Smithsonian NMAAHC Programming Study Vol. 4

An association of Davis Brody Bond and The Freelon Group Architects

Lord Cultural Resources and Amaze Design

Smithsonian Institution

National Museum of African American

History and Culture

VOLUME IV

Facility Program

Engineering Systems

Sustainable Design

Accessibility

Security

Cost Estimates

SUBMITTED BY: FREELON BOND

January 30, 2009

Pre-Design: Master Facilities Programming

Smithsonian Institution

National Museum of African American History and Culture

VOLUME I

A Preamble

B Introduction and Executive Summary

C Pre-design and Programming

VOLUME II

A Visitation Estimate

B Audience Research

C Public Engagement

D Collections Storage Plan

E General Museum Requirements

F Exhibition Master Plan

VOLUME III

A Existing Site Conditions

B Geotechnical Analysis

C Vehicular and Pedestrian Traffic

D Site Analysis

VOLUME IV

A Facility Program

B Engineering Systems

C Sustainable Design

D Accessibility

E Security

F Cost Estimates

VOLUME V

Room Data Sheets

Allocations and Space Catalog

Adjacency Matrix

Program Map and Adjacency Diagrams

Building Envelope and Stacking Diagrams

Sequencing Diagrams

General Design Considerations

Typical Space Diagrams

A Facility Program

The Facility Program includes detailed information regarding the content, quantity and function of each component of the museum, including program spaces inside and outside the building. Also described in this document are the functional relationships that various program components will need to have with one another. These relationships are described as degrees of adjacency, and in some cases as a sequential order of spaces, and are critical to the operation of the museum and the visitor experience. The following series of diagrams are intended to convey the full spectrum of the building program, including the functional relationships among the various program elements.

There are several components to the Facility Program. The Zone Definitions describe the four primary sector designations for the interior of the building. The Space List provides a summary of the total programmed building area and a comprehensive listing of each space. Also included is a grossing factor that accounts for non-programmed space, which contributes to the total external gross square footage.

The Space List is followed by the Zone Allocation Diagram and Program Space Catalog, which are a series of diagrams illustrating each program component contained in the Space List. Next is the Adjacency Matrix which identifies required and restricted adjacencies for the various departments or groupings of program components.

The next series of diagrams starts with the Program Map (Fundamental Relationships) that illustrates the entire museum program in its most basic arrangement. Following this are a series of Adjacency Diagrams which show blocking scenarios and flow. A reduced Program Map is reproduced on each page of the Adjacency Diagrams and should be referenced as a key to navigate these subsequent diagrams.

Site considerations are taken into account in the Building Envelope Studies while vertical adjacencies are studied in the Stacking Diagrams. The Sequencing Diagrams explore how people and objects might flow through the building.

Finally, the Facility Program concludes with a series of Typical Space Diagrams illustrating standard sizes for offices and meeting rooms. Also included are General Design Considerations regarding such issues as daylighting, views, and environmental conditions. Room Data Sheets outlining very specific requirements for each programmed space are contained in Volume V.

This document is a tool for understanding the museum needs during the building design process and can be used as a checklist to insure all program components and their functional requirements are accounted for in the design. However, it is likely that the building design process will also lead to modifications of this program. Any suggested changes must be evaluated for their impact on the stated goals of the museum and the function, cost, or size of the building.

Zone Definitions (Overview)

The Zone Diagram is an illustration of the four primary “zones” of a museum. These zones represent all program spaces of the museum by their most essential function. Each zone’s essential function can be determined by the presence of a museum collection and its accessibility to the public. Therefore, the four zones of the museum are identified as:

ZONE A (Non-Collections / Public)

These are the portions of the building that are open to the public but do not include the museum’s collection. This zone would include spaces such as the Lobby, Central Hall, Cafeteria, and Theater.

ZONE B (Collections / Public)

These are the portions of the building that are for public display of the museum’s collection. This zone constitutes the largest allocation of building space and requires a high level of environmental and security controls.

ZONE C (Collections / Non-Public)

These are the portions of the building that are dedicated to maintaining and preserving the museum’s collection, but are not generally accessible to the public. This zone would include spaces such as Collections Storage, Conservation Labs, and Exhibition Preparation Workshops.

Zone D (Non-Collections / Non-Public)

These are the areas of the building that support museum operations but do not contain the museum’s collection and are not generally visited by the public. This zone would include spaces such as staff offices, building security, and building maintenance.

The Zone Diagram is organized into four quadrants, one for each zone. Each zone is further identified by a color and title that is consistent with all other diagrams in this document. Each zone is shown in relative scale and is labeled with its respective net area (square footage) and the percentage that it occupies within the total net square footage of the building.

There will be no direct correlation between the eventual building design and the four zones. These zones simply serve to identify the fundamental character of each program component as it pertains to collections or non-collections and public or non-public access. Therefore, in the adjacency diagrams that follow, one might see a blend of several zones in a particular area of the building.

Zone “i” (Improvisation)

In addition to the four zones of the museum, a fifth zone “i”, has been allocated for Improvisation. The culture of the African American community is a living culture that continues to thrive and foster new contributions to the broader American and global milieus. Therefore, a portion of the new museum has been left unprogrammed and undefined so that the museum, its designers, and the African American community might envision future uses and programs.

Zone 0 (Outdoor Areas)

Zone Definitions (Detail)

ZONE A

Public Non-Collections spaces are public areas where art is not present.

Typical Zone A Functional Areas include:

• Public Outdoor Space

• Lobby/Visitor Amenities

• Theater Space

• Meetings/Hospitality

• Education Areas

• Food Services

• Retail

This zone is typically the visitor’s first experience of the building; the public spaces help to orient visitors to the museum’s performance, café, education, and exhibition activities.

Both indoor and outdoor spaces require unobtrusive and flexible security systems to accommodate the variable hours that these spaces are open to the public and ensure the safety of the building as a whole and its occupants, including visitors, staff and performers, and collections.

Because it is open to the public, this zone requires a high level of finish on all surfaces. However, since it does not normally hold collections-related exhibition elements, there is more latitude relative to its environmental control set points and zoning. However, areas that are assembly spaces – such as the theater, multi-purpose function and event spaces and education rooms - will need specialized environmental conditions.

ZONE B

Public Collections spaces are areas where both the public and art are present.

Typical Zone B Functional Areas include:

• Permanent Collection Galleries

• Temporary and Changing Exhibition Galleries

• Other Galleries (special purpose galleries) such as Children’s Galleries and Orientation Galleries

This is the zone where visitors encounter the collections, as well as any art or collections borrowed from other organizations or institutions. This is the most costly part of the building, since this zone requires both high levels of finish to meet public expectations and high levels of environmental control for the care of the collections and the comfort of the visitor. Additionally, technical fire and security systems (which include manned security posts and physical barriers, i.e. display cases) are utilized for the protection of the collections and public. For further information regarding security, reference Smithsonian Institution Security Design Criteria, June 20, 2008 and ISC Security Design Criteria.

In general, all galleries and other exhibition spaces need appropriate floor and ceiling loading, movable walls, power/communications grids and state-of-the-art lighting with no (or very tightly controlled and filtered) natural light. Finishes may vary from high quality art gallery surfaces to “black box” or neutral backgrounds.

Zone Definitions (Detail)

ZONE C

Non-Public Collections spaces are those where collections are present, but there is normally no public access. It includes the essential “behind the scenes” space where collections are stored or worked on. All the support areas for any temporary exhibition programs – from the shipping-receiving area inward – are part of this zone.

Typical Zone C Functional Areas include:

• Collections Storage

• Collections Workrooms

• Collections Care and Conservation

• Exhibit/Collections Support

Environmental controls and security need be to museum standard for collections-related exhibition elements, but the level of finish can be to a functional level only, and need not meet public expectations. Doorway, corridor and room size, ceiling height, wall construction and floor and wall loading are demanding, but finishes need only be adequate for staff and for protection of collections. Collections need to be planned to “OPS Security Standards for Collection Storage”

ZONE D

Non-Public Non-Collection spaces include work areas where neither the public nor collections are present, but all back-of-house administrative and operations workspaces are located. Support areas in this zone are often located adjacent to the spaces they serve in other zones: for example, the retail office and stock storage space may be physically located next to the museum shop.

This zone is broken down into two sub-zones:

• Zone D1 Administrative Areas such as offices, administrative support, and meeting rooms

• Zone D2 Staff Amenities

• Zone D3 representing other support areas, non-collection shipping and receiving, non- collection storage, maintenance areas, staff facilities, museum operations, and support

Zone D is frequently the lowest cost element of the building, since it requires neither a high level of environmental controls and security, nor the level of finish necessary to meet public expectations.

Typical Zone D Functional Areas include:

• Administrative Offices and Support

• Internal Conference/Meeting

• Staff Amenities

• Building Management – storage, workrooms, and control rooms

• Food Services Support

• Retail Support

• Theater/AV Support

• Entry/Security - protective services, service delivery, garbage removal, supervision of Loading Docks and Staff Entrance

This space program chapter uses color coding to identify the four zones in the Space Plan and Space Block Diagrams, for greater ease of visualization.

Zone Definitions (Detail)

ZONE i

The facility program describes the spaces to be accommodated within the NMAAHC Building by Zones A –D. The distribution of, and program for, the spaces is based on the information and studies available to date. However those planning the building recognize that there are several reasons why the program for this new Smithsonian museum should allow for flexibility, change, and inventiveness.

• Even the most thorough study cannot anticipate all of the responses and concerns of those who will use and visit the building.

• The NMAAHC will be a living institution. As such it will not only represent the history, culture, and life of African Americans from the past to the present but will also support and make public future trends.

• This is a period of transition. Between the completion of this program and the opening of the building there are likely to be significant events which will affect the perceptions of the museum’s audience.

• The building, landscape, and exhibits are to be designed by a talented team. The interaction between designers and the NMAAHC’s own staff will inevitably generate new insights and opportunities for the expression of the museum’s vision.

As the museum develops and responds to the expectations of its visitors, and the insights of its staff, there will inevitably be adjustments to its programs. Therefore the space program should be somewhat flexible.

For those working with and/or designing based on the facility program, up to 5% of the total net sf of space program may be modified to allow for diverse interpretations. Since the total net space is currently programmed at a net area of approximately 208,000 asf, approximately 10,000 asf of that space may be reprogrammed, and alternative uses suggested. This area is the Improvisation Space.

ZONE 0

Outdoor Areas can include any of the exterior elements on site, such as driveways, pedestrian walkways, bus and car drop-off or parking areas, gardens, sculpture areas, terraces, and outdoor service areas. This zone is organized into public and non-public or service areas; generally speaking, works of art will be present in limited, clearly defined areas only.

Typical Zone O Functional Areas include:

• Public Outdoor Activity and Circulation Space

• Transit Stop

• Car and Bus Drop-off and Parking

• Pedestrian Walkways

• Gardens, Landscaping, Water Features

• Outdoor Sculptures

• Service Delivery Yard

• Site Service, Security and Maintenance Systems

The public outdoor areas provide the setting for the visitor’s experience of the site and complex, and the public spaces help to orient the visitors to the different amenities and to provide means of movement between amenities and attractions. The non-public outdoor areas provide essential elements of support required to run the complex effectively and to maintain all systems in good working order. Typically the public outdoor areas require high levels of materials and finishes, and the non-public outdoor areas are more utilitarian in nature and may require that they be screened from view.

Zone Definitions (Detail)

Assignable Square Feet Versus External Gross Square Feet

The programming team’s approach to space planning is based on identifying the Assignable Square Feet (asf) of space required to accommodate all the functions of a project. Once the total Assignable Square Feet is established we apply a grossing factor to determine the overall External Gross Square Feet size of the facility. The Assignable Square Feet figures represent the assignable usable spaces for the expansion. Therefore we focus on determining Assignable Square Feet first because we are focusing on the uses that the facility is to accommodate.

Once we have established a list of Assignable Square Feet, we apply a grossing factor to take into account the following factors:

• Vertical and horizontal circulation space (stairwells, elevators, escalators) between assignable usable areas

• The thickness of walls between and around usable spaces

• Mechanical, electrical equipment and security spaces

• Toilets and other support spaces

All four of these factors can be determined precisely only when the architectural concept and the engineering specifications have been approved. For this reason these factors are projected at this stage of planning as a percentage increment or multiplier of the Assignable Square Feet usable space. This percentage increment or multiplier is called the grossing factor.

The grossing factor we recommend for planning purposes at this stage of the project is 50% (a multiplier of 1.5). The following shows a generalized breakdown of what this external gross square area represents within the total building package:

Wall Thickness and Structural 10%

Horizontal and Vertical Circulation: Corridors, Elevator Shafts & Fire Exits/Stairs 20%

Mechanical Rooms/ Electrical & Mechanical Runs, Security, Toilets, support 20%

PROJECTED SPACE

Grossing Factor 50% (1.5) FUNCTION

Space List: Summary and Detail

The Space List is an index of all programmed spaces to be included in the building. These spaces together constitute the total net square footage of the building to which grossing factors have been applied. The Space List should be used as a tool for tracking the grouping, size, and quantity of all components in the building program. Additional summary information about each space can also be found in the Space List.

The Space List is organized by Zones A, B, C, D (see Allocations following Zones on the following pages). These zones are further categorized into sub-zones, or departmental groupings, that reflect the organization of the museum. The total net square footage of each sub-zone and zone is summarized at the top of the listing with the grossing factor applied. The total net and external gross square footage of the building program is then totaled for a comprehensive understanding of the anticipated size of the new building.

Space List Summary

Below is a summary of the program spaces for the NMAAHC building. The following pages contain a detailed Space Program that identifies space requirements, summarizes totals for each Zone, and a 50% grossing factor to indicate the need for a museum building of just over 313,110 gross sf.

0

0

Like a circulation space it leads to many of the visitor amenity functions (see adjacencies) but is more room-like and may contain artifacts to move visitors deeper into the museum.

Zone Allocations and Space Catalog

The Space Catalog is a set of diagrams that indexes all programmed space to be included in the building. It graphically illustrates the Space List and is useful in showing the relative size and space needs of each program component as well as the quantity of spaces. These diagrams are organized to correlate with the Space List, each space having a zone identification by color and departmental association by number and title.

Zone Allocation Diagram

OTHER SPACES

C1.1 COLLEC. STORAGE 1,500 ASF

COLLECTION STORAGE (BY MEDIA)

D2.3A MOVING EQUIPMENT STORAGE 125 ASF

C2.2

C2.4

C2.9

C2.3 COLLECTIONS

C2.8 TEMPORARY STORAGE FOR PENDING ACQUISITION ASF-TBD

C2.1

C2.6

COLLECTION HANDLING

C3.1 LIB/ARCV PROCESSING ROOMS (PT OF RES. CENTER) 400 ASF

C3.2 LIBRARY/ARCHIVE CLOSED STACKS (PT OF RES. CENTER) 800 ASF

C3.3 RARE BOOK ROOM (PT OF RES. CNTR) 800 ASF

C3.5 VAULT 300 ASF

C3.4 ARCHIVAL COLD STORAGE

C2.12 RECEIVING /COURIER OFFICE 80 ASF

C2.11 DOCUMENTATION CENTER 300 ASF

C2.10 REGISTRATION WORKRM 500 ASF

C2.13 COLLECTIONS FREIGHT ELEVATOR ASF-TBD

C2.14 EXHIBIT STAGING 1,000 ASF

C4.1 ISOLATION ROOM 400 ASF

C4.2 MULTIPURPOSE CONSERVATION LAB 1,000 ASF

C4.3 PHOTOGRAPHY CONSERVATION LAB 875 ASF

C2.15 COPY AREA 100 ASF

C2.17 PHOTO ARCHIVES (MAY BE W/LIB ARCHIVES) 300 ASF C2.18 PHOTO STUDIO 800 ASF

C2.16 DIGITIZATION LAB 200 ASF

Adjacency Matrix

The Adjacency Matrix is included on the following pages.

Adjacency Matrix Diagram

Groups)

Experience (Performance/Video)

Lobby/Assembly Areas

Special Meeting/Event Areas

Information Services

Retail and Food Services

Visitor Amenities

Visitor Experience (Performance/Video)

Education Assembly

Program Spaces

Education Public Storage

Permanent Collection Galleries

Temporary Exhibiton Galleries

Other Galleries

Library/Archives (Public Access)

Collection Storage

Collection Preparation & Installation

Curatorial & Collection Management

Exhibit Staging

Photo Services

Library/Archives (Private Access)

Conservation Workrooms

O ces (These do not include workstations in the workrooms)

O ce Services and Storage

Meeting Rooms

Sta Amenities

Gallery Services/Exhibiton Support

Education Support

Special Event/AV/Theater Support

Info Services Support

Food & Beverage Support

Protective Services Support

Building Support

Adjacency Matrix Diagram

A Strong Adjacency means that the space should be immediately next to another space.

A Medium Adajcency means that the space must be within the cluster of associated spaces, but not necessarily next to another.

A Weak Adjacency means that the space does not have to be within the cluster of associated spaces and can be moved away from another but should still have access.

A Strong Adjacency means that the space should be immediately next to another space

A Separation means that these two spaces must be separated.

A Medium Adajcency means that the space must be within the cluster of associated spaces, but not necessarily next to another.

No Speci c Adjacency means that the spaces are not tied to any speci c position in the building.

A Weak Adjacency means that the space does not have to be within the cluster of associated spaces and can be moved away from another but should still have access.

A Separation means that these two spaces must be separated

No Specific Adjacency means that the spaces are not tied to any specific position in the building.

Lobby/Assembly Areas

Special Meeting/Event Areas

Information Services

Retail and Food Services

Visitor Amenities

Visitor Experience (Performance/Video)

Education Assembly

Program Spaces

Education Public Storage

Permanent Collection Galleries

Temporary Exhibiton Galleries

Other Galleries

Library/Archives (Public

Program Map and Adjacency Diagrams

PROGRAM MAP

The Program Map is a basic illustration of the entire museum program. Its purpose is to provide an overview of the fundamental organization of the museum by its primary groupings of program components. Similar to the Zone Diagram, the Program Map illustrates the museum organization in a very basic way. It also serves as a key to other, more detailed Adjacency Diagrams which follow.

ADJACENCY DIAGRAMS

The Program Adjacency Diagrams are more detailed illustrations of groupings of program components, arranged by department, or area of the building. They show direct and general adjacencies as well as those groups of program components that must be physically clustered together.

While these diagrams depict adjacencies that are key to the operation of the museum and the visitor experience, they are not to be construed as building plans. There are many ways to formally arrange these various programmatic relationships in the design of the building and it is expected that these diagrams will be used only for understanding those relationships. An icon of the Program Map is located at the top of each Program Adjacency Diagram as a key or reference back to the Program Map.

ADJACENCY SECURITY STRATEGIES

In future design phases, both the SI Security Design Criteria and the ISC Security Design Criteria will provide specific adjacencies for consideration once a project/facility specific risk/threat assessment and a level of protection (LOP) have been established.

The following strategies are provided for initial consideration in the program verification process:

1) A secure separation should be established between Zone C (Non-Public Collection Space) and Zone A/B (Public Space)

2) In general, location of high security rooms should be determined utilizing a layered security approach.

3) The Office of Protective Services (OPS) must have accessibility and adjacency to Public Space (Zones A/B).

Program Map

STAFF/ADMIN

GALLERIES

Outdoor Areas

OUTDOOR COMPONENTS

BUILDING ENVELOPE

Collection Support

ZONE B

ZONE C

ZONE D

CONSERVATION

C4.3 PHOTOGRAPHY CONSERVATION LAB

RESOURCE CENTER

C4.1 ISOLATION ROOM

C4.2 MULTI-PURPOSE CONSERVATION LAB

C2.10 REGISTRATION WORKROOM

PREP & INSTALLATION

C2.9 PREPARATOR’S WORKSHOP

C2.7 CLEAN INSTALLATION ROOM

C1.1 COLLECTION STORAGE

C2.14 EXHIBIT STAGING

C2.13 COLLECTION FREIGHT ELEVATOR

C2.8 TEMPORARY STORAGE FOR PENDING ACQUISITION

C2.5 CRATE STORAGE C2.2 ENCLOSED COLLECTIONS LOADING DOCK

C2.1 ENCLOSED COLLECTIONS LOADING BAY

C2.4 CRATING/ UNCRATING, PACKAGING STUDIO C2.3 COLLECT’S SHIPPING & RECEIVING

C2.6 TRANSIT STORAGE

C2.3A MOVABLE EQUIP. STORAGE

ZONE 0 Close Adjacency Enclosed Area

B2.1 CHANGING GALLERY

ZONE 0 Close Adjacency Enclosed Area

HISTORY COMMUNITY

NOTE: SPECIFIC OPEN/ENCLOSED OFFICE ADJACENCIES BY DEPARTMENT TO BE DEVELOPED AND VERIFIED WITH SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ONCE STAFFING NEEDS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND DEVELOPED.

Staff/Admin & Museum Ops (cont’d)

Building Envelope and Stacking Diagrams

Building Envelope

While the site totals 227,633 sf, adherence to required and recommended setbacks yields a buildable footprint of 74,000 sf (see Site Analysis, Volume III). Assuming this maximum footprint, two scenarios for vertical stacking of the program are explored.

Study A shows stacking opportunities which support a “top down” visitor experience (e.g. patrons are conveyed to the galleries located on the upper floors and circulate downward to the ground floor) Study B illustrates the “bottom up” approach.

Both Study A & B are accompanied by a Data Sheet with important information for interpreting the stacking diagram. These studies are only two scenarios and are intended to suggest possible vertical relationships of program components under different circumstances. They are not intended to be building design options.

Stacking Diagrams

The Program Stacking Diagrams illustrate different scenarios for organizing the groupings of program components vertically within the building. They suggest optimum floor level locations along with some key adjacencies, both horizontal and vertical. While these adjacencies and floor level locations are recommended, it is expected that the building design process would render viable alternative arrangements of program components.

Service and Entry

The Entry Diagram demonstrates potential locations for Main Public Entry, Building Service Entry, and Staff Entry. These locations are suggestions and further exploration of entry possibilities can be determined in subsequent design phases. However, the Main Public Entries have been suggested due to the prominence of the south and west edges which are more publicly visible. Additionally, the placement of the Building Service Entry was informed by the existing NMAH service entry on 14th Street There may also be the opportunity to take advantage of the sloping topography of the site and sectional characteristics to provide a service entry at the north east corner.

[For further discussion of service and entry see Volume III, Transportation Report - “Secure Access” Section]

Building Envelope Assumptions

LEGEND:

Building Envelope Assumptions

SITE BOUNDARY

SECURITY SETBACK

MAIN PUBLIC ENTRY

ALTERNATE PUBLIC ENTRY

BUILDING SERVICE ENTRY

STAFF ENTRY

POTENTIAL LOCATIONS

BUILDING ENTRY AND SERVICE

NMAH SOUTH FACADE SETBACK

NMAH NORTH FACADE SETBACK

NMAAHC

NMAAHC SITE BOUNDARY

Study A - Data Sheet

GOALS

- Allow visitor experience of galleries to inform program stacking

-Visitor experience of galleries TOP-DOWN

-Galleries located on all 4 floors

-Indirect top-lighting in galleries on Floor 4

-Maximize views in public space on top floors

-Main public spaces concentrated on Floors 1 & 2

-Offices located on Floor 3 & 4

-Loading dock located below grade

BUILDING ENVELOPE/ SITE SETBACKS

NORTH PLAZA SETBACK (16,000 SF)

TYPICAL FLOOR AREA (74,000 SF)

SOUTH PLAZA SETBACK (15,000 SF)

1 2 3 4 R

Study A- Stacking Diagram

Study A- Stacking Diagram (Detail)

Study B - Data Sheet

- Allow visitor experience of galleries to inform program stacking

-Visitor experience of galleries BOTTOM-UP

-Galleries located on all 3 floors

-Indirect top-lighting and side lighting in all galleries

-Maximize views in public space on top floors

-Main public spaces concentrated on Floors -1, 1 & 2

-Offices located on Floor 4 only

-Loading dock located below grade

NORTH PLAZA SETBACK (16000 SF) TYPICAL FLOOR AREA (74000 SF)

SOUTH PLAZA SETBACK (15000 SF)

Study B- Stacking Diagram

Study B- Stacking Diagram (Detail)

Sequencing Diagrams

The Sequencing Diagrams are a series of illustrations that explain the sequential relationship between program components within certain key portions of the building. They are organized relative to circulation of various types of visitors, museum artifacts, or goods and services. These diagrams are not intended to be specific to floor levels or physical adjacencies but are meant to indicate anticipated sequential order of movement as well as anticipated points of vertical circulation.

VISITOR SEQUENCE (INDIVIDUAL)

VISITOR SEQUENCE (GROUP)

STAFF SEQUENCE (DIRECTOR)

Building Service Sequencing Diagram

General Design Considerations

The General Design Considerations illustrate options and recommendations for various aspects of the interior environment of the museum. These considerations include passive and active ventilation, air conditioning, thermal comfort, and humidity control ranges. Also included are illustrations of various daylighting strategies appropriate to museums. The target ranges for indoor environmental quality apply to Zones A, B, C, and D and include temperature, humidity, and daylighting.

Daylighting Opportunities

INDIRECT TOPLIGHT

INDIRECT SIDELIGHT AS TOPLIGHT

INDIRECT SIDELIGHT

INDIRECT SIDELIGHT THROUGH CLERESTORY NO DAYLIGHTING

AREAS CONTAINING ARTIFACTS THAT MAY BE DAMAGED BY DAYLIGHT

Outside Views

HIGH PRIORITY

AREAS WHERE VIEW TO OUTSIDE IS HIGHLY DESIRABLE

LOW PRIORITY HIGH PRIORITY LOW PRIORITY

AREAS WHERE VIEW TO OUTSIDE IS LESS DESIRABLE

HIGH PRIORITY LOW PRIORITY NO VIEWS TO

AREAS WHERE VIEW TO OUTSIDE IS NOT DESIRABLE OR PROHIBITED

GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Thermal Zones

ZONE 2

POSSIBLE

POSSIBLE AREAS: THRESHOLD SPACES, APPROPRIATE STORAGE AREAS

ZONE 3

INDOOR AREAS

NATURAL VENTILATION (OPTION)

POSSIBLE AREAS: HALLS, CAFETERIAS, REST ROOMS, OPENPLAN OFFICES

POSSIBLE AREAS: STORYTELLING GALLERIES, SCULPTURE GALLERIES, VIDEO THEATERS,

ZONE 3

— INDOOR AREAS — NATURAL VENTILATION (OPTION)

MECHANICAL

POSSIBLE AREAS: THRESHOLD SPACES, APPROPRIATE STORAGE AREAS

POSSIBLE AREAS: HALLS, CAFETERIAS, REST ROOMS, OPENPLAN OFFICES

ZONE

4 — INDOOR AREAS — CLIMATE CONTROLLED (RANGE 1)

ZONE 3

— INDOOR AREAS

— NATURAL VENTILATION (OPTION)

POSSIBLE AREAS: STORYTELLING GALLERIES, SCULPTURE GALLERIES, VIDEO THEATERS, TRANSI TION SPACES IN THE GALLERIES

POSSIBLE AREAS: HALLS, CAFETERIAS, REST ROOMS, OPENPLAN OFFICES

ZONE 5

(PASSIVE + ACTIVE) (ACTIVE - MECH. 1) — INDOOR AREAS — NATURAL VENTILATION

-

2) — INDOOR AREAS — CLIMATE CONTROLLED (RANGE 2)

ZONE 4

— INDOOR AREAS — CLIMATE CONTROLLED (RANGE 1)

POSSIBLE AREAS: ARCHIVAL AREAS, INDIVIDUALLY CONDITIONED ARTIFACT DISPLAY CASES, GALLER ľ IES FOR ORIGINAL ARTWORK AND ARTIFACTS

POSSIBLE AREAS: STORYTELLING GALLERIES, SCULPTURE GALLERIES, VIDEO THEATERS, TRANSI TION SPACES IN THE GALLERIES

Adapting Daylight to Program Needs

Light enters through vertical clerestory openings. Operable vents allow for passive ventilation. Interior windows are small at upper levels so more light will be re ected downward by wall surfaces. Full-height glazing is provided at ground-level spaces to achieve maximum illumination.

Locate private of ces to the Interior

Interior glazing allows natural light and views

Locate open of ces at perimeter

Operable windows in of ces

High re ectance surface

Temper Ventilation Air

Archive storage and support in building core

Shallow oor plates

Thermal Zoning for Program Needs

Active Mech One

Possible Areas: stor y-telling galleries, sculpture galleries, video theaters

Active Mech Two

Possible Areas: archival areas, individually conditioned ar tifact display cases, galleries for original ar twork and ar tifacts

Mixed Mode - Passive + Active

Possible Areas: halls, cafeterias, restrooms, open-plan of ces

Passive Only

Possible Areas: threshold spaces, appropriate storage areas

Typical Space Diagrams

The Typical Space Diagrams are a series of illustrations to explain standardized components of the program. These components are derived from the Smithsonian Institute standards and will apply to offices and meeting rooms in this building. Each diagram includes room or workstation sizes along with optimum dimensions and height. Also included is a list of furnishings with optimum arrangements illustrated.

The proposed typical space diagrams were coordinated with the Smithsonian Institution Facilities Edition 1 Space Guidelines dated September 2003. A reference to the SI Space Class is indicated by “SI Standard Reference Office Type”.

Admin/ Research/ “Hotelling”

Space List Room #: Area:

Clerical Workstation

Guest chair

Primary work surface

Secondary work surface File drawers

Shelves/ Upper cabinet Space for extra equipment

Open office

Guest chair

Primary work surface

Secondary work surface File drawers

Shelves/ Upper cabinet Space for extra equipment

Open office

Guest chair

Primary work surface

Secondary work surface File drawers

Shelves/ Upper cabinet Space for extra equipment

LEGEND:

Space list room No. Area A1.00 000 ASF

Admin/ Professional Space List Room #: Area:

Typical Workstation

Guest chair

Primary work surface

Secondary work surface File drawers

Shelves/ Upper cabinet Space for extra equipment

8’-0”

Supervisor

Space List Room #: Area:

D1.35 170- 190 ASF

Guest chair

Primary work surface

Secondary work surface

File drawers

Shelves/ Upper cabinet

Space for extra equipment

Staff meeting area

Conference area

LEGEND:

Space list room No. Area A1.00 000 ASF

16’-0”

11’-0”

SI OFFICE STANDARD REF. TYPE: PV-2

Supervisor Space List Room #: Area:

Guest chair

Primary work surface

Secondary work surface File drawers

Shelves/ Upper cabinet Space for extra equipment

Guest chair

Primary work surface

Secondary work surface File drawers

Shelves/ Upper cabinet Space for extra equipment

12’-0”

Supervisor

Space List Room #: Area:

D1.35 105 ASF

Guest chair

Primary work surface

Secondary work surface

File drawers

Shelves/ Upper cabinet

Space for extra equipment

D1.35 105 ASF

Guest chair

Primary work surface

Secondary work surface

File drawers

Shelves/ Upper cabinet

Space for extra equipment

LEGEND:

Space list room No. Area A1.00 000 ASF

8’-9”

12’-0”

8’-9”

12’-0”

Space List Room #: Area:

D1.34 280 ASF

Guest chair

Primary work surface

Secondary work surface File drawers

Shelves/ Upper cabinet Space for extra equipment Staff meeting area Conference area (Option)

SI OFFICE STANDARD REF. TYPE: PV-4

17’-0”

12’-6”

Director

Space List Room #: Area:

D1.34 450 ASF

Guest chair

Primary work surface

Secondary work surface

File drawers

Shelves/ Upper cabinet

Space for extra equipment

Staff meeting area

Conference area

CONFERENCE/ BOARD ROOM

LEGEND:

Space list room No. Area A1.00 000 ASF

RECEPTION/ CLERICAL

22’-0”

16’-0”

30’-0”

Small Meeting

18’-0”

11’-0”

SI OFFICE STANDARD REF. TYPE: MT-8

SI OFFICE STANDARD REF. TYPE: MT-18

30’-0”

20’-0”

40’-0”

30’-0”

B Engineering Systems

Public Utilities - Civil Engineering

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to provide recommendations regarding design guidelines, relocation and removal of utility obstructions, management of site runoff and access to public utility services. This report addresses sustainable civil engineering and design guidelines related to site planning criteria and landscaping requirements, and includes recommendations concerning flexible implementation of these guidelines.

PURPOSE AND CURRENT USE

The purpose of the site is to serve as a location for the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC). The site is owned by the federal government and is zoned for government use. It is an open space with a large area on which to construct the new museum. Sidewalks ranging in width from 6 to 18 feet border the site and additional sidewalks intersect through the middle of the site. Americans for Disabilities Act (ADA) ramps and signalized intersections are located at all four corners. The site is maintained by the National Park Services (NPS) which regulates building height and other building characteristics. The Smithsonian Institution has administrative control of the site.

The site is currently used for marches, rallies, and recreation on the National Mall. With the addition of the museum, the site will serve as a cultural, historical, and recreational resource, as well as an open area for public gatherings.

EXISTING UTILITIES ON-SITE

The Site Utilities Diagram, included in this section, identifies existing and abandoned utilities in and around the site. It is important to fully understand the subsurface conditions of the site and adjacent public space areas in order to accurately assess costs. We recommend that the design team obtain a geotechnical study of the on-site subsurface conditions. This work ought to include utility test pits to field locate the existing utility lines (piping, ductbanks, etc.), percolation testing to determine infiltration rates of existing soil conditions and monitoring well installation to determine the water table characteristics/elevation.

The design team is advised to communicate with local municipalities and agencies to ensure coordination of future demand with existing systems. This will help identify the need for proposed system improvements and potentially minimize construction related disturbance in and around the project site within the immediate future. Activities relating to water and sewer utility relocation, removal, proposed abandonment as well as proposed services must be approved by the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (DCWASA). Note: DCWASA is responsible for maintaining the public water, sewer and storm systems.

In addition, the design team is advised to identify and arrange for the removal of existing abandoned utility lines as necessary for construction. The design team must also plan for the relocation of active utilities, including electrical, water, telephone and General Services Administration (GSA) steam tunnel. (For further information refer to Volume III, Existing Site Conditions, Section 7 - “Site Utilities”]. The recommendation is to relocate the steam tunnel although the GSA steam tunnel may not fall within the footprint of the Museum building. This will limit the need for additional mobilization and construction services for steam line relocations on the project site. Furthermore, the recommendation to the design team is to direct the contractor to locate and remove any underground storage tanks and/or any surrounding contaminated soil. [For further information refer to Volume III, Geotechnical Analysis, Section 3 - “Recommendations”.] The regulating agency for public water and sewer is the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (DCWASA).

DCWASA is responsible for maintaining the public water, sewer and storm systems. Proposed activities relating to water and sewer main utility relocations, removal of mains, proposed abandonment as well as proposed services must be accepted by the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (DCWASA).

Another concern is the condition of the existing water and sewer utility infrastructure within and surrounding the site. DCWASA may require utility replacement of their utilities which the project site proposes connections to for new services, if the condition of the mains warrants. The condition of the sewer system(s) must be surveyed using video equipment and the information submitted to DCWASA. It will be up to DCWASA to decide whether or not to require replacement of utilities based on video survey for sewers and their records for water mains.

Public gas mains are under the purview of Washington Gas (WGAS) which is the provider of natural gas in Washington, DC and the surrounding region. Located on-site, there is a 24-inch Washington Gas-owned transmission line located approximately 80 feet from the Constitution Avenue curb line. The recommendation to the design team is to avoid designing any portion of the Museum building on the area above the gas line or in the area of associated easements. Also, the recommendation to the design team is to coordinate directly with Washington Gas (WGAS) regarding relocation and proposed service as well as begin coordination with WGAS and all relevant regulatory and utility agencies early in the design process.

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT/LEED

Use LEED criteria as a minimum design guideline. The design team should manage the post-development peak discharge rate and quantity to ensure that it is the same as or less than the pre-development peak discharge rate and quantity. Some effective ways to do so include the use of retention and detention ponds, pervious paving materials, bioswales, green roofs, and the reuse of stormwater (rainwater harvesting).

Remove 80% of total suspended solids by treating the average annual rainfall for water quality control. This will enable the design team to improve stormwater run-off quality and minimize water pollution. Use of best management practices, including bioswales and on-site infiltration, will also help achieve this goal.

EROSION SEDIMENT CONTROL

It is recommended that the design team implement erosion and sediment control measures to mitigate stormwater runoff pollution during construction. Some effective measures include use of on-site sediment ponds/basins and sediment tanks. Additionally, the contractor should frequently inspect and repair installed erosion and sediment control devices.

MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC DURING CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

It is recommended that the design team develop management of traffic plans that adhere to District of Columbia Department of Transportation standards for vehicular and pedestrian traffic. In order to do this, the design team will likely need to coordinate with municipalities.

LANDSCAPING REQUIREMENTS

Several agencies will review and comment on site landscaping. We recommend that the design team use NPS standards. Low water planting will minimize landscape water usage. The design team should implement localized stormwater treatment facilities (e.g. bioretention ponds, raingardens, and bioswales).

A communications clay duct bank runs along Constitution Avenue on the north side of the site. An existing phone line crosses the site diagonally from northeast to southwest to serve the concession stand. The Smithsonian owned and operated fiber optic network, SI-NET, could be extended to serve NMAAHC. This may be accommodated by a conduit from NMAH or other nearby Smithsonian building.

No potable water is to be used for irrigation; appropriate plantings should be selected to reduce irrigation required, and should be able to flourish using non-potable water.

Incorporatediagrambelowintoreport

Site Utilities Diagram

Site Utilities Diagram

Existing Electrical Transformer 1 2 3

Temporary Concession Tent

Existing Steam Ventilator Vault

Gas with Easement Electrical

GSA Steam Tunnel

Combined/Sanitary Sewer

Storm Sewer

Telephone/ Communications

GSA Condenser Intake Water

Catchbasin Inlet Grate

Water Fountain

Fire Hydrant

Public Telephone

Unidentified Manhole

Source: Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Smithsonian NMAAHC, SI Mall Side Site Survey, Site Evaluation Study Phase 1: Data Gathering Report

RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING FLEXIBLE IMPLEMENTATION OF DESIGN GUIDELINES

It is recommended that the design team consider future site changes, including building additions/modifications and other site development, as well as conversion and expansion. To that end, we recommend that the design team consult with NPS to anticipate and prepare for overall site development. We further recommend that the design team generate a site utility layout that provides opportunities for easy site development.

Structural Design Requirements

PROJECT DESIGN CHALLENGES

Geotechnical Conditions

The NMAAHC site location on the National Mall rests upon what was once Tiber Creek (later the Tiber Canal). The area’s high water table, coupled with the poor quality fill material added in the early 1880s to dry up the original swamp, will require special consideration to assure that the foundation and waterproofing system is sound. Other museum sites on the National Mall have required constant dewatering during construction in order to achieve watertight basement construction. The process of dewatering presents a risk of settlement of adjoining properties due to the lowering of the water table (resulting in a condition referred to as “draw-down”). Since the elevation of rock below the site appears to be at a reasonable depth (50 to 60 feet below grade, see Geotech Analysis Volume III), it may be possible to utilize slurry cut-off walls that extend from the surface down to the rock strata to greatly reduce the flow of water into the site and allow the site to be dewatered over the life of the building. The cut-off wall system will also reduce the potential settlement at adjacent structures that can occur if the water table is altered during construction (see the Geotechnical Analysis Volume III for additional information).

Sustainability

The structural design team shall be introduced into design discussions during the early phases of the project. This design team will be actively involved in sustainability goals not only for the systems that they are directly involved in specifying, but also in other aspects of the projects design that will affect the building’s performance. Designs shall not be limited to the following strategies and solutions, but the future design team will supplement them with new ideas and assist other consultants in understanding the impact of their designs on the museum’s sustainability.

System and Materials Selection 1.

The project will create sustainability goals measured by several metrics, including LEED, and also be guided by the following objectives:

• balance of structural efficiency and flexibility into the future.

To meet its sustainability goals, the structural system for the museum must achieve a

Programming, blocking, and stacking efforts shall be performed in concert with the

• development of the structural system configurations to improve efficiencies and avoid discontinuities in vertical or lateral systems that add to cost.

Materials must be selected to meet the technical requirements for strength, properties, • and serviceability while utilizing recycled content and post-industrial waste to achieve the sustainability goals.

Materials must also be reviewed in the context of any special museum requirements with • respect to indoor air quality for archival materials or laboratory environments (off-gassing or particulates).

System Integration 2.

The sustainability goals for the project may be best served through strategies that incorporate integrated design solutions. Several approaches that warrant consideration during the early design phases would include:

Structural spans with integrated forms that will accommodate horizontal air distribution • systems (supply and/or return) or natural ventilation schemes.

Structural floor systems with integrated radiant heating or cooling that will take advantage • of thermal mass.

Vertical “shear towers” with integrated forms that will accommodate vertical air distribution • systems.

Skylight or atrium structures of organic form that will maximize the structural efficiency and • accommodate shading or other devices.

Structural systems that offer inherent resistance to progressive collapse, blast or other • security-specific issues.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS CONSIDERATIONS

The structural loading conditions shall include consideration of the items listed below. These load conditions shall be based on the “use” or “occupancy” of the space; however, they shall also take into account the need for future flexibility in the use of the space. Superimposed dead loads shall not be deducted from the design live load values.

Floor Loads A.

Superimposed Dead Loads Criteria : 1.

a. Ceilings, lighting, and services i) Equipment ii) Permanent exhibits iii) Signage and multimedia iv)

Loads suspended from the underside of the structure

Floor finishes b.

Non-structural fill for setting beds, floor leveling, or acoustical needs i) Special floor systems and finishes such as tile or raised floors ii) Transitions at elevation changes in floor systems iii)

c.

Heavy partition systems – masonry systems or very tall gypsum board partitions

Acoustical separation partitions i)

Fire-rated or fire separation systems ii) Physical security partitions or barriers iii)

Permanent exhibits – floor supported d.

Live Loads to be Considered: 2.

Use of space (public, exhibit, office, etc.) a. Uniform load. i) Concentrated load. ii) Suspended load (hung floor or stair systems): these loads shall not be iii) deducted from the required minimum surface load at the supporting level.

B.

Refer to the iv) Structural Design Criteria section for the minimum design values.

Large equipment or storage systems

b. Mechanical rooms shall be designed using an overall uniform design i) load as long as the operating weight of equipment, support frame, piping systems, and concrete pad, distributed over an area equal to the obstructed floor area at the equipment, does not exceed the uniform design load. Conditions that do not meet this approach shall be designed for actual weight plus the specified “use” uniform live load distributed over the unobstructed floor area.

The specified minimum live load for floor areas with high density storage ii) systems shall be compared to actual weight of the system and increased if necessary (no reductions allowed). Aisle space or open floor area in these rooms shall be designed for the minimum specified live load for high density storage to allow for future alterations. Live loads in adjacent spaces shall not be downgraded to accommodate these systems.

The specified minimum live load for floor areas with rack storage systems iii) shall be compared to actual weight of the system and increased if necessary (no reductions allowed). Aisle space in these rooms shall be designed for no less then 100 psf uniform live load. Any other open areas shall be designed for the rack storage minimum live load to allow for future modifications. Concentrated load requirements shall also apply to aisles. Live loads in adjacent spaces shall not be downgraded to accommodate these systems.

Special Criteria

1.

Longevity/Durability

a. standard 50-year life.

b.

2.

Structural design shall be based on a 100-year building life rather than the code

Low maintenance systems shall be selected.

Serviceability and Final Product Tolerance for Variation

Vibration sensitivity shall be considered based on the use of the space.

a. Human comfort shall be considered for all spaces except unoccupied i) areas.

Working exhibits may cause vibrations that could impact comfort level of ii) the space or adjacent space. This shall be considered in the design. The effect of equipment vibration and human activity shall be considered iii) in the design of display space based on the preservation requirements of the exhibit.

Conservation rooms shall be designed as laboratories that utilize iv) microscopes. Adjacent space vibrations and walking speeds of occupants will need to be considered or controlled.

Deflections of the structure shall not exceed the criteria noted in the b. Structural Design Criteria section and those listed in the design standards. Some special considerations may be needed depending on proposed systems or use.

3.

4.

5.

6.

To maintain appearance of proposed finishes system, deflections limits i) shall be adjusted as needed.

To prevent inducing inappropriate stresses on some proposed exhibits, ii) deflections limitations should be reduced if needed.

Establishing limits of acceptable variations in the final product (Construction c. Tolerance)

Floor flatness shall be considered based on use of the space, proposed i) finishes, and exhibit demands.

Tolerances of the structural systems supporting special finishes shall be ii) reduced as necessary to meet the architectural requirements.

Tolerances of exposed structural members shall be reduced as necessary iii) to meet the architectural requirements.

Space Dimensional Considerations

Minimizing the number of columns located in the proposed spaces is important a. to the program. The column locations shall consider the potential for future alterations to the spaces.

Clear height between floor and structure above shall be considered based on b. the architectural requirements of the space. Locating mechanical systems and other services within or through the structure shall be evaluated with respect to efficiency and future alterations.

Space Climate Control

Selecting materials at clean rooms will require consideration of special structural a. systems or coatings to control off-gassing and particulate release. Humidity control will be an important consideration for the preservation of b. museum artifacts. The structural systems shall be designed to greatly minimize thermal bridging between hot and cold spaces and shall consider the need for special protective coatings due to a high rate of condensation at higher humidity levels.

Physical Security

The structure enclosing specific spaces shall conform to the Protective Design a. Standards for Technical Security. These criteria will affect systems selection and loads imposed on the structure.

Future Flexibility

Column placement shall take into account multiple exhibit configurations and uses a. of the space.

The establishment of the floor design loads is based on the minimum b. requirements that will be acceptable for the proposed spaces. Anticipating the need for flexible spatial uses is advisable; consequently, a more uniform design criteria is ideal. This approach shall consider cost of construction impacts. Structural systems shall be selected considering the ease of future alteration, c. such as making new openings or slab penetrations.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

A.

Applicable Codes and Standards

If building codes have been modified by the construction date, the criteria specified below may need to be changed. The following sections have been generated for the purposes of aligning programming phase data with the associated technical challenges listed in the current codes listed in the SI Codes, Standards and Guidelines and industry standards listed below:

ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI), as modified by IBC

AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

AISC Design Guide #11 “Floor Vibration Due To Human Activity”

B.

Structural Loads

According to the current code the building occupancy shall be Category III (building that represents a substantial social impact or hazard to human life in the event of a failure).

Uniformly Distributed Design Live Loads (minimum) 1.

The following values, based on the current code, shall be used for the design. Higher values may be indicated for some uses to improve the flexibility of the space:

Live Loads (5)

(1) Minimum of 20 psf for partitions shall also be applied as live load

(2) Superimposed dead load for Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) also applied

(3) Used in absence of actual weight of mechanical equipment

(4) Used as a lower limit with respect to snow load

(5) Finish systems, fill materials, utilities, and services shall be included as superimposed dead loads

Snow Loads 2.

a. Exposure A, Partially Exposed

b. Snow Importance Factor 1.10

c. Ground Snow Load (pg): 30 psf*

* Snow drift on roofs will be considered in accordance with the code.

Wind Loads 3.

a. Basic Wind Speed: 90 mph

b. Importance Factor (I): 1.15

c. Exposure: B

Wall elements shall be designed for a normal wind pressure and suction.

Seismic Loads 4.

The design base shear is found using the static force procedure with the following factors:

a. Importance Factor (I): 1.25

b. Mapped Response Acceleration (Ss): 0.154

c. Mapped Response Acceleration (S1): 0.050

d. Site Class Definition: D assumed based on adjacent sites

e. Seismic Use Group: Group II

f. Seismic Design Category: B

Design Considerations C. Stability 1.

Dead Load (+ anchorage) = 1.5 x overturning a. Dead Load = 1.5 x sliding b. The building design shall comply with the provisions to prevent progressive c. collapse outlined in UFC 4-023-03; “Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse.”

Lateral Deflection 2.

Allowable story drift shall not exceed 1/500 of the story height. a.

The lateral deflection of vertical elements supporting masonry shall not exceed b. 1/600 of the span length or 3/8”.

Deflections 3.

The live load deflection of floors shall not exceed 1/360 of span lengths. a.

Roof deflection under live snow or wind shall not exceed 1/360 of the span b. length.

4.

5.

The post-masonry-installation deflection of beams and floors supporting masonry c. shall not exceed 1/600 of the span length or 3/8”.

Vibrations

Floor framing vibration due to pedestrian-induced motion, like footfalls, shall be a. controlled to provide for human comfort. Where vibrations are caused by running machinery they shall be isolated by damping devices on the frame structure (devices shall be specified by the mechanical engineer) to satisfy all building vibration requirements. Vibrational velocity limits for sensitive equipment shall be as requested by the NMAAHC.

The influence of the corridors and adjacent spaces will be evaluated i) based on moderate walk criteria.

An acoustician shall evaluate these conditions and potential vibrations ii) from equipment throughout the building and provide recommendations for the control of these conditions based on the structural configuration.

Non-Structural Components

Provisions for the support of non-structural components are as follows:

All masonry partitions shall have a positive mechanical attachment to the structure a. at regular intervals based on load conditions and serviceability. Masonry partitions shall be vertically steel-reinforced for load conditions and serviceability. Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems shall be anchored and braced b. against wind and seismic forces and provided with appropriate joints to allow seismic movements/settlements.

All architectural wall systems shall be designed to accommodate building drifts c. and wind and seismic forces.

Suspended ceilings and sprinkler systems shall be designed and detailed to d. seismic force and movement criteria.

6.

Security Issues

The structural system should consider the need for mitigating blast loads. Specific loads will be determined by a risk assessment and blast analysis and approved by Protective Services. Refer to ISC Security Design Criteria

Mechanical Engineering

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection report (MEP/FP) is to describe systems that will provide the NMAAHC with the appropriate interior environment and services. The systems described here reflect the Smithsonian Institution’s commitment to the preservation of our environment and its building design guidelines. The ultimate goal of the engineering systems is to create a balance between the primary goals of the Smithsonian Institution (SI) and the construction of the NMAAHC.

The NMAAHC is primarily a space for the public to enjoy a journey through history. The mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection systems goal is to provide the environmental conditions for the different program areas efficiently and effectively. As the space program will outline, there may be areas where the mechanical and electrical systems are an integral part in creating an environment for back-ofhouse systems.

The Smithsonian Institution has indicated that the minimum goal for building sustainability is Gold certification as established by the US Green Building council for its LEED initiative. In addition, the Smithsonian Institution strongly urges the design team to achieve the following design and performance goals for operational energy use for the facility:

Design: Achieve a 30% reduction in operational energy demand from the 90.1-2004 baseline case for the building, as verified through energy modeling.

Performance: Achieve an energy use intensity of 77Kbtu/SF/yr or better during operation, to be corroborated by measurement and utility metering during operation.

The MEP/FP design engineers will be actively involved in these efforts, not only for the systems that they are directly involved in specifying, but also in all aspects of the projects design that will affect the building’s performance. This effort will include, but not be limited to, assisting other consultants with possible impacts for choices of building orientation, building envelope, day-lighting, irrigation, plumbing, cascading resource use and design innovations.

Ideas for sustainable design are included in each sub-section of this Mechanical Engineering report. The MEP/FP engineers will not limit their designs to just these items, but will supplement them with new ideas and assist other consultants in understanding the impact of their designs on the museum’s sustainability. The MEP/FP engineers should therefore be involved in design discussions as early as the conceptualization and criteria design phases.

All mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection systems will be designed to current international, national, state, and local codes and standards. At all stages of the design a third party commissioning agent will provide design reviews. Once installed, the MEP/FP systems will be commissioned to ensure that systems perform to the design intent. The systems described, herein, provide a solid foundation for the design engineer to achieve set goals.

CODES, STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND GUIDELINES

The design for the NMAAHC building will be in compliance with the Smithsonian Institution’s Codes, Standards and Guidelines. This can be accessed from the following link: http://www.ofeo.si.edu/ae_center/docs/ae_spec_conds/Codes%20Standards%20and%20Guidelines%20 2007-04-26.doc.

FIRE PROTECTION SERVICE

The municipal water mains under the jurisdiction of the Washington, D.C. Water and Sewer Authority (DCWASA) will provide a fire service water supply. Two separate services will be provided, each one connected to a main on adjacent streets or from different loops and piped to the fire pump room. The fire service will be equipped with a listed cross connection device as required by the water authority. The fire service will be designed to deliver a continuous anticipated peak flow of 1,000 to 1,500 gallons per minute. The service size will be 8-10 inches Nominal Pipe Size, and will be of a suitable material as listed in NFPA 13 for underground piping and as amended by the DCWASA.

Fire Pump

The design engineer will evaluate the available municipal water pressure, standpipe requirements, and general hydraulic calculations to determine the requirement for a fire pump. If required, a listed electric motor-driven fire pump will be provided to increase the existing city water pressure in the building. The fire pump will be selected to deliver the water flow and pressure to accommodate the automatic sprinkler system or the standpipe pressure demands, whichever is greater.

The fire pump will be vertical inline or horizontal split case type. The fire pump and components will be located in a dedicated fire pump room. The room will be 250 sf minimum, be of 2-hour fire-rated construction and have either direct access to the exterior or a 2-hour fire-rated corridor to the room. An automatic transfer switch will be connected to the on-site emergency generator. Piping will be schedule 40 black steel with flanged joints or grooved with rigid couplings. A jockey pump will be installed to provide pumping for small variations in normal and maintenance pressures. The fire pump and components will be in accordance with NFPA 20.

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Standpipes

The building will be provided with Class I automatic wet standpipes and hose connections. The standpipes will be located at each intermediate floor landing in all egress stairs, horizontal exits and passageways, stages, roofs, areas with distances greater than 200 feet from other standpipes and other areas as required by the International Building Code 2006 (IBC), NFPA Standard 14 and as amended by the Washington, DC Construction Code. The design team should consider locating the stairway standpipes on the main floor landings where allowed by the Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The standpipe system will be designed to have a residual pressure of 100 psi at the most remote point in the system. The residual pressure may be reduced to 65 psi where allowed by code.

Fire department connections will be located around the perimeter of the building at locations accessible by fire department vehicles and within 100 feet of a fire hydrant. The fire pump test header will be placed where the high output of water will not be detrimental to public safety or damage the landscape or buildings. Authorities having jurisdiction over these matters will coordinate the placement of the system.

Public Non-Collection Space

Public non-collection spaces, which include lobbies and meeting areas, retail and food services, and visitor amenities, will be protected with an automatic wet sprinkler system. The automatic sprinklers will be fed through floor control valves connected to the standpipes located in the exit stairs.

The auditorium stage proscenium will be protected with a deluge sprinkler system outfitted with open sprinklers or nozzles located within 3 feet of the stage side of the proscenium. The system will be monitored by a deluge valve and actuated by smoke or fire detectors.

Public Collection Space

Public collection spaces, which include the galleries and library archives, will be protected in order of preference with: a wet sprinkler system or a preaction system that will limit water damage due to accidental discharge from sprinklers or piping. The preaction system will be double-interlock type and utilize electronic detection/activation. The preaction valve and components will be in a pre-packaged, factory installed cabinet and will include the control valve, deluge valve, riser and check valve, air compressor, solenoid, gauges and trim, releasing panel, manual pull station, and drains. The design engineer will coordinate the placement of all the smoke and heat detectors with the architect. Where the exhibit spaces require dual levels of sprinklers due to the ceiling void, two levels of detection will be provided.

The number and locations of the preaction systems will be determined by the size and separation of the spaces protected. Each preaction system will be limited to 750 gallons and serve no more than 1000 sprinklers.

Non-Public Collection Space

Non-public collection spaces, which include collection storage and management, private library archives, and archival cold storage, will be protected with Wet Sprinkler or gaseous protection based on specific artifact needs to limit water damage due to accidental discharge from sprinklers or piping. The clean agent gaseous suppression systems will be designed and installed in accordance with the Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems (NFPA 2001), Washington, D.C. Fire and Emergency Medical Services (FEMS), and other AHJ.

Clean agent gaseous suppression systems will be designed for total flooding single shot application with a full backup tank for second shot.

Consideration should be given to clean agent suppression systems, such as FM-200, Intergen or Novec, in limited areas that are critical or sensitive and cannot afford any water discharge, accidental or advertent. Areas to be protected will include server rooms and historical document vaults. The suppression systems will include primary and secondary agent storage tanks, piping and valves, nozzles, manual and abort switches, fire and smoke detection devices, audio/visual signals, control panels, breathing apparatuses, automatic power shut offs, and purge exhaust fans.

Non-Public Non-Collection Space

Non-public non-collection spaces, which include the offices, meeting rooms, staff amenities, museum operations and support, and kitchen and retail areas, will be protected with an automatic wet sprinkler system. The sprinklers will be fed through floor control valves and connected to the standpipes in the exit stairs. Intermediate or high temperature rated heads will be provided in areas with above normal ambient temperatures, such as the kitchen and mechanical rooms. Kitchen hoods will be provided with a dry chemical suppression system specified by a specialist consultant.

General

The design engineer will determine their hazard levels by making a review of each area. The museum will be protected as a ordinary hazard or a light hazard occupancy as defined in NFPA 13 and NFPA 909, with a maximum spacing of 130 square feet or 225 square feet per sprinkler head respectively. These areas

include public and staff areas, galleries, retail, and dining areas. Mechanical rooms and the kitchen and storage areas will be protected as an ordinary hazard occupancy, with a maximum spacing of 130 square feet per sprinkler head. Flammables storage areas will be protected as an extra hazard occupancy or with the appropriate discharge density in accordance with NFPA 30, whichever is greater.

All products will be listed in accordance with the appropriate NFPA Standard. Piping for dry and preaction systems will be internally and externally galvanized steel pipe and fittings conforming to ASTM A53, ASTM A135, ASTM A653, and ASTM A795. Concealed sprinkler heads will be provided in public spaces with finish ceilings to minimize their visual impact. All exposed piping will be painted to match the surroundings. Factory applied colors and finishes for sprinkler heads, escutcheons, and cover plates will be coordinated with the architect. Drain piping will be directed to a clean water waste receiver that is connected to the storm system.

Gridded and looped type systems should be considered to potentially reduce pipe sizes and improve system performance where allowed by code. Pre-packaged or factory assembled components, such as package fire pumps, floor control valves, drain assemblies, system risers, preaction systems, and flexible sprinklers connections should also be considered as should fire pumps with variable frequency drives (VFD).

The fire suppression systems shall provide alarm and monitoring points for the building’s fire alarm system. Alarms shall include main and zone sprinkler flow alarms and alarms on individual dry, preaction and gaseous protection systems. All control valves will be monitored by tamper switches, smoke detection for deluge and preaction systems will be coordinated with the fire alarm system.

PLUMBING SERVICES

Water

Separate domestic water and fire services will be provided from the existing municipal water mains under the jurisdiction of the DCWASA. The domestic water service will be designed to deliver an anticipated peak flow rate of 300 to 400 gallons per minute. The service size will be 4 to 6 inches NPS and will be made of a suitable material as listed in table 605.3 of the International Plumbing Code 2006 (IPC) and as amended by the DCWASA.

A secondary water service connected to a water main other than the primary water supply will be provided to ensure a continuous supply. The design engineer will verify any restrictions that apply to provide a dual service with the local water authority and verify the flow and pressure of the available water supply.

Storm

The storm drainage system will remove rainwater from the building’s roof by way of roof drains. The drains will connect to piping that will run inside the building, offset down through to the lowest level of the building, run underground and connect to a rainwater harvesting system. The overflow drain from the rainwater harvesting system will connect the municipal storm sewer in the street under the jurisdiction of DCWASA. The building’s storm and sanitary piping systems will be piped completely separate out to the connection in the street.

The storm drainage system will be designed to remove a minimum of 3.2 inches of rain per hour over the total projected roof area. Multiple exit points from the building will be considered so that the interior pipe sizes can be limited to 10 inches nominal pipe size or less. Underground piping will be of a suitable material as listed in table 702.2 of the IPC as amended by the DCWASA.

Sanitary

The sanitary drainage system will flow by gravity out of the building to the sanitary sewers in the street, following the mandate under the jurisdiction of the DCWASA. The sanitary drainage system will be designed to handle an anticipated daily sewage flow of 50,000 - 60,000 gallons per day. Multiple exit points from the building will be considered so the pipe sizes can be limited to 8 inches NPS or less. Underground piping will be of a suitable material as listed in table 702.2 of the IPC and as amended by the DCWASA.

Fuel Gas

The fuel gas will be obtained from natural gas mains in the abutting streets under the jurisdiction of Washington Gas. The incoming service will be designed to deliver an anticipated peak flow of 40,00050,000 cubic feet per hour (40x106 to 50x106 Btu/h) of gas at a pressure capable of operating the building’s gas-fired equipment, but no less than 1/2-psi. Service piping will be of a suitable material as listed in Section 403 of the International Fuel Gas Code 2006 (IFGC).

To prevent vandalism and unsightly exterior aesthetics the gas meter will be located inside the building or in an otherwise protected area, as allowed by Washington Gas. If located inside, the meter and regulator set will be properly vented to a safe location at the exterior.

PLUMBING SYSTEMS

Water

The domestic water system will be metered at the service entrance and will have a cross connection device (backflow preventer) as required by the local water authority. Domestic water will be distributed throughout the building via a suitable pipe material. Areas to receive water will include washrooms, drinking fountains, janitor’s closets, hose bibs, hand sinks, commercial kitchens, the irrigation system, and HVAC make-up water. At any connection point where the possibility of a cross connection may occur—such as the water supply to a boiler—additional backflow preventers will be provided.

The building’s piping system will be designed to limit the water pressure to 80 psi or less and still produce a minimum pressure of 25 psi at the most remote point. The piping will be designed to limit the water velocity to a maximum of 8 feet per second to limit noise and corrosion of the piping system.

The design engineer will evaluate the quality of the municipal water supply delivered to the building. The engineer will consider water hardness, turbidity, and dissolved metals, and, if necessary, will design a central system consisting of filters, water softeners, pumps, and controls.

Water supplies to the systems that are specified by other consultants, such as commercial kitchen, irrigation system, water features, exterior exhibit functions, and HVAC make-up will have separate water feeds and sub-meters. Relevant parties will coordinate terminal locations, appropriate freeze protection, and cross connection for these systems.

If the incoming municipal water pressure is insufficient to meet the building requirements, a triplex water booster pump system with a hydro-pneumatic tank will be provided. The system will be a factory assembly unit and will include the pumps, piping, headers, valves, controllers, and starters. Each pump will be sized for fifty percent of the peak demand, capable of sequencing, and allowing for continuous full operation should one pump be removed for servicing. Pumps will be controlled by variable frequency drives.

Hot Water

Domestic hot water will be generated by boiler water from the buildings central boiler plant. The boiler water will feed either an instantaneous or storage type heat exchange system to isolate the boiler water from the domestic hot water. Alternately, domestic hot water may be produced by high efficiency, gas-fired, electronic ignition, power-vented, storage or instantaneous type heaters. A hot water circulation loop with a pump and aquastat will be provided to maintain a consistent water temperature in the piping system. The hot water system will be designed to deliver an anticipated peak hot water demand of 30 to 70 gallons per minute at 120º F. A thermostatic mixing valve will be provided to temper and limit the hot water delivery temperature.

The commercial kitchens for the cafeteria, café, and dining rooms will have a separate hot water system. Water heaters will deliver 140 to 180º F water to kitchen equipment. This hot water system will be designed to deliver an anticipated peak hot water demand of 20 to 30 gallons per minute at 140º F.

Storm and Rainwater Harvesting System

The storm water from the projected roof area will be collected with a siphonic roof drain system, and piped to an on-site rainwater-harvesting storage tank. The siphonic rainwater piping system will be designed in accordance with ANSI Standard A112.6.9 and ASPE Standard of Siphonic Roof Drainage. The rainwater harvesting system will consist of an underground concrete or fiberglass cistern with minimal chemical treatment, vents and manholes, pumps, filters, and disinfection. As a back-up, it will connect to the nonpotable water system. The rainwater will be the primary supply for toilet flushing, cooling tower make-up, and irrigation. The overflow from the tank will be piped to an on-site rainwater recharge or retention system, or to the municipal storm system. Building system piping will be a suitable material as listed in table 702.1 of the IPC and as amended by the District of Columbia Municipal Regulations (DCMR) and the District of Columbia Building Code.

[For further discussion reference Volume IV, Sustainable Design Report, “Approach to Site and Water” and Volume IV, Mechanical Engineering Report - Plumbing Sustainability, “Rainwater Harvesting”]

Sanitary

The sanitary system will be a traditional drainage, wastewater and vent (DWV) gravity system. The system will be graded at one-eighth inch per foot or greater and piped to the municipal sewer. Areas where piping is below the invert of the sewer main in the street will be collected and lifted with a duplex ejector pump. Building system piping will be a suitable material as approved by the DCMR and the District of Columbia Building Code.

The commercial kitchen waste will be piped independently from the sanitary system to an exterior grease interceptor. The discharge from the interceptor will connect to the municipal sewer main. Kitchen equipment that produces high amounts of grease, such as pot sinks and dishwashers will have point-of-use or centralized grease traps. The location of the grease traps should facilitate access and maintenance. All piping in the waste piping system will run underground, and it will be provided with heat trace on horizontal runs to prevent the grease waste from solidifying and clogging the lines.

Fuel Gas

The fuel gas system will start at the service and meter provided by local gas company. Gas will be piped to areas requiring it, such as the water heaters, boilers, roof top units, generators, and kitchen equipment. The gas main to the commercial kitchen equipment will have a master manual shut-off valve, a powered solenoid valve, and a thermally activated shut-off valve. A duplex gas booster will be provided if the gas mains in the street have insufficient pressure to operate the building equipment. Building system piping will be a suitable

material as listed in Section 403 of the IFGC and where amended by the District of Columbia Municipal Regulations (DCMR) and the District of Columbia Building Code.

Toilet Facilities

The quantity of plumbing fixtures for visitor use will be based on a projected occupant and visitation load of 13,000 people. The design team will evaluate the final occupancy load based on the final programming of the space, follow general plumbing guidelines and provide the minimum number of water closets (flush toilets) for males and 40% more than the minimum water closets for females. The building will be provided with drinking fountains as required by code. Two-thirds of the water closet in each male washroom may be replaced with urinals as allowed by code. A portion of the fixtures will be handicapped accessible in accordance with the ADA. Additional washrooms as well as showers will be provided for staff use. Hand sinks will be provided in workshops and preparation areas.

Water closets will be wall-hung, siphon jet type, with reinforced bariatric carriers and hard-wired, electronic sensor flush valves. Lavatories will be either wall-hung or counter-top type, with hard-wired, electronic sensor faucets. Drinking fountains will have dual mountings for accessibility, with an integral chiller capable of delivering 8 gallons per hour of 50º F water. Mop sinks will be terrazzo stone floor basins with dimensions of 24 inches by 24 inches or larger and will have stainless steel rim guards, and a wall-mounted faucet with a vacuum breaker and a pail hook.

Miscellaneous

Equipment and pumps with controls and local alarms will be integrated into the building’s Direct Digital Control (DCC) system. The DCC will be capable of monitoring status of the equipment, and of monitoring any alarm conditions, shutdowns or switchovers. The equipment to be monitored will include, but not be limited to, the domestic water booster, gas pressure booster, sump pumps, sewage ejectors, hot water generators, hot water delivery temperatures, containment tank levels, and the rainwater harvesting system.

Emergency fixtures will be provided in areas such as shops, workrooms, and flammables storage, as well as other areas where personnel are in the vicinity of, or work with hazardous chemicals. Floor drains will be provided under emergency showers. The drains will be connected to a hazardous waste containment tank for off-site disposal. The design engineer will evaluate which areas require emergency fixtures and will comply with ANSI standard Z358.1 2004.

The design engineer will evaluate which areas are likely to receive non-neutral pH waste and will provide the appropriate treatment. Sinks in workrooms that receive acid waste will have a point-of-use acid waste neutralization basin utilizing limestone chips. The waste piping and basin will be of polypropylene or other acid resistant materials.

A water purification system will be provided for drinking fountains, ice machines, and other equipment requiring pure water. The water purification system will consist of a reverse osmosis membrane, filters, pumps, and controls capable of delivering the anticipated peak demand.

The civil/structural engineer will evaluate the soil conditions and water table on the proposed site and any possible effects on the building foundation and structure. If required, an under-slab drainage system will be provided to conduct the sub-surface water away from the building and drain to the storm piping system.

A duplex air compressor with receiver tank, controls, starters, filters, dryers, and gauges will be provided in workshops for general air use and pneumatic tool operation. Any hazardous waste produced in the building will be enclosed in containment tank or storage drums for off-site disposal. Hazardous wastes will not enter the building drainage system.

PLUMBING SUSTAINABILITY

In addition to the energy, water, and materials saving measures mentioned above, the design team should evaluate the following strategies during the design of the plumbing system.

Water Conserving Fixtures

Overall water consumption will be reduced from the baselines established in the Energy Policy Act of 1992, by utilizing water saving fixtures. Water closets will be high efficiency toilet (HET) type, with a flush cycle of 1.28 gpf or less. Urinals will be ultra-low flow type, with a flush cycle of 0.5 gpf or less. Lavatories and handwashing sinks with flow restricting aerators will deliver 0.25 gpm or less per cycle. All washroom fixtures will utilize hard-wired electronic, sensor-operated and/or metering type faucets and flush valves. Water closets utilizing dual action flush valves should will be considered.

Hot Water

Consideration will be given to using point-of-use electric instantaneous, flow-activated, tankless water heaters for areas that are remote from the main hot water generating source and have intermittent use in order to reduce piping materials from central systems and the associated standby heat losses. Storage tanks and piping will be insulated to reduce heat loss. Pipe materials with low thermal conductivity, such as chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), should be considered where allowed by code to reduce heat loss.

Solar domestic water preheating should be considered. Solar collection methods will be concentrating or vacuum tube type, and will be capable of an output of 200-250 BTU per sf of solar panel. The size of the system will depend on the available roof area, but should be capable of delivering no less than 30% of the domestic hot water for the building. (Reference EISA 2007 Section 523 – standard relating to solar hot water heaters). The system will consist of solar collectors, piping and pumps, drain down valves, a heat exchanger, storage tank, and an auxiliary heat source.

Hot Water Preheat

Several opportunities will be considered to preheat water prior to final heating of domestic hot water to 140ºF (kitchen use) and 120ºF (general use). The target for hot water preheat should be 30% of the total hot water heating requirement.

Other methods to provide preheat of domestic hot water generation that will be considered include:

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Extracting heat from air conditioning and commercial refrigeration

Extracting heat from steam condensate

Using cogeneration

Reclaiming kitchen drain line heat

Each of these systems will consist of passing the rejected fluid through a heat exchanger to pre-heat the domestic hot water.

Siphonic Roof Drainage

A siphonic roof drainage system should be considered. Siphonic systems are designed to operate with the piping completely filled with water rather than running half-full like traditional gravity systems, which allow the use of smaller pipe sizes and lower the amount of materials used. Because siphonic systems do not have to be graded like gravity systems, less vertical offsets are required, again saving in the amount of piping needed as well as potentially reducing the amount of underground installation within the building. This system may also aid in achieving LEED credit for reducing ground disturbance and reduction in raw materials.

Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting will be considered to lessen the dependence on the municipal water system. Consideration should be given to providing a buried site tank with minimal chemical treatment. Collected rainwater will be piped in a separate non-potable water system and utilized for flushing of toilets and urinals, cooling tower make-up and irrigation. The system will be designed with sufficient storage to reduce the domestic water consumption by 10% and to reduce the water used for irrigation by 50% to 100%.

[For further information refer to Volume IV, Mechanical Engineering Report - Plumbing Systems, “Storm and Rainwater Harvesting System”]

Gray Water

A gray water collection system will be considered to further reduce the dependency on the municipal water system. The gray water system will consist of a storage tank, pumps, filters, and disinfection to receive the wastewater from lavatories, sinks, and showers. The wastewater will be processed and reused as flushing water for toilets and urinals. The subsequent effluent will then be drained to the municipal sewer system.

Surface Run-Off

Consideration should be given to additional rainwater collection by diverting surface run-off from hardscapes—such as parking areas, sidewalks, planter beds, and other impermeable surfaces—to the rainwater harvesting system. The ability to capture a potential 20 to 25 gallons of rainwater per square foot of hardscape annually, would further reduce the dependence on the municipal water supply. A sand and oil trap will be provided to separate gas, oil, and solids from entering the rainwater harvesting system.

Sovent

Where allowed by code, a sovent direct waste and vent system will be considered, to reduce the vent piping required, thereby minimizing the amount of piping materials required for the sanitary drainage system. The sovent system, which consists of an engineered single pipe stack, aerator fittings and deaerator fittings, is well suited for multi-story buildings. The sovent system will be designed in accordance with ANSI B16.45 and the Cast Iron Sovent Design Manual #802.

HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING – CENTRAL PLANT

A central heating and cooling plant will provide hot water and chilled water utilities for distribution throughout the facility. The plant, consisting of the systems and components further described below, will occupy a space in the range of approximately 5,000 to 6,000 sf.

The location of the plant will be on the lowest level of the building to minimize the risk of water-based systems causing damage to the collection or exhibits in the event of a leak. Preferably, the plant will be located on an exterior wall of the building to facilitate the replacement of equipment as it reaches the end of its service life. The exterior wall location will also be more conducive to the routing of the necessary ventilation and combustion air ductwork to serve the plant.

Chilled Water System

Base consideration

A chilled water system will generate chilled water for both the cooling and de-humidification requirements of the museum. Chilled water will be circulated at a supplied temperature of 42°F to 44°F. After providing

the cooling and de-humidification services, the water will return to the plant at a temperature 12°F to 16°F higher than supplied. The chilled water supply temperature and the design temperature rise should be evaluated to determine optimum performance.

Based on approximately 276,000 conditioned sf, the capacity of the system will be nominally 975 to 1,125 tons. To generate this cooling effect, three water-cooled, centrifugal liquid chillers will be employed. The size of each chiller will be evaluated and compared to full load and part load operation to establish the optimal chiller module for energy efficiency and redundancy. The chiller will be selected with an HFC refrigerant (HCFC or CFC refrigerants will not be used) to minimize the risk of environmental damage due to a refrigerant leak and to ensure the long term availability of replacement refrigerant.

Chillers will be equipped with variable frequency drive (VFD) controlled centrifugal compressors for improved energy efficiency. The VFD controls the compressor rotational speed so that the refrigerant flow within a chiller matches the cooling demand on that machine.

The chiller installation will be housed in a room provided with a refrigerant monitoring and ventilation system based on the selected HFC refrigeration type complying with ASHRAE standard 15 “Refrigerant Safety Code”.

Primary pumps will be selected to match the constant water flow requirements of an associated chiller. Secondary pumps will also be selected. The variable flow pumping strategy will be evaluated with the chiller optimization evaluation to match the secondary pump selections with the chiller sizes.

Alternate Consideration

Chilled water will be supplied to the building by an underground loop operated by the General Services Administration (GSA). The anticipated flow rate will be 2,000 to 2,400 GPM, based on a 10°F rise. Variable flow pumps as described below (secondary pumping) will be controlled to maintain the flow rate to match demand while maintaining any require pressure differential in the GSA loop. The use of the GSA loop will be evaluated by the design team, as will the necessary flow rate, should the GSA loop be selected as the means of providing chilled water to the facility.

To optimize pumping energy consumption, a de-coupled primary/secondary pumping distribution system with low velocity piping will be utilized. The primary pumping loop will be the “generation” loop and will function at constant water flow and will incorporate the chillers, the primary pumps, water-side economizer and hydronic specialties such as expansion tanks and air separators. The primary loop will be confined to the plant room.

The secondary pumping loop will be the “utilization” loop and will function as variable water flow. The water flow rate will vary to match the cooling and dehumidification demands of the museum. The secondary loop leaves the plant room to be distributed to the points of use such as air handlers, fan coil units, chilled/ radiant panels, etc. To provide the variable flow capability the secondary pumps will be equipped with variable frequency drives VFDs, which control the rotational speed of the pump so that flow is adjusted to match demand.

Utilizing the off site GSA central chilled water plant would have the advantages to the museum of reducing mechanical space, reducing capital cost and future maintenance costs associated with a chilled water plant and the elimination of the cooling tower plume (cooling towers are at the GSA plant). Disadvantages include capital cost for the interconnecting underground chilled water piping, problems associated with available water temperatures (the museum will require fine temperature control for de-humidification) and GSA system outages. These factors plus the relative operating costs of the GSA plant verses a museum plant will be included in the decision on chilled water production.

Condenser Water System

The condenser water system, though not entirely contained within the plant room, is an integral part of the chilled water system and is therefore discussed here.

The condenser water system provides the cooling media for the chillers and by extension, the facility. Heat is removed from the chiller by the condenser water, which is then piped outdoors to reject the heat to the environment.

A stand alone chiller system will require cooling towers to be mounted outdoors. The cooling towers will be selected to match the heat rejection of the chillers. Several styles of towers are available and will be evaluated--forced-draft, induced-draft, cross-flow, and others. The module sizes of the towers will be evaluated along with the chiller optimization to establish the optimum operating efficiency of the plant. If multiple cells (modules) are used, they will be piped such that loss of one cell does not shutdown the plant.

Unless treated, cooling towers will generate visible vapor plumes in certain atmospheric conditions. Consideration should be given to outfitting the cooling towers with plume abatement to reduce the plume potential.

To enhance the overall efficiency of the plant, the use of cooling towers fans with VFD to control air flow rate to match the demand load should be evaluated. Towers will be selected to cool the condenser water by 10°F at the design flow. In either condenser water option, constant flow pumps will be provided. Each pump will be coupled to a chiller similar to the primary chilled water pumps.

Cooling tower-based systems are open to the atmosphere; as such, the circulating water is subject to bacterial, algae, and dirt loads. Chemical treatment to eliminate bacteria and algae as well as to prevent rust will be provided in a stand-alone plant, as well as side-stream filtration.

Water-Side Economizer System

A water-side economizer system will be evaluated. In periods of cold outdoor temperatures, it is possible for the cooling towers to cool the condenser water loop to temperatures equivalent to the design chilled water loop. The controls for the water-side economizer system will be designed to ensure:

a. Transition between chiller and free cooling is a smooth transition and vice versa; and

b. The programming of the system includes an anticipator for normal weather patterns and time of day.

Due to internal loads such as people, lights, audio/visual, etc., cooling will probably be required in the building even during winter months. The water-side economizer system (consisting of a heat exchanger, chilled water pump, and condenser water pump) can use the cold condenser water to cool the chilled water loop directly without operating the chiller compressor. This system design provides cooling with lower electrical consumption.

Heating System

Base Consideration

A heating system will be provided to generate hot water for distribution to the heating coils in the air handlers and terminals throughout the facility.

To optimize pumping energy consumption, a de-coupled primary/secondary pumping distribution system with low velocity piping will be evaluated. The primary pumping loop will be the “generation” loop and will

function at constant water flow. It will incorporate the boilers, the primary pumps, and hydronic specialties such as expansion tanks and air separators. The primary loop will be confined to the plant room.

The secondary pumping loop will be the “utilization” loop and will function as variable water flow. The water flow rate will vary to match the heating and humidification demands of the museum. The secondary loop will leave the plant room to be distributed along the points of use such as air handlers, fan coil units, steam generators, and radiant panels. To provide the variable flow capability, the secondary pumps will be equipped with variable frequency drives (VFD), which control the rotational speed of the pump so that flow is adjusted to match demand.

Based on approximately 276,000 conditioned sf, the capacity of the heating system will be nominally 200 to 300 boiler horsepower (BHP). Boilers will be employed to generate this heating effect. The type of boiler used for the heating system will be evaluated. Consideration should be given to low temperature water supply (less than 140°F) which will enhance the usage of condensing boilers with their higher efficiencies. Other types of boilers such as a water-tube, fire-tube, and cast-iron, should also be evaluated to determine the optimal solution to heating the facility.

Alternate Consideration #1

A plant combining the heating and domestic hot water needs of the facility should be evaluated. This will eliminate the domestic water heaters, described elsewhere. The load will be added to that of the heating plant for a nominal capacity of 300 to 400 BHP.

The type of boiler for this system should be evaluated. Consideration should be given to condensing boilers as well as other types as identified in the base consideration.

Alternate Consideration #2

A plant combining the heating hot water, domestic hot water, and humidification needs of the facility should be evaluated. The loads of the domestic hot water and humidification (described elsewhere) will be added to that of the heating plant for a nominal capacity of 350 to 450 BHP.

The use of steam boilers and/or hot water boilers should be evaluated. Steam boilers can provide steam for both the humidification requirements and the hot water requirements (heat exchangers would be used).

Heat discharge temperature hot water boilers could also be considered. These boilers will generate hot water at 250°F, which would be distributed to the air handling room for local generation of steam for humidification (see below). The temperature would be reduced for optimal heating of the spaces.

Alternate Consideration #3

All heating and humidification needs of the facility will be provided by connecting to a GSA-operated steam main and piping system in the building. The steam will be converted to heating hot water and domestic hot water through appropriately sized heat exchangers. Steam for humidification (if used) will be generated through un-fired steam generators using the GSA heat source; 15,000 to 20,000 lb/hr of 100 psig steam is expected.

Three primary pumps will be selected and each pump will match the constant heating water flow requirements of an associated boiler. Three secondary pumps will also be selected.

Fuel Supply

Natural gas and low sulfur #2 fuel oil should be evaluated as potential fuels for the boilers, domestic water heaters, and standby/emergency electric generators. Fuel oil will require on-site storage. The capacity of the storage system should be evaluated based on expected operational time between fillings. If the storage vessels are to be shared, control should be implemented such that twenty-four hours of run time of the generator is always available.

Consideration should also be given to dual fuel boilers and water heaters. The operational fuel could be switched if the cost of one fuel is lower than the other or if one fuel is lost (such as in a gas line rupture).

The services of an emissions consultant may be necessary. The design engineer will coordinate with this consultant to obtain any required permits.

Humidification

Humidification will likely be required in both private and public collection areas. The methods of providing humidification will be evaluated and consideration given to direct injection of “clean” steam, city water atomization, and “clean” water atomization, among other systems. A central reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) system will be used to provide “clean” water for humidification.

Water atomization systems will be local to the air handling units served. Central air compressors that generate compressed air as the energy source may be located in the plant room. Local generation of steam for humidification should be considered. Either steam or higher temperature hot water would be piped to the air handling room where an un-fired steam generator could be located to convert “clean” water to steam.

HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING – AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT

Several classifications of air handling systems will be provided. The classification will align with the space type detailed in the room data sheets (i.e., public non-gallery, visitor experience, public gallery, collection storage). Regardless of the space type, the air handling equipment will be of consistent quality; the difference between air handling classifications defined by the required space conditions (e.g., humidified or not).

Special attention will be given to installing different zones of air conditioning in spaces that do not have physical boundaries but do have different HVAC requirements. Both physical and control parameters will be reviewed to minimize energy use and maximize personal and artifact comfort.

Air handling systems shall be provided with duct smoke detectors where required by code. On sensing smoke detector shall alarm the fire alarm control panel but not automatically alarm the building. On sensing smoke duct detector shall shut down the associated air handling unit and any associated dampers.

Air Handling Unit

The air handling unit (AHU) construction will incorporate low-leakage, insulated panel construction with a minimum thermal resistance of R=16. The case construction will incorporate true thermal breaks; no through metal connection will be allowed. Access door construction will match the case construction. Doors will incorporate double glazed inspection windows, full length heavy-duty piano hinges and locking latches. Doors and frames will be gasketed and meet the low leakage rate expected of the casing. Doors will open against the pressure in the unit to facilitate a tight seal of the gaskets.

Air handling units will be selected with a maximum face velocity of 450 feet per minute across the chilled water cooling coil. Drain pans will extend beyond the coil and humidifier section (if equipped) to collect any carry over or blow off. The drain pans will be sloped in two planes to prevent standing water and will be sealed with an anti-biological sealant. Aluminum or stainless steel interior panels should be considered in AHU sections that are wet such as humidifier and cooling coil sections.

Sound Attenuation

Sound attenuators on both the supply side and return side of the AHU will be considered. An evaluation by an acoustical consultant should be conducted. The design engineer should coordinate with the acoustical consultant to ensure acoustic performance is achieved.

Public and Private Non-Collection

Public and private non-collection air handling units will include components such as a return fan (with VFD), energy recovery, 30% pleated filter, 65% cartridge filters, chilled water cooling coil, hot water heating coil, and supply fan (with VFD).

The conditioned air from the AHU will be distributed through low leakage, low velocity ductwork of appropriate pressure class (4” W.G. minimum pressure class between the AHU and terminal unit) to the terminal units (VAV box or fan box). Air will be returned via low leakage ductwork from the spaces to the inlet on the return air side of the AHU.

Depending on the space internal heat gain, the required minimum air exchange rate and exposure to the building envelop, terminal units may or may not be equipped with hot water reheat coils.

Public and Private Collection

Public and private collection air handling units will include components such as a return fan (with VFD), energy recovery, 30% pleated filters, 65% cartridge filters, activated carbon filters, hot water coil, humidifier, chilled water coil, supply fan (with VFD), and 95% cartridge filters.

The conditioned air from the AHU will be distributed through low leakage, low velocity ductwork of appropriate pressure class (4” W.G. minimum pressure class between the AHU and terminal unit) to the terminal units variable air volume, (VAV box or fan box). Air will be returned via low leakage, low velocity ductwork from the spaces to the inlet on the return air side of the AHU.

Terminal units for these spaces will be equipped with hot water reheat coils and trim humidifiers to maintain the thermal conditions outlined in the data sheets.

Air Handling Rooms

Air handling rooms housing individual or multiple AHU will be distributed throughout the facility. This arrangement will preclude long horizontal runs of large ductwork that would be necessary if a single central air handling room were provided. A total air flow rate to serve the collection areas is estimated to be 225,000 to 250,000 cubic feet per minute (CFM). To serve the non-collection areas, an estimated total of 80,000 to 100,000 CFM will be necessary. The quantity and size (capacity) of the air handlers should be evaluated to determine the optimum distribution and control of the museum.

The preferred locations of the air handling rooms would be adjacent to exterior walls to facilitate the replacement of components and to minimize the extent of outside air and relief air ductwork.

A total area of approximately 10,000 to 15,000 sf will be necessary for all the air handling rooms.

MISCELLANEOUS AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS

General exhaust will be provided for toilets, janitor closets, electric closets, clean exhaust from workshops and other areas. General exhaust will be exhausted though a Heat Recovery Unit where practical, with fresh air utilized for building makeup air.

Specialized exhaust systems, with makeup air from the house systems or makeup air units, will be provided for dust collection in workshops. Hoods for paint and welding in workshops, kitchen grease hoods and condensation hoods will be provided. Kitchen hood exhaust for grease hoods will be installed to code including two-hour rated ductwork and grease cleanouts every 10 feet.

Where possible, non-vented flammable storage cabinets will be provided for flammable storage. Where this is not practicable, separate flammable exhaust systems with exhausts placed at both high and low level to provide 15 air change/hour will be provided. Separate exhausts will be provided for fume hoods, welding booths, spray painting booths and other hazardous locations.

Atrium smoke exhaust systems will be computer modeled to determine smoke storage, smoke exhaust, and makeup air requirements. Atrium smoke exhaust system will be connected to the emergency generator system.

Theaters will be served by AHU’s with similar components to main AHU’s, but supply and return distribution will be by displacement ventilation utilizing low air velocities with conditioned air being introduced at low level and returned at high level. Where required by code, stage will be provided with a smoke exhaust system connected to the emergency generator.

HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTROLS

The building will have a stand-alone direct digital control (DDC) system to control and monitor all the functions of the building mechanical systems. The system will have the capability to incorporate a total building energy management system, putting multiple systems controlled via a single network. Consideration will be given to a wireless DDC system. The system should be compatible with BACnet –the American national standard data communication protocol for building automation and control networks.

The control strategies will optimize the equipment operations, achieving the highest level of personal comfort combined with energy efficiency.

HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SUSTAINABILITY

Energy saving strategies will be considered during the design of the HVAC system in addition to the energy saving measures mentioned above. The following measures should be evaluated by the design team.

Induction Units (Active Chilled Beams)

For office functions, an induced air ceiling distribution system will be considered. The system will consist, of heat recovery air handling units providing the required ventilation (outdoor) air to induction units (chilled beams) for both heating and cooling. The primary AHU—a dedicated outdoor air system—preconditions the ventilation air, which is then distributed to the induction units located in each space. The ventilation air induces room air through the units that will heat or cool the air to maintain room conditions. Exhaust air

from the space will return through an enthalpy heat recovery wheel in the AHU to precondition the outside air to maximize energy savings.

Cooling Towers

Proper selection of the cooling towers can reduce the entering condenser water temperatures to the chiller. Lower water temperatures provide for increased operating efficiency of the chillers. Consideration will be given to stainless steel towers in lieu of galvanized cooling towers.

The condenser water could be integrated with water features and fountains.

Static Pressure

Reducing the air and hydraulic system static pressure in the filter banks, distribution ductwork and piping systems lowers operating pressure and saves energy by reducing required motor horsepower. Life cycle analysis should determine the optimum balance between filter, duct, pipe size, and motor horsepower.

Non Chemical Water Treatment

The use of non-chemical water treatment on the cooling tower is recommended. Non-chemical. systems offer superior performance with low bacteria counts, offer no odor, and virtually no algae or fungus. They offer excellent corrosion protection; are environmentally and end regulatory and heath and safety concerns, air emissions, and drift from toxic chemicals. The savings is realized by reducing chemical costs, scale and bio-film, resulting in lower energy consumption. These systems can offer a significant water savings by reducing blow-down. Non chemical systems made by Dolphin and Ozone Pure Water shall be considered. These systems qualify for LEED credit under the Innovation and Design Section.

Heat Wheel Bypass

The use of heat recovery via a heat enthalpy wheel with bypass will be considered in all non-collection airhandling units. A bypass will allow air to be passed around the wheel during periods when energy recovery is not available.

Occupied Environment

Radiant heating and cooling with displacement ventilation will be evaluated. This system would supply conditioned air at low levels in the space by pooling the supply air on the floor and having it pulled into the heat source and naturally gravitate to the areas which need cooling and ventilation. By introducing the air low and treating only the occupied environment rather than the total space volume energy consumption can be reduced.

Geothermal

Using the stable temperature of the earth as both a heat sink and a heat source can reduce the energy usage of the building. An evaluation of reduced condenser water temperature and its effect on chiller performance should be considered. Also, the potential of reducing the consumption of fossil fuels for heating should be evaluated.

Condensing Boilers

For heating hot water distributed to the terminal units, distribution with a supply temperature of 130°F maximum should be considered. To generate this hot water, high efficiency (93% – 95%) gas-fired condensing boilers could be utilized.

Reuse of Rejected Heat

The use of a microturbine or fuel cell to provide electrical power from natural gas will provide a supply of rejected heat. Consideration will be given to utilizing this waste heat.

Acoustics

The MEP design engineer will coordinate and work with the acoustical engineer to develop the appropriate sound levels for the respective program areas.

Goals

Sustainable goals that should be considered and evaluated by the design team include the following:

• building rating of gold.

A US Green Building Council (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green

An energy-neutral building, or in any case an overall energy usage of less than 77 Kbtu/SF/yr

• Systems which are readily adaptable, with minimal waste and re-work, to accommodate changing

• exhibits.

Other goals which should be considered include the following:

• dynamics (CFD).

•

•

•

Optimized systems through the use of enhanced modeling technologies such as computational fluid

A fully integrated design through the use of tools such as building information modeling (BIM).

Mechanical systems that provide for all required program functions while not being overly complicated.

“Right-sized”, mechanical systems that avoid over-sizing of equipment.

ELECTRICAL POWER INSTALLATION

Electrical power for the NMAAHC will be provided through a system that minimizes interruption and is provided with emergency backup should the utility source fail. To minimize interruption of utility power, a network vault is proposed. This type of electric service is supplied by several independent utility systems connected to multiple transformers that are in turn connected to a collector bus. As long as two transformers are in service, power to the museum is maintained. Should all the transformers fail, a gas fired generator will start and power selected loads within 10 seconds of the failure.

A meeting should be arranged with PEPCO—the electric service provider to customers in Washington, DC –to review types of service that PEPCO provides to large buildings. All aspects of the service should be coordinated with PEPCO.

The electrical system will be in compliance with medium security levels as described in chapter 6 of the ISC Security Design Criteria. This criteria includes safe placement of electrical systems and separation of normal and emergency systems to provide security of electrical service to the museum.

Electric Service and Transformers

Electric service under consideration consists of multiple 13.2 kV feeders from at least two different PEPCO substations. Feeders from PEPCO’s network are located in a manhole on 14th Street or Constitution Avenue. An underground concrete duct bank with an equal number of active and spare conduits will be extended from the manhole into a transformer vault located within the building on an exterior wall to allow ventilation and equipment access. The vault will be three-hour fire sealed with continuous ground bus around it and will be outfitted with a ventilation system to limit temperature in the vault to 95°F. Service will consist of multiple 13.2 kV service feeders serving multiple owner-provided transformers to transform 13.2kV service voltage to 480/277 volts for distribution throughout the museum. Utility metering of service will be totalized and comply with PEPCO metering standards.

Vault transformers will be liquid-insulated type, power transformers utilizing a high flashpoint cooling fluid and will each be fitted with fault-limiting fused switches located on the primary side and UL listed Eaton type CM52 spot network protectors located on the secondary side.

Transformation selection will be based on computed loads, security of service and will be sized to limit short circuit currents as well as to limit transformation energy losses. Review of PEPCO and SI records indicate maximum demand loads for similar buildings on the National Mall within the 5 to7 watts per sf range. The number and size of transformer selected will allow for one transformer to be out of service (N+1 design). Based on projected loads the vault will contain three 1500kVA transformers and occupy 1000 sf.

Primary service will be protected in accordance with PEPCO standards to coordinate fault clearing on the primary system to minimize disruption of electric service.

Secondary transformer network protectors will be connected to a 4000 amp collector bus via a non-load break isolation switch. The collector bus will have two 4000 ampere taps, one to each of the building’s two switchgears and one 1200 ampere tap for the fire pump installation (as required). Consideration will be made to provide current limiting fuses at the switchgear taps to minimize fault damage to the collector bus under fault conditions.

Main Switchgear

Main switchgear will be located in a main electric room, located above grade, of approximately 1250 sf located adjacent to the electric service vault. Two 4000 ampere 480/277 volt, 3 phase, 4 wire, 60 hz draw-out power circuit breaker switchgears will be fed from the collector bus. Switchgear will be rated for available short circuit with multiple feeder breakers sized to minimize arc fault ratings. A complete coordination and motor starting study will be performed on the electrical system to specify both short circuit ratings and selective coordination of all downstream devices in the electrical system from the main switchboard, through the distribution switchboard and motor control centers to the branch circuit panelboards.

Electrical Distribution

Electric service will be distributed throughout the building utilizing copper conductors in conduit for all feeders to distribution switchboards, panelboards, step down transformers, mechanical equipment, and specialty loads. For branch circuits consideration will be given to utilizing metal clad (MC) copper cable above hung ceilings and in hollow partitions. All feeders and branch circuits will be provided with green equipment grounding conductors installed in the same raceway. Fire pump service will be two-hour rated using mineral-insulated copper-clad (MI) cable or conduit installed in two-inch concrete cover.

All distribution equipment will be thermal magnetic circuit breakers selected to provide selective electrical coordination as indicated in the coordination study. Where mechanical equipment is supplied with low interrupting capacity control panels, a fused disconnect will be provided at the equipment to limit fault currents. All distribution equipment will be sized for 25% future load capacity and include space for 25% additional circuit breakers.

Electrical panels will be located in two vertically stacked electric closets located at approximately the 1/4 points of the floor plate. Each electric closet will be sized to serve 50% of the floor plate. Electric closets will be sized to house normal electrical panels, dimming system, lighting control systems, fire alarm panels, and electrical monitoring equipment.

Distribution centers will be switchboard style with front-only access. They will be located at the base of electrical closet risers and in the main electrical room to serve the panelboards in the electric closets above and in mechanical rooms to serve mechanical panels and equipment.

Branch circuit panelboards will be bolt-on circuit breaker (CB) style with door-in-door trim and will be located in the main electric room, electrical closets, kitchens, and mechanical rooms.

Convenience power will be served from 480-120/208V dry type transformers. Preference will be for centralized convenience power transformers to capture load diversification, limit transformer losses, and reduce need for fire rating and cooling of electric closets. In the mechanical room, motor control centers will be installed to service multiple motor loads. Motor control centers will house single, two speed, and reduced voltage starters and circuit breakers to feed stand-alone variable frequency drive (VFD) units.

Electrical Monitoring System

To accurately track their security and performance, the electrical systems will be monitored and controlled by a central monitoring system. Outputs from the system will allow for constant power monitoring, allowing adjustments to be made before problems arise.

The electrical monitoring system will monitor electrical usage throughout the museum to allow apportioning of the utility service billing to the various tenants that will provide public services throughout the museum.

Emergency Service

Emergency and life safety standby loads will be serviced from an emergency generator located in a purpose-built sound attenuated enclosure on the roof or in a sound-attenuated room located in the building on an outside wall. If housed indoors the generator room will be located above grade and outfitted with intake and exhaust louvers and ductwork to provide combustion and cooling air for the generator installation.

The generator will be sized to power emergency (lighting, fire alarm, etc.), life safety (smoke, control elevators, five pumps, etc.) and owner selected standby (kitchen cooling equipment and sump pump) and 25% future load capacity. Preliminary loads indicate a 1040 kW generator unit will be required to serve emergency and life safety loads.

All active equipment in Telecommunications and Server shall be connected to the building Emergency Power and either local or building Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system.

The generator will power automatic transfer switches located in a separate emergency electric room adjacent to the emergency generator. The Automatic Transfer Switches (ATS) will be bypass isolation style feeding a normal/emergency distribution system throughout the facility.

The generator will also power the fire pump through a listed fire pump emergency controller. The generator will be provided with a load bank for testing including associated power and control wiring.

In addition to emergency loads, the generator may be required to serve additional owner requested loads. Generator size shall be adjusted based on standby loads requested by the owner to be on the generating system. A separate standby power ATS and distribution system will be required to service these standby power loads. These loads will include a “Shelter in Place Room” and all services associated with the room.

The entire emergency generator distribution system will be designed for selective coordination of emergency, life safety and standby systems as required by the National Electric Code (NEC).

Emergency, life safety, and standby distribution will be housed in emergency electric closets located throughout the building and the closet will be protected by automatic sprinklers as required by the NEC.

Base Consideration

A 1040kW natural gas fired emergency generator. The engineer will review installation of a gas-fired emergency generator with the AHJ.

Alternate Consideration

A diesel generator with an on-site fuel supply is an acceptable alternative to serve emergency loads. A 750kW diesel generator requires 2,000 gallons of #2 fuel for 24 hours of operation.

LIGHTING AND CONVENIENCE POWER

Lighting and convenience power needs will be coordinated with lighting and exhibit consultants. Lighting and convenience power in all mechanical, electrical, and other back-of-the-house spaces not specified by the specialty consultants will be provided.

Emergency lighting will use the building’s normal lighting system to allow for safe egress. In exhibit areas where ambient light levels are low, additional fixtures will be provided to light egress path only in the case of an emergency. Exit signs marking egress routes will be provided. Exit lights will be located high and low in every location as required by code.

Power needs of distinct spaces such as kitchens, retail areas, and other spaces as directed by the owner, will be monitored for electrical usage to allow owner to accurately allot utility charges where required.

Outdoor Lighting

Outdoor electrical shall include general area lighting, flood lighting, and special exhibit lighting and power designed by a specialty consultant and complying with the dark sky initiative. Outdoor electrical will include both fixed lighting and power requirements and power for temporary functions and exhibits. For temporary functions, convenience power and tel/data, security and public address empty conduits will be installed to underground vaults located on the site. Exact requirements for services and type of vault will be coordinated with owner requirements. All exterior electrical power shall be protected by ground fault circuit breakers and be monitored by the electrical monitoring system.

Public Non-Collection and Collection Spaces

Electrical installation of lighting and conveniences power systems in all public spaces will be coordinated with specialty consultants. Special attention will be given to the aesthetics of all electrical equipment that is installed in public spaces.

In addition to outlets and lighting required by specialty consultants, consideration shall be given to providing a separate cleaning light and power system. Cleaning lighting will be installed in areas with low ambient light levels or where limited life lamps are installed.

Non-Public Non-Collection Spaces

Lighting in non-public area will be designed to provide adequate ambient lighting from efficient HID or fluorescent lighting fixtures and task lighting to provide elevated lighting levels where needed.

Convenience outlets will be provided throughout the non-public non-collection spaces. The architect and specialty consultants will be consulted to provide power to kitchen equipment, maintenance shops, retail areas, and other special areas. Branch circuit panels within these spaces will be provided in anticipation of future circuit additions in specialty areas.

Lighting Controls

Lighting systems throughout the museum will be controlled by a graphical user interfaced lighting automation system that controls local lighting/dimming panel. Lighting will be connected to the local panels in small zones to maximize flexibility in the lighting controls. The system will be programmed to provide optimal lighting based on time of day and inputs from occupancy sensors, photocell, interior daylight sensors, and local controls to maximize energy savings. The system will interface with the fire alarm system and security and emergency systems to provide for occupant exiting under emergency conditions.

Lighting control panels will be located in floor electric closets and will have both normal and emergency electric sources to allow the normal lighting systems to function as emergency lighting in event of a power failure. Upon sensing failure of normal power, lighting connected to the emergency source will automatically be turned fully on to provide egress lighting.

Lighting dimming systems will be integral to the lighting control panels. Dimming systems will include local controls utilizing multiple preset scenes.

In public spaces selected convenience receptacles will be controlled by the lighting control system to allow temporary exhibit/show lighting to be controlled.

Fire Alarm System

The fire alarm system will be a multiplex analog addressable fire alarm and protective system with audio/ visual occupant notification through supervised wiring. The primary multiplex fire alarm control panel (FACP), which will include a central processing unit (SPU), LED indicators, control switches, and related operator’s interface controls. The panel will provide multiplex network communications to enable monitoring and control of the entire fire alarm control peer-to-peer network, which may consist of local network panels, operator display terminals, event printers, and network annunciators. Local network (transponder) panels will include addressable loop (IDNET) interface card(s), power supplies, amplifiers, and standby batteries.

The design team will review providing a high rise fire alarm system located in a Central Fire Command Center designed to provide firefighters with a command, monitoring, and control center. Provide duplicate functions for the fire alarm in the Security Control Room.

Monitoring and/or control will be provided for sprinkler tamper and post indicator valves, air handling system status, indication and control, signal elevator recall, release magnetic door holders and fire shutters, and fire pump and emergency generator supervision.

A graphic annunciator panel will be located in main fire fighting lobby area. The graphic annunciator will consist of a plan graphic for each level identifying major architectural features and information, including the following: each stairwell, core, the lobby, elevator numbers, floor numbers, and building egress doors. Other locations identified on the graphic annunciator include the fire pump room, the electrical main service room, the electrical vault, the UPS room, the generator, the boiler room, gas service, Siamese sprinkler connection, the loading dock, doors, the atrium, and the FACP and remote annunciator.

Local panels will be used to integrate peripheral initiating devices including manual fire alarm stations, smoke detectors (area and duct), heat detectors, beam smoke detectors sprinkler waterflow, preaction sprinkler panels, dry chemical systems (area and kitchen hood systems), deluge systems and Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus (VESDA) control panels.

When the alarm system is triggered, the location of device in alarm will be displayed and recorded at the main FACP and annunciator, the synchronized audio/visual evacuation will signal alarm, exit signs will flash, smoke control systems, door holders and elevator recall will be activated and the SI central monitoring station and/ or municipal loop connection will be tripped. Audio/visual (AV) fire alarms will sound and flash. Audio alarms will provide both audible alarm sounds and prerecorded and microphone announcements. The design team will review alternate alarm approaches, including general alarm on sprinkler waterflow or when two smoke detectors are in alarm and general alarm for any device after SI personnel investigate and confirm that fire is present.

Smoke detectors will be provided in all areas as directed by SI. Smoke detectors will be 50% ionization and 50% photoelectric. In areas where exhibits form large voids above exhibits, a double layer of smoke detection should be considered. Manual pull stations will be provided at all egress routes and at attendant stations as directed by SI. Consideration on placement of manual pulls will be given to reduce accidental or nuisance use by the general public.

In theaters and other large gathering spaces, requirements for local fire alarm speaker panels should be reviewed. Where kitchen hood fire extinguishing systems are installed they will be connected to the fire alarm system.

Smoke detection will be installed and connected to individual preaction sprinkler control panels and gaseous protection control panels where required. Effort will be made to locate all preaction detector systems on the contract drawings to coordinate architectural requirements. Preaction sprinkler control panels will activate the sprinkler system and alarm at the main FACP. Gaseous protection control panels will activate a timed with manual override cycle prior to gas discharge and will alarm at the main FACP. Where required by SI VESDA fire detection systems will be installed reporting to the main fire alarm system.

LIGHTNING PROTECTION

Consideration shall be given to provide the NMAAHC building with a UL 780 Master Labeled lightning protection system designed to NFPA 780. The system will comprise Class 1 copper cables installed around the roof and penthouse roof perimeter with lightning protection terminals installed every twenty feet. Connections across the roof will be provided to bond metallic objects installed on the roof to the lightning protection system. The lightning protection system will utilize building steel for down conductors and building steel will be bonded to driven ground rods to ground the system. All cable joints on the lightning protection system will be cadwelded.

RACEWAYS AND POWER FOR SPECIALTY SYSTEMS

Electrical design will include power and empty conduits for systems specified by specialty consultants and installed by specialty contractors.

Telephone and Data Systems

Arrangements for electrical raceways and power for facilities for telephone and data systems will be coordinated with the communications consultant and will include service conduit ductbank from the service provider’s street manhole to a main telephone room. The main telephone room will be outfitted with lighting, plywood backboards, cable trays, convenience power panel, receptacles, and ground bus. Horizontal distribution conduits or cable trays will connect the main telephone room to two vertically stacked telephone/data closets each sized to serve approximately half of the building’s floor plate.

Floor closets will be outfitted with systems similar to the main telephone room. Cable tray and conduits will be provided to facilitate wiring from tele/data outlets located throughout the back to the tele/data closets. In addition to the main telephone room, a separate computer room will be outfitted to provide services to computer and data systems.

Consideration will be made to provide centralized or individual uninterruptable power supplies for the telephone and data system’s power requirements.

All active equipment in Telecommunications and Server shall be connected to the building Emergency Power and either local or building Uninteruptable Power Supply (UPS) system.

A #6AWG communications grounding system connecting to building ground will be provided. Ground buses shall be provided in each main telephone/data room and floor closets interconnected with a #6AWG ground conductor.

Security

Arrangements for electrical raceways and power for the security system will be coordinated with the specialty security consultant. Security systems will be housed in seperate security closets. The security system will be coordinated with the fire alarm system to allow free egress from the building during fire alarm as required by local codes.

Consideration will be made to provide centralized or local uninterruptable power supplies systems to power security system.

All security equipment (including vehicular barrier systems) shall be on backup emergency power.

Audio Visual Systems

The audio/visual consultant will collaborate on the electrical raceways and power for the audio/visual systems. Generally audio visual equipment will be housed in separate A/V closets close to the area served.

Public Address Systems

The specialty public address consultant will collaborate on the electrical raceways and power for the public address system. Consideration will be made to locate paging equipment in the electric or tel/data closets as required by the owner.

The paging system shall be separate from the fire alarm system. To provide primary evacuation alarms and announcements as required by local codes, a separate fire alarm system shall be installed.

ELECTRICAL SUSTAINABILITY

Energy saving strategies will be considered during the design of the electrical system in addition to the energy saving measures mentioned above. The following measures should be evaluated by the design team.

Photovoltaic

Consideration for a photovoltaic installation will include review of renewable energy incentives, life cycle costs and the aesthetics of the installation. An array of solar panels produces electrical energy that is termed renewable energy as it relies on the sun’s energy rather than fossil fuels to make electrical energy. An array of solar panels occupying 1000 sf of roof space is capable of offsetting the electric usage by 8,000 kWh. Consideration will be given to mounting at less than 8º (approximately flat) and solar panels can be mounted a few inches off any flat roof areas. This installation has the advantages of not affecting sightlines from the ground and for keeping direct sunlight off the roof. The solar array will be connected directly to the building’s electrical system through an inverter that includes all necessary controls for safe operation.

Microturbine

Consideration for a microturbine installation will include review of using the waste heat for water heating and life cycle costs. A microturbine produces on site electrical power from natural gas. Review a 70kW unit with waste heat from the microturbine used to preheat domestic hot water.

Low Mercury Lamps

The use of low mercury fluorescent lamps to reduce the contaminants in the ecosystem will be reviewed.

Fuel Cell

Consideration will be given to the installation of a fuel cell to provide both electrical power and hot water. Review will include using waste heat for water heating and life cycle cost analysis. Consideration will be given to a 200kW (or lower) natural gas fired fuel cell capable of providing 900kBtu of waste heat per hour.

Lighting Systems

INTRODUCTION

This section of the report represents a preliminary review of the architectural lighting and program requirements for the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC).

The new building will serve as the primary destination for visitors to learn about African American heritage and as a gateway along the National Mall, a place of rest and refuge while visiting other national sites and monuments. Lighting should support both roles by providing a sense of arrival for the museum and also facilitating a welcoming atmosphere for visitors along the National Mall.

Equally important in the programming of the building is the commitment to create a new model for green initiatives and sustainability for national cultural institutions. While the NMAAHC is required to meet Leadership in Energy as Environmental Design (LEED) Gold Certification, the architectural and exhibit lighting will strive to improve on existing American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1 power density requirements over the current 2004 standards in keeping with the Federal Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007). Additionally, it is important to note the lighting autonomy goal: 50% of spaces shall be daylight autonomous for 50% of the time.

The lighting design team shall be introduced into design discussions during the early phases of the project. This design team will be actively involved in sustainability goals not only for the systems that they are directly involved in specifying, but also in other aspects of the projects design that will affect the building’s performance. Designs shall not be limited to the following strategies and solutions, but the future design team will supplement them with new ideas and assist other consultants in understanding the impact of their designs on the museum’s sustainability.

Best industry practice for lighting design shall be followed along with energy management initiatives, including current standards as per SI Codes and Standards and published in previous section. Note that all lighting shall be compliant with SI Security Design Criteria and ISC Security Design Criteria.

Note that future revisions to these standards will be used for compliance at the time of documentation for the lighting specifications.

C ONCEPTUAL LIGHTING DESIGN NARRATIVE

A general overview of the programmed spaces is outlined below to establish the standards of lighting criteria for the various public and non-public areas. These are lighting concepts to describe the level of complexity and integration required for each type of space by general usage only. Individual room data specifications for illumination level and power can be found in the room data sheets in another volume of this report.

Overall lighting control of the facility shall be highly integrated into the building management system and will require multiple controls in each zone of public, office, art storage, and back of house areas. These individual zones shall have the ability to be automated with astronomic time clock, event programming, and general building operation functions to create a flexible menu of lighting control functions as required by the facility management staff.

It is strongly recommended in space planning for the facility that separate storage areas be programmed for lighting maintenance throughout the building. This includes storage for lamps, ladders, and lifts to properly maintain the different zones at each floor and will greatly reduce overhead in man-hours for regular and necessary maintenance.

EXTERIOR AREAS / BUILDING FACADE: ZONE O

This section includes exterior site, circulation, facade, and event features.

At night, the building shall retain an appropriate balance with the lighting of the National Mall, with a clear indication as to whether the museum is open or closed.

Dark sky initiatives shall be in use for the museum to attain the light pollution reduction credit in LEED 2.2. Since this precludes exterior floodlighting, it is recommended that illuminating the internal architectural surfaces with views to the outside will make the building appear as a welcoming lantern while keeping within dark sky guidelines.

Supplemental path and wayfinding illumination shall use low brightness downward facing luminaries.

INTERIOR AREAS: ZONES A-D

Zone A - Public Non-Collection Space

This section covers general circulation, lobbies, retail, food, amenities, and corridors.

The lobbies are primary gathering and waiting areas for groups and should have some association with the food and retail spaces. The lobby lighting should convey a relaxed, comfortable, and safe atmosphere while acting as a transition to the circulation areas. Maximum passive daylighting potential shall be employed to lessen the power load when possible. Compact fluorescent sources with multi-zone switching control are recommended to integrate with seasonal photocell and time clock control.

Provide minimal lighting level requirements in corridors to establish appropriate transitions from exterior to gallery spaces. Although natural lighting is encouraged to reduce energy, the use of operable daylight shading controls is not recommended in these areas. Passive shading, such as fixed louvers or awnings is preferred for circulation and atrium areas.

Zone B - Public Collection Space

This section covers permanent and temporary galleries, exhibit and collection study areas open to the general public. Note that all collection spaces require filters to provide 99% UV cut-off below 400 nanometers for all electric light sources. Low-iron glass with a clear UV cut-off interlayer is also recommended for exterior glazing in these areas.

Temporary exhibition spaces are highly flexible “black boxes” which must have the capacity to be programmed for a complete range of art illumination tasks. Daylighting may be considered if complete blackout capability is integrated into the design of the glazing for the space. Electric lighting of the temporary gallery should include the following components:

Permanent 2-circuit track lighting matrix to cover perimeter walls and floor area. Track lighting inventory shall be part of the specification and shall include UV filters, accessory lenses and louvers, a selection of lamping options and fixture designs to allow accent or wall washing of the space. Dimming of the track is not recommended.

Permanent work/emergency lighting circuit should be integrated into the space on a separate programmable switch control.

Floor and wall receptacles should be integrated into a separate lighting control zone to power display vitrines and portable audiovisual installations.

Consider low-level night lighting circuit if facility (or loan requirements) require human guardianship during off-hours.

Separate programmable switching is recommended with a local override control to provide maximum flexibility to respond to various loan requirements and installation schedules.

Permanent gallery and exhibit spaces should strive to integrate with the architecture of the room where possible to take advantage of daylight potential for ambient lighting. The amount of appropriate daylight is exhibit design specific and is noted here as an option to be considered with the daylighting study recommended in the Zone D summary. Gallery lighting shall include similar requirements as noted above for Temporary Exhibits, but it is recommended that architectural fixtures and long-lived sources be incorporated where possible for improved facility maintenance. Illumination levels shall be based on the artifacts being displayed and are not subject to IESNA recommendations.

Collection Study areas shall use minimum illuminance criteria for circulation. Occupancy sensor control is recommended to minimize artifact exposure in low traffic areas. User-activated task lighting for enhanced viewing of individual objects is recommended to preserve items on long-term display.

Zone C - Non-Public Collection Space

This section covers conservation offices, studios and collection storage. Note that all collection spaces require filters to provide 99% UV cut-off below 400 nanometers for all electric light sources.

Conservation studios are a highly specific environment which requires a full range of daylight and daylight control, including full blackout capability. Consider natural light from both overhead and vertical fenestrations as requested by the facility. Low-iron glass with a clear UV cut-off interlayer is also recommended for exterior glazing in these areas.

Electric lighting shall include full-color spectrum sources, or a combination of sources with separate control for incandescent and fluorescent luminaires. Dimming is not recommended for incandescent sources as it will shift color temperature in this color critical area. Dimming or multi-level switching of fluorescent sources is recommended. Large studios should also consider local zone control to allow different tasks to occur in the same room.

Consider dual level lighting control of collection storage and study areas where appropriate to protect artifacts from unnecessary photochemical exposure. Occupancy sensors are also recommended where collections are not part of the office or workshop environment.

Task lighting receptacles are recommended for portable lighting as required by conservation for condition checks and local work environments.

Zone D- Non-Public Non-Collection Space

This section covers office environments and support areas for the NMAAHC staff and back of house areas.

Daylighting analysis of the site in the design phase is highly recommended to assist in space planning and stacking models. Preference should be given to this zone for active and passive daylight control to achieve maximum daylight potential to the office environment. IESNA illumination levels should be achieved with full integration of daylight harvesting and multi-zone dimming control to reduce demand load from electric lighting and accumulate points toward LEED certification. Office lighting concepts shall also consider energy efficient luminaires which contain spill light within the building envelope to comply with the light pollution reduction credit in LEED, as these areas will have the greatest potential for spill light through the building fenestrations.

Individual control of task lighting in open office areas is recommended to reduce general lighting levels while maintaining industry standards for illuminance levels for each programmed space. Occupancy sensors are also recommended for private offices, toilets, storage, and passive-use circulation areas.

INTERIOR CRITERIA SUMMARY FOR INDIVIDUAL AREAS

The criteria summary on the next pages is included for reference to show current industry standards of illuminance and power density for the types of spaces outlined in the lighting design narrative above.

Note: See room data sheets

Code / Fire Alarm / Fire Protection

FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY CODE

Applicable Codes and Standards

The design for the NMAAHC building will be in compliance with the Smithsonian Institute’s published list of codes and standards that can be accessed from the following link:

http://www.ofeo.si.edu/ae_center/docs/ae_spec_conds/Codes Standards and Guidelines 2007-04-26.doc

Type of Construction

The NMAAHC’s primary occupants will be groups of visitors of varying sizes who have come to study, view exhibitions and attend lecture presentations and demonstrations, but will also include additional occupancies throughout as noted in the previous section. Based on the expected square footage of 313,110 egsf and an expected building height of three or four floors, the building will more than likely be built of Type I construction per the International Building Code (IBC). The final determination will be made during the design phase. Nonetheless, Item 17 to Attachment 9 of Chapter 36 (Fire Protection) of the Smithsonian Institution Safety Manual defines a high rise building as meeting the following requirements:

• vehicle access that are connected by a stairway and;

Buildings having three (3) or more stories or levels above the lowest level of fire department

Buildings considered a Class A assembly occupancy as defined in NFPA 101, Life Safety Code.

• Although no longer defined in the current edition of NFPA 101, the 1994 edition of NFPA 101 established Class A assembly occupancies as those buildings with an occupant load greater than 1,000 persons.

The highrise provisions of the IBC allow a reduction in construction type. Based on the above criteria, the facility will be required to meet highrise provisions.

It is worth noting that a Type I construction will allow the greatest flexibility to the museum with regard to unlimited areas while eliminating the extent of fire resistant rated occupancy separation walls dictated by the IBC if designed to a non-separated mixed use. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the Smithsonian Institution Safety Manual requires some occupancy separations such as for Collection Storage, Utility Rooms, Trash Dumpsters, etc.

Occupancy Separations

The IBC and the Smithsonian Institution Safety Manual specify that the following spaces and functions shall be separated from adjacent areas by fire-rated construction having a 1 or 2 hour rating depending on the characteristics of the space and other protection available.

Hazardous processes

• High-value storage rooms

• IT equipment rooms

• Vertical shafts

• Transformer rooms

•

• Utility rooms

Means of Egress

The NMAAHC will be constructed with a means of egress system that complies with the most stringent requirements of NFPA 101 and IBC and specifies that sufficient exits shall be provided throughout the facility.

Atrium

If the building is designed to include an atrium, such atrium shall comply with the requirements of NFPA 101 and IBC. Depending on the design of the atrium, requirements such as 1-hour fire resistant rated separation, smoke control systems, etc., may be required. Additionally, special consideration should be given to performance-based design so as to justify a reduced mechanical exhaust system, thereby providing the possibility for LEED credits. The performance-based design will be subject to the review and approval of the Smithsonian Institution’s Office of Safety, Health and Environmental Management (OSHEM).

FIRE ALARM / DETECTION SYSTEM

The NMAAHC will install a fire alarm system designed to NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code and NFPA 70, National Electric Code.

Item 17 to Attachment 9 of Chapter 36 (Fire Protection) of the Smithsonian Institution Safety Manual defines a high rise building as meeting the following requirements:

• vehicle access that are connected by a stairway

Buildings having three (3) or more stories or levels above the lowest level of fire department

Buildings considered a Class A assembly occupancy as defined in NFPA 101, Life Safety Code.

• Although no longer defined in the current edition of NFPA 101, the 1994 edition of NFPA 101 established Class A assembly occupancies as those buildings with an occupant load greater than 1,000 persons.

Therefore, the fire alarm system will need to incorporate features typical of a highrise building.

The fire alarm system shall be designed in accordance with the SI Fire Alarm Specification (Section 16723) found as Attachment 18 to Chapter 36 (Fire Protection) of the Smithsonian Institution Safety Manual.

[For further discussion refer to Volume IV, Engineering Systems - Mechanical Engineering, “Fire Alarm System” section.]

Fire Command Center

In a building classified as a highrise, a fire command center will need to be provided at the main entrance. The fire command center will need to be separated from the remainder of the building by fire resistant rated construction and include, but not be limited to, the following:

• Main fire alarm control panel

• Emergency voice/alarm communication system

• Fire alarm annunciator

• Elevator status panel

• Firefighters smoke control panel, if necessary

• Telephone for fire department use

• Firefighter’s two-way communication system

• Status indicators and controls for AHU

• Controls for unlocking stairway doors, if necessary

Head End Equipment

The fire alarm system will be an addressable type system. All initiating devices will have a unique programmable address that can be monitored and controlled by the fire alarm control panels (FACP). The system will consist of notification and initiating appliances.

A graphic annunciator shall be provided at the main entrance for fire department use.

Alarm, supervisory and trouble signals will be transmitted to the NMAAHC Security Control Room and Central Control Room serving all Smithsonian museums.

Notification Appliances and Building Evacuation

Notification appliances will include speakers and strobes. Speakers shall be provided throughout the facility to meet the audibility and intelligibility standards of NFPA 72. Strobes shall be located to provide notification throughout all areas in compliance with NFPA 72 and Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Upon activation of the fire alarm, a signal will be sent to the NMAAHC Security Office who will investigate the alarm and then notify the public if necessary. This will apply for all alarms other than “water flow”. Upon water flow activation, the building occupants shall be notified and evacuated.

INITIATION DEVICES AND FIRE SAFETY FUNCTIONS

Sprinkler Systems

Each sprinkler system zone will be monitored for alarm and for valve supervisory signals. All water flow signals will initiate the fire alarm system and building evacuation alarms. Trouble and supervisory signals associated with the fire suppression systems will annunciate only and will not initiate building evacuation alarms.

General Area Smoke Detection

As per Item 21 to Attachment 9 of Chapter 36 (Fire Protection) of the Smithsonian Institution Safety Manual, complete smoke detection coverage is required throughout the entire facility. The design shall include alternating ionization and photoelectric smoke detectors where possible.

Collection Storage, IT Equipment Areas and Mission Critical Data or Research

High-value collections, IT equipment areas and mission critical data are to be provided with early warning smoke detection and gaseous systems, when deemed necessary. All such systems will be monitored by the main fire alarm system for the building, if provided. The determination for providing these systems will be completed during the design phase of the project.

Building HVAC Systems

Duct smoke detectors will be provided at Air Handling Unit (AHU) equipment. Initiation of any duct smoke detector will annunciate a supervisory signal at the FACP and will shut down the associated air handling unit. Duct smoke detectors will also be provided at smoke dampers which are provided at penetrations of shaft enclosures. Upon activation of the respective duct smoke detectors, the smoke damper shall close.

Elevators

Smoke detectors will be provided outside of each elevator hoistway door, within the elevator shaft (as necessary), and in elevator machine rooms to activate elevator recall. Heat detectors will be used to shut down elevator power.

Manual

Manual pull stations will be provided at each exit.

Fire Pump

The fire pump, if provided, will be monitored by the fire alarm system.

Emergency Generator

The emergency generator will be monitored by the fire alarm system.

FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

The entire NMAAHC Facility will be provided with automatic fire suppression systems. The suppression system will primarily consist of automatic, wet-pipe sprinkler systems and possibly dry-pipe systems designed to NFPA 13, Installation of Sprinkler Systems. The sprinkler systems shall be designed in accordance with the SI Sprinkler Specification (Section 15300) found as Attachment 14 to Chapter 36 (Fire Protection) of the Smithsonian Institution Safety Manual.

[For further discussion refer to Volume IV, Engineering Systems - Mechanical Engineering, “Fire Protection Systems” section.]

Sprinkler Arrangement

Wet pipe sprinkler systems will be provided in all areas, including areas that may be provided with gaseous suppression systems. Each floor will be divided into multiple sprinkler zones fed by a separate valved connection to the main sprinkler/standpipe risers located in enclosed stairs. The maximum size of each sprinkler zone will be 52,000 sf per NFPA 13. A fire department connection will be provided in accordance with NFPA 13 at an exterior location.

The sprinkler systems will include valve supervision via tamper switches on all sprinkler control valves. Control valves will be provided as part of the alarm valve assemblies which will also include waterflow switches. The tamper switches and waterflow switches will be connected to the new fire alarm system.

The sprinkler system will be provided with standard sprinkler hangars. The necessity for seismic bracing will be determined during the design phase.

Sprinkler Hydraulic Design

The wet-pipe sprinkler systems will be designed hydraulically to provide 0.20 gpm/sf over the most remote 1,500 sf for all areas per Item 20 to Attachment 9 of Chapter 36 (Fire Protection) of the Smithsonian Institution Safety Manual. The maximum area of coverage per sprinkler is 130 sf for all areas.

A dry-pipe sprinkler system should be considered in spaces susceptible to freezing with an increase in the remote design area of 30%. This includes the loading dock, as well as any other unconditioned spaces.

Standpipes

Standpipes will be provided in all exit stairs as necessary to comply with IBC. The standpipe design will be in accordance with NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe, Private Hydrant, and Hose Systems.

Water Supply

The automatic sprinklers shall be supplied from the local city main. A fire pump will be provided as necessary to provide sufficient flow and pressure for the sprinkler system to be effective. The determination for providing a fire pump will be made during the design phase.

Elevator Machine Rooms

Sprinklers in elevator machine rooms will be separately valved connections. Heat detectors will be used to shut down elevator power.

Other Fire Suppression Systems

Water sensitive artifacts and artifacts of high value that are susceptible to ruin from sprinkler system operation may require a gaseous suppression system. Additionally, IT equipment areas and mission critical data centers may be provided with gaseous suppression systems.

All kitchen hoods in the facility that will produce grease laden vapors will be provided with a kitchen hood suppression system.

Portable fire extinguishers will be provided throughout in accordance with NFPA 10.

IT / Data Management / AV / Telecommunications

PRELIMINARY AUDIO VISUAL PROGRAM

Introduction

This section of the report outlines in very general terms the audiovisual system elements that may be incorporated into the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC). This document is a starting point for the museum and design team and will be developed further into a comprehensive report for all audiovisual capabilities during the future design phases by the Audiovisual Design Team.

The Audiovisual systems, networks or components are not anticipated to be related to Security systems or cameras nor would they be on the same servers, the same network or be housed in the same rooms.

The Process

The formal audiovisual systems report begins with Infrastructure Versus Equipment, below.

These next steps should follow the release of this report for future design phases:

For future design phases, the design team should review this report and provide comment for • use in subsequent revisions. Additional discussion should follow after the requirements for each space are known.

During future design phases the audiovisual consultant will design the required infrastructure • to support the audiovisual and multimedia systems as described in the approved programming document.

During future design phases the audiovisual consultant will design the required audiovisual and • multimedia systems and develop a specification(s) for competitive bid by system integrators. These design documents will be reviewed and commented upon by the museum prior to distribution.

During the construction phase, the contract will be awarded and the equipment will be installed • by the integrator. All systems shall then be tested for acceptance by the audiovisual consultant along with the museum staff.

Infrastructure Versus Equipment

The NMAAHC should be clear about the difference between providing infrastructure and purchasing equipment. If proper infrastructure provisions are made equipment can be added as funds become available without jeopardizing the integrity of the overall audiovisual systems design.

Infrastructure is the cable pathway, device location, or equipment space that is sufficient for “Day One” equipment installation and sufficient to support new equipment or system capabilities in the future. Infrastructure allows for future deployment of proposed equipment or expansion of existing systems to meet future needs.

Equipment refers to specific devices that are connected by the infrastructure. Equipment selections vary widely in quality and quantity and can be swapped out as the infrastructure design is updated and they become obsolete.

Infrastructure must be planned and included for initial occupancy regardless of whether the audiovisual equipment is purchased. Some equipment can be purchased for initial occupancy; other equipment purchases can be deferred.

The museum should review the information presented on two separate but related levels: infrastructure that will support audiovisual capabilities for the fully envisioned fit out, and the specific level of initial equipment purchase or fit-up.

Equipment Installation Designations

The equipment will have one of the following installation designations: dedicated, portable, or future provisions.

Dedicated indicates that the equipment will likely be used frequently and is permanently dedicated or installed in a specific room.

Portable indicates that the equipment is needed less frequently and can be shared with other meeting rooms and stored in a central equipment pool.

Future provisions indicates that the capability may not be required initially, but infrastructure and systems design provisions should be made to adapt to equipment at some time in the future. Items with this designation do not appear in the budget because we do not anticipate their immediate purchase.

Contractors and Their Roles

The following outline is intended to show the different responsibilities and scope for each of the contractors typically involved in an Audiovisual system installation. The Electrical Contractor is typically a sub to the General Contractor. However, the final contractual relationships between these contractors will be determined by SI and the projects contract requirements.

Typically, there are three types of contractors that have a role in the completion of the audiovisual portion of a project: the general contractor, the electrical contractor, and the audiovisual contractor.

The general contractor and or construction manager will provide all required structural work, wall openings, platforms, railings, stairs, fire prevention, safety devices, rough and finished trim, painting, plastering, patching, carpets, floor covering, front and rear projection screens, acoustical treatment, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning. The general contractor will build from documentation produced by the architect.

The electrical contractor will provide all conduits, wire ways, and permanently installed junction boxes and devices in floors, walls, and ceilings; power wiring; and breaker panels. Typically, the electrical contractor will also wire all electrical projection screens, room lighting fixtures, and controls. The electrical contractor will build from documentation produced by the architect/electrical engineer.

The audiovisual contractor will provide a turnkey audiovisual system to the NMAAHC. She or he will acquire and furnish all new audiovisual equipment, material and cable to ensure the installation of a complete and

operating system. She or he will also provide, or sub-contract for pre-installation, on-site installation and wiring required for the audiovisual system and systems documentation manuals for the NMAAHC. The audiovisual contractor puts together systems from documentation produced by the audiovisual consultant.

Audiovisual Technology Standards for this Project

Audiovisual technology is currently undergoing immense change and transition. The emergence of digital audio and video technology has had a dramatic impact on the selection of products, cable types, connections, and system capabilities. The emergence of Internet Protocol (IP) solutions has revolutionized the industry. Further, with the explosion of display solutions, ranging from flat panel and high resolution LED displays to innovative projection displays, the use of displays as part of architecture and design are becoming routine. Many different elements of the audiovisual system are in a state of transition, and with the opening of this project nearly seven years hence, one can expect even more dramatic changes in equipment and capabilities. Consequently, we want to establish some guidelines for the types of products we believe will be available when this project unfolds.

Screen Format

All screens, flat panel displays and interactive white boards will use the wide body format or 9:16 aspect ratio found in current television signal design. These standards shall apply to all non-exhibit spaces where AV media content should be assumed as one standard. For exhibits, the aspect ratio and digital signals would ideally be the same 9:16 ratio. Where the presentation of archival media of 4:3 ratio is required (as may be the case in many of the exhibits) we would recommend masking of the image to fill the screen rather than stretching. If varied formats are required throughout the museum the systems shall be developed to accommodate this.

Digital Video

The current standard is a digital video standard, either Standard Definition (SDI) or High Definition HD-SDI. Ultimately, project requirement budgets will determine whether SDI or HD-SDI will be selected. For now, we will use the term “digital video” to refer to either solution.

Computer Video

The term “computer video” refers to the digital video output from a computer device that connects to a display system or recording device. Computer video signals present both challenges and opportunities. Eventually all computers will migrate from the analog VGA signal to some form of digital video, such as HDMI, DVI or Display Port.

Signal Conveyance

Signal conveyance has also undergone great change and variability. It is recommended that all video and audio signals be distributed on single and multi-mode fiber optic cabling because it offers the greatest bandwidth performance at the lowest cost. Fiber optic solutions are currently available for all digital video and audio signals and are compatible with emerging IP Television solutions.

Infrastructure for Video Teleconferencing (VTC) capability will be provided in Audiovisual Equipped spaces as directed by SI during design

Spaces and systems outlined in the following pages:

Building-wide public address system 1.

Public space audio and video 2. Museum shops 3.

Auditorium and auditorium support spaces 4.

Orientation theater 5. Small screening room 6.

School orientation 7.

Multipurpose room 8.

Exhibits 9.

Executive conference or boardroom 10.

Large meeting room 11.

Medium meeting room 12.

Fitness center 13.

Building-wide radio frequency television distribution system 14.

Spaces And Systems

1. Building-wide public address system

The facility should include a building-wide public address audio system for general announcements. It is required that the system not be linked to the fire life- safety system. Instead, it should have stand alone capability with prerecorded announcements and a direct microphone input from desired locations. The audio speakers should be zoned according to location and may have local volume and on/off control. In some areas, a local microphone input will be desirable for use of the public address capability within the confines of a smaller area and for a smaller group of people, such as lobby or assembly space, bus or group entry to the facility or other areas where an audio system would assist with crowd management.

The audio system can be connected to any digital signage solution and provide for visual paging, making it possible for text of a spoken message to be viewed on the distributed digital signage displays.

2. Public space audio and video

The program for the museum includes a number of public spaces that will require public address audio and digital signage or other visual displays. Without developing specifics for each space, we would recommend that each of the spaces cited in the listing of rooms be handled as a separate entity. That means a separate audio zone with local control and inputs would be tied to the building wide public address system.

The facility will have digital signage for exhibit content, wayfinding, and general announcements. This system should operate from a centralized video and audio player solution so that technicians can access the content players in a non-public area and the signals from the content players can be transmitted to individual displays. There are solutions that deliver such signals over IP and solutions that allow for routing of content player signals to multiple display devices. These other design elements can be explored further once requirements and capabilities are further established.

3. Museum shops

Museum shops generally have self-contained audio and video playback solutions at point of sale locations. We would expect that Smithsonian Enterprises or the entity managing the shops would specify their requirements for such audiovisual elements.

4. Auditorium and auditorium support spaces

The auditorium, the largest performance venue in the facility, will be used for a variety of events ranging from film screening, lectures and presentations, music performances (amplified and non-amplified), and stage productions. The auditorium and surrounding support spaces will all be connected for audio, video, and intercom to facilitate operations of the events from control spaces, lighting positions, and green room preparation areas.

The audio console should be located in the audience listening area otherwise known as the direct sound field. This will be especially important for amplified music performance where the audio engineer is critical to the success of the performance.

Rear projection solution should be considered for the visual display. Rear projection offers several advantages in large screen environments as compared to a front projection solution. Nonetheless, the auditorium should include one large screen display solution, appropriately sized for the viewing audience.

The space should have a speech sound amplification system for presentations and lectures. This audio system should be supplemented with a music performance audio system. Different strategies should be considered for the audio configuration so that a technician is not always required to operate the system whenever the room is in use. The addition of several wireless microphones would provide amplification for discussions between presenters and museum visitors.

The room may have a video recording requirement and thus could also include capability for connection to video conference systems or Web cast solutions.

The auditorium should be connected to the Media Box on the outside of the building. Our recommendation is that cable pathways be laid from desirable camera locations to a central control point in the auditorium support spaces and an equal connection to the media box located outside of the building. With this configuration a television crew could easily set-up their portable equipment and connect back to a production truck.

5. Orientation Theater

The orientation theater may include an audiovisual presentation system consisting of visual displays and an audio system. The configuration of the audiovisual system is contingent on the theme of the orientation theater, which will be determined by a program designer. Generally, the audiovisual system is self- operating with programmed, start, stop, and all transitions for displays, lighting, and sound. At this early stage, we would recommend a dedicated equipment space near the theater for the audiovisual equipment. Presentation screen systems to be sized for the anticipated audience of 75-100 people. Initial assumption would be a diagonal screen size of around 120”-140” to be determined and confirmed in later design phases.

6. Small Screening Room

Small screening rooms are generally single-image display solutions. The projected display may be a cinemacapable projector so that it can show films converted to video at nearly the same resolution of the original

film. In most instances, the screen room would have a perforated front projection screen with a 5.1 or 7.2 surround sound audio system installed behind the screen surface as is done in movie theaters. The size of the screen will be determined by the size of the audience. A dedicated projection room would be useful to control the noise of the projection device. The space will be double- height so raked seating can be accommodated. Presentation screen systems to be sized for the anticipated audience of 50-100 people. Initial assumption would be a diagonal screen size of around 120”-140” to be determined and confirmed in later design phases.

7. School Orientation

The school orientation space is used by groups of school children immediately before entering the museum galleries. This space usually includes a modest audiovisual presentation system with a wireless microphone capability so that a teacher or docent can present a short video clip on the up-coming museum experience to the children and simultaneously speak to them over an audio system. A modest system such as this would have a front projection solution.

8. Multipurpose Room

The multipurpose room is part of the education suite in the facility. Multipurpose rooms are typically divisible and have flexible seating and tables so users can configure the room for their particular requirements. Each room division would include a single image display solution, for example, a ceiling-mounted video projector with connections for computer video and other playback devices. The audio system in each room division would operate locally within the room division when the space is divided and operate as a single audio system when the spaces are merged. A small equipment room is needed to house the audiovisual equipment for this space.

9. Exhibits

The specific audiovisual requirements for exhibits will be determined as part of the exhibits design. However, the Smithsonian may pursue a centralized control design where all playback devices, such as digital signage content players or other playback devices, are centrally located in a non-public space. Thus technicians can service and monitor the playback devices and perform their maintenance duties away from the public. The size and location of the space needs further discussion with exhibit staff, but could easily be shared with digital signage equipment and perhaps some public address audio equipment.

The following outlines the key AV requirements that will likely need to be addressed in order to support the intent of the exhibit design narratives in this report. Each outline is based on our interpretation of the design intent and each element will be developed and detailed in the later phases of design to a level where the supporting AV infrastructure can be planned, budgeted, designed into the building, and specified.

General Audiovisual Infrastructure for Exhibits: In order to support the content and presentation systems (both audio and video) that will be present, there will be space requirements, ventilation and cooling requirements, conduit, floor box, ceiling box and wall boxes and mounts, power and data connectivity that will be required. All of these items will be needed at the device locations and at the central and/or distributed equipment that will store and control the media. The requirements for this equipment will follow from the detailed design, all of which will occur in later phases. The pathways and outlets for the support of the Audiovisual systems need to be considered as part of the architectural design, allowing for space and pathways as needed for functionality. The intent of the information below is to provide some interpretation of what types and scales of systems would be required to support the intent of the exhibit design Master Plan.

The exhibit galleries for the NMAAHC will be varied and diversified. In this digital age, much of the information to be conveyed in the exhibit will include visual and aural elements as well as accessible digital

information. The design of the technology systems to support the exhibit contents should include a variety of solutions using current digital technologies. While the exhibits themselves are not yet designed, the technology solutions to support those designs can be anticipated and incorporated into the building design. Several area of design should be incorporated into the building considerations and discussed here.

• Centralized Control Space for Media playback solutions

• Network based connectivity at exhibits

• Digital video and audio

• Audio and video displays

• Digital interaction with exhibits

Central Control Space for Media Playback Solutions

Current museum design practice includes a centralized location for the devices that playback electronic media at exhibit end points. The centralized control space houses all of the media playback and control devices for each exhibit in one space. The advantage is that technicians can access the media players during museum hours and monitor their operation directly, without having to perform such work in the public areas. The devices within the exhibit space itself then become limited to visual displays, audio playback speakers, audience interactive components and digital or network interface appliances. This approach also simplifies the design of exhibit in that the media players and interactive processors are not incorporated into the exhibit themselves and thereby eliminating unwanted sources of heat, power draw and noise within the exhibit galleries.

The central control space should be located at some central point in the facility to reduce overall cabling distances if possible. The signal cable connectivity to the exhibits can run along side the data and telephony telecommunications cable plan and likely share the same spaces on each floor. Lastly, the cable connection to each exhibit can be standardized throughout the museum and thereby simplify adds and changes as the exhibits themselves evolve and change.

Network Connectivity

Exhibits in the future are likely to be connected to the central control space playback systems via network connectivity. With the capability to transport audio and video over Ethernet type networks, it is possible that media delivery to visual display and audio playback devices is Ethernet based. At the very least, any of the participant interactive components of an exhibit, such a presence or motion sensor or museum visitor pressing a selection button, that interactivity is likely best handled in the IP network environment. Therefore, a network or Ethernet component of each exhibit element should be included in the design of the exhibit and its supporting services.

Digital Video and Audio

Digital video and audio are now commonplace solutions for the playback of media. The current and likely future of exhibit video and audio playback is through media content players. These devices are essentially network controlled computer devices with digital video and audio stored on the device. For purposes of redundancy, an approach on one digital content player per exhibit incorporating video or audio playback should be pursued. In the event of a failure of the content player, only one exhibit element is effected and can be corrected by technicians remotely.

The signal output of the content players is generally a digital video signal and audio can be either digital or analog. Regardless, the signal type and supporting cable connection from the content player to the display or audio playback devices themselves must support the resolution of the video signal and the type of audio signal. The cable connection to the exhibit playback devices should also include a control capability such the

devices can be remotely powered on and off or otherwise controlled from the central control environment. The audiovisual and television industries are rapidly changing the signal type and cable medium that audio, video, and control signals operate over. At present there are solutions using fiber optic cabling, UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair), and coaxial solutions, sometimes with the audio and control signal embedded into the digital video signal. Given the rapid changes in this aspect of signal distribution technology, it is premature to declare which solution would best suit the museum to be built some five plus years into the future. It is perhaps safer to speculate that the museum should use the most common standard at the time of selection some years into the future. In short, the digital video and audio will be a critical aspect of the exhibits technology and will require attention and monitoring as the design of the facility moves forward.

Audio and Video Displays

Within the exhibits, museum visitors will receive visual and aural information via playback devices already common and familiar. Audio information will be conveyed through audio speakers, either playing into a specified area or a personal headset type of device. Motion video or computer graphic information will be displayed on either some form of flat panel display device or if a larger image is needed, a projected solution.

The selection of the playback devices is largely a function of the type of signal and its resolution and the area of coverage required. If small group viewing is the requirement, smaller more localized devices are warranted. Conversely, in larger spaces, devices with greater capability are needed. Further, there are specialized devices that, for example, allow for display of 3D images. If an exhibit requires such a display the viewing area and display elements can be determined to support that requirement. An interesting audio capability that has recently emerged are audio speakers that can place the audio signal at some distance from the speaker, with the audio signal not discernible in the intervening space between the audio speaker and the listening point. With these audio speakers correctly deployed, one could create a listening zone in the middle of larger floor space at the very optimum viewing point for a visual display or exhibit.

The central gallery design proposes a number of specialized displays as outlined further below.

Digital Interaction with Exhibits

Museums are places of learning and education. The focus of the digital age is the ubiquitous access to information for all persons. It would appear the museum is an excellent environment to provide all sorts of additional information to museum visitors through digital means.

Many museum visitors travel with their personal computing devices or cellular telephones, both of which are remote computing devices. By providing a means to use those devices to access a wireless network associated with the exhibit or a niche within an exhibit, the museum visitor could download directly that additional information prepared in advance by the exhibit curators. Another possibility is that museum visitors register their e-mail address at the entry to an exhibit and the visitor could select or not to have additional information sent to their e-mail address. Further, the exhibit may contain an interactive screen and keyboard that allows visitors to access additional information about an exhibit element within the exhibit itself.

All of these solutions above are premised on a design whereby a museum visitor can access additional information that can be conveyed to the visitor by some digital means. The information would be prepared in advance with the curatorial process of the exhibit and the deployment method could vary as technology changes over time. The point being that information servers could reside alongside the media content players in the centralized control environment and serve up new or additional information to visitors on their on demand basis.

9.1 Central Hall:

This space is programmed and envisaged as a 6,000 sf space that is circular in nature. The exhibit design calls for projected media on the surrounding walls as well as media treatments on the floor and ceiling to enhance the experience in conjunction with an audio track throughout the space. In order to accomplish this, we suggest that the following allowances be made:

Display systems: These could be projection or screen systems on the walls. Depending on the technology space behind the sidewalls may be required. The side walls could be multiple rear-projection systems which would require space, or be projected from central ceiling mounted projectors but this would potentially cause shadows from patrons in front of the image. We would recommend that a flat panel, rear projection or another technology that is not require front projection be used. These will likely require access for rear maintenance as well as heat load considerations. Power and Network connectivity will be required for all display systems in the walls, floor and ceiling. Noise from these systems should also be considered. Storage of content and control systems will require separately accessible space that is secure and conditioned. Displaying content on the floors and ceilings will require careful use of appropriate technologies, projecting up onto the ceiling would require lighting control and dark conditions, and displaying video images on the floor may require that the display technology be integrated into the floor, which may raise other maintenance, security and operational issues.

Audio systems: The nature of the exhibit will require high impact audio sound tracks capable of providing distributed music throughout the space. The zoning and details of the system will be developed in later design phases, with the intent of matching the zoning and control required by the exhibits. The audio systems required to provide for a 6,000 sf space will be substantial to ensure proper coverage and may include multiple speaker clusters in and around the space, perhaps taking wall and ceiling space with various speaker and sub-woofer combinations.

9.2 Slavery and Freedom, Segregation, Culture, Sports, Visual Arts,

Make a way Somehow

The Exhibit Master Plan for the above galleries reference the need for various types of audio and video presentation. We anticipate that the designs will integrate video displays on walls or within exhibit constructions to display selected video images either controlled locally by the visitor, remotely or automatically. The audio systems will be dedicated to each area, with some exhibits requiring a broad distribution of the same audio, while other areas requiring a more intimate presentation of localized audio for a small group of users at a single exhibit. The infrastructure should also allow for the development, movement, and growth of the exhibits over time to the extent possible. Space allowances and architectural design for loudspeakers and displays will be required to seamlessly integrate the presentation systems into each exhibit and space.

9.3 Musical Crossroads

More so that other exhibits, the audio systems will be a key component of this exhibit. Dedicated Listening Zones with their own enclosure will allow the visitor to experience various genres of music within the glass enclosures while also being provided with video images related to the exhibit and/or sound track. The design of the enclosure will require careful consideration, as will the loudspeaker selection to ensure suitable performance within the glass enclosure.

9.4 Power of Place, 1968 and Beyond, Youth Gallery, Center for African American Media Arts

All of these exhibits will require the Audio and Video considerations noted in section 9.2 above. In addition, they exhibit design also discusses the interactivity between the visitor and the exhibit where user input can impact the exhibit and perhaps be stored and archived. This may include types text, voice recording or video recording at a local kiosk. The infrastructure to support this level of interactivity must be provided while allowing for future growth and development.

9.5 Changing Gallery

In addition to all of the above possibilities, the changing gallery must provide a distributed Audio and Video infrastructure to allow for connectivity, audio and video support for any future installations. Clearly the system selection cannot take place, but a reasonable expectation of wall, floor and ceiling connectivity and power should be provided for throughout the space.

10. Executive conference room or boardroom

The executive conference room or boardroom will be a space of higher finishes and appearance-enhanced technology. The space will be used for the museum board meetings, but also meetings and presentations with donors, dignitaries, and other important individuals.

The space is intended to support meetings and presentations and will include audio and video conference capabilities. It should include a large conference table outfitted with a number of microphones and local connections for laptop computers or other devices. Depending on the size of the table, speech amplification may also be needed. If a single image display is installed we would recommend rear projection be added so that the ceiling area above the boardroom table can be free of unsightly equipment items. The room will include one or more video cameras to enable video conferencing.

11. Large meeting room

The large meeting room should include a modest presentation system with a visual display sized for the entire viewing audience. Typical systems are comprised of a single image and front projection solution; however, multiple displays may be desired or distributed displays may be warranted. The room would include a program audio playback system and, depending on room size, it may require a speech amplification system for an instructor or presenter. A small equipment space would be beneficial.

This room is designated as the Emergency Command Center (ECC). Therefore special communication requirements will be necessary. These requirements will be developed and defined by SI-OPS during the design phase for implementation into the design documents by the design team.

A more complete description of the system elements will be developed.

12. Medium meeting room

The medium meeting room should include a modest presentation system with a visual display sized for the entire viewing audience. Depending on room size, this may be a wall-mounted flat panel display or other wall-mounted display system. The room should include a program audio playback system. A small equipment space would be beneficial.

13. Fitness center

The fitness center usually includes a television playback capability. The trend in the past few years is for the television to be incorporated into the exercise equipment systems and connected to a Radio Frequency (RF)

television distribution system.

14. Building-wide RF television distribution system

The facility will have need for receiving RF television signals. At a minimum, television signals should be available for the fitness center system, the security monitoring command post, and staff meeting spaces. Smithsonian needs to identify the design team on whether they wish to acquire RF television signals (off-air, cable TV or internet TV) and the locations in the facility that should receive the signal.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

This section of the report is not a technical specification and does not provide the level of detail required for a complete technical design. The information supplied herein is suitable for broad stroke space and media planning.

Information Gathering

The program presented on the pages that follow is based on requirements identified during meetings and through documents provided by the Smithsonian Institution as well as Freelon Bond’s experience in planning and designing similar facilities.

Separate computer and communications rooms are cited in the Space List Detail for spaces D3.27 through D.3.33. The spaces are cited, however exact dimensions are not yet established nor is it clear that the spaces are combined or separate. We understand the SI is a converged network for voice and data, and that a combined space is preferable.

Room data sheets have been provided to include data outlets at all locations required or identified by SI. Similarly, SI should note those locations where CATV, Video teleconference (VTC), Wireless Access Points (WAP) or analog telephone services are required.

Telecommunications Standards

By designing to the accepted Building Industry Consulting Service International (BICSI), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), and Electronics Industries Alliance (EIA) standards, compliance with SI-OFEO ‘Codes, Standards and Guidelines Document - April 26, 2007, as well as relying on best industry practices, we will assure that the telecommunications cable plant and facilities will accommodate the inevitable growth and changes of the next 20 years and more.

National standards referred to for cabling design include:

•

• Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard

ANSI/TIA/EIA 568

ANSI/TIA/EIA 569

• Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces

ANSI/TIA/EIA 606

• Administration Standard for Commercial Telecommunications

Infrastructure

ANSI/TIA/EIA 607

• Commercial Building Grounding and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications

• BICSI Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual (TDMM)

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 70: National Electric Code)

• Smithsonian Institution Technical Note IT-960-TN14

Infrastructure, Spaces, and Pathways

Infrastructure refers to voice and data services hardware, such as copper and fiber optic cables, terminations, housings, equipment racks, cabinets, cable management devices, patch panels, and termination blocks. Proper infrastructure planning will allow the NMAAHC to implement and administer voice and data services with the least amount of disruption to daily operations.

Spaces considered in this report are the Service Entrance Facility, the Main Distribution Facility, the Server Room, and the Telecommunications Rooms.

The Service Entrance Facility (SEF) is the point where the telecommunication service

• providers, such as Verizon, enter the building and hand off the transport systems to the NMAAHC.

• the users distributed throughout the building. The Server Room is a special purpose area where the routers, servers, and switches

The Main Distribution Facility (MDF) is the interface between the service provider and

• that serve the building are housed and administered. This area in particular is recommended to have dedicated cooling, conditioned power, moisture control and access control.

Telecommunications Rooms (TRs) are the floor-serving areas where the horizontal

• cable that serves the offices and meeting rooms is connected to the vertical (riser, or backbone) cable. The TR will also house access level data switches and may accommodate building management panels, public address system equipment, CATV distribution and other low-voltage systems.

Pathways include the support for all of the cabling connections between the telecommunications spaces and also the pathways from each TR to the work area outlet in each office, gallery and meeting space. Pathways are designed to allow some expansion capability for both vertical and horizontal elements.

Two common types of pathways are a properly sized conduit system for backbone cables and a tray system for station cables.

SPACES

General Fit-Out Requirements for All Telecommunication Spaces

While each telecommunication space is characterized by a different functionality, design practices do allow combining multiple functions within a single, larger-sized room. In such instances, the more stringent of conflicting design criteria shall be incorporated in the overall design of the space. Common design and fitout requirements pertaining to all telecommunication spaces are referenced below:

All telecommunication spaces shall be arranged so they are not susceptible to

• flooding from internal or external sources, or otherwise exposed to water pipes, steam, high heat/humidity, corrosive, combustible, or explosive environmental conditions. They should not be placed in or adjacent to locations with detectable vibration levels nor should they be placed in spaces housing “noisy” equipment, or in areas subject to Electromagnetic and/or Radio Frequency Interference (EMI/RFI).

An open ceiling (i.e., one without a grid) having at least a minimum 8’6” height is

desired. Excessive heights should be avoided.

All penetrations of rated walls shall be sleeved and fire-stopped in an approved • manner to prevent the passage of flames, smoke, and gases.

• should be anti-static and made of Anti-static Material.

All walls, ceiling, and flooring shall be sealed and cured to eliminate dust. Flooring

Designated walls shall be furnished with sheets of 3/4-inch fire-resistant, A-C grade • plywood as shown on TC-series drawings. Plywood shall be painted with two coats of fire-retardant paint and be rigidly installed 8 feet high beginning 9-inches above the finished floor (AFF). Finishes in the rooms shall be light in color to enhance lighting. Finishes shall be applied before room fit-out.

• 36-inches AFF. Locate light fixtures at a minimum of 8’6” AFF.

Lighting requirements shall be a minimum of 540-lux (50 foot-candles) measured at

Electrical transformers shall not be located within any Telecom Spaces, or on the

opposite side of any common wall to the space.

All telecommunication spaces shall contain a solid copper busbar for signal and

• apparatus grounding connections. The grounding busbar shall be bonded to a #6 AWG or larger copper conductor to form an overall telecommunications grounding and bonding backbone system that is independent of the telecommunications cabling systems and associated equipment to be installed.

•

It is desirable to have all communications spaces on generator power.

• hours a day, seven days per week.

All communications spaces should have independently controlled HVAC available 24

• Generator Back-up per Smithsonian Institution Technical Note IT-960-TN14

All Telecommunications Equipment will have UPS Protected Power with Emergency

Service Entrance Facility

The telecommunications Service Entrance Facility (SEF) functions as the primary

• termination point for commercial vendor cable connections installed to service the building, such as those from Verizon, MCI, or other TSPs (Telecommunication Service Providers), as well as any Smithsonian-owned cables entering the building.

• outside vendors’ cables and/or campus-owned distribution cables and the premisebased telecommunication systems and/or associated riser distribution system.

More generally, the SEF is the transition/interconnection (or hand-off) point between

• protection.

The SEF provides the required space to mount over-voltage building entrance

Main Distribution Facility (MDF)

The Main Distribution Facility (MDF) is the origination point of the NMAAHC’s backbone building riser cabling. The MDF also contains associated cross-connections and inter-connections with SEF cables and/or specific telecommunication systems equipment.

As such, the MDF may be co-located within, or positioned immediately adjacent to, the Server Room area, depending upon expected usage of the facility and user/owner requirements for separation/co-location of room functions and equipment types.

The MDF function is expected to be combined within the telecom space designated for the Server Room, as described below. The MDF portion of the overall space shall be sized and designed to accommodate collapsed backbone cabling from all floors of the facility, including multi-pair copper cable and fiber optic cable to each TR on every occupied building floor.

Space will be provided in the MDF for a headend for an antenna or leaky coaxial distribution system.

Server Room

The server room area is considered a special purpose space that provides and maintains a suitable environment for housing large and varied electronic communications equipment slated to serve the building. Such systems may include, but would not necessarily be limited to voice, data, audio/ video, fire/life safety, building management systems (BMS) and other low voltage equipment and its associated distribution cabling.

The server room function within the NMAAHC facility will be designed to house co-located voice, data, and video equipment requirements. Consequently, the server room should be sized and designed to accommodate an adequate number of racks and cabinets for immediate use as well as a healthy allowance for growth.

Server Rooms shall be provided with positive pressure HVAC on a 24-hour-a-day, 7-day-aweek basis, and with emergency backup power if available. The recommended environmental range is 64-75 degrees Fahrenheit with 30-50 percent relative humidity. The space should also be equipped with high temperature alarms that trigger a report to the security and/or Building Management System (BMS) panels.

Telecommunications Room

The Telecommunications Room (TR) is considered a floor-serving space, as opposed to those spaces defined above, which serve the building. The primary function of the TR is to facilitate Horizontal CrossConnection (HCC) between the building’s backbone riser and the horizontal workstation cabling. The TR also serves to provide access to the respective horizontal distribution pathways leading to the various work area outlets. As in this case, the TR’s functionality may be appropriately co-located within other designated telecom spaces; for example where the SEF, MDF, and Server space is co-located on an occupied main floor-level, that space may also serve the TR function for that same floor-level within the building. In such instances, the overall space will typically have a designated area specifically reserved for Horizontal CrossConnects (HC) to associated equipment, which is separate from the room’s other primary functions.

Whatever the defined functionality for any telecommunication space, it should always provide a safe and environmentally suitable area for installing, terminating, cross-connecting, and administering the associated

cables with the premise equipment and interconnecting pathway systems.

Each TR shall be a dedicated space and will preferably be vertically aligned with those on adjacent floors and be interconnected with at least three, 4-inch cored sleeves between each floor level. TRs shall be located adjacent to the building’s power and communications riser.

The following will be required in each TR:

• cabling.

•

Installation, termination, and interconnection facilities for horizontal (workstation)

Installation, termination, and interconnection facilities for backbone (riser) cabling.

• and patching fields, as well as owner-provided active LAN electronic equipment.

Three 19” x 84” open relay racks containing passive hardware for cable terminations

• systems if required.

•

•

•

Cable Television (CATV)/Master Antennae Television Video (MATV) distribution

Space for antenna or leaky coax distribution system.

Other low-voltage systems serving the same general floor as the TR.

General requirements for all Telecommunication Rooms:

A minimum of one TR per floor is generally required. There is no maximumnumber of TRs per floor.

Each TR should be located near the center of the area it is intended to serve,preferably providing non-restricted common corridor access for technical service personnel in order to minimize occupant disruptions.

Appropriate TR sizing is dependent upon a number of key variables includinganticipated user population densities, outlet configuration densities, size of the service area, other low-voltage systems to be housed and their respective footprint requirements. TRs in the NMAAHC facility are expected to be a minimum of 10’ by 9’ (90 sq ft).

Due to distance limitations of high-performance cabling, the service area ofthe TR should generally not exceed a floor space area greater than 50,000 square feet; or be positioned at a distance (from the work area) that exceeds the maximum cabling length of 295 feet (90 meters). If the room cannot be appropriately sized and/or centrally positioned, multiple rooms may be required. In such cases, the TRs should be positioned so that the radial distance between the far-edges of the two service zones overlap at an average of 150’ feet.

As a minimum requirement, TRs shall be furnished with a single lockable door ofat least 36” x 80”. An outward opening door is preferred.

TRs shall be provided with positive pressure HVAC on a 24-hour-a-day, 7-day-a-week basis, and with emergency backup power if available. The recommended environmental range is 64-75 degrees Fahrenheit with 30-50 percent relative

humidity. The space should also be equipped with hi-temperature alarms that trigger a report to the security and/or Building Management System (BMS) panels.

A solid copper grounding bar shall be provided within each TR for signal groundconnections. The Telecommunications Grounding Busbar (TGB) shall be bonded to the appropriate ground conductor, as described herein.

Pathways

Telecommunication pathways refer to the means of support required to appropriately facilitate routing and distribution of telecommunication cables. Intra-building pathways are inside plant (ISP) routes between various telecommunication spaces within the building’s riser system, as well as those used in a horizontal fashion to reach the far-end station devices located throughout each floor of the facility. Telecommunication pathways have specific requirements for design and construction provisions that are also addressed by EIA/TIA 569A specifications.

Intra-Building Pathways

All pathways should be designed to provide sufficient “Day One” and future growth capacity to properly accommodate installation and horizontal support of high performance unshielded twisted pair and optical fiber cables. The facility design standard for new intra-building pathways should incorporate at least 25 percent spare capacity to be planned for maintenance and another 25% for future growth.

A graduated series of cable tray systems should be installed for horizontal cable distribution along main corridor routes to general work areas throughout each floor. The tray will be mounted above the accessible tile ceiling in common corridor areas. The tray system shall be designed to accommodate cable changes and future growth, and shall be installed so as to minimize occupant disruption when accessed for cable installation requirements.

Within the corridor, overhead cable tray systems shall be installed 4-6” above the ceiling grid and be coordinated with other building utility services (electrical, mechanical, plumbing, etc.) to assure proper clearances and accessibility.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING SYSTEM

The telecommunications cabling system shall be designed to conform to the requirements of EIA/ TIA-568B, the Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard.

OSP Cable

Outside Plant Cables (OSP) entering the NMAAHC building will be a mixture of single mode fiber optic cable and copper cables for analog service. A free space optic system may be considered for auxiliary connectivity to the other Smithsonian buildings on the National Mall.

Riser Cables

Inside Plant distribution cables, from the MDF to the TRs will be a mixture of multimode and single mode fiber for voice and data service, and a small amount of Category 3 copper cable for analog requirements.

Coaxial

A wideband antenna system is desired to facilitate signal coverage for hand held radios, cellular service, Cable TV, etc., throughout the building.

Station Cables

The telecommunications horizontal distribution cabling system, from the TR to the work area wall outlet, shall be designed in a star topology, in the following manner:

All cables shall meet or exceed the mechanical and performance requirements of

Section 10 of the standard.

• corresponding TR on that floor. No horizontal cable run distance shall exceed 295 feet.

Horizontal UTP cabling shall be home run from each Work Area Outlet (WAO) to the

Distribution of non-EIA/TIA-568B-compliant cabling will be designed to conform to • the above topological requirements.

The cabling system shall be designed to support VoIP, Analog voice and Digital voice/ • data grade services.

Category 6 or higher cabling is expected to be used for horizontal distribution of voice • and data services. Wireless access shall be considered in the design of all public areas.

• building.

Cabling for wireless access points will be provided in all of the public areas of the

Wireless Access Points

Wireless Access Points (WAP) shall be provided at the appropriate locations. Coverage will be provided to comply with SI requirements, which will be determined at the time of design.

C Sustainable Design

VISION AND OVERVIEW

The Smithsonian Institution is committed to the preservation and stewardship of our environment. Principles of sustainable design and resource efficiency will be integrated into the design, construction, and operation of the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) building to support the mission and function of the facility. Sustainable strategies will improve the environmental impact of the construction, operation, and deconstruction of the facility while providing exemplary user experience for visitors, occupants, and maintenance staff members.

Pedagogy

The museum will be a place of learning and its sustainable design presents an opportunity to support pedagogy through the function of the building itself. Where possible and congruent with the values of the museum, sustainable design strategies—whether they be applied to the library, exhibit galleries, food court, building surfaces, or the courtyard can be incorporated in ways that support the specific content of the museum and exposition of African American history and culture.

Aesthetics and Iconography

Sustainable aspects of the museum may be expressed overtly in the aesthetic form of the building. Inherent in the challenge of addressing iconography and language in the architecture of the museum is the need to respect the importance and scale of the White House, Lincoln Memorial, and other national landmarks along the National Mall and in the vicinity. The design of the facility should represent the museum as a respectful member of the Smithsonian Institution family.

Sustainable Performance Goals

As a base target for performance, the museum will be certified under the U.S. Green Building Council’s initiative for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and will achieve a Gold or higher certification. The Smithsonian Institution recognizes that other metrics and standards will be required to more fully reflect the extent and range of aspirations the Institution has for the sustainable design, construction, and operation of the museum. This document describes the desired approach the Smithsonian Institution has for the sustainable design of the NMAAHC, and includes other metrics and targets that the team should strive to meet with the design.

GENERAL APPROACH: INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS

The general approach to the design of the museum will center on integrated design principles. The integrated design approach considers relationships between all project systems including education, energy, water, transportation, operations, and financing. Beyond just selecting green technologies, the team must consider how sustainable design choices can coordinate with or enhance other design criteria such as museum mission, aesthetics, functional elements, cost, and schedule.

The goal of applying an integrative design approach to the NMAAHC is to devise high-performance solutions that optimize form, function, time, economics, and environmental resources. Strategies should seek to improve sustainable performance at the building scale, neighborhood scale, and at the larger municipality scale. Solutions should take into account the museum’s relationship to external elements like the surrounding city fabric, connections to city transportation systems and pedestrian thoroughfares, and the environmental history of the site. Solutions should provide useful system adjacencies and cascade resource use to, throughout, and from the site.

Design solution priorities:

Clearly define the building and site end-use needs and services first, not the amount of 1. energy/resources required to provide them.

Consider strategies that reduce the demand for resources by passive design alone. 2. Design a climate-responsive form, envelope, and landscape to take advantage of the site’s location and climatic conditions. The more resource demands that can be met intrinsically by the design of the building and landscape alone, the less burden on additional mechanical systems, local utilities, and infrastructure.

Incorporate appropriate and efficient systems into the design.

3. Once building and landscape design has addressed demand reduction, select and optimize efficient systems and equipment. Capitalize on resource recovery wherever possible. The concept of system efficiency should be applied to biological technologies as well; just as with mechanical systems, biological systems like constructed wetlands can be designed for high efficiency and sited to reduce resource losses from improved adjacencies.

Find synergies between systems. 4. The team should strive to leverage one solution to solve problems in other systems. For example, reducing water consumption can also reduce associated energy use and costs for pumping and distributing water throughout the site. The team should explore opportunities to use waste or outputs from one system to enable efficiencies in other systems, as well as investigate synergies with adjacent off-site systems in or outside of the Smithsonian Institution.

Consider renewable resource generation.

5. Meet the remaining demand for resources using renewable sources where feasible. Renewable sources may be located on-site, or perhaps at other Smithsonian Institution locations. Investigate opportunities to generate a surplus of resources and create a net-positive project, either as a stand-alone project or through leveraging synergies throughout the Smithsonian Institution.

Another scenario for resource generation could be achieved not through the investment and construction of new renewable sources on-site but through comparable savings and resource conservation achieved elsewhere in the Smithsonian Institution. For example, any remaining energy demand for the museum could potentially be met not through an investment in a new photovoltaic (PV) array but through an offset from comparable lighting retrofits in another Smithsonian Institution building.

Build an Integrated Multi-Disciplinary Team

The project will require the participation of principle stakeholders and all members of the design team from the start of the design process and will include the architect, mechanical/electrical/plumbing engineers (MEP), structural engineer, civil engineer, landscape architect, exhibit designer, lighting designer, sustainable design consultant, commissioner, operations and maintenance staff representatives, and other relevant subject matter experts as early as the beginning of the criteria design phase. Future occupants and the NMAAHC representatives will provide input to the team on a regular basis. Transparency and information sharing between team members are highly encouraged and considered essential for project success. It is essential for the entire team to meet at milestones throughout conceptualization, criteria design, detailed design, and implementation document phases of the design process to ensure that opportunities for synergistic solutions are being addressed, and that results from feasibility studies and resource modeling studies can be shared with the collective.

Cost Modeling and Incentives

Financial objectives and cost models for the project should incorporate life cycle cost analyses, and include targets for total present-valued life-cycle occupancy costs.

The Smithsonian Institution will consider a fee structure for design consultants based on performance rather than equipment cost to ensure that design team members are maximally motivated to pursue radical resource efficiency. Bids could be structured in several parts. A preliminary fee could compensate the designer for a baseline system that meets baseline efficiency standards for the project. Subsequent fees could reward designers for incremental reductions in resource costs throughout the life of the system or in total life-cycle costs. Fees could be contingent on performance as projected by design specifications, and distributed after corroboration by commissioning documents or resource bills.

FIRST PRIORITY: PROPER ORIENTATION, MASSING, AND ENVELOPE

As a first priority, provide proper orientation and design a climate-responsive form and envelope to take advantage of the museum’s location and climatic conditions. This will be the primary strategy for passive reduction of energy loads. The more resource demands that can be met intrinsically by the design of the building and landscape alone, the less burden on additional mechanical systems, local utilities, and infrastructure.

Optimize Solar Exposure

Orient the museum to benefit from useful daylight and heat, and minimize detrimental impacts from glare and unwanted heat gain. The preferred orientation provides the greatest exposure to southern light. For this reason, the team is strongly urged to consider building forms elongated along the east-west axis or otherwise designed to maximize south- and north-facing facades while keeping east- and west-facing facades to a minimum. Individual rooms should be sited within the building mass to provide solar access or to mitigate heat gain from solar exposure as required for programmatic activities unique to each space type. While optimizing solar exposure for its own program, the museum should also be a good neighbor and be designed to preserve solar access to adjacent sites.

Incorporate massing as appropriate to mitigate internal solar heat gain spikes. Consider using strategically placed passive mass to absorb heat as it is first introduced to the space and to help control internal air flow. Consider the use of active mass to help even out temperature swings and to enhance the use of passive mass materials.

Design a Climate-Responsive Envelope

A climate-responsive envelope will acknowledge that different facades are exposed to different daylight, heat gain, and wind conditions. Tailor the glazing, wall construction, shading system, and profile of each façade to respond to its unique climatic conditions as they relate to interior end-use needs.

Tune the quantity and type of glazing to respond to the daylighting and thermal needs of the museum spaces. Limit glazing on east- and west- facing facades to reduce heat gain and reduce glare conditions. One conflict this design may need to reconcile is the anticipated desire for views to the southwest (Washington Monument) with the risk of excessive heat gain on the southwest corner from exposed glazing. Consider using high-performance glazing or siting less mechanically demanding spaces in this location.

Architecturally integrate shading into the building form or skin to prevent unwanted heat gain and glare. Consider shaping the mass of the building to shade itself where appropriate, or site multiple buildings or site amenities to provide beneficial shading for each other. Heat gain and glare angle cutoffs should be determined per façade orientation and interior program.

Consider a thermal-bridge free wall construction to reduce risk of condensation on interior surfaces in the winter. In addition, the team is encouraged to pursue the design of a remarkably tight envelope. Strongly consider the Passivhaus Institute standard for air tightness, which requires that with the building depressurized to 50 Pa below atmospheric pressure by a blower door, the building must not leak more air than 0.6 times the house volume per hour (n50 ≤ 0.6 /hour).

Encourage Natural Ventilation Where Appropriate

Design apertures and configure interior spaces to encourage air flow through the building where applicable. Interior spaces may be grouped or configured to create vertical stacks that draw hot air to the exterior of the buildings.

APPROACH TO ENERGY SYSTEMS

Minimize Energy Consumption

As a prerequisite, the museum will be designed to comply with the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. In addition, the team is strongly urged to achieve the following design and performance goals for operational energy use for the facility:

Design: Achieve a 30% reduction in operational energy demand from the 90.1-2004 baseline case for the building, verified through energy modeling.

Performance: Achieve an energy use intensity of 77Kbtu/SF/yr or better during operation, to be corroborated by measurement and utility metering during operation.

The team is urged to explore solutions for reducing energy demand as much as possible through passive design and efficiency alone. Where appropriate, consider modular systems that are correctly sized to meet immediate needs and are adaptable for future changes in energy demand. Explore the feasibility of efficient systems like underfloor air distribution, displacement ventilation, chilled beams, radiant floors and ceilings, ground source heat pumps, and energy recovery strategies like enthalpy wheels.

The team is encouraged to explore solutions and to meet the remaining operational energy demand of the facility using renewable sources to achieve a net-zero energy facility.

Create thermal zones based on different spatial needs: Not all spaces in the museum will have the same temperature and humidity requirements. Some spaces will have no need for active conditioning; other spaces will require the strictest controls for the proper care of archival material and artifacts. It is important for the team to determine the thermal requirements for human comfort, critical activities, exhibit equipment, displays, and artifacts on a space-by-space basis. Results from this analysis will allow the team to create different thermal zones in the building to address corresponding thermal requirements.

There will be a spectrum of appropriate control conditions, ranging from non-conditioned, 100% passively tempered mixed mode, to 100% mechanically controlled, with wide and narrow set points for temperature and humidity. Where appropriate, consider strategies for decoupling latent from sensible loads, as well as

cooling/heating requirements from ventilation needs. In public gallery spaces, transitional zones and exhibit areas reserved for less demanding content may benefit from a wider range of temperature and humidity setpoints. Individual display cases housing sensitive artifacts may be controlled to more stringent standards while the immediate surrounding space may be conditioned differently.

Thermal zoning is also an opportunity for the design to provide environmental variety and connectivity to the outdoors. Thermal, acoustical, and other environmental characteristics can greatly inform and enhance user experience throughout the museum.

APPROACH TO INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

The design, construction, and operation of the museum should provide for user comfort and health from the standpoint of thermal control, indoor air quality, access to daylighting and views, visual comfort, acoustic comfort, and employee health issues related to ongoing maintenance of the building. The museum should be a healthy and productive indoor environment for employees and staff members, and be a healthy and stimulating environment for visitors and guests.

Thermal comfort and controls

The mechanical system should be designed to provide a comfortable thermal environment and occupant controls for all appropriate areas. The design should meet the intent and requirements for the following LEED NC v2.2 Environmental Quality credits, or for the most current relevant LEED credits:

EQ Credit 7.1 for thermal comfort

EQ Credit 7.2 for design verification

Indoor air quality

The building should be designed to provide healthy indoor air for all occupants on an ongoing basis. This goal begins in designing the mechanical system and specifying materials and construction processes that neither introduce pollutants into the space nor require polluting cleaning supplies during the ongoing operation of the building. On an ongoing basis policies healthy indoor air is ensured through the proper operation of the mechanical systems and green-cleaning policy and practices.

Design and construction shall meet, at a minimum, the intent and goals of the following LEED-NC v2.2 Indoor Environmental Quality credits, or for the most current relevant LEED credits:

EQ Prerequisite 1 for minimum indoor environmental quality performance

EQ Prerequisite 2 for environmental tobacco smoke control

EQ Credit 1 for outdoor air delivery monitoring

EQ Credit 3.1 for construction IAQ management plan during construction

EQ Credit 3.2 for construction IAQ management plan before occupancy

EQ Credit 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 for low-emitting materials.

EQ Credit 5 for indoor chemical and pollutant source control

In addition, the viability of EQ Credit 2 should be assessed during design.

Access to daylight and views

The design should use daylight not only to inform visual tasks but also to enliven indoor spaces. Natural fluctuations in daylight levels provide variety and stimulation and offer occupants an improved understanding

of the passing of the day. Where appropriate, use daylight and views to increase occupant connection to the outdoors and to provide cues for orientation and wayfinding through indoor spaces.

The design should achieve the following LEED-NC v2.2 Indoor Environmental Quality credits, or the most current relevant LEED credits:

EQ Credit 8.1 for daylight in 75% of spaces

EQ Credit 8.2 for views for 90% of spaces

Visual comfort

The design will provide occupants visual comfort not only through adequate light levels but also through the elimination of distracting visual noise and the provision of appropriate levels of brightness and contrast for occupant needs on a space-by-space and task-by-task basis.

Acoustic comfort

Provide maximum separation between sources of undesirable noise and the spaces that have the greatest need for quiet. Determine the level of acoustic privacy required on a space-by-space basis and recognize that choices that address the degree of acoustic dampening and isolation between spaces may also affect options for air distribution, lighting, and other systems. Consider integrating strategies for dampening sounds, creating acoustic barriers, and providing white noise with other systems through elements like lighting baffles, landscape plantings, or water features.

Ergonomic comfort

Provide adjustable furniture throughout the museum to maximize the long-term health of all occupants.

Indoor health maintenance

Put in place procedures and protocol to insure the maintenance of healthy indoor environments throughout the operation of the facility. Consider developing green-cleaning protocol and integrated pest management procedures to reduce occupant exposure to toxic materials and volatile organic compounds. Ensure that humidity and temperature controls are maintained to avoid the build-up of mold or mildew.

APPROACH TO LIGHTING SYSTEMS

Use daylighting as the primary lighting

The design will use daylighting as the primary lighting in all spaces of the museum except where light is considered harmful for objects or equipment. The primary goal of the lighting program is to create the highest quality environment for visual activities and visual delight. The design should improve the visual environment, reduce glare from direct solar gain, and achieve an even, comfortable distribution of brightness. Thermal comfort can also be improved from shaded glazing and reduced mean radiant temperature (MRT) in a space.

The design’s approach to daylighting balances thermal and luminous needs. Provide shade to prevent glare from sunlight, and to reduce unwanted heat gain. When heat gain is desirable, use sunlight indirectly, reflecting it off architectural surfaces to minimize glare. Light should be redirected around the space, away from the apertures and onto surfaces that can help balance the brightness and distribution of light. Control the total amount of light, allowing no more than is necessary to provide an appropriate light level, and to

create a visually appealing space with a strong connection to nature. Once the design lets light into a space, it uses that light efficiently, and distributes light widely through sensible interior design. It is essential for the daylight design to be integrated with the overall architectural concept for each space. The design should be invisibly synthesized into the art of architecture.

Daylight autonomy

The term daylight autonomy refers to the ability of a building to meet the visual needs of occupants during daytime hours through daylight harvesting alone, without the use of electric lights. This building design will achieve the highest possible daylight autonomy. As a base target, 50% of the building spaces will be daylight autonomous for 50% of the operational hours throughout the year. Electric lighting design and controls will be coordinated with daylight distribution. The lighting power density for electric lighting should not exceed American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1 –2007 standards.

Consider designing shallow floor plates to allow penetration of daylight into deep interior spaces. Use interior glazing to allow light to travel through perimeter spaces into areas closer to the core.

Daylighting in galleries

Consider toplighting as the primary daylighting strategy for gallery spaces. While toplighting will most easily be achieved on the top floors of the building, the team may explore creative solutions to provide toplighting at lower floors, i.e., through light wells or by using baffles and sculpting ceilings to convert sidelighting to toplighting. Adequate shading and filtering should be provided in gallery spaces to ensure that artifacts are not exposed to potentially harmful UV rays.

Daylighting in offices

Wherever possible, provide bilateral illumination or daylight from at least two sides of the room to help create balanced light levels. Orient furniture so that desks are perpendicular to the surface of the window to reduce the effects of glare. Design and locate open-plan offices at the perimeter of the building to provide a greater number of employees with access to daylight and views.

APPROACH TO SITE AND WATER

Provide comfortable outdoor microclimates

On-site outdoor spaces should be welcoming to visitors, provide a refuge for pedestrians coming off the National Mall, and be comfortable spaces for people to move around, walk, or linger during outdoor events.

Design tempered outdoor spaces with comfortable microclimates by providing pockets of shade, thermal mass, and reflective material to create habitable spaces for humans outdoors. The team is encouraged to explore creative passive strategies to provide comfort as well as interest and delight for occupants. Consider the use of water features as acoustical buffers and for local evaporative cooling where appropriate. Consider the use of trees and other plantings as windbreaks and as partial or full visual screens. Outdoor spaces should be sited to ensure solar access as desired for programmatic needs, or to benefit from shading by the adjacent museum or site features.

Design to conserve water

The museum building and site will only use municipally supplied potable water to serve those end-use demands that require potable water. Other end-use demands will be met using non-potable sources. In

addition, the landscape design will require no irrigation beyond the establishment period. As part of meeting these guidelines, the design is expected to achieve the following LEED-NC Water Efficiency credits for water use reduction and efficient landscaping, or the most current relevant credits:

WE Credits 1.1 and 1.2 for water efficient landscaping •

WE Credits 3.1 and 3.2 for water use reduction

The design will first reduce the demand for potable water on-site by using contemporary ultra low-flow fixtures and appliances. Non-potable water demand for flushing toilets, irrigation during the establishment period, building cooling and heating systems, water features, etc., can be met by a variety of non-potable sources including:

• harvested rainwater from roofs

municipally supplied recycled water when or if available

• harvested stormwater • harvested and treated greywater • harvested and treated blackwater, and

captured condensate water and other water by-products on-site. •

Some of these non-potable water supplies will require special infrastructure, storage and/or treatment. These should be considered early on in the criteria design phase to ensure they are well integrated into the design. Where possible, take advantage of adjacencies and gravity to reduce energy used for water conveyance. Where possible, cascade water use on-site (from high-quality uses to low-quality uses) and use water multiple times before release from site. Water features can and should be integrated into the sustainable performance of the design for stormwater conveyance, chilled water, microclimate cooling and cleaning.

Improve stormwater quality and quantity

The site is located at the low point of the Tiber Creek watershed basin; consequently, the design should address groundwater and surface flooding issues. As a base target for sustainable performance, the design should meet the following LEED-NC Sustainable Site credits for stormwater management, or the most current relevant LEED credits:

SS Credit 6.1 for stormwater quantity control

SS Credit 6.2 for stormwater quality control

APPROACH TO MATERIALS, WASTE MANAGEMENT, AND RECYCLING

Develop a protocol for material selection

The Team recognizes that there are positive and negative health and environmental consequences embedded into the purchase of every product and service related to the construction, operation, maintenance, and deconstruction of this facility. There is a wide range of environmental impacts to consider when selecting products for this museum, from indoor air quality and health concerns to broader resource depletion issues, water degradation, embodied energy, embodied carbon, and air pollution. Within this context, the team will consider the following baseline objectives:

Whenever possible, materials should be selected to enhance building system performance.

For example, consider color, reflectance, and specularity of finishes to enhance natural and electric lighting objectives. Consider massive materials and veneers to enhance the performance of passive

cooling or heating strategies. Consider ongoing maintenance and cleaning requirements of different material options.

Life cycle costs for procurement, delivery, installation, maintenance, and disposal/recycling should

be factored into the material selection criteria.

Materials should have little to no toxic and volatile organic compounds.

The design will specify materials, avoiding those with high levels of volatile organic compounds, toxic chemicals, and urea-formaldehyde-based adhesives and binders.

The design will meet the intent and requirements of LEED NCv2.2 EQ Credits 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 for low-emitting materials, or the most current relevant LEED credits; however an ideal design target will be to avoid materials on the Living Building Challenge v1.3 Prerequisite 5 Materials Red list, or the most current relevant standard. [For further information on the Living Building Challenge see www.cascadiagbc.org/lbc]

Design should include preference for materials that have been extracted, processed and

manufactured within the region, have high recycled content, incorporate rapidly renewable materials and, for wood products, have been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council as having been sourced from a third-party certified, sustainably managed forest. The design should meet the intent and requirements of the following LEED NCv2.2 Materials and Resources credits, or the most current relevant LEED credit:

•MR Prerequisite 1 for the storage and collection of recyclables

•MR Credits 4.1, 4.2 for specifying materials of recycled content

•MR Credits 5.1, 5.2 for specifying regional materials

•MR Credit 7 for specifying certified wood

•In addition, the viability of MR Credit 6 for specifying rapidly renewable materials should be assessed during design.

Material choice and construction details should be optimized to reduce the financial cost and environmental impact of spatial reconfigurations, exhibit construction and deconstruction, and renovations and repairs throughout the lifetime of the museum. Where appropriate, design walls and other components for ease of disassembly, handling, and transport. Specify or design modular furniture components and interior veneers to reduce the amount of waste, labor, and disruption to museum operations required for renovations or spot repairs. Consider attractive construction details that allow entire components to be reused with minimal waste. The team will refer to the published LEED innovation and design credits list for previously approved compliance paths.

The project will divert a minimum of 95% of construction waste and meet the intent and

requirements of LEED NCv2.2 Materials and Resources Credits 2.1, 2.2 for construction waste management (or the most current relevant LEED credits) and the established compliance path for an innovation and design credit for exemplary performance in construction waste diversion.

Provide spaces for operational waste reduction and recycling.

Ensure that trash, recycling, and composting areas be designated throughout the facility to make using them easier for occupants during operation. The earlier these distributed spaces are accounted for in the design process, the more likely the future recycling program will be attractive and successfully integrated into the architecture. As part of these considerations, the design will meet the intent and requirements of LEED NCv2.2 Materials and Resources Prerequisite 1for the storage and collection of recyclables, or the most current relevant LEED requirements.

FUTURE OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT

Operations and maintenance procedures and training are crucial for ensuring the success and intended performance of building systems. This project will incorporate the following considerations and procedures to involve Operations and Maintenance (O & M) as an active component of the sustainable design and operation of the museum:

The team will strive to design systems that are simple to operate and easy to understand. Efficient • systems that are nevertheless overly complicated and difficult to maintain, override, or repair are also easily undermined. System designs should preference passive controls where appropriate. Mechanical, electrical, and other active control systems should incorporate user interfaces that are simple to use and intuitive to adjust or override.

The team will include operations and maintenance personnel in design workshops and charrettes

• at the onset of the criteria design phase and at periodic milestones throughout the design of the facility to ensure that maintenance issues are being addressed.

Commissioning will be required in the pre-design and post-occupancy phases of the project to

verify that systems have been designed and installed to operate as intended under a range of simulated outdoor conditions and operating modes. As part of pre-design protocol, this project will meet the intent and requirements of the following LEED NC v2.2 Energy and Atmosphere credits, or the most current relevant LEED requirements:

•EA Prerequisite 1 for fundamental building systems commissioning

•EA Credit 3 for enhanced commissioning

Recommissioning will be carried out periodically throughout occupation of the museum.

Develop a measurement and verification program to track and document building systems

• performance throughout operation. Incorporate operation and utility cost tracking as part of the analysis. Incorporate sub-metering to determine resource consumption by end-use. As part of meeting these objectives, the project will achieve LEED NC v2.2 Energy and Atmosphere Credit 5 for measurement and verification, or the most current relevant LEED credit.

Create a well-trained maintenance staff and educate all new staff members on the proper

• operation and care of building systems. Offer professional development programs and other training opportunities as part of a continuing education program for staff throughout employment. Develop and update manuals for O&M to ensure that up-to-date procedures are accessible to staff throughout the lifespan of the facility. Develop a record of lessons learned to inform the continued successful operation of this and other Smithsonian Institution facilities.

Develop a building orientation program to educate and update occupants on passive and active

• controls for their local environment. A built environment with passive systems and a dynamic connection to the outdoors will elicit --and sometimes require-- more active participation not only from the maintenance staff but from occupants themselves. Fresh air and appropriate daylighting levels, for example, can be desirable but may also require daily working knowledge of how to use system controls. A goal of the orientation program would be for occupants to understand any actions they need to take to ensure that systems work as they have been designed. The team should consider the use of feedback displays to educate occupants and visitors on the impact of museum operations and user behavior on building resource consumption levels.

To the maximum extent possible, the team will take measures throughout the design of the

• museum to address the infrastructure needs required for potential LEED-EB-OM certification in the future.

D Accessibility

ACCESSIBILITY FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

Introduction

In addition to the standard International Building Code and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) accessibility requirements, the Smithsonian Institution (SI) has its own accessibility mandates which must be met. The Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS) are the accepted accessibility design standard for the SI, but it is the contractor’s responsibility to compare requirements in each design standard/guideline to determine where they differ. When a more stringent accessibility requirement is given that ruling will apply.

The SI accessibility requirements/guidelines address the following elements:

Facility Design

• Information Desk Design

• Exhibition Design

• ADA Compliant Intercom Performance Specifications

• Also, the SI requires that the International Building Code be followed. Additionally, the General Services Administration (GSA) adopted the Americans with Disabilities Act and Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADA/ABAAG) issued July 23, 2004. The Architectural, Transportation and Barriers Compliance Board (the Access Board) as well as GSA’s National Accessibility Officer, Tom Williams, AIA, advises that this adoption implements the ADA/ABAAG as the accessibility design standard for the SI.

Therefore, even though the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS) is listed as the basic accessibility design standard for the SI, since the adoption of the ADA/ABAAG, comparisons must be made with the above SI documents, the ADA/ABAAG, the IBC, and ICC/ANSI A117.1 to determine any differences. The contractor must compare requirements in each design standard/guideline to determine any difference. If there is a difference, the design standard/guideline requirement that is the most stringent or requires more accessibility is applicable. There will be requirements in the other design standards/ guidelines that are not found in the ADA/ABAAG. This includes fire safety code accessibility requirements.

The SI produced a Comparison Matrix dated March 31, 1997 for UFAS, the 1994 ADAAG and other codes; however, it did not include the latest version of the IBC. Since the 1997 SI Comparison Matrix used the 1994 ADAAG, the Comparison Matrix is obsolete due to the later adoption by GSA of the ADA/ABAAG effective May 8, 2006, for federally funded activities (other than postal, military, or residential).

NOTE: The SI has its own established list of codes, standards and guidelines. These change periodically -- and may well change between the time of this report and the time of the design contract award, including the release of a new IBC and ICC/ANSI A117.1. Therefore, care must be taken to ensure that the most current accessibility codes, standards, and guidelines in effect at contract award are utilized.

All interior doors required to be accessible shall require no more the 5 lbf to push or pull open. See ADA/ ABAAG 404.2.9 Door and Gate Opening Force including requirement for fire doors. The GSA added a requirement, applicable to the SI, which requires that building entrance doors be power assisted.

See ADA/ABAAG 105 Referenced Standards for emergency egress requirements.

Overview

The gently sloping, relatively flat National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) site can make building access less of a problem, allowing pedestrians to traverse the site diagonally as a short cut across this prominent corner location. Conversely, the lack of slope makes it difficult to separate service and public access into two different levels from opposite sides of the building.

Issues

Security restrictions on below grade parking beneath prominent public buildings make parking for people with disabilities problematic.

Having all four facades of the building prominently exposed means there is no natural “back door” for service elements.

Due to the civil rights subject matter of the museum, the site and buildings should be designed so that it is a showcase for accessibility for all.

Access to the NMAAHC is desirable from the Washington Monument grounds and from Madison Drive as it crosses 14th Street from the other SI museums (see Recommendations 1 and 2 below). It is also important to provide accessible egress/ingress and adequate ramping during the construction phase for potential site visits by people with disabilities. To keep costs down for such temporary ramping, such access may be provided by using temporary, moveable ramping in some cases on an as needed basis.

Challenges

In resolving the conflicting concerns of emergency access and security control, maintaining exterior accessible paths must be considered.

There is a significant potential for assembly/presentation/speaker activities, both formal and informal, on the exterior of the building which requires both audience and performer accessibility including acceptable lines-of-sight for people using wheel chairs. Sloped seating provides many opportunities and challenges (see 13 and 14 below).

Lack of slope also makes potential ponding on walking surfaces a concern for anyone including those with mobility impairments who use crutches, canes, walkers, etc.

Special features necessitated by this special building (i.e., unusual exhibit access, water features/on grade fountains, provisions for news crews, etc.) will require in depth study and research to determine design features that will address the challenges, issues, and recommendations.

Recommendations

* 1. Ensure an accessible route from the Washington Monument to the NMAAHC.

* 2. Provide an accessible route from the other SI museums on Madison Drive, across 14th Street, to the NMAAHC.

Consider the provision of on-site parking for people with disabilities to the extent practical. 3.

Coordinate with appropriate authorities to expand public parking for people with disabilities on 4. streets adjacent to the NMAAHC.

Provide Braille/tactile site maps at main entrances and throughout the museum. 5.

In addition to providing wheelchairs for visitors, also provide electric scooters, which will enhance 6. the museum experience by providing independent access for those who normally require someone to push them in a wheelchair due to a disability. A fee could be charged for scooter rental. The wheelchair storage room would need to be enlarged for scooter storage and include electrical outlets for recharging scooter batteries.

Locate elevators so that people with disabilities can proceed in close proximity to their group or 7. companions who may use stairs/escalators to access different levels of the museum.

Visual cues are an important part of simplifying the public’s access whether it is clear, legible 8. wayfinding signage or color differentiation of steps/ramps. Adequate, glare-free lighting should also to be included in the design.

Tactile elements should be incorporated into displays, exhibits, etc., so that people with seeing 9. impairments can fully experience the museum.

Provide verbal interpretations of visual displays/presentations through listening devices for people 10. with hearing impairments.

Provide closed or open captioning for all verbal presentations. 11.

If access to the interior and/or deck of the slave ship is to be provided to visitors, ensure 12. comparable access is provided to all levels of the ship for people using wheel chairs.

Ensure that people using wheelchairs are able to experience the views from the balconies, 13. windows, terraces, and site areas along with the rest of the public.

If stadium seating in any of the venues is used, ensure wheel chair spaces are located in desirable 14. rows – either at the back of the venue or a few rows up from the bottom row including companion seating for each such space (note: lower rows of accessible seating are undesirable and do not provide a “comparable” view to that of able bodied people). Ensure line-of-sight is maintained for people seated in wheel chairs when audience is standing.

Locate bathrooms in close proximity to elevators and main entrances. 15.

Provide airport style bathrooms for visitors, that is, facilities that are entered via sharp but 16. accessible turns in alternating directions thereby eliminating the need for external doors. This design provides easy access for people with mobility impairments who use various mobility devices including wheelchairs and scooters. It also eliminates the need for continuing maintenance problems of keeping any automated door openers compliant and functional.

Ensure that multi-purpose alarms are provided in each visitor and employee space for people who

17. are vision and hearing impaired. For example, some systems incorporate buzzer or siren type sound for bomb/other alerts and flashing lights for fire alerts. Sometimes, these systems do not indicate an emergency for a hearing impaired person if the alert is a sound over an intercom system for example (as well as emergency announcements, which should be displayed in some manner in all areas).

Include evacuation chairs and storage space at each stairwell and on each level for people with 18. mobility impairments. These should be the light-weight type whereby any able bodied person can let a person with a disability down stairs and the evacuation chair can then easily be carried back up the stairs as needed, depending on the emergency.

Provide shelter from the elements and exterior seating for those waiting for pick-up/drop-off, an 19. event, museum opening, a rendezvous, etc.

Elements used to discourage unwanted uses (i.e., skateboarding, loitering, snipers, terrorists, etc.)

20. must be seamlessly integrated with accessibility provisions. For example, small bumps on handrails to discourage skateboarders should not reduce their legitimate use; standoff bollards/site elements used to cordon off an area can provide dual use as seating, lighting, etc.

* The slope analysis indicates there is an area where the slope is between 2% and 5% from the Washington Monument to the NMAAHC and from Madison Drive across 14th Street. When preparing the site for construction care should be taken to ensure that the slope can be maintained or incorporated as part of an accessible path from the Washington Monument to the NMAAHC. Similar access from Madison Drive to the NMAAHC should be pursued so that people with disabilities visiting the other museums along Madison Drive will have an accessible route to the NMAAHC.

Security

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to assist the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) design team in developing the design documents from a security perspective. This Security Design Criteria and the proposed security elements are informed by the following documentation:

• Usage Matrix, used primarily for Cultural Property Protection related risks.

•

The Smithsonian Institution Security Design Criteria, June 20, 2008; (Draft) and associated Space

Smithsonian Institution cabling standards, revised March 22, 2007, written July 28, 2004.

ISC Security Design Criteria for new Federal office buildings and major modernization projects,

• September 29, 2004; Which includes the Threat and Risk Assessment Matrix, used primarily for Terrorist related risks. This document requires a facility/project-specific risk assessment in order to be properly implemented.

The two security criteria documents have implications for the entire facility, site and facility layout, adjoining streets, vehicle and pedestrian access, and the construction of the facility. The Smithsonian’s Office of Protection Services (OPS), part of the Office of Facilities, Engineering and Operations (OFEO), is responsible for the development and maintenance of the Smithsonian Institution Security Design Criteria. This criteria has risk-based design and construction requirements based on space usage. The requirements run the full gambit of facility design and engineering disciplines.

The information contained herein is based on the Smithsonian Institution Security Design Criteria document and additional security criteria as developed by SI and their security working groups, and will be reviewed and confirmed or modified during the early design phase and as the design progresses. The minimumsecurity design criteria recommendations described herein are essential to the success of the project. Therefore, this document, in conjunction with the matrix, the Smithsonian Institution Security Design Criteria document, and the Interagency Security Committee (ISC) Security Design Criteria are the guidelines for the design team to utilize when developing the spaces and their security related operational criteria and suggested complementary security equipment. In order for the design team to respond to the requirements, as recommended and/or specified in this report, the Smithsonian Institution’s Security Design Criteria document and the ISC must be read and implemented by design team members.

The Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles should be clearly understood by the design team members, as they affect most of the design elements of the project. These basic, yet critical, strategies affect all aspects of the design and will be of great utility to the design team.

DESIGN BASIS TACTICS (DBT) SUMMARY

The design of the NMAAHC facility shall be based on the result of a project/facility specific risk/threat assessment that identifies and quantifies the design basis threats and tactics and appropriate level of protection (LOP) for the facility. It is imperative that these elements be identified prior to procurement of design services (and design itself) as they shall be clearly identified in the A/E services scope of work. Once begun, the design must strike a balance between risk mitigation and issues such as impact on construction cost, public space, architecture, historic preservation, museum mission, and operations. Conscious decisions to accept risk or mitigate risk must be made (and decisions recorded) throughout the design process as the cost and impact of risk mitigations is realized.

The ISC Security Design Criteria specifically requires the Design Basis Tactics and associated LOP be coordinated in order to be properly implemented. Although a risk/threat assessment has not been

completed for this project, the likely terrorism threats and tactics that will be considered for this project include but are not limited to:

Moving vehicle threats 1.

Stationary vehicle threats 2.

Package or delivery supply threat 3. Package prior to screening in the facility 4. Explosives in controlled areas (post-screening) 5.

Vehicle within the facility 6. Forced entry and firearms for: 7.

a. Small arms

b. Forced entry and attacks

c. Unauthorized entry

Airborne contaminants including Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) substances 8.

It is important to understand that the formal Risk/Threat assessment process, which will be performed prior to the beginning of the formal design process, will define the DBTs and LOPs that should be considered for this project.

SITE AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN SUMMARY

Although the threat and risk assessment will define the final requirements, in general, the perimeter goals are to increase the distance between non-approved vehicles and the facility with a predefined set-back from the street. This set-back will be maintained using vehicular interdiction devices selected from the specific security criteria. Additionally, space for vehicle inspection shall be included as part of the vehicle access to the site. Site lighting shall be designed to include usable high-quality video monitoring from all site and building mounted video cameras and from cameras that are viewing the perimeter and vehicle interdiction points. Site lighting shall be designed to minimize the lighting that “bleeds” off of the actual property lines, but maintains usable video for both security and safety purposes and is closely coordinated with all video cameras and potential scenes of view, especially the pan-tilt-zoom cameras that may be pre-programmed to capture views of specific site and buildings at any given time.

ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN SUMMARY

The architect and design team members shall address the architectural and interior design during the upcoming design phases. In addition to the SI Security Design Criteria and the ISC Security Design Criteria, the CPTED elements previously mentioned and referenced in this document have critical applications for the architectural design of exterior and interior spaces. Each architectural space listed in the space usage matrix of the SI Security Design Criteria has been assigned appropriate security measure/level(s) that may affect space location and construction. This document should be read in tandem with this report. Additionally, the ISC Security Design Criteria will drive additional requirements (based on the results of the Risk/Threat assessment) that may include:

Where practical, locate office spaces on building interior and out of public view; 1. With assistance from SI representatives, identify the low risk tenants and separate from higher 2. risk tenants or occupants in the office space environments; Public washrooms and service areas shall not be located in “back-of-the-house” or located where 3. travel through “back-of-the-house” is necessary in order to gain access to these public areas; The loading dock and the shipping and receiving areas should be separated from points of 4. entry for utilities and travel paths for utility persons and vehicles;

Fire egress pathways and stairwells shall be located away from high-risk areas, including 5. perimeter, entrance lobby, loading dock, and messenger center/mailroom areas;

The mailroom shall be located away from critical components, collection spaces, gallery spaces, 6. and other similar high-risk areas;

Critical building components should be separated from high-risk areas and considered for 7. hardened construction;

Entrances shall be considered for design to prevent forced entry; 8. Combining public and employee entrances is encouraged to limit staffing and clearance 9. procedures;

Vehicular entrances shall include vehicle interdiction, as described in table 1; all vehicles shall 10. be required to undergo security clearance procedures as dictated by the SI (and National); Threat Levels prior to entering the site, parking areas and/or service/loading dock areas; 11. In general, all designs should take into account the Crime Prevention through Environmental 12. Design (CPTED) principles, which include major considerations for site lines, the elimination of corners and hidden spaces, and design features that may encourage concealment or that provide concealed areas. These elements are further described in the SI Security Criteria; and ISC Security Criteria documents.

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING SUMMARY

The structural security criteria, including all of the ISC Security Design Criteria and SI Security Design Criteria, will likely have a significant impact on the design of the facility and, potentially, where the facility will be located on the site. The ISC Security Design Criteria will (based on the results of the Risk/Threat assessment) predominantly drive the security structural requirements. Such requirements that may include:

Blast load resistance requirements; 1.

Progressive collapse design measures; 2.

Exterior and interior wall construction; 3.

Exterior door requirements; 4.

Forced entry for exterior doors; 5.

Forced entry for exterior walls; 6.

Blast load requirements for exterior glazing; 7. Forced entry requirements for exterior glazing; 8.

Column design for multi-floor unbraced lengths design criteria; 9.

Vertical loading and carrying members for the lobbies and specific limits of damage to adjacent 10. areas for threats that may occur in the loading dock and mailroom areas; and Mailroom and unscreened retail areas shall include specific limits of allowable damage. 11.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SUMMARY

As with the Structural Engineering Criteria for this facility, the mechanical engineering requirements shall be further addressed by the mechanical engineering team, the results of a risk/threat assessment and the other members of the design team as the design process evolves. The major considerations and elements for the security criteria for the mechanical design include the following:

Adopting the NIOSH recommendations for CBR mitigation; 1. Providing HEPA filtration or functional equivalent for filter systems; 2.

Consideration for gas absorption filters on all outside air intakes; 3. Providing gas absorption filters on recirculated air systems; 4.

Specific design criteria for access to air handling units; 5.

Air intakes shall be located at elevations in accordance with the ISC and SI Security Design; 6.

Criteria kept as high as is practical and as agreed to by the SI representatives; 7. Provide point-of-entry isolation from vulnerable areas for all incoming utilities; and 8. Consideration for designs for positive pressure in all emergency exit stairwells. 9.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SUMMARY

The electrical engineer, a security consultant, and the design team shall further develop the Electrical Engineering and Security Criteria during the design phases. The critical elements included in the security criteria for the electrical engineering include the following:

The electrical service distribution shall include both normal and emergency electrical power. 1. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) shall be provided where specifically called for throughout the security criteria, including the security systems;

Fuel storage shall be located away from high-risk areas; 2. Emergency fuel storage and fuel lines shall be protected, as identified and as recommended in 3. the Security Criteria documents;

Emergency generator should be located away from high-risk areas and, if possible, away from 4.

exterior and interior walls;

Points of entry for electrical service and distribution from emergency generators should be 5. located away from high-risk areas and protected with hardening materials in accordance with table 1;

Exterior and interior lighting shall be coordinated with the closed circuit television system to 6. ensure that usable high quality video is produced on a 24/7 basis for all security cameras.

Emergency lighting for washrooms shall be included in the design; 7.

Back-up battery-powered lighting for stairwells and exit signs shall be included as part of the 8. design;

Redundant communications for telephone service shall be provided; 9. Radio communication shall be included in the design. Even though radio systems may be 10. provided by SI directly, the infrastructure for the radio system, which includes potentially leaky coax and/or repeater systems, shall be included as part of the infrastructure design for the facility;

Wireless data design shall be developed with SI to improve capacity into the future; 11. Communication systems shall be provided with multiple pads and redundant configuration, as 12. approved by SI; and

Security control equipment and power shall be provided under the electrical contract for an 13. empty conduit system with equipment to be provided by the security contractor.

FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING SUMMARY

The fire protection design, which is informed by the medium-level security criteria that is identified in the Security Criteria documents, shall be further developed by the fire protection engineer. Major elements include:

Protection of incoming water mains and water distribution; 1. Multiple technologies for water supply pumps and separate locations for the different pumps; 2. All egress doors shall be in compliance with NFPA 101 and all egress and locking 3. requirements therein; and

Provision of operational procedures and operational manual, which may include training 4. requirements and updating of those documents.

ELECTRONIC SECURITY SYSTEMS SUMMARY

The security consultant shall develop the electronic security systems in coordination with the design team during the design process, and shall be in accordance with the SI Security Standards. The security system shall be a stand-alone, large integrated security system monitored in an on-site security control room. The system shall be redundantly monitored in the Central Security Control Room located in the SI South Quad facility. The security system outline requirements are presented in the draft matrix of the SI Security Design Criteria. The criteria space usage matrix identifies, on a space-by-space basis, the anticipated electronic security system design types and methodologies for each of those spaces.

The system shall provide access control, intrusion detection, and video systems in a proprietary-type specification that is 100% compatible with existing SI monitoring and control equipment, and compliant with the SI Security standards.

F

Cost Estimates

Cost Estimate Introduction

Introduction

Determining the probable cost of the NMAAHC has been broken out into three distinct components: a Cost Model/Budget, a Programmatic Estimate of Construction Costs, and a cost projection of Annual Facility Operating Expenses. In budgeting and estimating the various costs associated with building the new museum, there was a focus on balancing the anticipated available funding for the project with the desired quality level and the size of the projected new facility.

Determining the probable cost of the NMAAHC has been broken out into three distinct components: a Cost Model/Budge t, a Programmatic Estimate of Construction Costs, and a cost projection of Annual Facility Operating Expenses. In budgeting and estimating the various costs associated wit h building the new museum, there was a focus on balancing the anticipated availabl e funding for the project with the desired quality level and the size of the projected new facility.

Quality

Scope (Sq. Ft)

It is assumed that the total project budget for the new NMAAHC will be $500 million. This includes both hard costs and soft costs. Hard costs are defined as all cost items related to the actual construction of the new museum. Soft costs refer to all other costs associated with bring the museum to fruition, such as fees, technical services, and other costs not related to construction.

Cost Model / Budget

It is assumed that the total project budget for the new NMAAHC will be $500 million. This includes both hard costs and soft costs. Hard costs are defined as all cost items related to the actual construction of the new museum. Soft costs refer to all other costs associated with bringing the museum to fruition, such as fees, technical services, and other costs not related to construction.

The Cost Model is the rough order-of-magnitude project budget which identifies anticipated costs for the entire project development, including hard and soft costs. This document assumes a total external gross square footage of approximately 313,110 square feet as indicated by the facility program. The external gross square footage is based on the calculation method from the SI measurements standards (Appendix M). Construction budgets for subsurface and foundation work, general landscaping, and building construction were established based on historical data and comparisons with similar institutions. Likewise, exhibit fabrication and installation plus furniture, fixtures, and equipment were allotted budgets which reflect current market conditions. Contingencies and escalation have also been factored into the project budget, as well as an allowance for soft costs. The Cost Model / Budget assumes a design phase duration of 36 months, building construction of 36 months and 12 months for exhibit installation with overlap between the two phases.

Cost Model / Budget

Cost

Architectural

Exhibit

Information

Accessibility Retail

3rd

Soft Costs - Continued

Notes:

1. The information documented in this budget analysis is intended to be used for discussion purposes only.

2. This is a Rough Order of Magnitude Statement of Probable Project Cost and is not intended to be an official Cost Estimate.

3. Acquisition of collections and artifacts is not included in this budget.

4. This budget assumes the development of the project in accordance with the 2015 targeted opening date.

Programmatic Cost Estimate

In addition to the Cost Model/Budget, a Programmatic Estimate was generated by a third party estimator based on the anticipated external square footage of the museum for the purpose of establishing the probable cost of construction at the programmatic level of design.

This estimate is broken down into subcategories corresponding to customary construction disciplines and categorized by zone in accordance with the space listing. Contractor general conditions, contingencies, and escalation are also factored into the estimate. The work encompasses the construction of a 313,110 external gross square foot National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) and the associated site work. We assumed that the building would consist of 1 below grade and 4 above grade levels, each with 15’ floor to floor heights. The foundation system is assumed to be a slurry wall built to bedrock (50-60’), with a hydrostatic mat slab at the below grade level.

Programmatic estimate indicates that the overall projected construction costs are within budget.

Basis of Estimate

This estimate is based upon the measurement of quantities where possible. For the remainder, parametric measurements were used in conjunction with references from similar projects recently estimated.

Estimate Format

The UNIFORMAT II cost classification format has been used for the preparation of this estimate. It classifies costs by building system rather than by construction trade. Because building systems remain relatively consistent from building to building, regardless of functional use or type of construction, UNIFORMAT II provides the necessary means for cost management.

Basis for Pricing

Unit pricing shown reflects probable construction costs obtainable in the Washington, DC area, on the date of this statement of probable costs. Escalation is then added to midpoint of construction at the summary level. The intention of this estimate is to reflect fair market value for the construction of this project. It is not a prediction of low bid. Pricing is based upon competitive bidding, a minimum of 3 bidders for all subcontracted work, and a minimum of 4 bids from general contractors. If fewer bids are received, bid results may be expected to vary.

Contractor Markups

Subcontractors’ markups have been included in each line item unit price. These markups cover the cost of field overhead, home office overhead, and profit, and can range from 15% to 25% of the raw cost for that particular item of work.

General Contractor’s Overhead (consisting of job site general conditions, home office overhead, and bond) and Profit is shown on the Project Summary of the cost estimate. A 15% mark-up has been used, since we understand there may be stringent owner requirements and schedules applied to the contract.

Contingencies

A 10% Estimating Contingency has been added to the Project Summary, to cover unknown requirements or design elements not anticipated or detailed at this stage of development. As the design develops further, this contingency will be reduced on subsequent estimates.

It is recommended that a 10% Construction Contingency be added to this estimate by the Owner, in order to anticipate change orders which occur after the project is under construction. The construction contingency is not part of the construction bid amount; however, it should be accounted for when establishing the total construction budget.

A 5% LEED Contingency was added to account for the general contractors LEED management process and additional LEED design elements.

Items Affecting the Cost Estimate

Items which may change the estimated construction cost include, but are not limited to:

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Modifications to scope of work in estimate since documents were prepared by Freelon Bond

Unforeseen subsurface conditions – Allowances have been made for rock

Special Phasing requirements

Restrictive technical specifications or excessive contract conditions

Non-competitive bid conditions

Irregular working hours

Labor wage rates – Union versus Non-union

Sole source specifications of materials or products

Bids delayed beyond the projected schedule

Items Excluded From the Programmatic Estimate

Items that are not in this estimate include, but are not limited to:

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Impact Fees and Permits

Land acquisition and real estate fees

Professional design and consulting fees

Owner’s field inspection costs

General building permit

Testing fees beyond that typical to each subcontractor

Owner-furnished items and Owner move-in costs, except as noted in estimate

Off-site work

Telephone equipment and cabling

X-ray equipment

Future expansion

Statement of Probable Cost

The Consulting Team has no control over the cost of labor and material, the general contractor’s or any subcontractor’s method of determining prices, or competitive bidding and market conditions. This opinion of probable cost of construction is made on the basis of experience, qualifications, and best judgment of a professional construction consultant familiar with the construction industry. The Consulting Team cannot guarantee that proposals, bids or actual construction costs will not vary from this or subsequent cost estimates.

Programmatic Cost Estimate

Annual Facilities Operating Expense

This report includes an estimated Annual Facilities Operating Expense analysis for the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC), which is scheduled to open in 2015. Using data collected from the Smithsonian Institution, we have estimated costs with a margin or error of +/-25% that can be applied to both a stabilized year of operation, Year 3, for example, and to the opening year, the period during which warranties would be applicable to reduce building repair and maintenance costs. The estimates are based on the following additional assumptions and definitions:

Size of the Building:

• It is assumed the NMAAHC will measure 313,110 external gross square feet.

Personnel Costs:

• The building occupancy cost estimates exclude the salaries, wages, and benefits of all staff and contracted personnel. Those costs will be projected separately along with other staffing costs.

2008 Constant Dollars:

• Since it is unknown what the rate of inflation will be between now and the opening of the NMAAHC in 2015, all figures are expressed in constant 2008 dollars.

Building Occupancy Costs:

• These are defined as follows:

Utilities:

- Include energy costs (electricity, gas), water, and sewage, but exclude telephone. Energy costs will vary by the extent of public use, the nature of the visitor experience and the use of multi-media and other high electricity-using technologies, as well as by the extent to which the building is “green” or energy efficient.

Building Repairs and Maintenance:

- These costs include the building itself and its furniture, fixtures, equipment, and cleaning supplies, and exclude exhibit maintenance and the maintenance of office equipment. These costs will increase over time but will be lower in the opening year due to warranties and the newness of the building.

Building Insurance:

- We assume that the Smithsonian Institutions are covered by the selfinsurance of the federal government and that individual Smithsonian Institutions do not pay their own insurance.

Security Systems: - Includes central station monitoring and an annual maintenance contract to operate and sustain the installed security system. Estimated costs for the security system vary widely.

Given these findings we estimate the following Building Occupancy Costs:

Utilities

$4.00

$1,252,400

Building Repairs and Maintenance $8.56 $2,680,000

Building Insurance

$0.00

Security

$0.40

$0.00

$125,240

Estimate by SEI that assumes consumption rate of 100 MBTU/SF/YR based on experience of National Air and Space Museum, National Museum of the American Indian, National Museum of Natural History, and National Museum of American History, which have an average consumption rate of 135.8 MBTU/SF/YR, and takes energy efficiency objectives and assumptions into account

Based upon museum industry averages as estimated by Lord Cultural Resources but subject to modification with information on costs experienced by the Smithsonian Institution.

Assumes Smithsonian self-insurance and no costs paid by individual institutions

Based on estimate by Ducibella, Venture & Santore Security Consultant

These estimates should be reviewed and modified in the future based on additional information, including the nature of the visitor experience, prevailing energy costs, and projected attendance levels.

NOTE: Calculations above do not include custodial, labor support and trash removal.

NMAAHC Pre-design and Programming Team

Owner

Smithsonian Institution

NMAAHC

Pre-design and Programming Team Leader

Freelon Bond

General Museum Requirements, Audience Research, Public Engagement, Collections Storage Plan

Lord Cultural Resources

Exhibit Planning

Amaze Design

Visitation Studies

Institute for Learning Innovation

Landscape Planning

Peter Walker & Partners

Structural Engineering

Robert Silman Associates

MEP Engineering

WSP Flack and Kurtz

Sustainable Design

Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI)

Civil Engineering

Delon Hampton & Associates

Traffic Studies

Gorove Slade

Geotechnical & Environmental Engineering

Froehling & Robertson, Inc.

IT/AV/Data Management/Telecommunications

Shen Milsom Wilke

Multimedia - Performance

Fisher Dachs Associates

Code/Fire Protection

Rolf Jensen and Associates

Accessibility

Access-Andrews Consulting

Vertical Transportation

Lerch Bates

Lighting

Fisher Marantz Stone

Estimating

Faithful + Gould

Security

Ducibella Venture & Santore

Document Editing

Kirsten Mullen