Ss1 f2014 best work

sustainable systems 1 boston architectural college fall 2014 1

“Architecture is dependent on large scale, nested material and energy systems that far exceed the boundary of the building.�

-Kiel Moe Madrid-Barajas Airport, Richard Rogers, 2005

2 Photograh by Lead Instructor

EARTH

ENERGY

SUN

AIR

WATER

HUMANS

BUILDINGS

This course dwells upon the dynamic, energetic phenomena on Earth, and their impacts on how humans conceive and construct buildings and cities. Solar energy drives terrestrial, geologic, hydrologic, ecologic, and, increasingly erratic climatic systems. Beginning with introductions to basic phenomena such as daylighting, thermal comfort, and resilience to extreme weather, students will learn how such phenomena are intimately tied to architectural construction at multiple physical and temporal scales.

In the first half of the course, a research project on world cities will allow students the opportunity to develop representations of non-visible phenomena, as well as research prototypical methods of human climate adaptation specific to their locale. In the second half of the course, students will develop a diagrammatic architectural form for post-environmental disaster multi-family housing in response to various energy systems, making use of various digital tools, notibly DIVA for Rhino.

Throughout the course emphasis will be placed on ‘passive,’ or non-electro/mechanical methods for adapting buildings and cities to local (and increasingly variable / warming) climatic conditions. By the end of this course students should be familiar with a series of workflow methods for researching, analyzing, and optimizing architectural and urban form through the lens of energetic systems, and understand the underlying concepts so as to make informed design decisions using various data sources.

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BEST 10 PROJECTS FALL 2014

100/ quebec city canada 84/ Seattle washington 74/ Brisbee arizona

BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE

62/ Mexico City mexico 48/ AccrA Ghana

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Cities studied by other students in course

130/ oslo norway

120/ Brussels belgium

32/ keBri Beya, ethiopia 14/ KUALA LAMPUR MALAYSIA

6/ Cobar australia

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Cobar climate zone: BS LOCATION: New South Wales/australia latitude: 31.50째S Longitude: 145.83째E

100 W/m2

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Wind (mph)

S Source: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/

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KEMPSEY

COBAR

SYDNEY

Average yearly rainfall in Cobar is 16” (compared to 43” for Boston). However, rainfall can be erratic as seen in the graph below.

Winds are generally light throughout the year, averaging below 10mph.

Solar radiation in Cobar is the most exergetic source of natural energy and should be the main influence for architecture. For comparison, Cobar receives almost twice as much solar radiation as Boston.

With average summer highs near 95°F and average winter lows near 40°F, available solar radiation needs to be used for cooling in the summer and heating in the winter.

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Cobar, Australia Khalil Farhat Renewable energy sources account for 13% of Australia’s electricity generation. Even with high solar radiation levels, only 1.5% of electricity in Australia comes from solar Hydro power: 7.3% Wind power: 2.9% Solar PV: 1.5% Bioenergy: 1.3

P she

Interior thermal mass wall stores heat during winter days and releases it back during cold nights Airflow through the house removes interior warm air

Deep solar penetration in winter months maximizes daylight use

Permeable ground allows quick absorption of rainfall

SOURCES: 1. The Commonwealth of Australia. Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics. 2014 Australian Energy Update. Canberra, Australia 2014

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A climate responsive house for Cobar needs to maximize the use of natural daylight while minimizing heat gain during the summer months. The design needs to also consider the cool winter nights and infrequent but heavy rainfalls

Deep overhang blocks summer sun but lets in winter sun Clerestory allows daylight deep into the living space and facilitates convective cooling

Pitched roof quickly eds rainwater

Overhang keeps out summer sun but allows winter sun to reach the thermal mass wall SUMMER WINTER

NORTH 35째

82째

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BS

Cobar, Australia aboriginal shelter | NSW, Australia

This aboriginal hut is constructed from locally collected materials and is typically used as temporary shelter. It is a good example of climate responsive architecture.

The permeable skin provides shading while allowing airflow

The tree is a source of materials as well as a shading device

The covering is made of branches and can be augmented with sheets of tree bark depending on weather conditions.

The natural materials biodegrade when the occupants abandon the hut in search of their next food source.

SOURCES: 106

1. http://aussie2013studyabroad.wordpress.com/daily-updates/may-17-laura/ 2. http://www.realestate.com.au/property-house-nsw-cobar-116964951

single family house | Cobar, NSW, Australia

This house in Cobar uses minimal sustainable strategies to cope with the local climate. It is not a good example of climate responsive architecture.

The substantial paved area retains solar energy and creates a local heat island.

The paving reduces rain water infiltration on the site and causes runoff

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There are no apparent strategies for maximizing air flow therefore increased demand for air conditioning

The large carport canopy on the north side provides protection from the high summer sun but also blocks daylight in the winter

35째

82째

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Cobar, Australia Marie SHort House | Glenn Murcutt | Kempsy, NSW, Australia | 1975

Bedrooms on South side receive morning sun

Living areas on North side receive maximum daylighting 35째

Ridge vent creates convective cooling

Central gutter collects rain water into cistern

82째

Overhangs block summer sun and admit winter sun

SOURCES: 128

1. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/magazine/20murcutt-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 2. http://www.ozetecture.org/2012/marie-short-glenn-murcutt-house/

EAST/WEST ORIENTATION minimizes sun exposure year round DECEMBER SEPTEMBER JUNE

BUILDING ENVELOPE COMPOSED OF EXTERIOR METAL LOUVERS AND INTERIOR GLASS LOUVERS

Hot summer day Sun radiation is blocked Air flow is allowed in

Mild winter day Sunlight is allowed in Air flow is allowed in

Cold rainy winter day Sunlight is allowed in Cold and rain are blocked

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Kuala Lampur Koppen af/ tropical rainforest monsoonal Federal territory, Malaysia latitude: 3 3’ 53.28’’ Longitude: 101 32’ 14.64’’

Source:http://solardat.uoregon.edu/ cgi-bin/PolarSunChart.cgi

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Source: Climate Consultant

KUALA LAMPUR

Situated to the west of the Titiwangsa mountains and to the east of the Sumatra Island, Kuala Lumpur has a Köppen climate classification of Af which is a tropical rainforest climate. This climate classification entails warm and sunny days, along with copious rainfall, especially from October to March during the northeast monsoon season. Temperatures tend to remain constant. Maximums teeter around 88°F and 91 °F and have never exceeded 102.7 °F, while minimums teeter around 71.6°F and 74.3 °F and have never fallen below 57.9 °F. Kuala Lumpur typically receives minimum 100 in of rain annually; June and July are moderately arid, but even then rainfall typically exceeds 5.0 in per month. Flooding is a frequent incidence in Kuala Lumpur whenever there is a heavy downpour, particularly in the city center and downstream areas.

Source:http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Kuala-Lumpur-weather-averages/KualaLumpur/MY.aspx

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Kuala Lampur

Vehicle Traffic: These are the major traffic routes in and around the Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area.

Public Transit fast rail stop

Structural Height clusters: Taller buildings in Built enviroment: The buil this area tend to be closer to the city center where buildings, and other man-mad the site is located providing an extra measure of shading.

SOURCES: 1. maps.stamen.com

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2. Kuala Lumpur Green Council

ps

Site in relation to local surronding context

lt enviroment includes roads, Green Spaces: these spaces are mainly made up of de structures. large park and recreation areas

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Shadow Studies

The site is slightly shaded during the winter months

During the spring season the sun’s asimuth is at its highest angle

Througout the summer months the site is throughly covered in sunlight but does not reach surronding surfaces as much

SOURCES: 1. Rhino DIVA

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Shadow Studies

Initial Diva analysis

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After doing the intial Diva analysis for the yearly average it has shown the site is heavly saturated in heat radiation 7 19

F117 Fighter Jet

SOURCES:

1. The Smithsonian Air & Space Museum

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Anechoic Chamber

Reinforced canopy installation

Precendent Studies: F117 Fighter Jet, Anechoic chamber, and the reinforced canopy installation all reflect my challenge of dissipation, deflection, and mitigation. The F117 deflects and dissipates rader beams. The Anechoic chamber absorbs and surpresses sound waves. The reinforced canopy installation uses its form to distrubute external forces as well as it’s own.

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Test Roo @increments

250 kWh/m2

Optimezed roof installation least radiation gain

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Summer 03

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60

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Winter 09 3

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22

70

60

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of Pitches of 10 degrees

650 kWh/m2

31 to 09 31

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0

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31 to 03 31

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Summer Summer03 0331 31toto09 0931 31

Orientation: 4

Orientation: 90 degrees North

Half height Quarter height Quarter height

10’

10’

10’ 10’

Winter Winter09 0931 31toto03 0331 31 Half height Quarter height Quarter height

10’

10’

10’ 10’

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Summer 03 31 to 09 31

Orientation: 120 degrees North W/hexagon

45 degrees North

Optimized, due to the sharp egde facing north and south, it deflects the radiation

Half height

Half height Quarter height

Quarter height

10’

10’

10’

10’

10’

Winter 09 31 to 03 31 Half height

Half height Quarter height

Quarter height

10’

10’

10’

10’

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Building footprint: 6,000sqf Each unit is 1,000sqf

The threshold height is 35’ The apex is 45’

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High Pitched thresholds allow for immediate cooling of the interior

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Site Plan

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Diva Site Plan

N 220 kWh/m2

The structures dissapate heat providing a cool shelter underneath

1360 kWh/m2

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With this interior result, I believe that the structure has served its purpose, in sheilding its occupants from the radiation

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kebri beya bsk LOCATION, Somali/Ethiopia latitude: 9’ 5’ 54.6606” Longitude: 43’ 10’ 46.4118”

Source: Google Earth, U.S Department of Energy

Source: U.S Department of Energy - Energy Plus (Africa WMO Region 1) - Jimma, Ethiopia

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Kebri Beya

Source: U.S Department of Energy - Energy Plus (Africa

WMO Region 1) - Jimma, Ethiopia

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bsk

kebri beya Vahhab Aboonour

SOURCES: 1. Google Earth - (Kebri Beya) 09° 05’ 38”, 43° 10’ 05”

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2. U.S Department of Energy - Energy Plus (Africa WMO Region 1) Jimma, Ethiopia

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Kebri Beya Chandler city Hall | Smith Group JJR | Chandler, AZ | October, 2010

SOURCES: 6

1. Chandleraz.gov, The American Institute of Architects 2. U.S Department of Energy

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yin yang house | Brooks + Scarpa | Venice California | april 2011

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BSK

kebri beya indigenous precedent | Kebri Beya, Somalia

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INCLUDE CAPTIONS AND USE COLOR SCHEME FOR ALL DIAGRAMS

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Kebri Beya radiation map

Radiation Study

SOURCES: 1. Google Earth - (Kebri Beya) 09° 05’ 38”, 43° 10’ 05” 2. U.S Department of Energy

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Kebri Beya massing 1 study

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massing 2 study

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Kebri Beya massing study 3

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Propopsal one

front elevation

Programs

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Kebri Beya proposal two

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ACCRA AS/w LOCATION, Ghana latitude: 8 00’ N Longitude: 2 00’ W

SOURCES: 1. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/weatherdata_about.cfm 2.48 diagrams generated by ecotect 2011

The average temperature in Ghana is 26.5 °C (80° F). The average temperature range is 4 °C. The highest monthly average high temperature is 32° (90° F) in Jan Feb March and April. The lowest monthly average is 21 / 70° F in August.

Ghana’s climate receives an average of 787 mm 31.0 in of rainfall per year, or 66mm / 0.004in of precipation per month.

The driest month are January and August with an average of 16mm / 0.6 in of precipitations.

The wettest month is Junewith 193 mm / 7.6 in of rainfall across 14 days.

The average relative humidity ranges from 75% (Feb and March) to 85% (June and July) Average sunlight in Ghana ranges betwenn 4.6 hours per day in July to 8 hours in November. There is an average of 6.5 hours of sunlight per day.

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Source: http://www.weather-and-climate.com

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Accra eNERGY DIAGRAM

According to the previous graph precipitation levels peak from April to June. In fact more than 50% of total precipitation occurs during this period and rainfall is potentially highly intense.

The city may need to adress possible serious flooding issues due to the lack of efficient drainage systems

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troughou sun shine

Topographic map

Aerial view of Accra

Sun angles in coastal Accra are high ut the year. The predominantly east-western es through from 0.5 to 5 hrs per day.

The proximity of the city to the ocean exposes it to the sea breeze. Air is heated during the day and rises causing a low pressure area, fresh air from the ocean replaces it.

SOURCES: 1. areal view from google earth 2.http://www.floodmap.net/Elevation/CountryElevationMap/?ct=GH

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Accra Emerging ghana | blaanc | ghana | 2011 Emerging Ghana is a solution for an eco-affordable single family house for the emerging middle class of Ghana.

Plan / section Shadow study

Double ventilation system

7 Am

12 Am Shading screens made of bamboo

4 pm Clay used for the walls helps to stabilize the relative humidity.

21 june

Diagrams show that for this orientation West and East sides of the building are receiving too much sunlight, which might cause overheating.

SOURCES: 1. http://www.archilovers.com/projects/76966/emerging-ghana.html#info 2. Shadow study produced with 3DS Max , Mental Ray Daylight system.

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21 dec

Vernacular house | ghana

Materials

Local, natural, low cost, reusable, environnement friendly.

Clay is a good humidity regulator thanks to its qualities of absorption and diffusion of the air humidity.

ventilation

Passive systems of ventilation rely on operable windows, air leaks, wind, and stack effect.

Cross ventilation

water strategy

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Accra Land Commission Building | ATENASTUDIO + CITYFoRSTER + 3TI Italia S.p.A. | 2010

SHading system detail

SOURCES: 1. www.http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/148085

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Orientation Architects chose north/south orientation.

It is beneficial to have the longer walls of a house facing north to minimise exposure to the sun in summer and maximise it in winter.

Protecting east/west facades with palm trees.

Solar acces - ventilation 1

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Accra Site Analysis

SITE

Diagram showing the height of the surrounding buildings

2 stories

1 story

SUN ANGLES

SOURCES: 1. google maps.

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3 stories

Traffic density/nodes

SITE

SITE

Prevailing winds - SW

green spaces/wind

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Accra DESIGN STRATEGIES 01 response to sun Large overhangs to reduce incident sun on the facade.

This strategy also reduces incident radiation on the facade hereby reducing heat gain into the living spaces.

Houses are equiped with manually controllable louvers to block out the sun.

02 response to wind Capitalising on natural ventilation, prevailant winds are channeled through the building via its orientation.

Floors and roofs are raised to allow wind to flow.

Strategic placement of the openings encourages cross ventilation.

SCheme mASSING EXPERIMENTATION

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SCheme 01 The idea here is to design a project (which formally evokes a slum) with units stacked in such a way that the upper levels cast shadow on lower levels. That allow to create the a cool ground floor space where people can gather.

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03 response to rain Floors are raised, keeping living spaces dry to adress possible flooding situations during the rain season from April to June.

Rain water is collected from the roof and stored in tanks to provide non potable water. Some of the water may be used to irrigate greening on the facades.

design matrix / roof inclinations The goal in this study is to show the yearly solar radiation on differently oriented roofs.

The worst surfaces in this region are those facing east at about 10 degrees (red), the best ones are at an angle of 60 degrees.

e 02 In this version we have two rows of units oriented N/S we can see that overhangs protect the south facade from direct sun light.

I rotated the units so they face the prevaling winds coming from SW. this approach allows natural cross ventilation in the units which is a key element in an hot-humid climate.

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Accra project N

Prevailing Winds SW

To provide sufficient ventilation, bamboo vents have been designed. Built from smaller bamboo canes, they provide small openings to let air in the building, while keeping sunlight out.

These elements can also be used to provide additional shading on the porch surrounding the building

section To prevent flooding, the floor was raised.

This allows fresh air to cool down floors and also protects the inhabitants from pests, such as scorpions and snakes.

Typical plan

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synthesis 13

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South West angle

South Est angle

An outer and independant casing detached from walls acts as a protective box structure and creates voids that allow air to flow through the building.

The large overhangs as well as the bamboo brise soleil protect the west and south elevations. This system provide a filter to the entrance of solar radiation without affecting natural ventilation. As we can see above all the walls receive around 0 to 500kw/m2 of solar radiation.

sHADOW STUDY 09 AM

12 AM

4 PM

december

march

june This shadow study gives us an idea on how effective might be the bamboo brise-soleils.

I ran a simulation for three month per year a different times of the day so we can see the impact. we notice that in the hotest period of the year March and June south and west elevation are shaded. On the Western elevation most of the wall is protected by the sun. This can be enhanced if user use the brise soleil to grow some vegetation.

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Mexico city climate zone: As/w LOCATION, Distrito Federal / Mexico latitude: 19.43 North Longitude: 99.08 West

NORTH

7:30 PM

5:30 AM WEST

EAST 6:30 AM

5:30 PM

DEC 21

WINTER SUN PATH

JUN 21

SUMME

R SUN PATH

SOUTH

Source: USA.Gov, U. (2013, August 20). Weather Data - North and Central America. Retrieved September 10, 2014.

Source: USA.Gov, U. (2013, August 20). Weather Data - No

and Central America. Retrieved September 10, 201

(Graphical Diagrams - Autodesk Ecotect Analysis)

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Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, also known as the Basin of Mexico. Located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic %HOW LQ WKH KLJK SODWHDXV RI VRXWK FHQWUDO 0H[LFR 7KH YDOOH\ KDV QR QDWXUDO GUDLQDJH RXWOHW IRU WKH ZDWHUV WKDW Ă€RZ IURP WKH PRXQWDLQVLGHV PDNLQJ WKH FLW\ VXVFHSWLEOH WR Ă€RRGLQJ 0H[LFR &LW\ KDV D VXEWURSLFDO KLJKODQG FOLPDWH GXH WR LWÂśV WURSLFDO location and high elevation. The lower region of the valley reveices less rainfall than the upper regions of the south. The lower ERURXJKV DQG ZHVW SRUWLRQ DUH XVXDOO\ GULHU DQG ZDUPHU WKDQ WKH XSSHU VRXWKHUQ ERURXJKV 7KH DYHUDJH DQQXDO WHPSHUDWXUH YDULHV IURP WR ƒ) GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH DOWLWXGH RI WKH ERURXJK 7KH WHPSHUDWXUH LV UDUHO\ EHORZ ƒ) RU DERYH ƒ) 2YHUDOO SUHFLSLWDWLRQ LV KHDYLO\ FRQFHQWUDWHG LQ WKH VXPPHU PRQWKV DQG LQFOXGHV GHQVH KDLO 7KH FHQWUDO YDOOH\ RI 0H[LFR UDUHO\ JHWV SUHFLSLWDWLRQ LQ WKH IRUP RI VQRZ GXULQJ ZLQWHU 7KH UHJLRQ RI WKH 9DOOH\ RI 0H[LFR UHFHLYHV YHU\ ZHDN ZLQGV PDNLQJ LW GL̇FXOW IRU DQ\ ÂżOWUDWLRQ RI WKH DLU SROOXWDQWV FDSWXUHG in the valley.

100 Dry Humidity comfort zone temp / humidity graph

0 21 in 18 in 15 in 12 in 9 in 6 in 3 in 0 in jan

Feb

Mar

apr

may

jun

jul

aug

sep

oct

nov

dec

Source: USA.Gov, U. (2013, August 20). Weather Data - North and Central America. Retrieved September 10, 2014.

)

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Climate Zone: as/1

mexico city

Heavy rain falls onto waterlogged ground.

The aquifer underlying Mexico C provides the bulk of the city’s wa Rainfall cannot soak in so runs down into river / aquifer. Total recharge volume 25-50% of precipitation.

5LYHU ULVHV GUDPDWLFDOO\ DQG ÀRZV GRZQZDUG ÀRRGLQJ YDOOH\ ÀRRU

SOURCES: 1. Anton, D. (1993, March 15). Thirsty Cities. Retrieved September 25, 2014.

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Emissions from 4 establishments in a

Land management and restoration of natural habitats, such as wetlands and woodlands can create PRUH VSDFH IRU ZDWHU DQG KHOS UHGXFH WKH ÀRZ RI ÀRRG ZDWHUV WR DUHDV GRZQVWUHDP

City ater.

4 million vehicles and 2500 industrial poorly oxygenated environment have created a serious health hazard.

2XW RI WKH KDOI ÀRZV WRZDUG WKH valley of Mexico, the rest moves outward to other basins.

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Climate Zone: as/w

mexico Traditional House | Aztec | Tenochtitlan | 1564-65

Stack Ventilation Principle

Chimney Shaft

Climate in Mexico is ideal for a naturally ventilated building. In order to facilitate natural ventilation another common technique utilized is a solar chimney.

Two-storey residence; sturdy and thick walled; foundations of stone and mortar.

SOURCES: 1. Yampolsky, M., & Sayer, C. (1993). The Traditional Architecture of Mexico. New York: Thames and Hudson.

2. Beacham, H. (1969). The Architecture of Mexico; Yesterday and Today. New York: Architectural Book Pub. 3. Anderson, B., & Riordan, M. (1976). The Solar Home Book: Heating, Cooling, and Designing with the Sun. Harrisville, N.H.: Cheshire

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Books ;.

Brown roof with 8” of soil

6WDFN YHQWLODWLRQ LV DQRWKHU H̆HFWLYH PHDQV WR QDWXUDOO\ YHQWLODWH 8WLOL]LQJ WHPSHUDWXUH GL̆HUences to move air.

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Climate Zone: as/w

Mexico City Traditional House | Pre - hispanic | Teotihuacan | 1920 - Present

9HUWLFDO ¿QV DUH XVHG to direct breezes to opening.

Cross Ventilation Principle 1DWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ LV DQ H̆HFWLYH VWUDWHJ\ IRU WKH traditional home; both diagrams show the wind traveling through. One shows the cross ventilation principle the other stack ventilation principle.

The cross ventilation principle utilizes the presVXUH GL̆HUHQFHV WR PRYH DLU 5HTXLULQJ SRVLWLYH on the receiving face and negative pressure on the exiting face.

Stack Ventilation Principle

SOURCES: 1. Yampolsky, M., & Sayer, C. (1993). The Traditional Architecture of Mexico. New York: Thames and Hudson.

2. Beacham, H. (1969). The Architecture of Mexico; Yesterday and Today. New York: Architectural Book Pub. 3. Anderson, B., & Riordan, M. (1976). The Solar Home Book: Heating, Cooling, and Designing with the Sun. Harrisville, N.H.: Cheshire Books ;.

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Climate Zone: as/w

mexico city Hawaii preparatory academy energy lab | flansburgh architects | kamuela, hawaii | 2008

SOURCES: 1. Courtesy of Flansburgh Architects; Images and diagrams

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Natural Ventilation: The building is entirely naturally ventilated. Building automated louvers maintain temperature and relative humidity levels to maintain interior comfort. If necessary H[KDXVW IDQV DUH DFWLYDWHG WR LQGXFH DLUĂ€RZ

Prevailing Winds

Ventilation Patterns

Daylighting, Sun Shading & Views: Polycarbonate skylights, wood sun screens, and interior roller shades all work together WR LQWURGXFH UHĂ€HFW DQG FRQWURO QDWXUDO GD\ light. These components were strategically employed to satisfy foot candle minimums, tackle glare, and enhance views, resulting in a pleasantly lit interior environment.

Experimental Radiant Cooling System: As an alternative to conventional air conditioning, a radiant cooling system was designed. At night water is circulated through thermal roof panels, cooled via lower evening temperatures, then stored in a below-grade tank for use as a chilled water for air handling units during warm afternoons.

Wind Rose (Honolulu Weather File)

Preferred building orientation

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Climate Zone: as/w

Mexico City Torre de Especialidades | Daniel Schwaag and Allison Dring | Mexico city | 2008

CO

03 03

So2

Pm VOC

VOC no2

Pm CO2 CO

Positioned near pollution sources.

The coated tiles break down NOx and VOCs.

Positioned to absorb the most UV light.

The ambient daylight activates titaQLXP GLR[LGH WKDW H̆HFWLYHO\ UHGXFHV air pollutants into carbon dioxide and water.

SOURCES: 1. Facade on the Torre de Especialidades. (2013, November 28). Retrieved October 3, 2014, from http://www.archilovers.com/proj ects/108136/facade-on-the-torre-de-especialidades.html

2. USA.Gov, U. (2013, August 20). Weather Data - North and Central America. Retrieved September 10, 2014.

(Graphical Diagram - Autodesk Ecotect Analysis)

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Bisbee, az Arid Steppe, BS cochise, arizona/usa latitude: 31°25’6” N Longitude: 109°53’52”W Stereographic Diagram

Annual Wind Temperature and Direction

Sun Chart with solar radiation Source: Ecotect

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Source: Climate Consultant

Bisbee is an old mining town in Southern Arizona, near the border with Mexico. A large billboard boasts that Bisbee has the best year-round climate in the world! Bisbee is relatively dry, with an average annual rainfall of 18.63 inches. Most of the rain occurs during monsoon season from July to September. It’s high elevation (5538 ft) makes it cooler than nearby lowland areas.

Bisbee was founded as a copper, silver, and gold mining town in 1880. The city flourished until 1950 when mining operations were stopped. The city was doomed to become a ghost-town! Thankfully, tourism of the mine and the relocation of Artists to the area relivened Bisbee to the quaint city it is today. Two main avenues fork through Bisbee, splitting it Southwest/Northeast along the valley of the Mule Mountains.

Cloud Cover

Average Temperature 100 Bisbee Boston DEC

noon jan

dec

20

JAN

6am

Annual Rainfall 5 in.

JAN 1 in.

Boston

Monsoon Season

DEC

Bisbee Sources: Climate Consultant City-Data.com USclimatedata.com

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arid steppe, bs

bisbee, az Lucca Townsend JUN MAY

JULY

APR

MAR

FEB

JAN

W

arm

estern W uthw inds So

~7000 feet

Older Paleozoic Rocks (heterogeneous, resistant to erosion)

Yearly Radiation (kWh/m^2) 0

0

1

1

1

2

W

2

S

SOURCES: 764

1. http://skywalker.cochise.edu/ Cochise College Virtual Geology Museum 2. Radiation mapping performed in Diva4Rhino 3. Wind Analysis from National Digital Forecast Database http://ndfd.weather.gov/technical.htm

MO NS

OO

NS

EA

SO

N

JUL AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

the night

DEC

s

~8000 feet

is re at He

leased

d ur i n g

nd Northeastern Wi Cool

Soft Mesozoic Beds (erosive)

~5500 feet

N E

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arid steppe, bs

bisbee, az Saharan Oasis House | Hami Berber Family| MERZOUGA, Morocco | Date Uknown Wooden beams Dark Woven Ceilings Clay and hay walls, imprinted with symbols during casting, no windows

Entry-way before door into bedroom keeps light and heat out

Ceramic tile floors, cool to the touch

Travelling through Morocco in 2012, I stayed with a nomadic Berber family. They housed and fed me in their clay and hay home. The families live in small oasis villages in the middle of the vast and barren Sahara Desert. The young men used to travel on camels through the desert for trade purposes, now they take travellers and tourists into the desert. During desert journeys, they stay in black tents around a fire. The fabric of the tents allows air to pass through in the heat and swells to protect from rain in its rare occurrence. The same fabric is used in the ceiling pictured.

Fabric in dry heat

SOURCES: 1. Lucca Townsend

786

Fabr ic in rain

Heat rises and exits through carpet roof

Porcelain tiles are cold to the touch, making the body feel cooler

N a is re or... s u t er do te r ap ing t en y l c h a n g n f nli eo Th ther t su r c no dire no

7 79

Desert Nomad House | Rick Joy | Tuscon, az | 2005

PM

AM

noon Program responds to the intensity of the sun, the office faces north to stay cool in midday, the living and dining faces southeast for morning light and cool evenings, the bedroom is only used at night so it can be oriented to the southwest, with a sunset view.

SOURCES: 808

1. http://desertnomadhouse.com/ 2. http://inhabitat.com

Built on Pedistals in order to minimize contact with the delicate soil supporting endanged Saguaro Cacti and allow water to flow underneath during moonsoon season.

1/2� thick glass allow light but not heat inside, thick overhangs block high angled sunlight.

Thick roofs absorb the heat of the sun, leaving interiors cool.

9 81

arid steppe, bs

bisbee, az Hathigaon Elephant Village | RMA Architects | Rajasthan, India | Ongoing

Elephant feed is stored on thin metal roof, insulating it from the sun

Openings between tops of walls and roofs allow hot air to rise and escape

SOURCES: 8210

1. RMA Architects http://rmaarchitects.com/architecture/hathigaon/ 2. Designboom.com http://www.designboom.com/architecture/rahul-mehrotra-of-rmadesigns-hathigaon-elephant-village/

The landscape is structured to create a series of water bodies to harvest the rain runoff, as this is the most crucial resource in the desert climate of rajasthan. The various water reservoirs are designed to guarantee an adequate monsoon rainwater storage capacity and to cover the water requirements.

June 22, noon December 22, noon Courtyards allow for air circulation

Extended window frames prevent sunlight from entering even at low angles

11

83

SEATTLE

W / m²

N

345°

15°

900+ 800

330°

30°

700 600 500 400

10°

WARM TEMPERATE WASHINGTON, UNITED STATES latitude: 47.6 N Longitude: 122.3 W

315°

45°

20° 30°

1st Jun 300°

300 200 100 <0

1st Jul 60°

40°

1st Aug

50°

1st May

60°

285°

75° 1st S ep

70° 1st Apr

80°

270°

90° 1st Oct

1st Mar 255°

105° 1st Nov

1st Feb 240° 1st Jan

1st 120° Dec 16 15 225°

14

13

12

135°

210°

150° 195°

180°

S te re ogra phic D ia gra m

Prevailing Winds

Direc t S ola r R a dia tion (W / m²)

W ind F re q ue nc y ( H rs )

Location: S eattle S eattle T acoma Intl A, US A (47.5°, -122.3°) Date: 1st January - 31st December 345° T ime: 00:00 - 24:00

NOR T H

50 km/ h

hrs

15°

596+

© W e a th e r T o o l

330°

30°

Location: S eattle S eattle T acoma Intl A, US A S un P osition: 175.3°, 46.5° 330° HS A: 175.3°, VS A: 133.4°

315°

300°

60°

119 <59

1st Aug

50°

1st May

60°

285°

75°

1st Apr E AS T

75° 1st S ep

70°

10 km/ h

W EST

300 200 100 <0

1st Jul 60°

40°

178

20 km/ h

285°

30°

1st Jun 300°

238

700 600 500 400

45°

20°

357 298

900+ 800

10°

417

45°

30 km/ h

W / m² 15° 30°

315°

476

165°

N

345°

© W e a th e r T o o l

536

40 km/ h

9

10

11

80°

270°

90° 1st Oct

1st Mar 255°

105°

255°

105° 1st Nov

1st Feb 240°

120°

240° 1st Jan

1st 120° Dec 16

225°

15

135°

225° 210°

13

12

9

10

11

135°

150° 195°

84

14

S OUT H

210°

165°

T ime: 12:00 Date: 1st April Dotted lines: July-December.

150° 195°

180°

165°

SOURCES:

SOURCES:

Diagram from Ecotect

Diagram from Ecotect

Data from Energy Plus

Data from Energy Plus

Seattle is bound by the Olympic Mountains to the west and the Cascade Range to the east. Seattle’s proximity to the ocean makes for a moderate climate where temperatures do not fluctuate greatly.

The summertime temperature trends support the sea breeze theory, with average highs each year in the mid-70s. Typically the summer months have lower amounts of rain, which could be due to the rain shadow effect from the Cascade Range and Olympic Mountains.

SOURCES:

General information: eattleweatherandclimate.blogspot.com, map: http://bosstambang.com/topography/topographic-maps-seattle, image: http://www.sixt.de.fileadmin/files/global/modules/branch/US/seattle.jpg

Weekly S ummary

A v e ra g e T e mp e ra ture ( °C ) Location: S eattle S eattle T acoma Intl A, US A (47.5°, -122.3°)

°C

°C

50

45+ 40

© W e a th e r T o o l

Weekly S ummary R e la tiv e H umid ity ( % )

Location: S eattle S eattle T acoma Intl A, US A (47.5°, -122.3°)

40

32

28

20

16

12

8

30 20 10 <0

40

10

24

70 60 50 40

60

20

4

% 90+ 80

80

15 10 5 <0

30

% 100

© W e a th e r T o o l

35 30 25 20

20

0 4 8 12 16 20 32

24

36

20

12

8

0 4 8 12 16 24 Hr

40

44

16

20

36

Hr

40

28

24

4

44

48

48

52

52

Wk

Wk

SOURCES:

Diagram from Ecotect, Data from Energy Plus

Seattle Rainfall 100 mm

100 mm

Boston Rainfall (Control) Average Seattle Rainfall Average Boston Rainfall

0 mm

0 mm

J

SOURCES:

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

Diagram by author, Data from weather-and-climate.com

O

N

D

3 85

WARM TEMPERATE

SEATTLE seattleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energetic flows

P1

Seattleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy opportunities during the two climatic seasons have influenced the architecture of the city. My three precedent studies deal with solar access, thermal conditions, wind and ventillation, and precipitation in very different ways, as discussed on the following pages.

P3 P2

es

Pacific Storms Thermal mass eliminates drastic temperature fluctuations

Olympics

g

sin

Ri

at

he

om

e th

o

cl

p

fr

Puget Sound

Rain Rain

Pacific Storms

Pacific Ocean

m

m

su

n

su

ay

aw

(Elevation 7,962 ft)

Pacific Ocean

Thermal mass eliminates drastic temperature fluctuations

er

h us

s ud

Olympics

Lake Washinton

Rain Rain

Humidity

Rain

Humidity

(Elevation 7,962 ft)

Puget Sound

Lake Washinton

SOURCES: Map adapted from http://atmosphericdynamism.blogspot.com, General information from seattleweatherandclimate.blogspot.com, Wind rose adapted from Ecotect, Data from Energy Plus, Diagrams by author

864

July - Aug

Storms from the East Cascades (Elevation 14,411 ft)

Sept - June

Storms from the East Cascades (Elevation 14,411 ft)

5

WARM TEMPERATE

SEATTLE Precedent 1: indigenous strategy bowen/huston bungalow | harris and coles | 1913

Seattle Summer August Sun 59째 at noon

Operable windows on either side of the structure allow a cross breeze

Seattle

from

the

se.

hou

way er a w.

Winter wat sno e d i rely gu a r o s t ei of e ro ther s th ince llow ry s a a s 2 s :1 ece nd 3 ot n arou is n itch per e p e f t o s A ro Any

South-facing porch allows for outdoor enjoyment in the rare winter sun while remaining shady and cool in the summertime

Compact floorplan helps keep body heat in living spaces while floor

November Sun

finishes such as slate or wood serve as a thermal mass.

27째 at noon

SOURCES: 6 88

Photo: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Seattle_-_715_W._Prospect_05_-_cropped.jpg, General infromation from http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/documents and http://historicseattle.org/events/ bungalow-style-defined.aspx, Diagrams by author

WARM TEMPERATE

SEATTLE Precedent 2: Contemporary strategy seattle central library | OMA and LMN Architects | 2004

Rainwater catchment gives water back to the earth, providing 100% of landscaping irrigation

Integrated aluminum mesh and triple-glazing reduces heat build-up and direct sunlight

Glazed building skin allows for 90% natural

90% of direct light

daylighting

is deflected by aluminum mesh

Air displacement ventilation works like open windows, pulling contaminated air

heat is contained within insulating gas layer

from the building and reducing the need for active cooling

SOURCES: Photo 1: http://politecture.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/seattle-public-library1.jpg, Photo 2: http://lmnarchitects.com/assets/work/seattle_public_library/images/1hi.jpg?1231746158, Building stats from http://www.dispatchmarketinginc.com/eNewsletters/ArchitectureDispatch/tabid/5590/ID/6936/Seattles-Silver-Bullitt-A-New-Office-Building-Goes-Ultra-Green.aspx, Window stats from http://seattletimes. com/news/local/library/graphics/windows.html and http://greentechadvocates.com/2013/04/23/greenest-office-building-sets-a-standard-for-energy-efficiency-tech/, Section overlay source: http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/803463272_section-bb.jpg

7

WARM TEMPERATE

SEATTLE Precedent 3: innovative strategy bullitt center | miller hull partnership | 2013

59째

Automated windows open straight out

90% of direct light is

to maximize

deflected by automated

ventilation

exterior blinds while adjustable shades allow for further control of interior light levels

SOURCES: 8 90

Photos: http://earthtechling.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/0119Sat_Bullitt-2-e1358621598789.jpg , http://www.bullittcenter.org/building/building-features/#, http://www.solardesign.com/SDA_Today/wp-content/uploads/Time-magazineBullitt2.jpg, http://finance-commerce.com/files/2013/07/sustainable-bullitt-center-seattle-interior-BL.jpg, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/art/news/local/seattlepubliclibrary/windows.jpg, Diagram by author

Water harvest and treatment system reduces the need for offsite non-potable water by 100%

Rooftop solar array extends over five feet past the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exterior walls to maximize energy collection August Sun 59°

overized windows and tall ceilings allow for 82% natural daylighting

Operable windows are located on all sides of the building to allow for a cross breeze

slow elevator encourages use of the stairs and is regenerative

Radiant heating provides energy efficient heat throughout the building

Geothermal systems provide heating and cooling

56,000 gallon cistern for storage of collected rainwater

SOURCES: Building stats from http://www.bullittcenter.org/building/building-features/ and http://www.solardesign.com/SDA_Today/wp-content/uploads/Time-magazine-Bullitt2.jpg, Section overlay source: http://archrecord.construction.com/tech/ techFeatures/2013/1306-Bullitt-Center-Miller-Hull-slideshow.asp?slide=8

9

91

WARM TEMPERATE

SEATTLE urban and climatic analysis

Food and Beverage Bus Stops Retail Elementary School Park

The Neighborhood The buildings in this area are primarily residential (unless otherwise marked)

10

Solar Radiation Levels Above is a key depictpicting lowest radiation level (0) in blue to highest radiation level (450 kWh/m2) in red. This key holds for all radiation mapping in this project.

Summer Ground Radiation

Radiation Maps There is little radiation on the site at any time of year, but the winter is especially

Winter Ground Radiation

devoid.

August Sun 59째 at noon

Site Sections These sections show summer The Site

and winter sun angles and the shadows cast at each time of

November Sun 27째 at noon

year. There are no shadows caused by the surrounding buildings on the site.

The Site

11

93

WARM TEMPERATE

SEATTLE

Objectives

DESIGN PROCESS Solar

Humidity and Wind

Seattleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skies are mostly overcast, so it

Because Seattle is such a humid city,

is important to maximize solar access

ventilation is important. To take advanyage

wherever possible. However, this can cause

of the prevailing N/S winds, windows should

uncomfortable heat gain in the summer

be located on the north and south sides of the

months, so shading devices are necessary

building to allow for a cross-breeze.

from June - August.

Temperature

Precipitation

Seattle has a mild climate with little

Frequent rainfall in the fall, winter and

temperature fluctuation. This allows for

spring months make it necessary to deal with

year-round growth of plants, and I propose

water somehow. I am proposing that the

a rooftop garden to take advantage of this

rainwater be collected and used as irrigation

climatic feature.

for the rooftop garden during periods of lower rainfall.

The Solar Envelope This is a model of the cubic footage that we can design within in order to not cast shadows on neighboring buildings. This is a good starting point for general building massing.

Looking at Louvers A simple test to see what 1 foot louvers would do to the quality of space.

Interior Light Study I wanted to see if light would be able to penetrate such a large square space, so I built a scale model and did some daylight testing. This was a great experience because it allowed me to get an idea of how the space would feel in different lighting conditions. I was also able to try out a louver system for the windows, though I found that working in section was a bit easier. Here are a few of the process photos and results. I found that this shape works because light is able to enter fairly deep into the interior. The most light enters the space during the winter when the sun is low. There are even points of the year and times of day when light hits the back wall.

9412

Rotational Study I hypothesized that rotating a structure on the site so that one wall was facing directly south would mean higher levels of solar radiation on that wall. However this rotational analysis made me realize that the difference in solar radiation is so minor between Southwest, South, and Southeast that it is best to use the square footage of the site efficiently by placing the building square to the perimeter to minimize

no rotation

height and reduce shading on the neighboring buildings.

10 degree rotation

20 degree rotation

30 degree rotation

12:00 pm Dec 21st 40 degree rotation

12:00 pm Sept 21st

50 degree rotation

60 degree rotation 12:00 pm June 21st

13

95

WARM TEMPERATE

SEATTLE DESIGN PROCESS Massing Studies The images represent a study of four different massing options. This was an experimental process and required a lot of trial and error. The last model is the most notable option because it was created by cramming the program into the solar envelope as efficiently as possible. While each model has some positive attributes, I decided to move forward with the last one because the soalr radiation was most evenly distributed over the building and it doesn’t cast shadows on its neighbors. However there are some areas that receive no light and have no windows, so I set out to resolve the iteration into a more comprehensive solution.

Option 1: The ‘L’ Shape This shape works alright, but there is some space in the corner of the L that doesn’t get any southern exposure or crossventilation.

Option 2: Two Towers This configuration allows for maximum sun exposure but is not very efficient because it is two seperate buildings that cannot share vertical circulation.

Option 2: Leaning Stack The interio of these buildings would be fairly pleasant, but this massing creates an awkward overhang on the North side of the site, and the space underneat would receive little solar radiation.

Option 4: Solar Envelope Fit This massing was determined by squeezing the program into the solar envelope that was created at the start of my research.

The radiation is more evenly distributed in this option.

9614

Pros and Cons Option 4 seems like the best option since the solar radiation is most evenly distributed. In addition, it fits within the solar envelope it will not cast any shadows on our neighbors. However, a closer look reveals that a few of the units would not receive any southern exposure or get a cross breeze in line with the prevailing winds.

Solution In order to make sure that each unit gets plenty of solar radiation I moved all units to the Southwest edge of the site and organized them all in a row. This way each unit gets a full wall of southern exposure and it allows for a cross breeze through each apartment. In this version no apartment is blocking another unit.

15

97

WARM TEMPERATE

SEATTLE

Objectives - Met!

DESIGN SOLUTION Solar

Humidity and Wind

This iteration allows for southern exposure

The orientation of the plan in combination

in each unit, maximizing solar access for

with the programming and placement of

the whole building. In order to prevent

interior walls allows for a cross breeze in the

uncomfortable heat gain in the summer

direction of the prevailing winds. Windows

months, each unit will have operable louvers

will be operable so that each resident is able

to control the amount of light that enters the

to control his own ventilation.

space.

Temperature The variety of radiation on the roof and

Precipitation

ground in the outdoor public spaces allows

The varying heights of the roof allows for

people to choose whether they sit in sun or

gravitation distribution of collected water the

shade while enjoying Seattle’s mild weather.

the plants on the site.

Various species of plants can be grown on all levels, allowing us to take advantage of the moderate climate.

Programming for Climate In addition to providing for the cross breeze, the arrangement of the interior walls allows light to

Loft/ Bedroom

penetrate the space. The living spaces get the most southern light while the spaces that don’t need as much light are located towards the North end of the unit.

Building as a Garden: Solar Radiation in Plan

Bath Open Concept Kitchen/Living/ Dining Open Concept Kitchen/Living/ Dining

Bath

Bedroom

Prevailing Winds W ind F re q ue nc y ( H rs )

Location: S eattle S eattle T acoma Intl A, US A (47.5°, -122.3°) Date: 1st January - 31st December 345° T ime: 00:00 - 24:00

NOR T H

50 km/ h

hrs

15°

596+

© W e a th e r T o o l

330°

30°

536 476

40 km/ h 315°

417

45°

Bath

357 298

30 km/ h 300°

238

60°

178 119

20 km/ h

Open Concept Kitchen/Living/ Dining

<59 285°

75°

10 km/ h

W EST

E AS T

255°

105°

240°

120°

225°

135°

210°

150° 195°

S OUT H

165°

Passive Ventilation

Bedroom

Operable windows on both sides of each unit allow for a cross breeze through the building in the direction of the prevailing winds.

9816

Typical Floorplan Indicates vertical circulation

Neighborly Love The new iteration doesn’t fit completely within the solar envelope, but the images on the lower right show that our building casts a very mall shadow on the building to the north, reducing their sun exposure only slightly.

Solar Penetration

August Sun 59° at noon

Each unit receives adequet natural light, November Sun 27° at noon

especially in the winter months when the sun is lower in the sky. The apartments will have operable louvers to control the amount of light that enters the space. This is more economically feasable that providing large overhangs or exterior louvers, and allows the residents to control their own environment.

Our Place in the Urban Fabric These images show how the building fits within the texture of the neighborhood. The varying heights make the building fit into its context quite well.

17

99

Design with climate Rue des grisons Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Current use: parking lot

Source: Google Maps Streetview

100

Annika B. Nilsson Ripps

The site, approx. 45â&#x20AC;&#x2122;x 65â&#x20AC;&#x2122;, is located in a predominately residential area of the old town. In addition, there is a large amount of green spaces that surrounds the site, although not visible from the site itself.

13

101

Rue des Grisons Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Plan of site (with sun path section)

Southwest view of site

Northeast view of site

Sun Angles

Summer Solstice (6/21 Noon) 66.7째 Sun Altitude

S

N

Equinox (9/21 Noon) 43.5째 Sun Altitude

S

N

Winter Solstice (12/21 Noon) 19.8째 Sun Altitude

S Source: Sun and Earth Tools, accessed September, 2014, http://www.sunearthtools.com

N

Solar site analysis

Annika B. Nilsson Ripps

Year (1/1 - 12/31)

Summer (3/21 -9/21)

Winter (9/21 -3/21)

Source: DIVA for Rhino 3D

15 103

Rue des Grisons Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Design Objectives 1. To maximize the winter solar access of the site and new structure.

2. Prevent snow accumulation on neighboring buildings points of access.

3. Minimize the energy expended to heat and cool the building.

Program requirements 1. 10-20 1000 sf residential units. (approx. 10,000 to 20,000 sf total) 2. An exterior opportunity for residents of the area to experience the view of the major landmarks and the river in the form of a roof deck or park.

Design Process 1. Diva iteration 1: Find Form Through an iterative process, starting with a box filling the space, I used DIVA to test several forms for the best type of form that would maximize solar access in the small site. Massings 2 and 3 are examples of two different forms that are known to maximize solar access. Massing 2 is a tiered structures and Massing 3 uses the sun path at the winter solstice to create the form (allowing approx. 2 hours of direct sunlight on the neighboring buildings). Massing 4 uses the knowledge gained from the first 3 iterations to inform a new type of form, a tiered, pronged structure.

2. Diva Iteration 2: Test Rotation The second set of iterations use a two pronged structure. Going from 3 to 2 prongs accounts for objective #3 by decreasing the overall exterior surface area of the structure. Massings 5 - 7 test several different angles of rotation. From these tests, I learned that both the angle of the prong and the distance between the prongs has a large impact on solar access. Increasing the angle of the parallel prongs decreased the distance, creating a cavern that did not allow for much solar access and could be an opportunity for snow and debris accumulation due to wind patterns to negatively impact the site.

3. Diva Iteration 3: Maximize for solar access and The final set of tests rotated the prongs independently, allowing for more space between the prongs.

The final iteration, number 10, proved to allow for the maximum solar access to each prong and the neighboring building. In addition, it allows for greater access to any snow accumulation and more ventilation throughout the site.

3. Using precedent studies and known technology to improve climate responsiveness Finally, using the precedent studies, I implemented further techniques that would increase the buildings effectiveness and livability. This included glazing, to offer views of the city and river, and a double wall glazing system that would allow for increased heating and cooling efficiency . Also, I identified areas for the addition of photovoltaic panels and rainwater collection.

104

Design Process

Annika B. Nilsson Ripps

DIVA Iteration #1

DIVA Iteration #2

DIVA Iteration #3

17 105

Rue des Grisons Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Massing #2 (Tiered)

The most amount of square footage available within the site.

By creating tiers, I aimed to allow more solar access to all surfaces.

Year (1/1 - 12/31)

Massing #1 (Max SF)

Source: DIVA for Rhino 3D

106

Design Process: Diva Iteration 1 of 3

Annika B. Nilsson Ripps

Massing #3 (using sun Path)

Massing #4 (tiered prongs)

Using the sun path to create form resulted in a form too small for our program.

Creating prongs and tiers allow for more solar access and square footage.

19

107

Rue des Grisons Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

Massing #6 (2 tiered prongs, 5째

Two prongs allows for maximized solar access, but decreases the amount exterior surface area, decreasing the heating efficiency.

Decreasing the amount of prongs a access to the interior spaces.

Winter (9/21 -3/21)

Summer (3/21 -9/21)

Year (1/1 - 12/31)

Massing #5 (2 tiered prongs, straight)

Source: DIVA for Rhino 3D

108

Design Process: Diva Iteration 2 of 3

Annika B. Nilsson Ripps

째 rotation increment)

Massing #7 (2 tiered prongs, 10째 rotation increment)

and rotating the tiers allows for more solar

The increased rotation closed the gap between prongs. This had a negative impact on the solar access of those surfaces and creates a narrow cavern.

21

109

Rue des Grisons Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

Massing #9 (2 tiered prongs, 0째

Rotating only one prong opened up the slot, increasing solar access to the north prong and allowing for snow removal and ventilation.

Further rotation of the south prong

Winter (9/21 -3/21)

Summer (3/21 -9/21)

Year (1/1 - 12/31)

Massing #8 (2 tiered prongs, 0째 and 5째 rotation increment)

Source: DIVA for Rhino 3D

110

Design Process: Diva Iteration 3 of 3

Annika B. Nilsson Ripps

째 and 10째 rotation increment)

Massing #10 (2 tiered prongs, 5째 and 10째 rotation increment)

g allows more solar access.

Rotating both prongs, each with its own increment of rotation, allows the structure and neighboring buildings increased solar access and opens up the slot.

23

111

Rue des Grisons Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

Windows are placed on the three sides with both, the most solar access (E, SE, SW) and views of the city and river.

Design Objectives 1. To maximize the winter solar access of the site and new structure.

This design maximizes solar access throughout the year to the structure and the neighboring buildings.

2. Prevent snow accumulation on neighboring buildings points of access.

By opening the slot between the two prongs, I have increased the ability to manage precipitation and wind.

3. Minimize the energy expended to heat and cool the building.

This design minimizes the overall exterior surface area, while maximizing the solar access to all units.

In addition, the double wall glazing system will increase the buildings ability to cool in summer and heat in the winter with the aid of solar gain.

Source: Rhino 3D

Final Design Solution The North sides of the building would be mat-white, to reflect as much daylight into the interior spaces of the adjacent units and buildings as possible.

Annika B. Nilsson Ripps

Program requirements 1. 10-20 1000 sf residential units. (approx. 10,000 to 20,000 sf total) 1st Floor 2 units (each 1175 SF) 2nd Floor 2 units (each 1000 SF) 3rd Floor 2 units (each 900 SF) 4th Floor 2 units (each 775 SF) 5th Floor 2 units (each 1800 SF) A total of 11,662 SF of interior space.

2. An exterior opportunity for residents of the area to experience the view of the major landmarks and the river in the form of a roof deck or park.

The roof deck is a total of 3,767 SF. This would allow for 3,000 SF of roof deck toward the north east edge and 700+ SF toward the south-west edge for photovoltaic panels and rainwater collection to further the energy efficiency of the building.

Summer As the prevailing winds run northeast/southwest, opening the slot between the prongs increases ventilation to all units.

Winter

The glazed walls are double-wall systems. This minimizes heat loss in the winter and allows ventilation to help cool the interior during the summer.

25

113

FULL BLEED /HI-RE IMAGE OF CITY

brussels Temperate, fully humid (oceanic) Belgium latitude: 50.86째 N Longitude: 4.35째 E Brussels panorama courtesy commons.wikimedia.org

Source: www.gaisma.com

114

Source: www.epa.gov (Graphic generated by Climate Consultant v5.5)

ES

http ht tp:/ tp ://m :/ /map /m aps. ap s.st s. stam st amen am en.c en .com .c om STYL ST YLE: YL E: 8 800 00x8 00 x800 x8 00 SIZE SI ZE:: 80 ZE 800 0 x 80 800 0

USE TO MARK SITE Being near the northern coast of continental Europe, Brussels has a temperate oceanic climate. Air from the Atlantic Ocean moderates Brussels’ climate, keeping the seasons mild and the humidity high. There is no dry season, and average yearly rainfall is 852 mm (33.5 in). The region’s prevailing winds are from the southwest, especially in the winter months. Brussels is often cloudy because of the oceanic air moving over the continent, and averages over 200 rainy days per year.

Source: www.worldweatheronline.com

rag rainfall fal Average

Average relative humidity profile

Average diurnal temperature profile

Source: www.epa.gov (Grophics generated by Climate Consultant v5.5)

3 115

Temperate, fully humid (oceanic)

brussels Tyler Scott Brussels lies between the north coast of continental Europe and the Ardennes mountain range. The jet stream draws moist oceanic air from the North Sea across Belgium, and the mountains push it into the upper atmosphere, creating a mild, cloudy, and rainy climate.

North Sea

SOURCES: 1. Ahrens, C. Donald. Meteorology Today. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2009. Print.

4 116

2. www.brussels.climatemps.com

At surface level, the wind from the ocean is redirected by the mountain range, and funneled into the Zenne River valley, ďŹ&#x201A;owing into and through Brussels from the southwest.

5 117

Temperate, fully humid (oceanic)

brussels 1180 Bruxelles | vanded eeckhoud-creyf | brussels

The main design feature of this house is its green roof. Rain water is absorbed, reducing runoďŹ&#x20AC;, and cooling the roof during warm weather by evaporation. At night and during the winter, evaporation is minimal, so the growing medium acts as insulation, trapping warm air in the upper rooms.

Warm weather

Cold weather

SOURCE: vandeneeckhorstcreyf.be

6 118

1630 linkebeek | vanded eeckhoud-creyf | brussels

The house at 1630 Linkebeek uses strategically positioned skylights in conjunction with the central stairwell to daylight spaces that would otherwise rely on artiďŹ cial lighting. In order for the stairwell to act as a lightwell, porous materials and white ďŹ nishes were used.

SOURCE: vandeneeckhorstcreyf.be

7 119

Temperate, fully humid (oceanic)

brussels avenue van volxem 222 | vanded eeckhoud-creyf | brussels

222 Avenue Van Volxem is an interior retrofit project by Vanden Eeckhoud-Creyf Architects. Notably, the floor plates do not extend to the wall along significant portions of their perimeters. This allows air to flow freely throughout the interior.

Being a row house typical of urban areas of Brussels, it is tall and thin. The two party walls minimize thermal losses through the envelope.

SOURCE: vandeneeckhorstcreyf.be

8 120

The row house is a ubiquitous typology in Brussels.

The tall, narrow shape of the interior space makes it an ideal candidate to utilize the stack effect for passive ventilation. To capitalize on this opportunity, sizable sections of the floor plates on the second and third floors are set back from the perimeter, leaving generous openings for air flow.

The form of the house works with the prevailing winds in the area to assist ventilation, especially in warm weather. Being on the lee side of a row of similar structures creates a low pressure region that enhances the stack effect when the roof window is open, drawing fresh air into the whole house.

9 121

Temperate, fully humid (oceanic)

brussels avenue van volxem 222 | vanded eeckhoud-creyf | brussels

222 Avenue Van Volxem is an interior retrofit project by Vanden Eeckhoud-Creyf Architects. Notably, the floor plates do not extend to the wall along significant portions of their perimeters. This allows air to flow freely throughout the interior.

Being a row house typical of urban areas of Brussels, it is tall and thin. The two party walls minimize thermal losses through the envelope.

SOURCE: vandeneeckhorstcreyf.be

8 122

The row house is a ubiquitous typology in Brussels.

The tall, narrow shape of the interior space makes it an ideal candidate to utilize the stack effect for passive ventilation. To capitalize on this opportunity, sizable sections of the floor plates on the second and third floors are set back from the perimeter, leaving generous openings for air flow.

The form of the house works with the prevailing winds in the area to assist ventilation, especially in warm weather. Being on the lee side of a row of similar structures creates a low pressure region that enhances the stack effect when the roof window is open, drawing fresh air into the whole house.

9 123

Temperate, fully humid (oceanic)

brussels avenue van volxem 222 | vanded eeckhoud-creyf | brussels

222 Avenue Van Volxem is an interior retrofit project by Vanden Eeckhoud-Creyf Architects. Notably, the floor plates do not extend to the wall along significant portions of their perimeters. This allows air to flow freely throughout the interior.

Being a row house typical of urban areas of Brussels, it is tall and thin. The two party walls minimize thermal losses through the envelope.

SOURCE: vandeneeckhorstcreyf.be

8 124

The row house is a ubiquitous typology in Brussels.

The tall, narrow shape of the interior space makes it an ideal candidate to utilize the stack effect for passive ventilation. To capitalize on this opportunity, sizable sections of the floor plates on the second and third floors are set back from the perimeter, leaving generous openings for air flow.

The form of the house works with the prevailing winds in the area to assist ventilation, especially in warm weather. Being on the lee side of a row of similar structures creates a low pressure region that enhances the stack effect when the roof window is open, drawing fresh air into the whole house.

9 125

Temperate, fully humid (oceanic)

brussels avenue van volxem 222 | vanded eeckhoud-creyf | brussels

222 Avenue Van Volxem is an interior retrofit project by Vanden Eeckhoud-Creyf Architects. Notably, the floor plates do not extend to the wall along significant portions of their perimeters. This allows air to flow freely throughout the interior.

Being a row house typical of urban areas of Brussels, it is tall and thin. The two party walls minimize thermal losses through the envelope.

SOURCE: vandeneeckhorstcreyf.be

8 126

The row house is a ubiquitous typology in Brussels.

The tall, narrow shape of the interior space makes it an ideal candidate to utilize the stack effect for passive ventilation. To capitalize on this opportunity, sizable sections of the floor plates on the second and third floors are set back from the perimeter, leaving generous openings for air flow.

The form of the house works with the prevailing winds in the area to assist ventilation, especially in warm weather. Being on the lee side of a row of similar structures creates a low pressure region that enhances the stack effect when the roof window is open, drawing fresh air into the whole house.

9 127

Temperate, fully humid (oceanic)

brussels avenue van volxem 222 | vanded eeckhoud-creyf | brussels

222 Avenue Van Volxem is an interior retrofit project by Vanden Eeckhoud-Creyf Architects. Notably, the floor plates do not extend to the wall along significant portions of their perimeters. This allows air to flow freely throughout the interior.

Being a row house typical of urban areas of Brussels, it is tall and thin. The two party walls minimize thermal losses through the envelope.

SOURCE: vandeneeckhorstcreyf.be

8 128

The row house is a ubiquitous typology in Brussels.

The tall, narrow shape of the interior space makes it an ideal candidate to utilize the stack effect for passive ventilation. To capitalize on this opportunity, sizable sections of the floor plates on the second and third floors are set back from the perimeter, leaving generous openings for air flow.

The form of the house works with the prevailing winds in the area to assist ventilation, especially in warm weather. Being on the lee side of a row of similar structures creates a low pressure region that enhances the stack effect when the roof window is open, drawing fresh air into the whole house.

9 129

OSLO, NORWAY

130

131

Weekly Summary Average Temperature (°C)

Location: OSLO/FORNEBU, NOR (59.9°, 10.6°) Contour Range: -17.00 - 50.00 °C In Steps of: 1.00 °C © Weather Manager

°C

AVERAGE TEMP.

50

COLD WINTERS WARM SUMMERS

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

132

40

Wk 52 30

48 44 40 36 32 28

20 24

Hr 20

24 16

20 16

12

10 12

8 8 4

4

0

hrs Prevailing Winds

Average Wind Temperatures

50 km/h

506+

40 km/h

455

30 km/h

404

20 km/h

354

10 km/h

303

Location: OSLO/FORNEBU, NOR (59.9째, 10.6째)

253 202 151 101 <50

째C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

Wind Frequency (Hrs)

90

AVERAGE RAIN RAIN FALL IN INCHES DAYS IT RAINED

60

50 40

80

70

90 70

70

50

50

40 15

14

11

11

11

JAN.

FEB.

MAR. APRIL MAY

16

JUNE

15

JULY

17 14

AUG. SEPT.

16

OCT.

14

NOV.

11

DEC.

THE MAJORITY OF THE WIND COMES FROMS THE SOUTH-EAST. THIS IS MOST LIKELY CAUSED FROM THE COLDER OCEAN AIR COLLIDING WITH THE WARMER AIR OVER LAND CAUSING CHANGES IN PRESSURE WHICH RESULTS IN A BREEZE.

133

SUN ANGLES ON SITE oslo, norway

Because of Osloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Northern location, it receives more than 18 hours of sun during the mid-summer. During the winter, day light can be as short as 6 hours.

The Sum Shad 9:OOAM

134

12:OOPM

3:OOPM

9:OOAM

1

summer solstice

JUNE 21ST

53째

equinox

SEPT. 21ST

31째

winter solstice

DEC. 21ST

7째

site has complete solar explosure during the mmer solstice. dows cover the site suring the Winter solstice

12:OOPM

3:OOPM

9:OOAM

12:OOPM

3:OOPM

135

PROGRAM MY DESIGN WILL NEED TO CAPTURE AS MUCH SOLAR GAIN AS POSSIBLE BY POSITIONING MY WINDOWS IN PLACES THAT HAVE HIGH SOLAR RADIATION. THICK INSULATED WALLS WILL BE IN AREAS THAT RECEIVE LITTLE TO NO SOLAR RADTION AND HEAVY WINDS. TO GET LIGHT INTO THE DARK, COLDER LOCATIONS I WILL USE BRIGHT MATERIALS IN THE LIT AREA THAT REFLECT ONTO THE DARK SPACE. BECAUSE OF THE LEAVY AMOUNTS OF RAIN OSLO RECEIVES, THE SLANTED ROOFS WILL COLLECT THE GREY WATER TO BE REUSED.

10-20 LIVING UNITS - 1000 SQUARE FEET PER UNIT

136

EXTRA UNIT USED FOR STORING RAKFISK AND ACCESSED BY RESIDENTS

EXTRA RAKFISK IS A NORWEGIAN FISH DISH MADE FROM TROUT OR SOMETIMES CHAR, SALTED AND FERMENTED FOR TWO TO THREE MONTHS, OR EVEN UP TO A YEAR, THEN EATEN WITHOUT COOKING. THE FISH IS PLACED UNDER A PRESSURE SEAL RESULTING IN A BRINE BEING FORMED AS THE SALT DRAWS MOISTURE FROM THE FISH. THE RAKFISK BUCKET IS STORED AT 4–8 DEGREES CELSIUS FOR ONE TO THREE MONTHS. THE GREY WATER THAT DRAINS FROM THE BUILDING WILL BE FILTERED AND PUMPED INTO A TANK USED TO HOLD FISH THAT WILL BE USED TO COOK RAKFISK. THE TANK WILL BE HELD IN A SPECIAL ROOM THAT DOESNT RECEIVE MUCH CONTACT FROM SUN AND CAN KEEP COOL DURING SUMMER AND WINTER.

137

MASS 3 WAS THE MOST SUCCESSFUL. IT CAPTURED THE MOST AMOUNT SOLAR R

138

MASS 1

MASS 2

MASS 3

RADIATION AND HAS A COURTYARD FOR VENTILATION IN THE WARMER SUMMER.

139

140

PV PANELS

LIGHT REFLECTORS

GREEN ROOF INSULATED GLASS

141

142

AFTER ADJUSTING MY MODEL TO CAPTURE THE SOLAR RADIATION, I WAS ABLE TO ACHIEVE THREE DIFFERENT CLIMATES IN MY BUILDING. THE SPACE THAT HAS THE HIGHEST SOLAR RADIATION IS A GREEN ROOF USED FOR OUTDOOR ACTIVITY. THE SECOND AREA THAT STILL RECEIVES PLENTYFUL LIGHT WILL FUNCTION AS THE PUBLIC SPACES; LIVING, DINING. THE THIRD, DARKER ZONE WILL ACT AS THE PRIVATE SPACES; BEDROOMS, BATHROOMS.

143

SITE: JUNE 21 9:AM

144

145

CREDITS INSTRUCTORS Dan Weissman, Lead Instructor, Course Developer Kyle Sturgeon, Administrative Support, Section Leader Craig Sousa, Teaching Assistant, Section Leader Caleb Burrington, Teaching Assistant, Section leader

Student Work represented in this Pamphlet Cobar: Khalil Farhat Kuala Lampur: John Charolia Kebri Beya: Vahhab Aboonour Accra: Khaled El Almi Mexico City: Fernando Garcia Brisbee: Lucca Townsend Seattle: Christine Banister Quebec City: Annika Nilsson Ripps Brussels: Tyler Scott Oslo: John Berger

GUEST LECTURERS Marilyn Moedinger David Hampton Kera Lagios Thanks to Kiel Moe at Harvard GSD, and Christoph Reinhart at MIT for providing feedback on the course.

For further information on this Course please contact: dan@sectioncut.com kyle.sturgeon@the-bac.edu

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

146

never forget:

Maximize available energy intake Maximize use Maximize its feedback Kripalu Annex Peter Rose & Partners with Transsolar & Lam Partners 147 Photograph by Lead Instructor