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Base Line Data of Diversity of FamilyCarabidae in Pench Tiger Reserve (East) Maharashtra (India) *Chitrarekha K. Deshmukh And Sanjay H. Gajbhiye Department of Zoology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati – 444602 (M.S.) Corresponding author: *E-mail- 1june91ckd.october@gmail.com
ABSTRACT Present study was conducted during
the
These sub-families are Licininae, Paussinae,
year 2012 - 2014 dealing with the exploration
Harpalinae, Scaritinae , Siagoninae, Anthiinae
of beetle diversity from Pench Tiger Reserve
and Panagaeinae and
(PTR), M. S. This is the first base line data
Brachinus,
created for PTR. Beetles were collected by
tricolor, C. velutinus, C. bioculatus, C.
routine methods, later identified up to species
scapularis, Scarites, Eudema tomentosus,
with standard key characters. Carabids are
Siagona,
environmental indicators and their status
Pterostichus.
the
Pheropsophus,
Anthia
affects ecological function. Twelve species of
species are Chlaenius,
sexguttata,
The
Shannon
C.
and
Weiner
family –Carabidae are reported under nine
diversity
genera belonging to seven sub- families.
Evenness (E) = 0.85 while the diversity index
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index
of
genus
H=1.88
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and
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of species H=1.78 and Evenness =0.71 of
KEY
family Carabidae are found..
Maharashtra, Rare, Beetles, Diversity
The Simpson
index of diversity for genus D =0.95and
WORDS:
Pench
Tiger
Reserve,
INTRODUCTION
Simpsons reciprocal index =20 were found There
while Simpsons index of diversity for species D =0.88 and Simpsons reciprocal index = =8.33 were calculated. The high score of ‘H’,E
and D-1 for genus and species
indicated more diversity in the study area but still this survey reported seven common and
Though PTR is rich with wild life which provides a good habitat for beetles and the vegetation of the forest is in healthy condition but rare species occurrence considered that there is a need of more attention for the conservation of habitat of these beetles as they are one of the significant environmental indicators which
also
more
than
40,000 described species of beetles on earth and represent about 40% of all insects and 30% of all animals (Thiele, 1977, Lovei and Sunderland, 1996, Choate, 2001). About 1, 5088 species of coleopteran insects are known
five rare species of carabid
are
from
Indian
region
(Kazmi,
2004).Ground beetles(Coleoptera: Carabidae) are ancestrally ground dwelling
and have
been be used to indicate temperature and moisture gradients (Thiele 1977, Erwin, 1979)and Butterfield ,et al., 1995) and their community assemblages have been directly related to habitat type, ground vegetation and litter (Niemelä and Spence 1994; Koivula 2001; Rainio and Niemelä, 2003). According
contribute in the food chain of nature.
to Taylor (1978) there are great variety of
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approaches and measurements methodologies
and biodiversity. This region is dominated by
in diversity study of animal and plants. The
teak forest and southern dry deciduous mixed
diversity of organisms can be explained in
forest.
terms of time and space, within and between
identification manuals has severely hindered
the species, within and between the habitats
studies of the whole beetles’ components of
and at genetic level. Carabids are partly
forest diversity (Scudder, et al., 2005).
It is well known that lack of
diurnal, partly nocturnal (Eisner, et al., 1977;
The earth’s biodiversity
Dazzini, 1980; Detttner, 1985; Will, et al.,
is distributed in specific ecological regions.
2000, Brandmayr, et al., 2009).
Growing human populations and increasing
In forest management, sustainability is an internationally accepted goal. One technique by which sustainability is assessed is through the monitoring of indicator species (Pearce and Venier 2006). The Pench Tiger Reserve (East- Maharashtra) is 25th Project Tiger Reserve (PTR )in India , situated to the south of Satpura hills and covered the area of 257.26 sq.km. PTR is known for sites and places of unique biogeographical and geomorphologic region therefore it has great significance for wildlife
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exploitation of natural resources threat in nature all over the world. Biotic and abiotic factors of environment such as soil moisture, soil type, predation moisture have greater impact on population of carabid beetles( Rahim, 2013) .Carabids are useful model organisms and possibly indicators because they are diverse, taxonomically as well as ecologically (Avgin, 2010, Koivula, 2011) while PTR is relatively untouched area for the study of diversity of beetles therefore the present topic is selected for study.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
order to collect the beetles from said habitats,
Study area: The study area was selected in
a wide variety of collecting and trapping
the Pench Tiger Reserve (East- Maharashtra)
methods were used such as hand picking,
nearby villages Pipriya, Sillari, Salama and
insect net, pit fall and light traps. Carbides
having very diverse type of flora and fauna
preserved in 70% alcohol and photographs
(fig. no. 1). The data has been collected and
were taken. The identification
examined
available keys(Andrews,1920,1929,Peck and
outside of the buffer zone. The
done by
climate changes of this region are summer in
Thomas,1998,Larochelle
month of April - June, rainfall in July -
Larivieri,2007,Liu,2011,Hegde,2012,
October and cold season in December –
Fedrenko,2013,Kushwaha,2015).
February with temperature ranges between
Data Analysis: The collected data of each
47.80C (maximum) and 3.90C (minimum).
sub family’s genus, species were recorded.
N21064’
The data were analyzed statistically for
PTR
latitude
and
longitude
and
E79028’meter above mean sea level and is
Simpson diversity index
situated between North East direction of
diversity index (H) and Pielou evenness (E) (
Nagpur district.
Simpson ,1049,Shannon and Weiner , 1949.,
Collection and identification of beetles: The
Pielou, 1966).
data was collected in the month of January to
Figure.1: Image showing the map of study
November
area PTR
in the year 2012-2014 from
,Shannon Wiener
various habitats viz. 1) Shrubs and grasses 2)Moist and debris area 3) Stone rocks. In
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Material Examined: 1specimen.
Places:
Salama, Pench, 2012. Distribution: India (Meghalaya,
Agra,Myanmar
(Burma)
.Elsewhere: China, Vietnam Diagnosis: Small, uniformly dark, leg pale to dark often bicolored. Head mostly short and wide, with large and convex eyes. Neck constriction usually weak. OBSERVATIONS ON SYSTEMATIC
Genus 2. Pheropsophus sp. Solier, 1833
ACCOUNT (Table1.Plate 1 and Plate .2)
Pheropsophus
Solier,
Ann.Soc.Ent.
Class –Insecta Linnaeus, 1758
Fr.:461.1906
Order – Coleoptera Linnaeus, 1758
Stinaptinus Maindr., Bull.Soc.Ent.Fr.15, type
Sub order- Adephaga Schellenberg, 1806
species:
Family- Carabidae Latreille, 1802
Fabricius,1775= Pheropsophus aequinoctialis
A. Sub-family Paussinae Latreille, 1807
( Linnaeus,1763) (des.By Hope,1838).
Tribe- Brachinini
Material Examined: 2 specimens Places:
Genus 1. Brachinus sp. Weber, 1801
Sillari , Pench,2012 Distribution: India
Brachinus species:
Weber
Obs.Ent.1:22.
Carabus
types
crepitans
complanatus
(Andhra Pradesh,Chhattisgarh, Ceylon and Burma)Elsewhere:
Korea,Japan,
China,Taiwan.
Linneus,1758(des.By Latreille,1810)
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Diagnosis: Head pale reddish either whole
2012.Distribution:
base of head black or only black in middle of
(Andhra Pradesh,Chhattisgarh,( Ceylon and
posterior margin. Mouthparts, antennae and
Burma) Elsewhere:
legs pale reddish.
America, Korea,Japan, China,Taiwan.
B. Sub-family Harpalinae
Distribution:
India
New York, North
Diagnosis: Head metallic red colored, purple
Bonelli, 1810
Genus 1. Pterostichus Bonelli, 1810
black elytra, median long antennae, leg
2011. Bergdahl, J.C. Zookeys104:77-96.
yellow colour.
Material Examined: 1specimen.
C. Sub-family Licininae Bonelli, 1810
Places:
Sillari, Pench, 2012. Distribution: India
Genus 1. Chlaenius Dejean 1826
(Madhya
1826
Pradesh,
Maharashtra,
Chhattisgarh
Ceylon
and
and Burma)
Chlaenius
Dejean
Spec.Gen.des.Col.2:297
.Elsewhere: Nepal, Bhutan.
Material Examined: 1specimen. Places:
Diagnosis: Dorsal body surface black and
Sillari,
Pench.2012Distribution:
shiny,pronotal lateral beads piceous.Pronotum
(Bihar,
Chhattisgarh,
almost long and wide ,lateral margin sub
Uttarakhand).Elsewhere: Sri Lanka.
parallel anterior to hind angle. Elytra interval
Diagnosis: Head and pronotum brownish
flat or only slightly convex.
black with some sight metallic reflection,
Genus 2. Chlaenius tricolor Dejean, 1826
elytra and pronotum densely punctate, legs
2012 Bousquet, Y.Zookey’s 245:1-1722.
yellow.
Material
Genus 2. Chlaenius scapularis Chaudoir,
Places:Sillari,
Examined: (Amaltas)
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1Specimen Pench.,
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Madhya
India: Pradesh,
1876
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Chlaenius
Scapularis
Chaudoir,
Ann.Soc.Ent.Belg.8:98.
Diagnosis: Black coloured species; Head greenish
colour,
long
antennae.
Elytra
Through Literature: Andrews (1929)
reaching up to the tip of abdomen with
Material Examined: 1specimen. Places:
regular interval, Yellow (body ring) fused
Salama,
both the sides. Legs yellow colour, show line
(Bihar,
Pench.2012Distribution:
India:
Chhattisgarh,
Delhi,
Himachal
Karnataka,
Madhya
Pradesh,
Pradesh, Tamilnadu,
Uttarakhand
and
West
margin on elytra. Genus 4.
Chlaenius
bioculatus sp.
Chaudoir, 1856
Bengal).Elsewhere: Sri Lanka.
Chlaenius bimaculatus lynx Chaudoir,1856,
Diagnosis: Head and pronotum yellowish,
Bull Soc. Imp.Nat. Mosc, 29(3):198. Type
elytra black yellow patches in middle both
Loc: Hong Kong.
side, elytra completely covered on body.
2012 Yuno Do,Baltic J.Coleopterol 12(1):
Antennae straight, legs yellow colour.
65-75.
Genus 3. Chlaenius velutinus Duftschmid,
Through Literature: Andrews (1929).
1812
Material Examined: 2 specimens, Places:
Through Literature: Andrews (1929)
Pipriya, Pench, 2012.Distribution: India
Material Examined: 1Specimen. Places:
(India (Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, (Ceylon
Salama,
and Burma) Elsewhere: Vietnam, China,
Distribution:
Pench.2012 India
Distribution:
(Andhra
Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh,(Ceylon and Burma)Elsewhere:
Philippine, Hong Kong, Taiwan, N. Korea, Japan, South Asia.
Korea, Japan, China,Taiwan.
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Diagnosis: Body small, head straight, elytra
Through Literature: Andrews (1929).
black with two spot on dorsal below side, legs
Material Examined: 1 Specimen. Places:
yellow, antennae straight forward.
Salama, Pench PTR, 2013 Distribution:
D. Sub-family: Scaritinae Bonelli, 1810
India.
Genus 1. Scarites sp. Fabricius, 1775
California
Scarites sp.
Diagnosis: Generic name Eudema (‘e’ being
type
Fabricius, 1775, Syst.Ent.249.
species:
Scarites
(Maharashtra)Elsewhere:
America,
subterraneus
short), head and thorax are black near the
Fabricius,1775 (disobey Andrews (1929)
shoulder, yellow spot on elytra. Elytra boldly
2013 Thakare, JNBR 2 (2): 173-176
ridged and very finely punctured, limbs are
Material Examined: 1 Specimen Places:
covered with very minute black hairs, slantly
Sillari, Pench PTR, 2013. Distribution:
seven strips formed on elytra of below lateral
India-
side.
(Uttarpradesh,
Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra) Elsewhere: Vietnam (Ha Noi),
F. Sub-family : Siagoninae Bonelli, 1813
Nepal
Tribe – Siagonini Bonelli
Diagnosis: Head large, Mandibles median
Genus 1. Siagona sp. Latreille, 1804
carnassal regions large, eyes small, antennae
1804
long, elytra fused together and mesonotum
Nouv.Dict.Hist.Nat.24. Tab.
wings reduced shorter than metanotum.
1929
E. Sub-family :Panagaeinae Bonelli, 1810
Coleoptera, Carabidae 1:174
Genus 1. Eudema tomentosus
2012 Hegde, Zoo’s Print.27 (11):16-17.
Laporte,
Andrewes,
sp.
Latreille,
Fauna
Brit.India,
2013 Thakare, JNBR2 (2): 173-176.
1840
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2015 Kushwaha,Zoo’s Print. Vol.xxx, no.1
1861 Anthia Indica Chaudoir, Bull. De la
Material Examined: 1 Specimen.Places:
Soc.Imp. Des nat. Mosc 1: 562
Sillari, Pench PTR, 2013 Distribution:
1864 Anthia elliptica Motchulsky, Bull. De
Throughout India including Chhattisgarh,
la Soc. Imp. Des nat.Mosc.2:216
Maharashtra.
1930 Anthia sexguttata Andrewes, cat.Ind
Elsewhere:
China,
Laos,
Macao, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri
Ins Part 18 Carabicae:31
Lanka and Vietnam.
Material Examined: 1Specimen. Places:
Diagnosis: Head convex, neck constriction
Pipriya, Pench 2012. Remark- Species to
deep, head surface closely punctate on sides
confirm. Distribution: Throughout India
prothorax moderately punctate on sides,
including Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh.
elytra punctate. Prominent punctures near
Elsewhere: Africa, America
shoulder area. Antennae pubescent. Dark
Diagnosis: Adult measure approximately 4
brown colored.
cm (1.5 inches). Body large, black, with six
G. Sub-family: Anthiinae Bonelli, 1813
relatively large white dorsal spots. Four over
Genus 1.
the elytra and two on thorax, strong long legs,
Anthia sexguttata
Fabricius,
1775
and long antennae. Six spots on body
1801 Anthia Weber
recognized the species.
Anthia Weber, Obs.Ent.17 Pachymorpha Hope, Col.Man 2:51 1775
Carabus
sexguttata
Fabricius,
Syst.Ent.236.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sr. In
the
present
Panagaeinae from family
Genus-Species
Paussinae,
Carabidae
1
Brachinus
Stone rock
R
2 3
Pheropsophus sp. Pterostichus
Stone rock Stone rock
R C
4 5 6 7
Chlaenius tricolor Chlaenius sp. Chlaenius scapularis Chlaenius velutinus
Stone rock C Stone rock R Stone rock C Shrubs and C grasses 8 Chlaenius bioculatus Moist and C debris area 9 Scarites sp. Moist and C debris area 10 Eudema tomentosus Moist and R debris area 11 Siagona Shrubs and R grasses 12 Anthia sexguttata Moist and C debris area Table 1: Checklist of beetles and their
were identified. The checklist of beetles and their habitats and status is given in the table 1. Brachinus, Pheropspophus sp. Chlaenius sp. Eudema tomentosus, Siagona are found in rare category from all three habitats of three villages.
Status
.
Harpalinae, Scaritinae , Siagoninae, Anthiinae and
Habitat
No
investigation, 12 species of beetles from 7 sub- families viz. Licininae ,
Carabidae
The plant species diversity is
significantly higher inside the protected area than in remnant forests near villages. Human caused habitat alteration has detrimental impact on many carabid species that cannot
habitat from the study area of Pench Tiger
occupy open areas. However, some moist but
Reserve Maharashtra, India
degraded sites surrounded by forest contained many species. Moisture is probably one of the
Table.2. Shannon Wiener
most important factors affecting carabid
Evenness and Sampson Diversity index
Diversity Index ,
species abundances( Lovei, et al.,2009 ).
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Shann on
Evenn
Wiene
ess
r
Simpson Simpso ns s Recipro Diversit cal y Index Index
(McGeoch,1998).The
maintenance
of
landscape heterogeneity is necessary to promote overall ground beetle diversity (Toigo, et al., ,2013).
Divers ity 1H
E
D
Genu s
D
1.88
0.85
5
0.71
2
of
of Melghat Tiger Reserve (Thakare and
5 Zade,2012).
0.1 0.8 8.3 1.78
species
beetles were recorded from Gugamal Range
0.0 0.9 20
Speci es
Thirteen
1/D
Eight
new
species
of
Bombardier beetles were described from
8
Note: D , 1/D and 1-D are calculated but
Vietnam:
Brachinus
delatensis.
The
1-D is always consider for Simpsons compositions within and outside of the
Diversity Index The diversity of sub families is found due to
protected area were markedly different. Most
the
climatic
of the species preferred forest as their primary
condition of eastern region and vegetation of
habitat and were mainly collected from trees
Pench Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra state.
and bushes. Their value as indicators is based
The cutting and fragmentation forest have
on their different habitat requirements and
immense impact on
diversity of carabid
sensitivity to environmental variables. Some
beetles as a result they vary in their species
of the species were found only in the
composition, species abundance or decline in
protected forest, some occupied also the
some species. Therefore can be used as
degraded forests and some preferred open
environmental
areas (Rainio, 2009).
geographical
region
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in intercropping system (Hummel, et al.,
Fig. 2. Graphical representation of genus diversity
2012).
Subfamily 1 Paussinae 1
1
Wiener Diversity
2 Harpalinae
2
3 Licininae
1 1
2
1
In PTR the high score of Shannon index and (Table no.2)
and Simpson diversity index calculated for genus and species . Simpson’s index of
4 Scaritinae 5 Panagaeinae 6 Siagoninae
diversity (1-D), the value of this index ranges between 0 and 1 here the greater the value the
7 Anthiinae
greater the sample diversity as well bigger the
Fig. 3 . Graphical representation Species diversity
value of D, the lower diversity. Evenness is a
Sub family
measure of the relative abundance of the
1 Paussinae 1 1
1
2 2
1
different species making up the richness of an
2 Harpalinae
area .The maximum possible score of E for
3 Licininae 4 Scaritinae
4
genus and species of studied subfamilies also
5 Panagaeinae
confirmed that having equal distribution
6 Siagoninae 7 Anthiinae
survey
in
area (Table no. 2 ,Fig .2and 3)
might be due to the vegetation in PTR area. Diversity and abundance
The diversity in carabid responses to the
of ground beetles can be enhanced in
vegetation structure appears to be related not
vegetable and field intercropping systems and
only to variation in their body size, but also in
Shannon-Wiener diversity index scores and
other life history traits such as diet (Rouabah,
species evenness was increased significantly
et al., 2014). Carabid species composition
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varied across forest age classes. For 50 year
Pipriya(East) Pench National Park for the
old forests there were four potential indicators
necessary permission to enter and reside in
species: Calathus opaculus, Cyclotrachelus
Pench, Maharashtra for purpose of collection
freitagi,
and observation of beetles.
Dicaelus
dilatatus,
Pterostichus
sculptus (Riley and Browne ,2011). In present
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