ATOYAC RIVER
INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY
PROYECTOS INTEGRADORES II MIKAËL DAVID WATERDRINKER Sumérgete en l os l ugares e i nspi raci ones de l as más grandes hi stori as de amor de I ngl aterra
DAVID GÓMEZ IRVING BLANCO PAOLA YIREL VERDAYES ALEJANDRA VELÁZQUEZ
CONTE NTS URBAN ANALYSIS 01-02
General Context
03-04
History
05-06
Municipalities
07-08 09-10 11-12 13-14 15-18 19-22 23-26 27-28 Â
Urban Synthesis Sociodemographic Infraestructure Use of soil Economy Relief Hydrology Risk Zones
CONTE NTS OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMATICS
29-32
Main themes and ambitions
33
Strenghts
34
Opportunities Weaknesses Threats
35 36 37-38Â
Spatial zoning
STRATEGY Masterplan
39-40
Case studies
41-42
Conclusion
43-44
URBAN
ANALYSIS
GENERAL CONTEXT
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
01
The Atoyac River, born in the Sierra Nevada de Puebla, runs through Tlaxcala and then returns to Puebla to empty into the Valsequillo dam. . It is surrounded by protected areas at high altitude in the states of Puebla, Mexico and Morelos. Its active volcanoes PopocatĂŠpetl and the snowy Iztaccihuatl are among the highest peaks in the country, as well as the La Malinche volcano in the state of Tlaxcala.
There are relevant bodies of water in the area, such is the case of the San Antonio de Atocha lagoon, also known as Tochac lagoon, in Apan, Hidalgo. The lagoon is a relatively preserved relic of the great system of lakes that formerly existed in the Basin of Mexico. In the same way, the Laguna de Atlangatepec stands out, located towards the north of the state of Tlaxcala
02
HISTORY
THE ATOYAC BASIN The Atoyac River is a nationally owned body of water and constitutes a resource vital, vulnerable and finite with economic, social and environmental value whose deterioration in the last decades is associated with its economic growth, an expansion sustained demographic and an irreversible process of urbanization and industrialization.
Before the arrival of these companies, in the early 1990s, the water body was already damaged, mainly by municipal discharges; however, in recent years, the region's contamination has diversified with industrial discharges. In 1995, Méndez et al reported that the incorporation of wastewater from Tlaxcala, San Martín Texmelucan, Moyotzingo and the City of Puebla to the river caused an increase in the content of soluble salts, heavy metals, detergents and fats in the area. Later, Méndez et al. (2000) sampled soils subjected to irrigation for more than 30 years with river waters, revealing that the water had concentrations of metals in the order Fe> Pb> Mn> Cr> Cd, detecting them in the analyzed soil.
03
LENGTH
92 KM THIS CONTAMINATION HAS WORSENED IN THE LAST 30 YEARS DUE TO OMISSION, NEGLIGENCE, CORRUPTION, IGNORANCE OF THE PROBLEM AND LACK OF POLITICAL, BUSINESS AND CITIZEN WILL TO REMEDY IT.
MUNICIPALITIES
31 MAIN RIVERS
ATOYAC ALSESECA ZAHUAPAN WATER CATCHMENT
24% POPOCATÉPETL 6% MALINCHE
04
HISTORY
MUNICIPALITIES
The Atoyac River forms in the Sierra Nevada, in the state of Puebla. The river enters the territory of the state of Tlaxcala, from where it returns to the Puebla territory to irrigate the extensive Puebla-Tlaxcala valley. In the south of the municipality of Puebla, it is dammed in the Manuel Ă vila Camacho dam, also known as the Valsequillo dam. The river continues its course towards the southwest, crossing the valleys of Atlixco and Matamoros. The three valleys constitute the most populated area of the state of Puebla, and concentrate a good part of the agricultural and industrial activity of the state
05
06
URBAN SYNTHESIS
URBAN DENSITY
8,310
13,811 3,100
3,366
2,699
2,124
According to the previous table of information , this map ilustrates the density of population of the municipalities that sorround the river´s areas. The bigger the circle the more inhabitants the region has
07
2,699
REGIONS WITH HIGHER URBAN DENSITY
1,606
2,400 10,027
PUEBLAÂ
10,027
1,576,259
13,217
Cuatlancingo
8,474
112,225 112,225
1,576,259
Tlaxcalancingo
54,517
54,517
4,871
08
SOCIODEOMGRAPHIC
URBAN FACTS
09
10
INFRAESTRUCTURE
CONNECTIVITY
This map makes a compilation of the most important infrastructure that makes up the context of the Atoyac river. Also, the urban areas surrounding Puebla are framed, such as Tlaxcala and Cholula. The state of Puebla and its capital city are very important points of commerce and development for the center of the country.
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12
USE OF SOIL
ACTIVITIES This map shows the graphic representation of a planning instrument, through which the areas suitable for urban growth were achieved, the areas that are not susceptible to urbanization due to various conditions. In it the uses and destinations of the land are ordered, densities are assigned and the future growth of the city is oriented.
MAIN USES: AGRICULTURE INDUSTRIAL USE HOUSING
13
14
ECONOMY
INDUSTRIES / AGRICULTURE /
15
WATER TREATMENT PLANT . Among the main productive activities carried out in the state are: real estate services and rental of movable and intangible assets; trade in goods and services; the manufacture of machinery and equipment; construction; and transportation, mail and storage. The most important strategic industries in the state are: automotive and auto parts, metalworking, chemicals, plastics, textiles and clothing, furniture, agro-industrial, fresh and processed food, tourism, decorative items, marble, mining, medical services and technologies. information (IT). Puebla is the second largest automotive producer in Mexico, only after Aguascalientes. In the area of infrastructure, the state has 18 industrial and / or technological parks. Due to its location, its infrastructure and a complete communications network (10,242 km of highways and an international airport), Puebla has become an important convergence zone for economic activity in the central and southeastern region of the country. Puebla is a state that is characterized by having a green ecosystem in most of its municipalities, the municipalities through which the Atoyac River passes are no exception.
16
The river runs through areas that should be fully exploited by the inhabitants, but this is not the case due to its high levels of pollution of East. It should be mentioned that they are areas of rainy season (gray color of the map) and that they are used with irrigation crops in 70% (green color).
ECONOMY
INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATION
17
Along the Atoyac River we see three strong areas of the textile, automotive, food and chemical industries. The first is located in San MartĂn Texmelucan, the second on the left side in San Baltazar Temaxcalac and that is also where the Quetzalcoatl industrial corridor is located and finally in the lower part is the third point of concentration of industries in Papalotla and Tenancingo
18
RELIEF
RIVER CONTEXT Coniferous and oak forests and forests of different types predominate; scrubland in the north, south and southeast of the state, as well as grasslands, mountain forests and temperate forests in the central portion. In the high areas of the volcanoes is the high mountain meadow. Agriculture occupies 45.2% of the surface of the state.
77 km
92 km CONIFERS
IRRIGATION LAND
The Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division of vascular land plants containing a single extant class, Pinopsida. They are cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. All extant conifers are perennial woody plants with secondary growth. The great majority are trees, though a few are shrubs. Examples include cedars, Douglas firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauri, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces, and yews.[1] As of 1998, the division Pinophyta was estimated to contain eight families, 68 genera, and 629 living species.
Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop production, including frost protection, suppressing weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rainfed.Irrigation systems are also used for cooling livestock, dust suppression, disposal of sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the removal of surface and subsurface water from a given area.
19
47 km
35 km
28 km 25 km
15 km
RAINY SEASON LAND
AGRICULTURE
Rainfed agriculture is distinguished in most of the literature from irrigated agriculture, which applies water from other sources, such as freshwater from streams, rivers and lakes or groundwater. As farmers become more aware of and develop better water resource management strategies, especially in light of climate change adaptation strategies, most agriculture exists on a spectrum between rainfed and irrigated agriculture.
In the context of zoning, agricultural land or agriculturally-zoned land refers to plots that are permitted to be used for agricultural activities, without regard to its present use or even suitability. In some areas, agricultural land is protected so that it can be farmed without any threat of development. In the city of Puebla this type of land is encountered between some urbanized sections as is showed in the diagram.
20
RELIEF
HEIGHTS
21
22
HIDROLOGY
CONNECTIONS
The Atoyac river maintains a connection with the Zahuapan and Alseseca rivers. Around these, endless streams and ravines are created that allow planting in a large territorial extension. The atoyac covers some municipalities and two states, Tlaxcala and Puebla. This great body of water ends on the outskirts of the city of Puebla. 70% of the water in the River "discharge water" enters the river carrying pollutant and toxins from domestic, industrial and agricultural uses and sub-surface water treatment plants
23
24
HIDROLOGY
TOXIC IMPACT
According to a series of studies the analysts found heavy metals such as copper, zinc, aluminum, magnesium and iron, and other fecal coliform residues all along the river.
It was also found presence of harmful substances from the discharges of the industries of three industrial corridors Quetzalcóatl, Ixtacuixtla and Huejotzingo Another parameter that was measured was the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BDO) that was taken in La Constancia and reached 1,010% of what was established, since the maximum that must circulate through the river is 39.6 mg / l. According to a study carried out by the Comisión Nacional del Agua (Conagua) and Semarnat in the Atoyac, Alseseca and Rabanillo rivers, 433 cubic meters per second of wastewater are discharged, which means that at least the equivalent of an Olympic pool is discharged every five seconds to the tributary, on average.
25
38 MILLION BACTERIA
IN A VOLUME OF 100 ML
THE RIVER´S CONTAMINED WATER REPRESENTS A SEVERE HEALTH PROBLEM FOR THE POPULATION, AMONG WHICH ARE:
Undernourishment Stunted growth Lead poisoning Arsenic poisoning
DISEASES:
Cholera Typhoid fever Ascariasis Amebiasis Hepatitis A Esquistosomiasis Legionelosis Paludismo
26
RISK ZONES
FLOODS This mapping shows the vulnerable points to flooding within the city of Puebla and areas close to it. In addition, main roads that help as reference points and the different water bodies that exist in the city are indicated. Part of the Alseseca river is included and each of the colonies that are near Atoyac and that have flood problems are included in yellow.
VULNERABLE NEIGHBORHOODS:
13
Lรกzaro Cรกrdenas Teopantlale Campestre del Bosque La Constancia Luz Obrera Alberto de la Fuente Reforma Sur Buenavista Norte San Miguel de la Rosa Las Animas Bosques de Atoyac Mayorazgo Tres Cerritos
27
28
OPPORTUNITIES
AND PROBLEMATICS
CS
MAIN THEMES AND AMBITIONS
Take advantage of natural resources and their immediate context, activating the local economy through conscientious and responsible ecotourism.
Protect, improve, recover and take care of the quality of the water of the Atoyac River by eliminating the relationship that exists with the Industry, reducing the flow of toxic waste and ensuring the sanitation of the river
Protect the river from the polluting effects that agriculture produces and protect agriculture from possible bacteria from the river and the impact it generates on the consumption of products
River sanitation River sanitation
River sanitation
Generate jobs
River life recovery
Create awareness about caring for the environment
Promote the responsible use of water
29
Stop the negative impact of river water on health through harvest Create awareness about caring for the environment
Protect homes and businesses from the river source, avoiding possible floods and health problems, and at the same time improve the equipment of the affected area to ensure the life and well-being of the inhabitants
Protect the river from damage caused by human activities, employing new waste treatment techniques and encouraging the services provided by the state to be effective.
River sanitation
River sanitation
Guarantee the safety of the population
Improve the living conditions of the inhabitants
Promote ecological awareness and respect for the river
Promote respect for the river
Improve Life Quality
Implement new waste management techniques.
30
MAIN THEMES AND AMBITIONS
HYPO THE SIS
Once the areas of the river have been identified and categorized, it will achieve a better quality and use of its waters and its surroundings through the implementation of strategies, which are adapted to the needs of each area.
31
THE PROYECT
The project's objective is to rescue the river from a socio-environmental perspective, in which its productivity is recovered and its sanitation is achieved. Within the strategies, direct user-river interaction is taken into account, so that it can become an enjoyable space in its respective area. In the same way, the project aims to create environmental awareness to avoid the incorrect use of waste from the large companies that surround the river. It is highlighted that the consequences of a river in poor condition and with lack of control are disastrous, affecting the inhabitants and their homes, so part of the strategies also takes into account the avoidance of floods.
32
STRENGHTS
NATURAL RESOURCE The Atoyac river is a natural resource with a total area of 4,011 km2 and crosses 70 municipalities
LOCATION The Atoyac river sub-basin is located between the states of Puebla and Tlaxcala and forms part of the beginning of the Balsas river basin, in the partial hydrological region No. 18, the Zahuapan river meets the Atoyac river about 10 km north of Puebla.
WEATHER Annual precipitation is 827 mm
33
OPPORTUNITIES
ECONOMY The area where the Atoyac River islocated has become an important convergence zone for economic activity in the central and southeastern region of the country.
FERTILE SOIL The soil that borders the river is fertile, which helps agriculture
34
WEAKNESSES
ALTERATION OF THE WATER CYCLE Industrial activities and transportation emit large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It has been observed that the accumulation of gases is related to an increase in temperature in the planet that modifies the circulation of water in ecosystems.
UNINHABITABLE FOR SPECIES Pollution makes fish sick, but not just fish, it also kills all forms of aquatic life
HIGH LEVELS TOXICITY
OF
The natral resource of the river, which is the water.It cannot be used for consumption due to its high toxicity
35
THREATS
DEFICIENCY IN PUBLIC SERVICES People dump organic and inorganic garbage into the river because the garbage truck does not frequently pick up the garbage,
NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY Agriculture is directly affected due to contaminated water seeping into the land and affecting crops
NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE FISHING INDUSTRY A well as agriculture, this industry is directly affected. The spieces that inhabit the rivr are not abl to survive due to the absence of oxigen and the high levels of toxicity
36
SPATIAL ZONING
PĂ GINA 8
ESTRATEGIES PLAN
After the analysis carried out previously, we decided to locate these 5 areas that show a strong relationship with the Atoyac River and that must be treated for the rescue of the tributary. Each of them will be treated individually, offering strategies according to the particular case that we see in the area.
ZONE 1. Hydraulic power generator
ZONE 3 Agricultural pot for irrigation
ZONE 2. Chemical waste treatment.
ZONE 4 Canalization of the river
37
ZONE 5 Correct waste management.
SPATIAL ZONING
ZONE 1
STRENGHTS advantage (pending)
over
OPPORTUNITIES topography
tlow leves of toxicity
THREATS
WEAKNESSES
proximity to industries with
lack of public services
high polluting waste
38
SPATIAL ZONING
ZONE 2
STRENGHTS
OPPORTUNITIES
annual precipitation of 827 mm
rainwater harvesting for subsequent industrial use
WEAKNESSES
THREATS
incorrect waste management
illnesses due to polluted water
39
SPATIAL ZONING
ZONE 3
STRENGHTS enough water
space
OPPORTUNITIES to
capture
rainwater harvesting for subsequent agriculture use
WEAKNESSES
THREATS
polluted river
hail cannon causes future droughts
40
SPATIAL ZONING
ZONE 4
STRENGHTS
OPPORTUNITIES
located within urban area
Improvement of the economic level
WEAKNESSES
THREATS
water excess because of pollution and connection with water bodies
loss of housing
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SPATIAL ZONING
ZONE 5
STRENGHTS
OPPORTUNITIES
connectivity
Improvement of the economic level
WEAKNESSES
THREATS
insufficient equipment
lack of public services
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STRA TEGY
MASTERPLAN
43
44
CASE STUDIES
CASE 1 ULTRA SMALL MOBILE HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATOR
CASE 2 CASE 2 WATERPLEIN (WATER SQUARE) BENTHEMPLEIN
CASE 3 AGRICULTURAL POT FOR IRRIGATION
CASE CASE 24 CANALIZATION OF THE RIVER IN URUBAMBA VALLEY
CASE 5 ECOLOGICAL TOILETS
An ultra-small mobile generator designed in Japan, it works in shallow and slow currents so it can be placed on the banks of rivers. This generator has a 1 meter by 28 centimeter housing and weighs just 18 kg. Inside the iron casing the turbine blade is mounted. The front of the casing is 15 cm higher than the bottom, which generates enough current in the water to power the turbine blades.
This strategy combines water storage with the improvement of the quality of urban public space. It generates opportunities to create environmental quality and identity to spaces. Most of the time the water square will be dry and used as a recreational space. Three basins collect rain water: two undeep basins for the immediate surroundings will receive water whenever it rains, one deeper basin receives it only when it consistently keeps raining.
This system functions as depressions on the ground, adapted for the collection of rainwater and runoff. It represents an excellent way to take advantage of rainwater by generating a catchment area, which must be technically calculated, that allows capturing, storing and supplying rainwater.
The Incas had the knowledge of how to treat river and rainwater without polluting them. Even they were forced to create stone embankments to channel the rivers, these consisted of filling the land with earth to form a support plane for a work.These were created in order to prevent flooding through the lowlands.
Also known as dry toilets, this mechanism does not require water for the evacuation of wastes, instead it saves the consumption of water without polluting. Its functioning is based on aerobic fermentation, composting and desiccation to degradate fecal matter. It consists of container which recovers the feces, which will be covered with sawdust or dry organic matter. When it is full, it is emptieded and placed in a suitable place for its correct treatment.
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RIVER SANITATION THE FILTRATION OF THE RIVER TO HAVE CLEAN WATER, IS OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE.
In the first instance, a natural barrier of vegetation is provided so that solid waste, such as garbage that may be present in the water, could be kept trapped with the help of the channel in its path. The water has a continuous flow so there are no complications for other activities The height of the vegetation varies according to its position: The first barrier is high vegetation where the first residues are trapped.
The second is submerged vegetation where those with the highest density are removed.
Solid waste grid for later recycling Gutter with transverse blades to filter grease Ecological filter: Mesh basket with ball stone, poma stone and sand Aquiferous or purifying plants: camalot, water cabbage or reeds
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CONCLUSIONS
""
More than half of the great rivers of the world are seriously polluted and depleted, degrading and poisoning the ecosystems that surround them, threatening the health and vital livelihoods of people who depend on it for irrigation, drinking or industrial use.
""
- ISMAIL SERAGELDIN.
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The importance of caring for our natural resources ad its impact in our lives, is a huge challenge for us as archictects not only because water is a vital element, but also by the fact that we need to get involved in each need and every matter of the society and the environment.
A body of water of this magnitude, supports thousands of people and their daily activities. In addition, it could once again be the home and livelihood of many animal species. That is why, the need to start with a health plan for the river and its surroundings is imperative. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to start with certain proposals that allow the river to be protected from highly aggressive human activities. I
This project is focused on the relationship that exists between human beings and the river. It is through this guiding idea that a series of strategies have been proposed that allow the coexistence between the inhabitants near the cause of the river and the river itself. These strategies range from the architectural to the industrial design of artifacts that contribute to the de-pollution of the river. Extensive analysis and studies have been done to determine which were the best ideas that we believe could help solve this problem.
Finally, analogous cases have been presented that serve as strong evidence that an optimal result can be achieved if the different strategies are actually put into practice. In conclusion, we believe that a clean river can be had for the benefit of all; for habitants, animals and enterprises. There is a need of cooperation, of sustainable awareness and it could be an opportunity to change.
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2ND PART
ACQUIFER VULNERABILITY
DETECTED PROBLEMS:
Deforestation in the upper part of the basin River polluted by industries that do not treat their waters 80% Agriculture gets river water that is polluted by industries 80% People with diseases due to food contamination and substances found in the river Floods in certain residential areas that are at the same level of the river
MAIN INDUSTRIAL SECTORS THA THEIR WASTE IN THE ATOYAC RI
TEXTILES
CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL
AUTOMOTIVE AND AUTO PARTS
PAPER
AT ELIMINATE IVER BASIN
FOOD INDUSTRY
OTHERS
METALWORKING
BEVERAGES
COMPAN IES
According to "Registro PĂşblico de Derechos de Agua" (REPDA) and Coordinadora de Agua para todos this are companies that have the most negative impact on the river
PROJECT KEY POINTS
Clean the water in the Atoyac River
Take advantage of the land and irrigation systems to be able to consume food from the agricultural industry
Reactivate the economy in all the areas of intervention
Encourage to be a role model for other companies
Creation of leisure spaces
CONTEXT
PEMEX
Pemex unloads 3 million 310 thousand 562 cubic meters in nine points of the Atoyca river
CEMEX
Cemex Mexico located in Tecalli de Herrera discharges 788 cubic meters into the Temacachalco Valley aquifer that belongs to the Atoyac watershed
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES "
The 5 companies that most pollute the Atoyac River are CEMEX, AUDI, Volkswagen, PEMEX and Garci Crespo. Pemex being the one that pollutes the most of the five, expelling 32 liters of pollutants per second to the Atoyac River; while in second place is Volkswagen that pollutes 26 liters per second. Likewise, our analysis made us verify the irregularity that exists in terms of regulations
"
VOLSKWAGEN
Volkswagen de Mexico discharges 632 thousand cubic meters of water into the Atoyac river
GARCI CRESPO
The Garci Crespo bottling plant discharges 606,528 cubic meters into the Papaloapan river that crosses the TehuacĂĄn region
AUDI
Audi Mexico, located in San JosĂŠ Chiapa, discharges 242 thousand underground meters in the Libre Oriental aquifer that also belongs to the Atoyac basin
PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
TOXIC DISCHARGES
Both the animals that inhabit th river and the ones who drink water from ir, become the fist affected
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Toxic waste not only float in the river, but also remain outside and spread everywhere.
57
WATER TREATMENT
It is not a priority or concern for industries to take care of water even if they have the facilities to do so
Lack of leisure places and green spaces
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 58
CHOSEN AREA LAND USE
CHOSEN AREA
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ROADS
MASTERPLAN
SUBSTANTIATION
PROCESS
RESULTS