Design Considerations

Provide elbow or footoperated door opener if possible

Adopt outward opening doors if land area if limited - internal cubicle length is reduced

Where practical, top up washing water with collected rainwater.

Setitng the handwash station at a publicly visible place encourages everyday use. This figure shows a dry-composting toilet. The design considerations apply to other toilet types.

4.1 Hygiene

Vent pipes to have fly screen and rain cap, and extend 500mm above roof

Brick/concrete construction is durable for regular cleaning

Harness natural lighting and ventilation

Provide wipe material and water for cleaning up

Counterweighted lid seals the fecal tank below

Long-handles or foot pumps can avoid the use of hands, hence limiting contamination

Consider theft-and vandalproof soap and tissue dispensers

Handwash material in order of effectiveness: water+soap; ash; water only (WHO, 2020) Provide bin for disposing wipe material

Squatting toilets may be more appropriate in certain cultures (see x.3)

Surfaces graded to ensure effective drainge and no ponding

Resource • For a more comprehensive guide on the infection prevention and control in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) sector, refer to: World Health Organization. (2020) Water, sanitation, hygiene and waste management for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

Veronica bucket Suspended bottle/ bag Sink with tap Foot pump sink All-in-one system Free-standing tank with taps Troughs Resource • UNICEF's (2020) Handwashing Stations and Supplies for the COVID-19 Response lists the advantages of each handwash design in different scenarios. It is, in a sense, a guide to the diverse products on the market.

4.2 Incusivity

This figure shows the integration of added-value services to the accessible toilet, including laundry area, shower/changing. If land area is not a constraint, bigger amenities can be added, such as a small shop, water sales, mobile phone charging, or community meeting space.

Preserve and reuse greywater for handwashing Cubicle is spacious enough for user+caregiver. Ensure at least 1525mm turning circle

Harness natural ventilation and daylight

Handheld shower and fold-down seat help user to manage themselves Pedal-operated bin - reduce tranmission risk

Disposing wipe material in bin may be favourable to minimize risk of blockage

Simple fittings to assist the caregiver - stools, fold-down shelf for baby changing Provide pedaloperated sanitary bin if possible

Mirrors, positive messages or guidelines encourage proper use

Cabinets to place clothes for changing and store cleaning or menstrual products

Robust seating ledge to help with manual clothes-washing

Dedicated surface for washing - robust and graded for drainage Basin is essential for showering in areas with infrequent or lowpressure water supply

Outward opening door fitted with with grab bar and easy to use (lever type) lock If only pour-flush is not available, provide simple seat structure to place above slab (see x.1)

Long handle for operating with elbow to limit transmission

Resource • A more extensive collection of facts and recommendations can be found in WSUP’s 2018 Female-friendly public and community toilets: a guide for planners and deciision makers. Easily accessible wipe material

Handrails with tactile gripping

4.3 Containment

Ensure containment structure is accessible to desludging machines and vehicles - supporting different classes of service providers This figure shows a shared household toilet within a compound house that uses an offset pit. The design considerations applies to other on-site containment technologies as well.

Defined boundary with a gated compound or lockable doors leading to the shared toilets

U-bend pipe with water as odour buffer

Sealed access pit for emptying: min opening 600mm diameter

Slab should be reinforced, and no gaps for pathogens or odours to escape Robust and durable substructure eases maintenance and upgrades

Ensure slab seals around vent pipe if used

Lip of pit lining to extend at least 100mm above ground level or highest flood level

Offset pit affords indoor installation of shared household toilets

Containment types examples : pit latrine; KVIP; offset pit

Resource • Offset pit is one from a range of on-site contained sanitation technologies in a peri-urban setting. To study the steps for planning and the pros and cons of each technology, refer to Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group (WASRAG) - Guidelines for Planning Sustainable Sanitation Projects and Selecting Appropriate Technologies (2019).

Durable materials and properly planned construction reduce failure of the faciltiies

Where practical, top up flushing or washing water with collected rainwater.

4.4 Superstructure

Clearly indicate relevant information on signs. Consider including Braille signs and tactile fittings.

Murals on wall surface may reflect local culture, depict safe sanitation practice, and impove perception of the facitilities

Place accessible facility closest to entrance

If land area is not a constraint, provide separate male and female sections Ensure signage is highly visibe. Consider other relevation information, e.g. fees and additional services

Consider skylights to harness natural daylight Integration with street lights encourage use at night

Proper use of lighting at night encourages use

Large water storage to anticipate infrequent or low-pressure water supply

5%-12% gradient (steeper ramps will require assistance) Superstructure floor level at least 100mm above ground or highest flood level in floodprone areas Dedicated room for attendants for better care after the facility and users

Dedicated waiting area for groups and caregivers

The illustration above shows common design considerations between a latrine-type design/community toilet model and a more insitutional design typically connected to a centralized sewerage network. Resource • For more in-depth technical guidelines for planning, design and construction, refer to Water Aid's (Shaw et al., 2018) Technical guidelines for construction of institutional and public toilets. Maze-type entrance provide privacy without need for a door. Door handles pose risk of disease transmission. Ensure users pass through handwashing station before leaving. Setting it at a publicly visible place also encourages everyday use.

Clerestory openings to harness natural ventilation

Rules, notices and rotas are visible before entering