New Territories: Urban Wetland Parks

Pamflet

N째III

David Kloet Landscape architect

New Territories: Urban wetland parks

Pamflet

N째III

David Kloet Landscape architect

New Territories: Urban wetland parks Three different approaches to new sustainable parklands in the territory of the metropolitan region dealing with climate change and resilience of the public realm. Knowledge, skills and individual solutions concerning water in the public realm.

Content

7.

The Aquarius 10..

Metropolisation of the delta 17.

Next Nature 21.

Three Projects 23.

Sweet and Salt Ă rea Metropolitana de Lisboa History and cultural heritage Saline wetland Park

29.

Resource and Threat Nashville Metropolitan Area

Healtier city, Happier people Laying the Groundwork for the Future The Circuit Track

37.

Urban Regenerator

Amsterdam Metropolitan Region A combination of park and nature From urban fringe to central park

46.

About 48.

Other works 50.

Acknowledgements

5

6

Age of the Aquarius Economic conditions have overtaken the criticism, these days.

Architecture revolves less around the production of the new, and increasingly on the transformation of what is already there. This requires a new attitude, a new vision; without vision, no true development, no coherent plan, just randomness...

This pamflet presents three proposals to achieve one new synthesis for new urban parklands, all themed around water issues. These proposals take nature as a starting point to form and distort its environment. Water can be used to enhance the livability of cities and is a source of inspiration and joy for designers. No city can exist without water. People, plants, animals, need water to live. At the same time too much water is a threat. Climate change, sea level rise and unpredictable heavy rainfall can destroy structures and lives.

The proposals can be seen as a design research into the significance of wetland and large green parklands to improve the quality of life in metropolitan regions. It displays three proposals for new sustainable parklands in the territory of the metropolitan region, dealing with climate change and resilience of the public realm. The projects situated in Lisbon, Nashville and Amsterdam places the issues in a global context and elaborate on the water theme by showing different approaches of water as a catalyst for spatial development.

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“Large parks are extensive landscapes that are integral to the fabric of cities and metropolitan areas, providing diverse, complex, and delightfully engaging outdoor spaces for a broad range of people an constituencies. At the same time that large parks provide so much delight, space, and function, they also pose ernormous challenges. The trick is to design a large park framework that is sufficiently robust to lend structure and identity while also having sufficient pliancy and ‘give’ to adept to changing demands and ecologies over time” James Corner on urban parklands in Large Parks [Princeton Architectural Press, 2007]

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VONDELPARK

HIDE PARK COMPLEX

Amsterdam, The Netherlands Vondelpark Vondelpark Amsterdam, The Netherlands 47 hectare

47 hectare

Hide Park Complex

Central Park

London, United Kingdom 295 hectare

Emerald Necklace

New York, United States of America 340 hectare

Vondelpark

Amsterdam, The Netherlands 47 hectare

rk

Hide Park Complex

The Netherlands

London, United Kingdom 295 hectare

Hide Park Complex London, United Kingdom 295 hectare

Hide Park Complex

Amsterdam, The NetherlandsLondon, United Kingdom 47 hectare 295 hectare

Versailles, France 729 hectare

Central Park

Emerald Necklace

EMERALD NECKLACE

New York, United States of America 340 hectare

Boston, U.S.A.

New York, United States of America 340 hectare

New York, United States of America 890 hectare

Fresh Kills Park

Fresh Kills Park

New York, United States of America New York, United States of America 890 hectare 890 hectare

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New York, United States of America 340 hectare

Amsterdamse Bos Amsterdamse Bos

Amsterdam, The NetherlandsAmsterdam, The Netherlands 935 hectare 935 hectare

AMSTERDAMSE BOS

New York, United States of America 890 hectare

Amsterdamse Bos

Amsterdam, The Netherlands 935 hectare

Amsterdam, The Netherlands ??? hectare

CASA DEL CAMPO

A

York, United States of America Versailles,New France 890 hectare 729 hectare

Am 93

Madrid, Spain 2833 hectare

890 hectare

Diermerscheg

Fresh Kills Park Chateau Versailles

Casa del Campo

Amsterdam, The Netherlands 935 hectare

Diermerscheg

Casa del Campo Madrid, Spain 2833 hectare

New York, U.S.A.

New York, United States of America 890 hectare

Amsterdamse Bos

New York, United States of America 890 hectare

Fresh Kills Park

Fresh Kills Park

Boston, United States Versailles, of AmericaFrance 729 hectare 405 hectare

Casa del Campo

FRESH KILLS PARK

Versailles, France 729 hectare

Madrid, Spain 2833 hectare Madrid, Spain 2833 hectare

Versailles, France 729 hectare

Amsterdam, The Netherlands 935 hectare

Casa del Campo Casa del Campo

Chateau VersaillesEmerald Necklace Chateau Versailles

Fresh Kills Park

729 hectare

Amsterdam, The Netherlands 935 hectare

Boston, United of America NewStates York, United States of America 405 hectare340 hectare

Amsterdamse Bos

CHATEAUX VERSAILLES Versailles, France 729 hectare

Amsterdamse Bos

New York, U.S.A. EmeraldCentral Necklace Park 340 hectare

Chateau Versailles

Chateau Versailles

Boston, United States of America 405 hectare

Emerald Necklace

New York, United States ofBoston, America United States of America London, United Kingdom 340 hectare 405 hectare 295 hectare

New York, United States of America 890 hectare

Versailles, France

Emerald Necklace

Central Park Hide Park Complex

Fresh Kills Park

Boston, United States of America 405 hectare

405 hectare

Fresh Kills Park

London,Amsterdam, United Kingdom The Netherlands 295 hectare 47 hectare

295 hectare

Chateau Versailles

Boston, United States of America 405 hectare

Central Park

London, United Kingdom Hide Vondelpark Park Complex Central Park

CENTRAL PARK

Diermerscheg

Amsterdam, The NetherlandsAmsterdam, The Netherlands ??? hectare ??? hectare

DIEMERSCHEG

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Madrid, Spain

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

935 hectare

2.833 hectare

ca. 3.000 hectare

Madrid, Spain 2833 hectare

Casa del Campo Madrid, Spain 2833 hectare

Metropolisation of the delta

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50% of the world population lives in cities, and that will only increase in the coming years. All over the world metropolitan areas are expanding, resulting in strong competition between economic regions. Many metropolitan areas are located in the delta, under the influence of water. This provides both advantages and disadvantages.

The fertile soils and the proximity of water as source of life makes the delta traditionally been a popular and rich place of establishment. But nowadays these cities, being densified, have to deal with climate change in extreme ways.

Urbanization of the deltalandscape and areas surrounding a wetland frequently has serious consequences

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for the ecosystem. Wetland areas are loved for development for many reasons; the view, strategic position, comfortable climate and resources.

Development of wetlands is often determined by an economic benefit.

Wetlands provide among others many ecological benefits such as pollutant removal, flood attenuation, shoreline protection, recreational areas, and support of natural resources. Typically this economic benefit is short term and places the ecosystem’s natural functions in jeopardy. These natural functions may be replicated in new and innovative ways by manmade structures and metablostic systems.

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Nashville Metropolitan Area

Ă rea Metropolitana de Lisboa

Amsterdam Metropolitan Region

Population 1,726,693 Area 16,520 km2 Density 105/km2

Population 1,300,000 Area 2,957 km2 Density 952/km2

Population 2,220,000 Area 2,580 km2 Density 1,453/km2

* Data collected from different sources i.a. Wikipedia and CBS

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Nashville Metropolitan Area and Cumberland River streams

Ă rea Metropolitana de Lisboa and Rio Tejo lagoon

Amsterdam Metropolitan Region and IJmeer

15

16

Next Nature

17

The tension between nature and culture is of all times, and yet the demarcation between the elements is difficult to draw. According to some wilderness is a landscape without people and their influence. Others believe that humans and all human influence is part of nature, because man comes from nature and nature can not live without. People can even create landscapes, or design them, such as landscape architects do. The most beautiful landscapes, which most animal and plant species want to live, are made by people and nature together.

The message of the proposals in this pamflet is the character of the city as a habitat of man. By exploring the nature

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of the city, this pamphlet explores the relationship between city and nature and at the same time it considers the city as nature. The city as nature, as metabolism, includes not only the built part but also its surroundings, the rural and the landscape that is the substantive condition of our urban society. The landscape is not the antithesis of the city, but an indispensable component of urban society. Landscape and its morphology, its ecology, its history have an enormous impact on the city: on people and neighborhoods, streets and squares, on the city map and economic prosperity, and the smells and colors of the outdoors. Identity and significance may be derived from the underlying landscape.

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Three Projects Three different approaches to new sustainable parklands in the territory of the metropolitan region dealing with climate change and resilience of the public realm. Knowledge, skills and individual solutions concerning water in the public realm.

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Resource and Threat Imagine a new public parkland that embraces Nashville’s riverfront, it’s ecology, history and culture. A park that contains woodlands, flowery meadows, hiking tracks, event spaces, sport facilities and a circuit track which can be used for walking, cycling, skating and jogging.

Variations in the topography provide water storage and sightlines to the surrounding area.

A new parkland for Nashville

Healtier City, happier people In 2010, Nashville experienced one of the worst floods in its history. In a 36-hour period, over 13 inches of rain fell in the county, causing over $2.5 billion in damages. Conversations since the flood have focused on determining more sustainable ways the city can approach development to help prevent future disasters. Additionally, perceptions of the East Bank site’s future are being reconsidered, as two thirds of the project site’s 75 acres lie within the 100-year floodplain.

The East Bank of the Cumberland River was the project site for a competition because of its high profile location – immediately accessible and in full view of Downtown, a greenway through the site connects from Downtown to Shelby Park, one of the city’s premier public parks, and it is adjacent to the city’s newest park – Cumberland Park. The site has amazing access to regional transportation via:

Cumberland Riverpark connects city with larger outdoor areas

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three major interstates, a commuter train line, close proximity to downtown’s commuter bus service, and the Music City Bikeway, a 26-mile bicycle commuter path through Davidson County. Most importantly, the site serves as a major gateway to Downtown, and for many people, it is the first glimpse they see of Nashville upon arriving in the city.

In response to Tennessee being currently ranked as the fourth most obese state in the U.S., the City of Nashville is in need of green space that will promote active lifestyles and help transform Nashville into a healthier city. The project site is a 75 acre heavily polluted, industrial site along Downtown Nashville’s Cumberland River. The Brownfield, the climate change and flood and the increase quality of life for all of Nashville’s citizens makes this project a complex and challenging design task.

Projectsite during the Nashville floods in 2010

Creating 75 acres of open parkland on the waterfront of Nashville and making them accessible to thousands of urban dwellers of course addresses larger goals for the livability and sustainability of the city. Yet sustainability means more than creating green spaces! These spaces must be designed to thrive for generations to come, taking into account the effects of climate change, the transformation of brownfields and the application of site-specific strategies. The design goals are ambitious! They aim at transforming the site into a destination! By taking advantage of its unparalleled riverfront setting, and respecting its history yet creating a sustainable future, the design provide areas for active and extreme sports, cultural events and a natural habitat that will guarantee a diverse set of experiences in the decades to come.

Old riverbanks: Soft slopes and natural embankments

24

The new topography is based on the elevation of the projected 100-year floodplain. Manipulating the topography is a powerful way to create small intimate and large scaled open spaces, where in vistas can be concealed and revealed again in a moment of awe. The sculpted topography works in concert with pathways and trees to choreograph the park’s experience. The raised areas, and the enrichment of soil conditions, provide sustainable habitat for trees and other plants. More than thousand new trees will be planted; vegetation selection will focus on native, as well as locally adapted species. The topography reuses materials from demolished buildings, parking lots and polluted soil, keeping material out of landfills and serving as an icon of recycling. The replacement of acres of these impervious asphalt lots with lawn, plantings will also reduce storm water run-off and decreases the urban island heat effect.

Individual sports at the Circuit Track

Cycling

Longboarding

Jogging

Hiking / walking

Inline skating

Team sports at the centre lawn

Fieldhockey

Ultimate frisbee

Lacrosse

Soccer

Quiditch

Extreme sports and subcultures in industrial buildings

The Circuit Track The devastating flood and heavy rain fall that paralyzed Nashville in 2010 is just the sort of extreme precipitation event that global warming is expected to make more common. Therefore, perceptions of the East Bank site’s future are being reconsidered, as two thirds of the site lie within the 100-year floodplain. A new basin for storm water and floodwater forms the heart of the park and provides a large open space with natural grass fields for field sports and open air events. Spectators can enjoy the game, views of downtown and with even some food and drink nearby. Around this central area runs a circular route, the Circuit Track that follows the topography. The Circuit Track is a multifunctional space and can be used for cycling, walking and jogging, in-line skating, longboarding and is accessible for park management vehicles. All pathways are pedestrian accessible, and some are only open to pedestrians. Slopes at the north part of the site are lush and green, inviting visitors to sit on its grassy lower slopes, to explore its pathways that sometimes go along steep walls. Planted with a broad range of trees, shrubs and vegetation, the landscape invite birds, insects and other wildlife to inhabit the area.

Skateboarding [street]

Trail biking

Festivals, protest and manifestations

Event/protest space

Festival space

Parcours / freerunning

Extreme climbing

Skateboarding [Pool]

Watersports Riverfront

Sailing

Kayaking

1.

2.

3.

4.

Wall made by ‘mix in place’ technique, using

Dig out the polluted soil and make new

Dig out clean soil and use it as a covering

Planting trees and making landscape for

poluted soil as a constructtion material

topography

layer

sports, healtier air and sound reduction of the highway

Section of the new situation

25

Zomer

Hersft: Hoog water 1x per jaar

Extreem hoog water 1x per 100 jaar

26

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Sweet and Salt Since the construction of the new Ponte Vasco da Gama in 1998, Alcochete has grown quickly. The historic village can be reached from Lisbon by ferry but is now far quicker to reach by car crossing the bridge. The journey across the Rio Tejo lagoon can take a little less than 15 minutes and introduces you to an area of old salt plains. The old salt plains and mud flats are a growing nature reserve attracting exotic wildlife, like flamingos. Next to it, an old salt fish complex (stockfish) offers one of the many waterfront locations that could be developed to capitalize on the natural beauty of the area.

History and cultural heritage

Saline wetland Park

The development of the metropolitan region of Lisbon is increasing. The city will grow in numbers and thus large transport industries and a new airport are planned. Thanks to the Vasco da Gama bridge, which connects Alcochette with the city of Lisbon (Expo’98), the south banks of the Rio Tejo will benefit from this economical prosperity on a short term. But soon enough most of the farmers will leave their land to project development, causing a wide range of unplanned urban sprawl. this proposal considers what new program, in the development of the landscape, can revitalize the historic landscape.

By using the existing water system, with different water levels and water conditions of fresh and brackish water, and modifying this in a limited but precise way, new conditions are created for an interesting mix of agricultural use of the landscape.

It also provides space for nature and leisure. With this new development comprising small-scale, lowimpact agriculture, it is also possible to develop a seasonally responsive proposition.

This project is a complex and extremely well researched proposal, aimed at exploiting the area of the old salt plains. The old salt lakes have a history imbedded in the culture of Alcochette, from the Romans until several years ago this was an active manmade production landscape. Sweet water from the land meets the saltwater of the Rio Tejo, this is where clay will sediment and good vivid soils are found. Nowadays the site is an abandoned post-productive landscape. With gentle and precise interventions maintaining the characteristics of space and history of the site it will be restored for local usage.

Agricultural products generated within the new development would then supply the surrounding restaurants. Internationally, the gastronomic culture is becoming increasingly interested in sourcing food ethically in terms of the environment and consequently obtaining more produce locally. From a cultural and local point of view, the undertaking would therefore, sustain a flourishing cuisine for

Historic map of project site en Ro Tejo lagoon

tourists and locals. A local (seasonal) production could supply the local markets, restaurants and local people directly and bring less damage to the environment in terms of energy, water, diversity, etcetera.

In this proposal a public route and park would be interwoven within the old and new salt fields, enabling visitors to enjoy the developing of the surroundings. This route connects the two historic villages with the ferry to Lisbon. The same structure is also used for the small-scaled agricultural machinery that would be used to farm the new landscape.

New vast development due the Vasco da Gamma Bridge in 1998

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0.

1.

Old and new farmlands

Making an main artery for flushing silt at low tide and high tide

0.

2.

Salty and brackish farmland

Open fields and bridges

0.

3.

Depth

Saltwater pools and crops

4.

Central route and park between Alcochete and Samouco

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0.

1.

2.

Fields at the main artery: Making flat slope farmland 0.

1.

Brackish water fields: Sedimentation from water to farmland

0.

1.

Salt water fields: Dredging sludge and contructing steep slopes for new seafood farming pools

< -4,0 m. Zeewieren Zee sla Mossels Kokkels

- 1,0 m. Rijst Slijkgras

- 2,0 m. Japanse oesters Kokkels Zagers

- 0,5 m. Zeekraal Zeealsem Schorrenkruid

- 1,0 m. Rijst Slijkgras

0,0 m.

Lamsoor Gewone zoutmelde

- 0,5 m

Rijst Zeekraal

+ 0,5 m Lamsoor Zeeaster Reukloze kamille

0,0 m.

Zeekraal Zeealsem Schorrenkruid

-1,0

Koolzaad Groene asperges Spelt

Salt water fields:

Brackish water fields:

Crop growth and water depth

Crop growth and water depth

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Paths and routes

Park and allotment gardens

Farmland and fields

Urban sprawl and towns

Morphology of waterlandscape

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Urban Regenerator The Nieuwe Diep is characterized by an accumulation of backsides, dead-end streets and stand alone neighbourhoods, a typical peripheral zone at the city edge. With the advent of new neighborhoods like Steigereiland, IJburg, in the future Zeeburgereiland and Science Park, the Nieuwe Diep has a central location in these new the city development. In this proposal the Nieuwe Diep is transformed into a large new parkland, a central park for Eastern Amsterdam and an important gateway to the hinterland and large scale landscapes.

From urban fringe to central park

A combination of park and nature Flevopark is a particular park, scenically located east of city centre of Amsterdam. The original park design dates from 1928, but already in the second half of the 19th century there were proposals, along with the construction of the Java neighbourhood, to submit a park. The idea behind this was that the inhabitants of the neighborhood could visit a park at a reasonable distance from their homes. Good for the health and living condition of the residents, the park was designed as a place for active recreation.

Large playgrounds and a harbor for boats had to meet the needs of adolescents in the adjacent neighborhood.

and dead-end streets. The park has a fragmented character and entrances are overgrown by planting.

The park has become, due to a lack of maintenance, an ecological landscape park with historical elements, special nature and exciting places. The active recreation still takes place in the park, but mostly has been privatized. The park is unknown; a hidden and quiet place. Because of its location at the water the park is a paradise for waterfowl and songbirds. The former Jewish cemetery, which lies between the adjacent neighborhood and the park is hardly accessible, but is of great ecological and historical significance.

Flevopark is located in a rapidly changing surrounding. Despite the qualities of the park, there are adjustments necessary in the future to maintain the park. Also, the location of the park could benefit more from the adjacent neighborhoods, especially since the past 10-15 years this context has been changing significantly. Until now, the park was situated on the outskirts of the city, but in the next 5 to10 years the park will take a central position in het urban fabric of the eat side of Amsterdam.

The making of the Nieuwe Diep Park will be the starting point for development of the area into a coherent whole. The transformation of adjacent neighborhoods and the construction of new neighborhoods provide the perfect opportunity to take advantage of the central location of the park and to use the water as a catalyst for urban development.

Open air, public swimming pools in the Nieuwe Diep

New residential area â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;IJburgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; located in the water of the IJmeer

In the course of years this logical connection of existing residential areas and the Nieuwe Diep has become diffuse. The edge of the park is now characterized by an accumulation of backsides

Location at the periphery of the city in the 18th centery

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Cruquius

Zeeburgereiland

Indische buurt Steigereiland

Diemerpark

Science Park

De Omloop

Scenery

For the future of the Flevopark it is important to make connections with the surrounding residential neighborhoods. A circular route around the lake Nieuwe Diep is proposed; bicycle and walking a circle of about 5 km. around the Nieuwe Diep. The circular route is largely using existing routes on the historic sea dikes, the Nesciobridge, Amsterdam bridge, canal dikes of and park routes in the Flevopark. The central part of the park is the circuit around the broadness of the lake, a large circular route for various uses. This circuit will break down barriers between the districts, will guarantee a lively public domain and connect current and future attractions. The Circuit is framed by a park-like ribbon of trees under flowery plantings. The park is particularly promising as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;gatewayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to the urban parkland.

HISTORIC CENTRE ZEEBURGERPAD

R VAA

RING

T

Close relation between city centre and projectsite

Section of circulair route and swimming deck

38

Cruquius

Zeeburgereiland

Indische buurt Steigereiland

Diemerpark

Science Park

De Omloop

Scenerio

View over the central playfield of the park

39

Transformation urban area

Dock

Parkconnector Parkconnector

Swimming pools Jewish cemetry Java Square

Floating swimming pools

Restaurant in former pumping station

Circulair route Park Ribbon

Jewish cemetry

Jewish cemetry

Publics banks

Sailing school Sportfacilities

Viewing tower

Science campus

University and research center

Trainstation Science Park

0

100

University Square

250 meter

40

New urban area

Boulevard

Harbour

Circulair route Park Ribbon New urban area

Harbour Pumping station Estate Boardwalk

Harbour

Harbour Harbour club

Parkconnector

Pumping station

41

Park Nieuwe Diep

Diemer Park Circuit

Polderring

0

0.1

0.5

1

kilometer

42

43

+0.63

Indische buurt

+1.64

+0.63

CITROﾃ起

-1,00

-1,93

-2,00

C2

-1,24

Javaplein

Flevoweg

Joodse begraafplaats

+0,4

+0,04

+0,03

Flevopark met oud gemaal

t gemaal

N.A.P.-LIJN

NIEUWE DIEP

PARK

-0,4

-0,4

Bovendiep

44

+13,25

+1,13

-0,4

Amsterdam Rijnkanaal

45

+1,13

-0,4

Nieuwe Diep

Ringweg oost A10

About

David Kloet works on projects in cities and landscapes in a creative and communicative way. He strives to create clear and innovative concepts. At the heart of his projects is the connection between cultural transition and ecological processes; metabolistic design and robust solutions that will show true beauty as time goes by.

His mission is to make cities and landscapes more resilient and by doing so contribute to a more sustainable future world.

David Kloet graduated in 2011 from the Amsterdam Academy of Architecture with the “New Arcadia Amsterdam East” project, a development strategy for the surroundings of Amsterdam. Intertwining the city and the countryside in one coherent network of connections, recreational, ecological and hydrological resulting in a concept for the ‘metropolitan network park’. The project was exhibited at the IFLA congress in Cape Town and received an honorable mention at the 7th Biennial of the landscape in Barcelona. In a selfinitiated research, “Green Metropolis”, he examined the significance of large landscapes in the metropolisation of the western European metropolis.

This project received a subsidy of NHBOS foundation and it was included in a publication for the International Architecture Biennale of Rotterdam by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation.

In addition to his work at several leading design studios, he works on his own projects, competitions and design research. His focus is on the design of landscapes in the metropolitan regions and landscape processes in combination with multifunctional use. The projects are placed in a broad context and have an integrated approach in order to address complex issues. Examples of projects include a spatial scenario for the transformation of the Flevopark commissioned by the Municipality of Amsterdam and a research project for the landscapes of the Amsterdam Metropolitan Region in 2040, done along with the Provincial Advisor Spatial quality. In addition to these projects he works on self-initiated projects to debate on current issues on landscape architecture in the public realm.

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Other works 1.

Floodplain park on the riverbanks of the Seine

3.

New Arcadia Amsterdam East

4.

Amsterdam Metropolitan Landscapes in 2040

2.

Green networks for the Delta Metropolis

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Challenges are mainly in the design of landscapes in metropolitan field. Therefor a metabolistic design approach is needed. The work has a integral approach, making resilient relationships between the built and unbuilt environment. The tension between public and private domain; the transition from city to country and the connection between cultural transition and ecological processes.

6.

Waterfront South Harbour Helsinki

5.

Oostvaardersland Nature Activity Center

7.

Railway tunnel under the river Vecht

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Acknowledgements

New Territories: Urban wetland parks

Three different approaches to new sustainable parklands in the territory of the metropolitan region dealing with climate change and resilience of the public realm.

Knowledge, skills and individual solutions concerning water in the public realm.

Text and images by: ing. David Kloet MLA Registered landscape architect 3.120601.002 Amsterdam, The Netherlands info@immergrun.nl www.immergrun.nl Front image by: Karin Daan All rights reserved.

No part of this work covered by the publisherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, recording taping, or information retrieval systems) without the written permission of the publisher. or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Š 2014, David Kloet Immergrun Landscapes by David Kloet

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Pamflet

N째III Three different approaches to new sustainable parklands in the territory of the metropolitan region dealing with climate change and resilience of the public realm. Knowledge, skills and individual solutions concerning water in the public realm.

David Kloet Immergrun landscapes Amsterdam - The Netherlands info@immergrun.nl www.immergrun.nl