Open Source Software (OSS) applications in libraries: Special Reference to Selected ILS and DL Softw by dbpublications

IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 3, Mar 2017

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Open Source Software (OSS) applications in libraries: Special Reference to Selected ILS and DL Softwareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sumeet Kumar Handa

Dr. Sudhir Tyagi

Dy. Librarian THDC-Institute of Hydrpower Engineering & Technology Tehri, Tehri-Garhwal-249001(Uttarakhand) librarian.thdcihet@gmail.com

Head, Dept. of Lib. & Info. Sci Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut-250002 (U.P.) Email: slib53@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT: ICT

(Information

and

Open Sources Software (OSS). These days

Communication

open sources softwares are becoming

Technology) has transformed the librariesâ&#x20AC;&#x;

prevalent due to its immense significance.

working environment entirely. Today, most

The Open Sources software provides free

of the libraries have been performing their

and easy accesses to the libraries as well as

routine works with the assistance of

users can do changes and modification in it

computer technology and this technology

as well as they can run, copy, share, and

has brought with it many benefits such as

improve the software with the desired

advancement; reduction in work timing,

requirements.

reduced man power, data preservation and

However,

library

professional requires basic knowledge of

security etc. In this era of technology,

computer to installation and maintenance

Internet is an indispensible phenomenon

for Open Source Software. Hence, this

and has been providing so many technical

paper aims to describe Open Source

supports especially in the field of library

Software (OSS) applications in libraries

and information science in the form of

theoretically and highlight some major 1

IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 3, Mar 2017

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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017

open source library softwares concerns with

are available under a public licence or

ILS (Integrated Library System) and DL

agreement that permits users to read,

(Digital Library). Besides, the applications

change and improve the software according

of Open Source Software (OSS) in the

to their requirements. The „„source‟‟ in

current scenario of libraries shall be

open source refers to source code. Source

discussed.

code

Keywords: ICT, OSS, ILS, DL, Open

statements in a programming language, and

Sources Software, Computer Technology,

those statements are intended to define the

Library Technology.

performance of a task. If a source code was

computer

file

containing

printed, it would appear to consist of words, INTRODUCTION:

abbreviations and mathematical symbols.

Open Source Software (OSS) is becoming

Source code in itself is useless. It is like a

prevalent nowadays. Open Source emerged

script for a play that has never been

as an alternative model of software

performed (Poulter, 2010, 655).

development

the

The popularity of open source software is

software development. The open source

increasing day by day among the users due

projects, usually, start voluntarily and

to its open uses features. Open Source

developers‟ community normally crosses

Software is free for anyone but more

the

Internet

importantly that it is not only free available

technologies facilitated a lot to easily share

software, although, it is also provides

and distribute the project announcements,

facility to copy, share, modify etc. This

source codes, software, patches, etc. Open

increases the possibilities of a software

Source

the

program's potential because of this free-

infrastructure of Internet and web services,

thinking model. Many large groups of

and has a long history of supporting

programmers have customized basic open

technology infrastructure (Altman, 2001).

source

Open source is also known as open source

deemed necessary, and have in turn given

software (OSS) or free OSS. The Open

these modifications back to the open source

Source software whose source code which

community for free where others can

and

national

Software

revolutionized

boundaries.

has

dominated

programs

into

whatever

they

IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 3, Mar 2017

Available at: www.dbpublications.org

International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017

continue to build on their work. There are many different kinds of open source software solutions out there today that could be embraced by the library. There's

BACKGROUND

basic

HISTORY

operating

system,

document

AND

BRIEF

OPEN

SOURCE

processing programs, Library Management

SOFTWARE:

Software

1980 was the year when the open source

(LMS)

and

Digital

Library

software.

software movement started. In that era,

Eventually,

Open

computer manufacturers inclined to create

software that provides access to the source

their own proprietary operating systems for

code, meaning that users are free to see

their computers. They also produced their

how the product is made. Additionally,

own software applications or sometimes

users have the right to modify the product

allowed software companies to do as well.

(change

liking,

Seldom, they bought in a proprietary

experiment with different versions, and

operating system from a software company.

give away or resell the new product with

Here, we can‟t forget name of revolutionary

the guarantee that they must also provide

person who had changed the thinking of

their source code, and so on. Modifying the

society regarding open softwares. The name

product and redistribution are the two main

of that person was “Richard Stallman”.

components of open source software. OSS

Richard Stallman was a highly regarded

offer attractions to the libraries as majority

programmer,

libraries around the world, especially in

artificial intelligence lab. He grew up

developing countries, do not afford to

writing software that incorporated source

purchase

code written by others. He was happy to

the

source

code)

costly

software

their

commercial

software.

code

worked

had

MIT‟s

Nevertheless OSS offer cheap alternatives

to expensive commercial software with

According to his opinion building of

freedom from vendor lock-in and facilitate

software was community efforts and when

flexibility to modify for local needs

he saw that software was kept hidden form

(Rafiq,2009,138).

programmer community then he resigned 3

source

who

created.

IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 3, Mar 2017

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from his position of programmer and he

open

founded GNU project.

For spreading

building, and awareness of the benefits of

awareness and freely use of open software

open source software. The GNU General

he created a different kind of copyright

Public License (GPL), created by Richard

license, which he termed „„copyleft‟‟.

Stallman, is one example of a free software

Under the GNU general licence, you were

license, cleverly nicknamed a copyleft

free to use and modify source code , but if

license. Effectively, copyleft licenses use

you do modify code , then you must make

that modification freely available to others.

Stallman was not against selling software.

distributing under the general philosophies

You could sell GNU-licensed software, but

of free and open source software. Obtaining

you could not sell any software from

a GPL, or another form of copyleft, assures

derived source code that was not freely

that these open source rights are legally

available to others. To Stallman, free

enforced (Lochhaas and Moore, 2010).

software should be free of restrictions, not

The successful examples of OSS solutions

necessarily free from cost (Poulter, 2010,

include operating systems like LINUX,

656).

FreeBSD, openBSD and NetBSD, web

In 1998, Netscape announced it was

browsers

releasing the source code for its web

Konqueror, graphical environment like

browser, which sparked a conference held

KDE and Gnome, productivity applications

in Palo Alto, California to discuss the

strategic process for this extraordinary

language and infrastructure solution like

event. There, the term "open source"

Apache and MySQL, library management

software was born and is attributed to

and Digital library software such as Koha

Christine

and Dspace. (Hanumappa, Dora and

Peterson

[http://www.opensource.org/history].

The

source

education,

available

that

OpenOffice

for

include

and

community

modifying

Firefox

and

programming

Navik 2014, 409)

Open Source Initiative was soon founded by Eric Raymond, another attendee at the

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SOURCES

conference, which continues to promote

SOFTWARES: 4

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Today open source software has become

critical for almost every organization.

source code, within the terms of the

Almost everything requires open source

licence applied and this may include

software, be it telecommunication systems,

a term making it mandatory to

inventory,

publish modified code on the

productivity management

accounting,

personal

applications, and

operating

contact

community website. (d) Distribute the source code.

systems

amongst others. In the field of library and

More Flexible: open source software not

information science, open source software

need to abide by a specific IT architecture

has been giving immense support to make

that might require you to upgrade your

this field more automated and advanced.

software and even hardware often. Rather,

Following are the significance of Open

you can mix and match your software and

Source Software in view of library and

create a unique IT infrastructure that best

information science field:

suits your needs. There‟s no need to fret

Least cost then commercial software:

since there‟s a wide range of options in the

Open

not

market, so you only have to browse through

required any type of licensing fee or we can

them and pick one those that match your

say that most of the open sources are

requirements and specifications.

available free of cost, although sometimes

No need of vendor Agreements: Software

software requires expenditure for media,

vendors can apply a number of tactics to

documentation and support.

persuade their customers to upgrade more

Simplified license management: Open

or less willingly. Typical tactics include

source software provides simplified license

moving to allegedly new and improved file

to users. They called “Four Freedoms” in

formats (which require the new and

which they provide license to their user:-

improved software to read them) or to

Source

software

generally

(a) Use the software without access

withdraw support and bug fixes for older

restrictions, within the terms of the

versions after a short period. The problem

licence applied.

for users of the software is that they rarely

(b) View the source code.

have much control over that process and are 5

IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 3, Mar 2017

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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017

left isolated if they choose to remain with

these defects within the shortest amount of

older versions that they consider to be

time. Both of these factors lead to products

acceptable. In that case open source

that have excellent quality and helpful

software gives freedom to the users that

features and perform well most (if not all)

they are not bound to purchase upgrade

of the time.

module or don‟t need to pay any annual

Globally Support: As we are discussing

maintenance charge (AMC).

that mostly open source software are

Integrate Management: Through open

available free of cost and these software

source software, libraries can benefit from

accessible through the online communities

integrated

with

management.

Integrated

help

of Internet.

These

online

management means incorporative system in

communities provide online support to the

which libraries can perform their daily

users with the open hart at globally. Many

works freely moreover that system provides

communities

common information model (CIM) and web

supports of any issue

based enterprise management (WBEM).

software‟s 24X7 with any charge. Besides,

These ultra modern technologies enable

some of tech companies are now providing

you to integrate and combine server,

their support to installed and execute open

application, and service and workstation

source software with charges.

management. This integration would result

Advanced and Quality Software: Many

in well-organized administration.

survey and research shows that qualities of

Reliability: There are two main reasons

open source software‟s are reliable and day

why open source software is reliable.

by day this software is being advanced. For

Firstly, they‟re developed chiefly by skilful

instance, Koha, Linux, Dspace theses are

and talented experts who do their best to

the some example of open source software

create

which are being advanced gradually.

high-quality

programs.

Second,

are

working

provide

concern with

they‟re worked on by tens or hundreds of people, which means there are numerous

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR

eyes that can monitor for the presence of

LIBRARIES:

bugs and many pairs of hands that can fix 6

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Open source library software presents a

software for libraries developed in 1999 by

system for managing and presenting of

Katipo

information collections. It helps to operate

Zealand. The name Koha comes from the

and

building

“Maori” (it is one of New Zealand's official

collections with data searching facilities.

languages) word for a gift or donation,

Moreover, they are easily maintained and

which is very convenient, considering

can

rebuilt

Koha‟s availability for a distribution under

automatically. With many Open Source

the open source General Public License

Software (OSS) applications now available

(GPL). Koha is an application based on

for library and information management,

Linux, Apache, MySQL and Perl. To

Organizations now have novel options for

keeping Indian libraries scenario in the

acquiring and implementing systems. The

mind, many libraries can‟t afford expensive

Open Source Software applications for

library management software, for them

library and Information management that

Koha is a best alternative. As we discussed

will be discussed in this paper are in two

it is an open source so it is available free of

major parts:

cost for everyone. Besides, Koha uses

manage

libraries

augmented

and

(a) Library Management Softwares (

Communications

from

New

library ILS standards and gives the OPAC/

Integrated Library Systems)

Web OPAC (open public access catalogue)

(b) Digital Library Management

facility to the users and very advanced

Softwares (DLMS)

features. Moreover, Koha communities

(A) LIBRARY MANAGEMENT

provide technical support worldwide in

SOFTWARES:

order to solve any problem during use of

Some of the renowned library management

Koha by libraries.

software‟s are as follows: Key Features of Koha: Some of the key

(a) Koha: Koha is one of the most popular open

features of Greenstone are as follows:

source ILS (Integrated library system)

(Aute & Ghumare, 2014, 321)

being used by the libraries globally. It was

User Friendly: Koha is a very user friendly

the first open source library management

software. It has easy-to-use circulation 7

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policies,

strong

patron

intuitive

navigation,

management,

If something wrong happens then libraries

extensive

have „Undo‟ option for entire import

and

permissions for staff accounts.

batches from the catalogue in a single click,

Excellent data record management: Koha

instead of having to delete on a one-by-one

has an excellent data record management

basis.

system. It is like a parent-child relationship

Standard worldwide technologies: Koha

for user‟s records, as well as a „copy‟ user

has

feature to quickly add families.

technologies such as OPAC/Web OPAC,

Unique Services: Koha provides some

staff, administrative features and self-

unique services to libraries such as a clubs

checkout interfaces are all based on

and services feature that allows libraries to

standards-compliant. World Wide Web

manage reading groups, book clubs, and

technologies—XHTML,

other community outreach programs. This

Javascript—making Koha a completely

feature is easily managed by library staff.

Web-based solution.

Books holds management: Koha provides

Advanced Technology support: Koha has

extensive support for holds, including an

good

option to „suspend‟ and „reactivate‟ a hold,

provides SIP2 configuration for a wide

an option to place holds from a patron‟s

variety of vendors and their products,

OPAC account, an option to allow staff to

including ITG, 3M, Envision Ware, Talking

re-organize the holds queue, and an option

Tech,

to place holds at either the title or item

Librarica. Koha also works with Ez Proxy

level.

as a dual authentication source for remote

Records updating features: Koha has a

database access.

very good enhanced matching policy rules

International standards and guidelines:

for the 001 and 035 tags, allowing libraries

Koha follows international standards and

to update older records with a newer

libraries guidelines in order to import-

version.

export data like Z39.50, SRU, and SIP2

Flexible data import features: Koha

XML-tagged MARC record storage provide

provides excellent features to import data.

quick access to data. 8

numerous

technical

worldwide

support

Overdrive,

Tech

standard

CSS

features.

Logic,

and

Its

and

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Complete library integrated system: koha

(g) RFID supports.

is complete integrated library management

(h) Configurable SMS system supports.

software.

(i) Incorporation with Gmail.

fully

developed

ILS

functionality including Course Reserves,

(j) Catalogue can be harvested through

Acquisitions, Serials Control, etc.

Google site map and many more. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New GenLib)

(b) NewGenLib: (New Generation Library) is an integrated library management system developed by

Verus Solutions Pvt Ltd. Domain expertise

One of another option in open sources

is provided by Kesavan Institute of

software is “Evergreen” ILS system. The

Information and Knowledge Management

Evergreen Project was initiated by the

in Hyderabad, India. On 9th January 2008,

Georgia Public Library System in 2006 to

NewGenLib has

been declared Open

serve their need for a scalable catalogue

Source Software under General Public

shared by (as of now) more than 275 public

License (GPL) by the Verus Solutions Pvt

libraries in the state of Georgia. After

Ltd, Hydrabad, India.

Evergreen was released, it has since been

Some advanced functional features of

adopted by a number of library consortia in

NewGenLib:

the US and Canada as well as various

(a) Android mobile and tablet friendly.

individual libraries, and has started being

(b) Incorporation with Twitter.

adopted by libraries outside of North

America

field in OPAC.

(https://evergreen-ils.org/about-

us/). Evergreen has feature such as stable,

(d) Enhanced contents and imaging

robust, flexible, secure, and user-friendly. It‟s developed by Equinox Software.

features available in OPAC like Book jackets, Google preview etc. (e) RSS Feeds facility.

(B) DIGITAL LIBRARY

(f) Provide suggestion for other book

MANAGEMENT SOFTWARES:

which is available in the library. 9

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Some of the renowned digital library

suit

management softwares are as follows:

(http://www.dspace.org/)

(a) Dspace: DSpace

any

library

needs:

Customize or theme the user interface: groundbreaking

digital

libraries can fully customize the look and

institutional repository that captures, stores,

feel of DSpace website so it will integrate

indexes, preserves, and redistributes the

seamlessly with your own institution's

intellectual output of a universityâ&#x20AC;&#x;s research

website and can be more intuitive for your

faculty in digital formats. It manages and

users. DSpace provides two main user

distributes digital items, made up of digital

interface options: the traditional (JSP-

files (or bit streams) and allows for the

based) interface, and Manakin (XML-

creation,

based) which provides various "themes" out

indexing,

and

searching

associated metadata to locate and retrieve

of the box.

the items. DSpace design and developed by

Customize the metadata: Dublin Core is

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

the default metadata format within the

(MIT) Libraries and Hewlett-Packard (HP).

DSpace application. However libraries can

DSpace was designed as an open source

add or change any field to customize the

application

and

application. DSpace currently supports any

organizations could run with relatively few

non hierarchical, flat name space, although

resources. It is to support the long-term

it is possible to ingest other hierarchical

preservation of the digital material stored in

metadata schemas into DSpace such as

the repository. It is also designed to make

MARC and MODS. This requires using

submission

supports

tools such as crosswalk and having some

submission, management, and access of

technical capability to map the transfer of

digital content (Naik & Shivalingaiah,

data.

2006, 31).

Configure Browse and Search: libraries

that

easy.

institutions

DSpace

can decide what fields you would like to Key Features of Dspace: DSpace can be

display for browsing, such as author, title,

customized in the following key ways to

date etc. on the timing of designing DSpace website. Libraries can also select any 10

IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 3, Mar 2017

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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017

metadata fields which they would like to

sees is the 'preferred language' set in their

include in the search interface. All of the

web browser.

text within a given item and metadata associated with the item, are indexed for

(b) Greenstone

full text search if desired.

Digital

Library

Software: mechanisms:

The Greenstone digital library software is

DSpace comes with plugging for most

an open-source system for the construction

university

methods,

and presentation of information collections.

including LDAP (and hierarchical LDAP),

It is a digital library project from New

Shibboleth, X.509, IP-based. In addition,

Zealand that provides a new way of

DSpace comes with its own internal

organizing information and making it

authentication method, or can be configured

available over the Internet. Collections of

to use multiple authentication methods at

information comprise large numbers of

once. Libraries can also build your own

documents (typically several thousand to

authentication plug-in if library use a

several million), and a uniform interface is

custom authentication mechanism.

provided to them. Moreover, they are easily

Local

authentication

Standards

authentication

Compatibility:

DSpace

maintained and can be augmented and

complies with many standard protocols for

rebuilt entirely automatically. The system is

access, ingest, and export.The standards

extensible software â&#x20AC;&#x153;pluginsâ&#x20AC;? accommodate

DSpace supports include: OAI-PMH, OAI-

different document and metadata types. The

ORE, SWORD, WebDAV, OpenSearch,

aim of the Greenstone software is to

OpenURL, RSS, ATOM.

empower users, particularly in universities,

Multiple Languages: The DSpace web

libraries,

application is available in over twenty

institutions, to build their own digital

languages. So if English is not your local

libraries (Naik & Shivalingaiah, 2006, 29).

and

other

public

service

language so libraries can customize the language which DSpace uses. Libraries can

Key Features of Greenstone:Some of the

also configure DSpace to support multiple

key features of Greenstone are as follows:

languages, so that the language your user

(Tramboo & Humma, 2012, 5). 11

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Accessible via web browser: Collections

Language transformation (XSLT) and other

are accessed through a standard web

agents that govern the definite functions of

browser

Digital library.

(Google

Explorer)

and

Chrome or combine

Internet

easy-to-use

Multilingual Support: Unicode is used

browsing with powerful search facilities.

throughout the software, allowing any

Full Text and Field Search: The user can

language to be processed in a consistent

search the full text of the documents, or

manner. To date, collections have been

choose between indexes built from different

built containing French, Spanish, Maori,

parts of the documents.

Chinese, Arabic and English. On-the-fly

Flexible browsing facilities: The user can

conversion is used to convert from Unicode

browse lists of authors, lists of titles, lists of

to an alphabet supported by the user's web

dates, classification structures, and so on

browser.

Create access structures automatically:

Collections support multiple formats:

The

Greenstone collections can contain text,

Greenstone

software

creates

information collections that are very easy to

pictures, audio and video clips.

maintain. All searching and browsing

Administrative function provided: An

structures are built directly from the

â&#x20AC;&#x153;administrativeâ&#x20AC;? function enables specified

documents

are

users to authorize new users to build

inserted by hand, but existing links in

collections, protect documents so that they

originals are maintained.

can only be accessed by registered users on

Make

use

themselves.

available

links

presentation of a password, examine the

metadata:

Metadata, which is descriptive information

composition of all collections, and so on.

such as author, title, date, keywords, and so

Collections can be published on the

on, may be associated with each document,

Internet or on CD-ROM: The software

can be used to serve collections over the

with

individual

sections

within

documents.

World-Wide Web. Greenstone collections

Customization: The Greenstone allows

can be made available, in precisely the

customization of presentation of collection

same form, on CDROM.

that are based on Extensible Style sheet 12

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Key Features of EPrints: Some of the key

“University of Southampton, England”.

features

EPrints repository collects preserves and

(Tramboo & Humma, 2012, 6).

disseminates in digital format the research

Accessibility via web browser: EPrints

output created by a research community. It

provides web based interface that makes it

enables the community to deposit their

easy to use and administer.

preprints; post prints and other scholarly

Full Text and Field Search: Searching in

publications using a web interface, and

EPrints allows scanning each of the

organizes these publications for easy

metadata field types in the database by

retrieval. It is the world's first, most widely

using simple or advanced search. Any

used, and by far the most functional of all

metadata field can be searched with fine

the available OA IR software‟s. EPrints

granularity by SQL querying the database.

was created in 2000 as a direct outcome of

Administrative function provided: EPrints

the 1999 Santa Fe meeting that launched

archive can use any metadata schema as

what eventually became the OAI-PMH.

being provided by the administrator. The

EPrints

administrator decides what metadata fields

management

extensible

system.

has

content been

EPrints

are

follows:

are held about each EPrints item.

extensively configured to accommodate the

Open Source Software: EPrints uses

needs of academics and researchers amid at

traditional technologies and runs on pure

dissemination and reporting, but it could be

Open Source systems. It uses MySQL,

easily used for other things such as images,

Apache database and web server.

research data, audio archives - anything that

Three user roles: Eprints provides three

can be stored digitally, but you'll have

users roles such as administrator, editor,

make more changes to the configuration.

and author. They are controlled all back and

EPrints is OAI-complaint. It is highly

front records.

configurable to achieve diverse needs, built

OAI-PMH Support: EPrints is fully

on a coding platform that is amendable to

interoperable with OAI (Open Archives

rapid development.

Initiative) 13

Protocol

for

Metadata

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Harvesting. Open Archives protocol allows

media resources (book, journals, etc) or can

sites

be used to hire educated, technical support

'harvest' the metadata from several sources,

that is provided to the users for the better

and offer services using that metadata, such

use of existing resources. Moreover, these

as indexing or linking services.

free softwares are constantly being updated,

Multilingual Support: Unicode is used

changed and customised to meet the

throughout the software, allowing any

library‟s needs. Apart from this, there is

language to be processed in a consistent

one more important factor that India is the

manner.

country which has been moving towards

File formats supported: Functions with

digitisation; Indian government has been

many file types, including: PDF, HTML,

promoting electronic ways in each and

JPEG, TIFF, MP3, and AVI etc.

every field. So this is the right time when

programmatically

retrieve

we the library professional have to accept CONCLUSION:

the mode of digitisation and take the

It has observed that ICT (Information and

benefits from open sources as well as have

Communication Technology) has reformed

to participate in Digital India Campaign.

the field of library and information science

Therefore, present article has given an

entirely. Today, most of the libraries are

overview on “Open Sources Softwares”

taking help of automation to manage their

with

daily library works and availability to Open

management softwares and digital library

Source Softwares through Internet which

management softwares for which some of

provides another suitable option to the

renowned

library professionals

Hopefully this article will provide some

automation. Open Source Softwares have

introductory information to the library

given the opportunity to the librarians that

professionals and give motivation towards

they can chose free softwares and at the

“Open Sources Softwares”.

the

field

special

reference

softwares

are

same time money can also be saved. Consequently, saved money may be utilized to purchase other useful things such as

REFERENCES: 14

library

discussed.

IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 3, Mar 2017

Available at: www.dbpublications.org

International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017

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International Journal of Computer Applications, 59(16), 1-9. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/12 12/1212.4935.pdf. 8. Aute, G and Ghumare, S. (2014). Library Management Softwares: LIBSYS 7 & Koha. 9th Convocation PLANNER-2014, Dibrugarh University, Assam, Sept.25-27, 2014. (http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/19 44/1808/1/38.pdf) 9. Randhawa, S. Open Source Software and Libraries. (www.core.ac.uk/download/PDF/11 85363.pdf) 10. http://connectusfund.org/7-mainadvantages-and-disadvantages-ofopen-source-software 11. http://entrepreneurhandbook.co.uk/o pen-source-software/ 12. www.outsource2india.com/software /articles/open-source-software.asp 13. www.verussolutions.biz/ 14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewGen Lib 15. www.koha.org 16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koha_(s oftware)

17. http://www.opensource.org/history 18. http://www.dspace.org/ 19. http://www.eprints.org/uk/index.php /