Fog-Water Farms in Lima, Peru

HOUSEHOLD GARDENS AND COMMUNITY PARK

FOG WATER FARMS

PERÚ

FOG WATER FARMS

Municipality of Lima

PROJECT LOCATION

Perú Population_30 million Facing the rapid disappearance of glacial water supplies and decreased agricultural productivity Annual slum growth rate_3.4%

MUNICIPALITY OF LIMA

FOG WATER FARMS

Lomas de Zapallal

PROJECT LOCATION

Lima Population_10 million More than 35% (3.5 million) live in slums Only 1 cm of rain per year Lowest greenspace per capita in Latin America

SETTLEMENT OF LOMAS DE ZAPALLAL

1

Population_27,000 (est.)

19 neighborhoods: 0 to 24 years old Conditions of extreme poverty

1 B

C

FOG WATER FARMS

A

PROJECT LOCATION

Places of Interest 1. Community of Eliseo Collazos A. Fog Collection System B. 47 Household Gardens C. FWF Community Park

A

C

B 90 Homes Established in 2008

Built Environment Issues: • Prone to erosion

• Lack of sanitation or potable water infrastructure • Lack of safe, formalized paths • Lack of public play spaces for children in the community Human and Ecological Health Issues: • Delicate “Lomas” fog-fed ecosystem is threatened by urbanization and deforestation • Lack of plant cover increases erosion, exacerbating the already high rates of respiratory diseases in the community • High rates of malnutrition and cardiovascular disease risk • High stress, anxiety and other mental wellbeing issues

FOG WATER FARMS

• Lack of greenery

COMMUNITY: ELISEO COLLAZOS

• Earthquake prevalent zone

Community Prioritization During a series of participatory workshops, residents identified water security and public greenspace as key priorities. In response, the team undertook two pilot projects between 2013-2015: 1) a fog collection pilot 2) a pilot household garden initiative The FWF’s fog collection system, household gardens and community park build upon these pilot projects and, leveraging the consistent commitment of EC residents, amplify their positive impacts.

6 Fog Collectors Sedimentation Tank

7 Storage Cisterns

47 Household Gardens

Fog Collectors Implementation timeline 2012 - 2016

Household Gardens Implementation timeline 2013 - 2015

• Novel triangular design for • Utilize a low-cost, fog collection on steep adaptable, kit-of-parts slopes approach to garden • Improved fog collection construction materials • The gardens and park • Cumulative area of 157 m2 added over 2,800 • Collects up to 1,386 liters ornamental, medicinal (10.5 l/m2) per day and edible trees, shrubs and herbs in the community.

Farm Terraces

Community Park Implementation timeline Summer 2016 • Water storage, productive greenspace, a soccer/ volleyball court, seating, a stairway, and improved pathways.

• Improves slope retention • Transforms an unsafe space into an area of recreation, relaxation and productivity

FOG WATER FARMS

Sports Court

PROJECT COMPONENTS

Drip irrigation system

FOG WATER FARMS

Hands-on Fog Water Collectors (FWC) model making

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN WORKSHOP

Visioning workshop Common themes include fog collection, water storage and a community park.

Typical fog collection material - shade cloth

New high performance fog collection material - erosion control matting

On-site material testing: Confirmed erosion control material was superior to shade cloth

Researched case studies with a local Peru fog collector NGO

FOG WATER FARMS

Community prioritized fog collector locations

FOG WATER RESEARCH

Controlled testing: erosion control mat performed significantly better than shade cloth

FOG WATER FARMS

The full scale fog collection system was implemented in 2015 and 2016. It included 6 large triangular fog collectors.

FOG COLLECTOR INSTALL

Community work sessions facilitated skillbuilding, important for maintenance and longevity of the fog collectors

Participatory garden drawing and modeling workshops

FOG WATER FARMS

Local community members were empowered to teach their skills to their community in demonstration workshops

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN WORKSHOP

Residents imagined what a household garden looked like to them

FOG WATER FARMS

CONSTRUCTION PHOTOS

Construction and planting workshops enhanced skills in the community. Residents designed and built their own household gardens together with their families and neighbors.

Resident’s home before intervention

Construction near completion

FOG WATER FARMS

Household gardens provide food and greenspace while adding color to the neighborhood

BEFORE AND AFTER

4 years later, a lush green garden, growing bananas, passion fruit, papaya and more!

FOG WATER FARMS

Participatory park design workshops

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN WORKSHOP

Community drawings of the community park

Topographic surveys and soil samples helped the design team make key design decisions while developing schemes off site.

35,000 liters of storage hold fog water for use in the irrigation of park terraces during dry summer months.

FOG WATER FARMS

DESIGN REFINEMENT

The design was refined with frequent community participation

Vertical poles painted blue, visually and symbolically connecting the fog harvesting with the park.

Community installed over 1,800 plants watered by a gravity fog water irrigation system

FOG WATER FARMS

Modified “grey infrastructure� blocks as planters, benches and retaining walls

CONSTRUCTION PHOTOS

Collectors

FOG WATER FARMS

INAUGURATION PHOTOS

“El Parque Bendicion Sin Limites” Inaugurated October 23, 2016

FOG WATER FARMS

Plants were chosen for their medicinal, edible, and aesthetic qualities, lowwater needs, and cultural appropriateness.

COMMUNITY PARK IN USE

The soccer and volleyball court is well loved and promotes exercise and social cohesion in the community.

APPENDIX A

Elevation - Design Details (dimensions/proportions are not exact)

Templador Guardacabo Pierno de ojo Grapas Mosqueton Polea Cable de poste Cable de malla Manguera Canaleta Pita de Rafia

Elevation - Design Details (dimensions/proportions are not exact)

el PVC y manguera hasta el rebose en la pista. El rebose tiene capacidad de 1,000 litros. El diagrama abajo enseña el sistema.

In addition to maintenance workshops and hands-on construction experience, the project team assembled various manuals with illustrative photos and diagrams on system components, crucial maintenance tasks, and problem solving tips.

Si agua el esta Irrigation sobresaliendo deldiagram sistema and significa que hay demasiada agua. Se puede system problem solving instructions hacer una de tres cosas para cortar el agua. a) Vaciar el agua del tanque de sedimentación usando su Rebose 1.

FOG WATER FARMS

Longevity of an intervention depends heavily on the community’s ability to maintain the system.

COLLECTORS & PARK MAINTENANCE

Templador Guardacabo Pierno de ojo Grapas Mosqueton Polea Cable de poste Cable de malla Manguera Canaleta Pita de Rafia

APPENDIX B Lista de plantas

demora en producir 70-80 dias 7 X SEMANA

10-50 cm

demora en producir 90-120 dias 7 X SEMANA

7 X SEMANA

(Manihot esculenta)

2-3 m

demora en producir 8-9 meses 7 X SEMANA

5 X SEMANA 0.25 LT : no pierden las hojas, raíz se

comen Fibra, Proteina, Calcio, Potasio, Vitamina C y B6

VERDURAS

VERDURAS

60-90 cm

demora en producir 25 dias

Yuca 1-2 m

5 X SEMANA 0.25 LT : planta vive un año, raíz se comen, jugo, sopa Fibra, Potasio, Vitamina A y C 10-50 cm

Rabanito

demora en producir 90-140 dias 7 X SEMANA

5 X SEMANA 0.25 LT : planta vive un año, enredadera, necesita un palito para soporte, frutos se comen Proteina, Fibra, Potasio, Vitamina A, C, y B6

VERDURAS

VERDURAS

(Daucus carota cult. Royal chantenay)

0.5-2 m 60-90 cm

5 X SEMANA 15-30 cm 0.25 LT Ca : planta vive un año, hojas se comen Vitamina A y K

Zanahorias

(Lycopersicon esculentum cult. Rio grande)

Cebolla

(Allium cepa cult. Red creole)

30-45 cm

demora en producir 120-150 dias 7 X SEMANA

5 X SEMANA 5 X SEMANA 15-30 cm 0.25 LT 0.25 LT : planta vive un año, raíz y hojas : planta vive un año, raíz se comen se come, dan fruto rápidamente Fibra, Potasio, Vitamina C y B6 Potasio, Vitamina C A manual was given to each household to promote healthy plant growth 30-60 cm

13

FOG WATER FARMS

15-30 cm

Tomate

GARDEN MAINTENANCE

Lechuga Seda

VERDURAS

VERDURAS

¿Cómo mantener?

APPENDIX C

Physical and mental health impacts of household gardens in an urban slum in Lima, Peru Masters of Public Health thesis paper

Conclusions: Improved access to green space in the form of a household garden can significantly improve mental health in a slum setting.

*Follow-up Data Of original gardens, 70% of the households amplified their gardens, with the average owner adding 14 plants. One resident increased by 69 plants, exemplifying individual ownership of the intervention.

FOG WATER FARMS

Results: Twelve months after garden construction, we found significant increases from baseline in all domains of quality of lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;physical (p<0.01), psychological (p=0.05), social (p=0.02), and environmental (p=0.02)â&#x20AC;&#x201D;in overall social capital (p<0.01), and perceived stress (p<0.01). Life threatening experiences decreased compared to baseline significantly (p=0.02). There were no significant changes in parent or partner empathy (p=0.21), BMI (p=0.95), waist circumference (p=0.18), or blood pressure (p=0.66) at 6 or 12 months. Fasting blood glucose increased at 6-months (p=0.04), but this change was not maintained at 12-months (p=0.59).

GARDENS MEASURED IMPACT

Background: Rural poverty and lack of access to education has led to urban migration and fed the constant growth of urban slums on the outskirts of Lima, Peru. These informal settlements suffer from lack of public access to water and sanitation, informal land rights, food and water insecurity, all of which contribute to poorer health outcomes. We explored the feasibility of implementing household gardens using participatory design methods and examined the impact of increased green space on wellbeing.