Application of RFID Technology and the Maximum Spanning Tree Algorithm for Solving Vehicle Emissions

IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 4, April 2017

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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017

Application of RFID Technology and the Maximum Spanning Tree Algorithm for Solving Vehicle Emissions in Cities on Internet of Things DHANANJAYA .M. Associate professor of Department of Computer Science &Engineering ANKITHA H.C Department of Computer Science and Engineering SJB Institute of Technology Abstract— The objective of this paper is to

number of RFID devices and guaranteed the whole

monitor air pollution on roads and track a vehicle

urban cars can be monitored.

which causes pollution. In order to solve this

Keywords—Internet of things; radio frequency

problem, many countries and regions have already

identification; maximum spanning trees.

presented a series of emissions standards, meanwhile some methods has been developed, including update motor engine or improving the quality of the gasoline. However, these actions have not brought about striking effect as we expect. In this system, Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology as a low-cost and mature wireless communication method is adopted to collect and transmit emissions information of vehicles and Internet of Things (IoT) concept is proposed. Moreover, The RFID devices need to be installed on the traffic lights so that reliable reading of emissions signals from a vehicle can be interrogated when the vehicles stop in front of the red light .By applying the system, it is possible to smoothly realize a green traffic network. Maximum spanning tree algorithm (MXAST) is also presented

I. INTRODUCTION With

the

increasing

of

automobile

quantity,

especially in some metropolis, such as Beijing or Hong Kong, it is very impending to resolve the problem of air pollution resulting from automobile exhaust gas.In Beijing, air pollution has reached levels judged as hazardous to human health. To fight this problem, the motor emissions standards have been established and promoted in many developed countries for many years. Furthermore, some improved measures in vehicle engines or the quality of gasoline have also been developed by researchers.

However, these methods seem not to solve radically the emissions pollution problems. The motor emissions standard is very difficult to implement in

to select suitable traffic lights aim to reduce the

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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017 real-life. Although government forces all cars for

emissions firstly collected in the inspection system,

testing or examining periodically as the local

with effect of adding some information such as time,

standard, the actual vehicle on-road emissions are

date and location. Then, these update data will be

usually much higher than those which are measured.

transmitted to the control system, as well as

The Internet of Things (loT) is a new concept which

notification system. Based on the local emissions

has attracted the attention of both academia and

standard, a message or e-mail of repairing car will

industry. Internet of Things (loT) is implemented as a

automatically send to car owners. The overview of

network of interconnected objects, each of which can

how the emissions data collects and transmit among

be addressed using unique id and communicates

the vehicle emissions system, RFID devices and the

based on standard communication protocols. Carbon

control system is shown in Figure 1.The active RFID

monoxide, nitrogen oxides, are released when fuel is

and the active RFID tag are designed to collect the

burned in an internal combustion engine and when

emissions data from the vehicle exhaust system.

air/fuel residuals are emitted through the vehicle

RFID reader will receive emissions data when the

tailpipe. Gasoline vapors also escape into the

vehicles which are installed on RFID tag drive into

atmosphere during refueling and when fuel vaporizes

inspect range. However, most traffic lights in a city

from engines and fuel systems caused by vehicle

are just connected and controlled for shifting signals

operation or hot weather. To achieve the solution

which do not provide the capability of data

through

wireless

transmission. Once the RFID reader receives the data

communication and signal acquisition technologies

from the tags, the most cost-effective way for data

through emerging concept called IoT. IoT can be

transmission is 3G. It can steadily transmit these data

effectively

wireless

to the control system. In many cities, 3G data

inspection and notification system (WINS). It can

transmission is more popular compare to other

realize real-time applications and monitor all vehicle

wireless communication technologies and the price

emissions information in a city. In the system, the

for 3G transmission is also inexpensive. Collected

vehicles need to be tagged with a unique identity

data from ADC will send to ARM Microcontroller

(ID), their emissions information will be transferred

and then to RFID tag to Cloud Data Base Centre

with the ID to a backend system. By this, the

through GPRS and Cloud Web Server it may located

authorities can smoothly judge which vehicles are

in remote place, the GPRS Establish the connection

exceed the standard and give a message & email and

with Cloud Web Server through Dongle.

continuously

used

for

the

updated

developing

ask drivers to repair their vehicle.

II.SYSTEM DESIGN The whole system can be split into two sub-systems: Inspection system and control (notification) system.

In the real road situation, all data of vehicle

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IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 4, April 2017

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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017 As the lambda sensors can produce the lower voltage values (0V to 1V), but the RFID tag can only store the digital values, so it becomes necessary to convert the analog emission’s data into the digital one. Hence analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) is used for this purpose. With the ADC, the voltage signals being A. Inspection system design

outputted from the lambda sensors are converted into

Inspection system can be divided into data collection

the digital signal before passing it along with the

and data transport. RFID technology is well

RFID tag .Fig 3 portrays the prototype of the ADC

employed here. RFID tag is mainly responsible for

and the RFID tag. To ensure the accuracy of the

data collection, while data transport can be realized

ADC, a microcontroller firmware is used in the ADC

via RFID reader.

to cancel the offset error and the gain error.

 Data collection The in-car RFID tags are used to collect the emissions data from the vehicle’s exhaust system. In order to fetch the data, two lambda sensors are placed in the exhaust pipe that is used to measure the air ratio (λ). The two sensors namely upstream / pre cat sensor and downstream / post cat sensor are placed at the two ends of the catalytic convertor. Fig shows the overview of the engine’s exhaust line and the lambda sensors. When the lambda value of the engine’s data is higher than the stoichiometric value (usually 1),

Figure 3. RFID Tag and the ADC

more nitrogen oxides are produced. But if the lambda value is lower than the stoichiometric value then the

 Data transmission

mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon

The RFID interrogator is the principal station of the

emissions would be more.

information system, it acts as a mediator, since all the necessary data are fetched and transferred through this section. RFID interrogator mainly consists of 3 main modules namely RFID module, 3G module and the data interface module. The RFID module is essential in picking up the RFID tag sent through the

Figure 2. The vehicle emissions system

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Vehicle and a 3G module to transmit the data to the

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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017 back end system. Data transfer interface module acts as an interface, which is needed in the worst cases if the 3G network works abnormally, such wired connection will be avoided if the wireless 3G network works fine. Fig 4 specifies the prototype of the

interrogator

with

its

different

modules.

.

C. Summary System design After completing the designing of the hardware and software parts the information system is established.

So with this system the information can be gathered by the RFID tag, fetched by the RFID interrogator B. Control system The control system as a vehicle notification center, its chief role is to notify drivers with SMS or e-mail to repair their cars as soon as possible until detected qualified when their vehicle emissions exceeds. The drivers also can check their cars detail emissions information (e.g. When, where, how) via the control system. They can login the website and input their account such as mobile number, vehicle licenses or Tag ID to inquiry as shown figure 5.

and passed on to the back-end system or the database in real-time bases. Moreover an economical and efficient

system

is

achieved

as

each

RFID

interrogator in this system operates only when the RED light of the specific traffic light is ON. When that light turns to GREEN operation will be stopped, this can be easily accomplished as, firstly the communication link between the vehicle and the traffic light will be lost when the GREEN light is turned ON due to the motion of the car (due to the speed of the car) and secondly, it is unnecessary to check each and every car, as it is waste of time since each car will be monitored once in a week .So it is feasible for weekly wireless inspection. Thirdly, considering there are numerous numbers of traffic

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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017 lights which reduces the rate of data transmission thus reducing the task of powerful servers, all three aspects make this system more reliable and practical.

III. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS In order to certify the efficiency of the information system, many experiments were lugged out through a simulation of road where an area of about 200 square meters, where a five meters height pole was set up in order to simulate traffic lights. Vehicle where fitted with the designed RFID tag would drive in this particular area. A RFID interrogator was seated on the pole while on the other hand the back–end system was installed in a distant room. We know that basically there are two lambda sensors in the exhaust

IV

system of an automobile as mentioned earlier. To

APPROPRIATE TRAFFIC

emulate the actual engine emissions, only the Îť

LIGHT SELECTION

values from the lambda sensor were collected in the

In most typical traffic network, roads are met at some

experiments.

junctions (or intersections) at which traffic lights are

The interrogation among the traffic lights and the

set up to control the priority of each road. The

vehicles is the most critical part of the information

objective of the proposed algorithm is to determine

system, due to the maturity of 3G telecommunication

which junctions have the highest traffic flows so that

technology the data transmission between the RFID

RFID readers could be installed on the traffic lights at

interrogator at the traffic light and the back-end

those junctions. Moreover, the selection of the

system can be neglected. The interrogation among

junctions (i.e., locations of the RFID readers) should

the vehicles and the traffic light was basically

also cover every portion of the city so as to guarantee

evaluated under five tests i.e. tag position test,

that all the vehicles in the city are inspected. With the

obstruction test, effective distance test, effective

idea of spanning tree, the goal can be handled and

inspected vehicle number test and reliability test

achieved by forming the urban traffic network as an

.These test are designed to emulate whether the RFID

undirected graph and solving the problem with

tag could pick the information from the interrogator

MAXST algorithm. In the proposed method, traffic

and also check whether the interrogator could

flow in every road needs to be defined by the

indicate the level of accuracy of the tag reading.

authorities. Therefore Google maps (GM) can be

THE

MAXST

ALGORITH

FOR

used as an assistant tool to determine the traffic flow

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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017 each

road.

To give

an

example about

the

V IMPLEMENTATION

implementation of interrogator let us consider a city

Over all implementation of system is illustrated with

were the traffic is at maximum level from the Google

following flow chart.

map display we can say that red/black means heavy congestion, yellow is a little slow, and green means good to go. We can say that the traffic of particular road can be calculated by assigning some values to each color i.e 1 for green,2 for yellow,3 for red,4 for red black. Let us consider below specified road Google map which has all the colors i.e. the proportion of each color should be used to evaluate the weight value.

Tw=1Xg+2Xy+3Xr+4Xrb Where Pg is the proportion of road in green, Py is the proportion of road in yellow, Pr is the proportion of road in red, and Prb is the proportion of road in red/black. Where Google Map with MAXST minimizes the RFID integrator over a traffic signal.

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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017 VI. CONCLUSION

Response Time of Emergency Vehicles in Realistic

RFID technology, as one of the enabling technologies

Large-Scale

of IoT (Internet of Things), is employed to develop

conference on communication, PP 978 -1-4673.

the information system. RFID reading can be

[6] Pei-Chi Hsieh, You-Ren Chen, Wen-Hao Wu,

interrogated along with the corresponding tag ID

and Pao-Ann Hsiung (2013) ―Timing Optimization

through a wireless connection among traffic lights

and Control for Smart Traffic‖,IEEE International

and vehicles. This will maintain the database and

Conference on Internet of Things, Volume 3,PP 40-

graph for the data by monitoring the emissions data,

45.

the engine health can be easily inspected and

[7] Minghe Yu, Dapeng Zhang, Yurong Cheng, and

examined. MAXST algorithm is determine the

Mingshun Wang (2012) ‖An RFID Electronic Tag

amount of traffic lights on which the RFID readers

based Automatic Vehicle Identification System for

should be installed. Simulated result shows that the

Traffic IOT Applications‖,IEEE,PP 978-1-4244-

number of traffic light can be reduced by at least

8738-7.

40%.

[8] Minghe Yu, Dapeng Zhang, Yurong Cheng, and

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Mingshun Wang (2011) ―An RFID Electronic Tag

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