount of water pumped over that distance could help save the council up to £250,000 a year (WelshOnline, 2014).
The concept of "sponge City"
Sponge City means cities to be a giant infrastructure for storm water management, ser ving like a sponge which has good resilience to cope with environmental changes and natural disasters, collecting storm water from rainy days, filtering and storing it for future uses. Sponge City can reduce the pressure on sewer system and the waste of natural resource, which is an advanced strategy for future’s urban construction Source: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/cardiff-suburbs-streets-transformed-green-6926298
An intention picture of "sponge city" applied on the site Green Roof
Rain garden
permeable pavement
Swale corridor
River Taff wetland
River Taff
water-collecting tree pool
Vehicle way
Vehicle way
Pedestrian way
To water treatment pool for further purification
5.1.2 Option 2. Second Surface Infrastructure: an isolated element in the site
Second Surface
Based on actual condition on the design site, "second urban surface" is an infrastructural network that derives from skyway network, and it is a network that not only connects rooftops and rooftops, rooftop level and ground level, but also stitch infrastructure into the city.
Cardiff Bay Station
Site
An intention picture of second urban surface applied on site
Butetown community
site: new development
Butetown community
railway line
central station
Source: http://www.urban75.org/blog/cardiff-bay-railway-station-in-old-tiger-bay-quietly-rots-away/
The site is faced with a problem of serious spatial isolation caused by infrastructure: two railway lines cut off the spatial connection and only left a few dark and wet culverts for pedestrian to walk through. Two main functions of Second Surface
"skyway": a rudiment for Second Surface
Tuner (1995) points out that it will be increasingly difficult to provide quiet and sunny places in future's dowtown. Meanwhile, all the roof gardens are just independent units that are isolated from urban circulation system. So he proposes the network of skyways to link the roof gardens, which aims to offer office workers idea lunch place, as well as for jogging, sunbathing and playing games.
How does the Second Surface generate blocks?
From the skyway network, we can see the attention to the reutilization of urban spare space and the ambition to turn them into a giant urban circulation to give the city more development spaces.
Instead of simply connecting the rooftops by bridges, as infrastructural network, Second Surface will put on a profound influence on the design of the city: For the convenience of the disable, Second Surface will keep all the rooftops at the same level, and the leftover part can be used for higher building
Connects urban fragments
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Extra urban spaces
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Source: https://www.roofrocket.com/roofing_blog/green-roofing/green-roof-gardens/
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5.1.3 Option 3. Urban Agriculture Provide more job opportunities
Educational function
Source: http://www.pbs.org/food/features/food-forward-pilot-urban-farming/
Source: http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/site/ataglance/2013/09/steinhardt-celebrates-fall-with-first-harvest-of-food-studies-programs-urban-farm-lab.html
Enhance social coherence
Source: http://www.pbs.org/food/features/food-forward-pilot-urban-farming/
Butetown community is not an economically active area, with about 8.5% unemployed population (Source: http://datashine.org.uk/#table=QS601EW&col=QS601EW0009&ramp=RdYlGn&layers=BTTT&zoom=14&lon=-3.1689&lat=51.4696)
5.2 Application of Landscape Framework Precedents Review As the statement before, landscape framework is mainly from the acknowledge of the current conditions of the site. Site features such as hydrology, topography, surrounding existing green spaces and so on could be the "clue" to suggest the formation of a framework. The following examples show how designers utilize these "clues" to develop a flexible and robust landscape frame work to guide the future development
Clue 1: Hydrology as framework
Clue 2: Green elements as framework
5.3.2 Proposing a landscape framework for the site Identify clues in the site Hydrology
×
No streams, canals or culverts in the site
Green elements
√ Canal park is located in the west of the site, and the plan to extend it will make it become a green spine for the site
Heritage
√ The site has a long history of being industrial zone, which leaves a clear and typical urban grain for the site
Policy or new plan √ A new green corridor along River Taff in is also proposed in local development plan
Industrial heritage as frame work The historical urban grain not only expresses the high efficiency and fast speed that industrial activities require, but also become a main feature of this area. Remaining this, to make future new flesh of urban environment grows from this old industrial bone, is the best way to show the respect for the historical context Laguna West, U.S. Source: http://issuu.com/aalandscapeurbanism/docs/landscape-urbanism-2011-12-productive-urbanscapes
Source: https://lanplg.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/urban-design-case-study-laguna-west-sacramento-county-california/
Landscape Urbanists usually use local hydrology as first clue to develop a landscape framework for a water sensitive design.
Creating a framework based on existing green elements is a easy way to apply this design concept. Laguna West shows how can the greenway shape the urban form of a community.
Clue 3: Heritage as framework
Clue 4: Policies or new programmes
1940's
1900's
1880's
1980's
(historical) industrial road network
Duisburg-Nord Landscape Park, Germany Source: http://www.chla.com.cn/show.php?contentid=125442
Source: https://safetravelsolutions.org/solid-crisis-policies-and-practices/
The industrial heritage Duisburg-Nord Landscape Park is well used by designers. Railway lines and main roads that used to serve factories have been remained to structure the new construction of the park.
Looking at local policy and the new programmes in plan can give designers the sense of what the future vision might be and avoid the core construction areas when design the frame work Source:http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/
1940's: Curran Road emerged by the railway line. Most of the land was taken by ware houses and factories and the roads between them are perpendicular to the axis of Bute East Dock
1880's: In late nineteenth centuary, Dumballs road, Penarth Road and Glamorganshire Canal already exist 1900's: In the beginning of twentieth century, Trade Street emerged.
1980's: Curran Road was extended to south. Canal was filled and became today's Canal Park
(historical) landscape framework: a metaphor for Cardiff's indstrial transformation
Surrounding green elements and new programme as frame work In Local Deposit Development Plan (Cardiff Council, 2014), a green corridor will be developed along River Taff, plus the existing green space of Canal Park, the two linear green spaces will cover the eastern and western boundaries of the site. city
city
city
Source: myself
Industrial road network, the black vessels supporting industrial activities bay
bay
bay
Proposed green corridor is along River Taff
Canal Park as existing green space lies in the west of the site
The remained road network used to be transport corridors for industrial material and product, like black vessels for an industrial body. By transform them into boulevards, there will be a shift from "black" to "green". Combined with the proposed adjacent green spaces, this (historical) landscape framework not only makes the site more eco-friendly and visually appealing, but also a metaphor of Cardiff's industrial transformation: from traditional industry to a more sustainable and eco-friendly development mode.
Connect them to maximize the social and ecological benefits
(historical) Landscape framework, the green vessels suporting future's new and sustainable new town
Source: https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%9C%9F%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%93
5.2 Application of Landscape Framework 1
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Source: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/775319
3 2
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Source: myself
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Industrial Museum
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Art work shop
Food pop-ups
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Source: http://www.tradestreetcafe.com/
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Source: myself
SITE & SURROUNDING AREA
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south station square, Dumballs Road industrial zone, Callaham Square, Canal Parade, Butetown community, Grangetown,Century Wharf
Industrial heritage as "seed" Educational cluster as "seed" Green elements as " seed"
Source: myself
Source: myself
SPATIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
Isolated by two railwaylines Disconected from the river
No green space within the site Canalized riverbank, a great loss of habitat
SOCIAL High unemployment in Butetown community Social isolation in Butetown community
The process of urbanization city
city
city
SECOND SURFACE
SPONGE CITY
LANDSCAPE FRAMEWORK
URBAN AGRICULTURE
Provide sky walkway Extra urban space
Green stormwater collecting facilities Stormwater collection
Green element and historical road network as framework Guidance for future's urban grain
Create job opportunities Enhance community cohesion
Providing water and space
bay
Phase 1. 2015-2017: Put Cardiff and Vale College into use, start to transform brewery, warehouses and Trade Street house, and also start to build wetland park and extend Canal Park
bay
Phase 2. 2017-2019: New industrial museum, Art Centre and Trade Street Food House are in used and the college brings the vitality they can feed on. Vegetation is growing in the two parks
bay
Phase 3. 2019-2024: Two parks becomes mature, adding great value to this area. High-quality urban construction will take place during this period and finally turn this area into Cardiff's flagship urban project
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Landscape infrastructure
NEW URBAN FORM: PRODUCTIVE CITY
Landscape framework Landscape as "seed / catalyst"
5. Design Master Plan
Public green space
Road
Private green space
Pavement & pedestrian - only street
Agricultural green space
Shared-surface road
Green house
Arch way
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Perspectives
5.1.1 Second Surface
Bird's view of Second Surface
S
econd Surface extends another urban stage on a different level, flexibly holding various activities in urban life, which will be valuable extra space in future's compact and high-density cities Directly connects to surroundings
Efficient commuting Target building Starting ponit
Butetown community Railway line
10 min walk
18 min walk
Railway line Second surface Elevator and stairs Road
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a. Long Bridge cross Canal Park
Source: http://centerforactivedesign.org/high-line/
Various facilities and an ideal place for exercise
50m
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250m
Serving as pedestrian overpass, second surface The future bussiness zone will bring a lot of pressure on directly crosses the railway line and connect to the the Central Station. The second surface will help facilitate adjacent green space passenger flow and enhance efficient commuting
b. Bussiness zone roof tops
Source: http://www.nexuscorp.com/roof.asp
Pop-up activities
Source: https://hbr.org/2012/05/bring-your-garden-to-work/
c. Residential zone roof tops
Source: http://www.nexuscorp.com/roof.asp
Roof garden offers office workers a place to take a break Rooftop green house
Source: http://blogs.ext.vt.edu/farm-to-table/2013/03/14/the-grass-and-possibly-garden-is-always-Source: http://life.wilko.com/teaching-kids-gardening/ greener-on-the-roof/
Rooftop farm
Ideal palce for education and training
5.1.2 Stormwater Infrastructure 6.3.1 Infrastructure Sections Street
Courtyard
1
2
Wetland
1. Swale in the middle of the road, collecting storm water and filtering it before it goes to the drain tube. It also works as a mini eco-system, which can provide creature living corridor 2. Special designed tree pool can also collect surface runoff to drain tube
3
4
3. Rain gardens are located in the courtyard or mini parks on the street, which collects, contains and filter stormwater before it reach the drain tube 4. Rain gardens can also perform its basic function as garden to contain various public or private activities 5
6
5. Wetland on the riverbank also collect and filter water, and meanwhile, becomes an important green corridor to connect Cardiff Bay and City Centre 6. Cardiff is an essential transition hub for migratory birds from Scandinavia, wetland can offer them more living space
Existing local hydrology Wetland Swale Rain garden
0m
50m
100m
150m
200m
250m
Source: http://www.biocycle.net/2012/03/14/recycled-organics-make-splash-in-green-infrastructure/, http://jhsteelgrating.en.hisupplier.com/product-431183-Tree-pool-Gratings.html, https://www.flickr.com/photos/la-citta-vita/4749837642, http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3967567, https://www.flickr.com/photos/ sarfrazh/14691950925/, http://www.samhblog.org.uk/blog/?p=239
6.3.2 Section Persperctive
Stormwater infrastructure: wetland
Stormwater infrastructure: street
Housing
Stormwater infrastructure: Rain garden
5.1.3 Urban Agriculture Rooftop Farming
Benefits
Japanese office workers have started to turn the rooftops of their working places to productive oasis in the cities (Harumi, 2008). In America, Rooftop farming also found its market in post-industrial cities such as Detroit and Chicago (Baeclay, 2013). The world-wide popularity proves that rooftop farming has very strong operability and has the potential to be applied here. It will become a good way to utilize spare urban spaces and create productive landscape
Creating more jobs
Economic Benefits
Fresh food just around the corner Seeing the whole process of food growing Getting residents working together More green spaces
Health Education and Trainning Community Cohesion Sustainable Land Use
Outputs
It is almost impossible to know the precise number of how much food the rooftop farmland could grow. The figures blow are only an estimation and the estimated productivity of the farmland is according to a report offered by Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs in 2015
Source: http://www.cityfarmer.info/2008/11/10/tokyo-rooftop-and-underground-urban-farming-lures-young-japanese-office-workers/
Vertical Agriculture
Food can be grown without soil. Modern techniques such as soilless cultivation give a solution about growing food in future's compact city and utilizing the limited urban space. Four vertical agriculture towers are proposed to contain such a new plating pattern
18,977square metre farmland in total, with an estimated productivity of 8.6 could produce about 16.3 tons wheat a year.
tons / ha.,
If it is fruit and vegetable, 18,977 square metre farmland in could grow 20.1 tons fruit and vegetable a year with an estimated productivity of 10.6 tons / ha. Following the advice of "Five a Day": 0.5kg of fruit and vegetables a day (NHS, 2013), the output is expected to meet the one-day demand from about 9% of Cardiff citizens
Welsh Agriculture Centre
Welsh Agriculture Centre is an agricultural complex which contains functions like agricultural corporate headquarter, agricultural trade talks and new agricultural product research
Source: http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/jul/02/next-gen-urban-farms-10-innovative-projects-from-around-the-world
Farmer Market
The biggest farmer market in Wales is expected to emerge in this triangular square. It will absorb the Riverbank Farmer Market in the opposite riverbank and sells not only the food from the rural area, but also the ones on the top of roofs
Source: http://www.ct.gov/doag/cwp/view.asp?a=3260&q=398996 Source: http://www.commercialdomesticinvestigations.co.uk/late-payment-problems-to-be-tackled/, http://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/agricultural-and-food-scientists.htm, http://www.kinematik.com/industries/agricultural-science, http://www.wilentz.com/commercial-litigation
Master Plan (without Second Surface)
Urban Grain Roath, Cardiff
Heath, Cardiff
Grangetown, Cardiff
Main Road
40~60m
140~170m
Public green space
Road
Private green space
Pavement & pedestrian - only street
Arch way
Shared-surface road
0m
Transportation
50m
100m
150m
200m
250m
The size of urban block is from the local traditional community in Cardiff, which aims to build a humanscale community and make residents feel familiar and warm
In a traditional Cardiff community, The relationship between main road and residential street is usually like the graphic above
The layout of urban blocks will follow the (historical) landscape framework
The urban grain eventually follows two guidance: the size of traditional Cardiff community block and the fabric of (historical) landscape framework
Building Height Analysis 1
3 4
2
3 7
5
4
6 2
6
9
8 7
5
1
8
1-3 floors
5-8 floors
3-5 floors
Tower
9 Callaham Tower 109m New Tower 79m
0m
Railway station Railway line
Existing bus route Existing bus stop New bus route New bus stop
150m
Existing cycle route New cycle route Pedestrian only route
300m
450m
600m
Standing on the roof farm can also see the new skyline of Cardiff, which is comprised by new towers and existing high risings
Water bus route Existing water bus stop New water bus stop
6.6 Land Use
6.6.1 Vertical Land Use
Ground Floor 1
Office
Residential
Hotel
Vertical agriculture
Retail
Recreation
Amenity
School
Second Floor
3 2 5
Overall Floorage: 526,605 square metres
Overall Green Space: 201,584 square metres
Office: 216,229
Farmland: 18,977
Retail: 18,841
Vertical agriculture: 11,700
Residential: 236,852
Public green space: 149,118
1. New Callaham Square
Recreation: 10,057
Resident-only green space: 21,789
2. Cardiff Industrial Museum
School: 16,025
4
3. New business zone 4. Riverbank Community 5. Community Centre
Amenities: 7,596 Hotel: 9,305 Vertical agriculture: 11,700
Master Plan (without Second Surface)
1. Callaham Square
2. Dumballs Road
3. New Trade Street
200m
0m
Urban Street Office Street
Retail Street Residential Street
50m
100m
150m
Riverside Street
1
Sequence of Spaces
1. Central Station South Square 2. Curran Street North Square 3. Callaham Square 4. Community Triangular Square 5. Entrance of New Bridge 6. Curran Street South Square
3 1 2
2
4
6
5
3
6 5
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-33685200, http://www.lendlease.com/australia/sectors/retail, http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2015/04/mcburney-lane-by-hapa-collaborative/, http://udconnect.net/houtan-wetland-park-shanghai/, http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2015/03/ericusspitze-by-wes-landscape-architecture/
4