Wilcox Park by D C H S

WILCOX PARK ANALYSIS OF RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RECREATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Prepared for The Environmental Management Council of Dutchess County, New York

by The Cary Arboretum of the New York Botanical Garden Millbrook, New York May, 1975

Peter A. Dykeman, Coordinator of Education James Stevenson, Education Asst. Andrew Jacobs, Research Asst.

P RE FAC E

As woodland is ecologically fragile and limited in carrying capacity, user activities must be restrained or directed in the interest of sas taining the vegetation and other natural elements.

One of the central purposes of the Cary Arboretum of the New York Botanical Garden is the carriage of principles of environmental responsibility into the arena of action. T�ese principles are based on an ecological interpretation of human impacts upon the environments we dominate or create.

The Cary Arboretum believes that the recommenda tions proposed in this report will assist the Environmental Management Council of Dutchess County in achieving both long-term viability and maximum use of Wilcox Park.

Parks are set aside as special areas for recre ation and escape in communion with nature. The purpose of this study is to accommodate and en courage a variety of recreational and education al uses in Wilcox Park and still maintain if not enhance the special qualities of the Park impart ed by its natural and man-influenced features.

Howard S. I rwin, Director, Cary Arboretum of the New York Botanical Garden

iii

A C KN O W L ED G E ME NT S Director of Region 3, Bob Bard of the Division of Fish and Wildlife, and Jerry Gotsch of the Division of Lands and Forests.

The Education Department, Cary Arboretum of the New York Botanical Garden wishes to thank County Execu tive William Bartles and the members of the Dutchess County Board of Representatives, particularly Joseph Poillucci and Donald Finnan, past and present chair men respectively, of the Environmental Control Com mittee, for their interest and assistance in this project. For their involvement in the initiation of the project as well as their constant support, our gratitude is extended to Wilfred Relyea, Al Fleming, and William Hogan of the Dutchess County Environmental Management Council.

Also, John Porter, District Conservationist of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service; Park Super intendents of the Taconic State Park and Recre ation Commission, in particular Arthur Davis at Baird, Joseph Sauer at Mills-Norrie, Leonard Foley at Lake Taghkanic, Fred Harder at Rudd Pond and Calvin Post at Copake Falls. Also, Alice Jones, Ralph T. Waterman Bird Club; Barbara Thompson, Historian of the Town of Milan; Meg Vaeth, Wilcox Park Summer Staff; Lillian Schad, Milan Town Clerk; and Mrs. Frederick Wilcox, former owner of the Wilcox Park property.

We also extend our appreciation for their valuable assistance to the following Dutchess County agencies and personnel: Department of Planning, Henry Heis senbuttel, Commissioner and staff, particularly Eric Gillert, Senior Planner; Department of Public Works, James Spratt, Commissioner and staff, particularly Peter Anagnos, Bruce Conklin and John Tekben; De partment of Health, Dr. Stephen Redmond, Commissioner and staff, especially Scott Daniels.

Special thanks are extended to Ed Hericourt, caretaker and maintenance man of Wilcox Park, for the wealth of historical and general information which he provided throughout the duration of the project.

Also, members of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, including Warren McKean,

TA B L E

C O N T E N T S

0 F

...... ......

...... SITE CHARACTERISTICS ...... Location, Size and Accessibility . . . . . Topography and Soils . . . . . ...... Meteorology . . ...... ...... Water Resources ...... ...... Vegetation ...... ...... Vegetation Types ...... ...... Wildlife Resources . . . . . . ......

...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

Preface

......

Acknowledgements INTRO DU CTI ON

......

...... ......

iii iv

3 5

6 10 11

12 13

Historical Aspects

......

Recent Developments

......

SURVEYS OF PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS OF DUTCHESS COUNTY ..

......

AN EXAMINATION OF THE RECREATIONAL FACILITIES & NEEDS OF DUTCHESS COUNTY ......

......

AN APPRAISAL OF EXISTING RECREATIONAL FACILITIES OF ...... w·1 LCOX PARK

•...••

......

Swimming ...... Picnicking ....

Camping ......

......

Group Camping

......

Parking ......

......

Fishing and Boating

......

Farm Pond .....

......

Trails

......

Vegetation ....

......

Wildlife ......

......

Historic Artifacts and Buildings .....

......

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES AT WILCOX PARK ...... vi

...... 45

r-''| EJ I= rJ

di C]. [ ..., I EL± H H qu RE

-, -,

< -,

£==j

E==E

E==]

E=] :¢=,£Lr ,..-, :-1,iiii

[==

E=] i,_r___ __

I I ri ri I-I rl rl ri rl. .I-I I--.I .r''l .r--]

E==]

E=]

[=±

[=J

[==]

L=]

[=]

I:=]

[==]

E=]

[=]

[==

E=]

I:==

r'-I rmi `Ti ri FT_ `ri I `n rl I _rT+ `r'l rl I-I `rl

`.:L']:;

i` -`-.JT.-

rTTr[,t.``rL,\L=.. ,++ .,-. h-

.i,.

H I:.I E] I.=,I I I:.I I,=] E± E± E=,I H E= [= I `E

-= •- =

= = =

CJ CJ 10 1` LO C\J 10 tJ C\J I- (t) C\l - I-

rl ri. rl `ri, .rT. _ri. rl rT, rl r-I r-.i `rl n rl rl

E=]

E=±

[=]

E=j

[=]

I.I

[=,=]

i.=]

E=]

ca -.-L

__-__J

EE= L=.

I-i I ri .rl. rl. I `rl, rl `ri rT. .I-I, FT. r[l ri

E=]

[=]

[==J

I:=]

[==]

E=:I

[=] E=]

C<OJ

=iii

C< I c^

a,I --.> TEE

[,,I

[=]

```, . .`-: -€ :`

rl `n. rT~ rT. rl ri ri~ _ri ri

- rl `rl

-esiSfr+S_

I E= EI

iE=E __

E iiEEE __ __ _ _I

FT ri ri ri ri rT. .ri `rl I I rT~ I

i:I E:,;I

I:!:I

E:I

I.:I

== E= qu I:.I E=

a aJ ai ai

=====%£

E±E

Cj 0 aJ

®=

¢¢1 ±=iJ

€

a'r-

Q±

rlrT

±1=

rjl

E± a.T0 E=€ fox

0.1=®= ®^ £C)I iJu 10L aJ aJ .-

0 ct ca

rl rl rT FT r] rl

[==

E=]

[==]

E==

E=]

I-iii]

+ifr±it-Hilt:I.+,I..:.1,citi]lllllliillith--fu`JL` :#siamsiarml+I:::::ifti-mjid:I:afe`Jma+dEa+:+i|mmifEFiEL

[==]

Thu

ip == ®

E= I---`"'

E= --i-I '-. -±

__. -iJ

I:a

_iiiE

-I]±[fu"ifu4.--Iii

I-mu:ai+a.a±±i____±F -------- 'J` -'

a`-I,~-,uHuJIL±. __ _I

H [] I H E=] E== E,I =,,I L==.I E=].I H u RE-u [=

'1'111'

- t>l C`11 i+ |r) \0 t`

rl IT I IT I n r--I FI IT I-I \1 FT I rl

[==]

I:I

L=j

[==] EiEiRE;3-.+.3,`~,r® r^i2>::S-¥tiqiERE

[====]

I-

-dffi

i:==]

[=] =Hara

[==] iiimfa>j??£82

[==

[=E

[]

[=]

I.-.I r] r] I I [i r] [1 I r] [] ri I FT I

I:=J

I,=j

[i_]

ail:I

I:==

[==]

E=J

E=:a

[==J

m± -.--

E=J

[=J

E==a

E=:a + -,,,,,,,,,,,....,,,,,, Lf, ,+hft:T~```

E=]

--_.

r-I r-I rT] ri FT rl I [] ri r=] FT I I n I

[=] [==J E=,I I,.=] H E=,I H I.:.I E] E=] H [=] I:I H

[==

r.-i I-I rl Ti n I

[=:I

I:==

E==

i:=E

a:=£

di [] u E=] E= RE [=]

cO1„

c+®On

ri FT rl ri rl

I:I

I..I

I:I

E=:I alm~...q-rurfllL

E==

Eu I..:tl:iTfF__.1:i;|£` `. „,: `..`F'L:tctLr,iTitjeE±d±fl,-un-

E=a .`-`r=rii|iEn+fr|nrf.mi|~|_--` I -...

E=J

I--. 1

_. I

E=J

n I r-I ri 'rl I I n I ri ri IT I I `ri

[=]

[==]

[=L±

I,.=J

[=]

E=]

[=]

E=]

E==]

ifi

RE _____. _ __I

I.``| I r`i I FT ri I

n_ rl FT

E==

I,:..I

E=±

E=.I

E=]

E=.I

E=]

I,=]

E=]

I:I

E==

EEE

0®®©©©

®©

FT I I I Fl rl I IT I--I r--I r]i I ri ri I

IZa

qCO

a C=JJcOrT'

aarin C=I>Z+

arna,I>

Ig2 inZ®

ODa

>+Za

arl an7F

cOI

Za EEZG'

a,*;:

® ®

:EaZ =8®

a0=g

® ® ®

+tpPP>_=5SlE _tJ5=

a)Z;?

® ®

® ® ®

® ®

r>=8

:; +C=§5C+ :=Za

aag:

iIa !:0

0JJa:

® ®

tJ88 a,=I

I> ==r !=a

=>a

® ® ® ®

*C==10

IZa

t:£00 1aI0

tJC€=an2

:! ®Z>m=# ==±PaI !i :: :iERo

8€==

® ® ®

® ®

® ® ® ®

HUDSOH HIGIILANDSPAFIK

JAMES BAIRI]

Ha'g.'®t L®wl.NORRIE

Ogdon a Ruth Living8tonMILLS

CLERMONT

LAKE TAGHKANIC

TACONICF`UDDf]ONDAREA

TACOItl€COPAKEFALLSAF`EA

)[qqEHnyj=Lirfu]±.±>?)]an

Ttmct._,=T7L.=`-,L`L,+±ji±iL=-.H-r.---L€L±JLiL±---

i-.t'+-

--_.±=;L*riL=___

,iri[][[[[[L'-----. _,i _

[] [] I,`] E=] H E=] EJ ill [] E:I E] [== [= RE [=]

>IrTI>

0>=in

® ®

I I I.I I I FT ri n FT I .rl I rl I-I ri

a_jfu-,-.--- a-_ __J

I..,I [] [± [=] I.I E] ==] E== H H H E] H H I

I I [., I I [ I [ I [ [ I.,. I I I

•.filE{HIIml-.act.Jt.}t.[ft}.]]-in.I` ---- :1.-''] `

-±

-.''-.=±=a.L±=;|aiapr[ --

-``

E] E] E=] E] H E=] E= E] E= H RE [=]

FT r''''l

rl I rl Tl I--]Il I.I Ti

I,I L== I..] E= I qu [=J ==] E] E RE EiiE RE

E'''Il I-'I I I I

=i= =||Ei=

=-==

. O-CY)=

•r` LO . C\J-.= -

LO =

I- r` r- r- I- Cn

>>>>>>

CJI a) CJ) CJ) CJI C))

fo rcj fo a ro ro ->-,-,-,-,-, C] LO LO LO 00 10 -CuCH CJ d ,-

L CJ 'r>CJ

r'`Il`l

iii

[==]

Ei==]

[=]

L==]

ELi]

Li.I

ELLl

u=fE

fa=a

E=a

iiE

iEa

___I

iii

ro.

Clr-

I-iJ

I IT I IT

LL±L___

EREaein ____^__I

i.I L] L=.,I I..I H L=] i:I [=] an [=] I:I H RE EE iH

H r] I-'] I--I ri I.=] rT] [=] r=] I ri IT FT Ti I

I,.=,I

E=.I

L.I

E=.I

[=]

c=E

[==]

I:=]

[==

[=]

E==E

c=E

E=a L____I

nmx aJ=0 •rr- 0

iJ 1.T,rr_

FTFT

[=]

E==:I ta.t#:H£#¥±=±±=

[L=]

_.___

-r --

I:=]

E==] I-"_`n"Lj.v`T=.`.„ _i

I:i:a

f;`,.!#:. ,-. : -`,;. ` #j,;fai?.`fj,:.' <,:.

0 I -,a I--a -. Q< -

® -. a OJ ®

Dt = CLO

E=] ...-.. at`±:i

a=]

0®

Boatl'ng

iEil ii E=

E==E

Horseback Ri.di.ng

H1`k1'n9

81`cyc11'n9

iEiEiE E= iEEE

Fi.eld Sports

L+ I+ I- P ><

I-.+,

F1'sh1`n9

P P = I+ I- ><

Nature Trai.ls Tennl's

t 1 I+ t t '- ><

I- t I+ I+ I- I+ ++ ><

Ski.I.ng

Snormobi.1i.ng Campl'ng

I = p = ng ng p I+ +1 >< ng 'P 't' t I- t I.+ I- ><

= I p I = u i I ng I+ x

+-i 1+ P I- P P t I- P ng ng ><

P1'cnickin9

Swimml`ng Downhi.ll Ski.i.ng

i = t ng p p ng I- p I+ I+ p ><

I+ 1 t P P t t I+ ng t no P P ><

Events Ice Skati.ng

HP=|===-tttp|=X

I.+ P ng P I- I+ I+ I+ I+ ++ P ng ng I+ P >< Cultural

--:-_

___J

ri FT I FT

L=J

I:.I =[+lq:HE

E==

E:I E=i---T=-

[===

E==

[===

[=]

Ei=]

[±a

[==

ifi

__I

i±=

rHE± 0CJ)

0.1E

n -rl rl

=tJ

0 •T*

rna riiil

[==

L=.:I

L== •L1.

-_=__---+-A-`

E=J -`

E== S-'.,

[=]

[==]

[=]

E=a

[=]

EH ._ _ _ _ _____ _____-

E==

< a,

lil.,.........`..;::... i-a.

FT Fl rl rl rl rl rl

® J± cO

a _ 1

a 0

iH _ - _

qU).0

. ft'

+ tJ) I foal Ci--

ftj

; :

il ' T

H - I _-

C„=

--a,

EEB

rlHI----------.:TT|

---------

J ----. i ,-,------

L ------

` ---------.---- _-_

_-_-_-

-_-_-__--_=

-----..- `.-

-_.,._

--.--

______ -----

EL [= E=.I E I I L=] [=j [==] qu [] ng E= ng=,!j EE]

I-I FT rl I ri rEi I-i r|

Z.I =iJ 0JJ CL

Lfo

IHfi

XrXr-

rl I FT rl FT r] rl]

L==i

[=]

L==E

E==

E==E

E=:a

E=E

i±E

ii:=B

Eiil

Ei=i

eleo uOLIP30|

wni]Ho8t]V ^t]v3 ]Hi ^8 0J|OnoN00

^iNno3 Ss]H3ina ]o il3Nnos iN]N]9vNmu lviN]wNot]I^N] ]Hi

tloJ Xtlvci X03lIM

]t]IVNNolis]nb ^]^t]ns ]3N]Ionv

in I I F] I FT E] I I IT I I I Ei I

Eel

-50 miles

iiriE

EE.E

Einff

iiiE

iEEii

iEiii

Number jn famj,y_ Organized group

#T:FTTT

Self

iiiiii

Eisfii

Wi.th whom di.d you come to the Park?

at Wi.lcox Park?

What occupation i.s the head of your family engaged i.n?

Yes

Are you camping

Femai=

Male

Sex of respondant?

12 - 19 20 - 29 30 - 45 46 - 60 61 and over Not answered

Would you mind telling me your age?

Other

21 -35 mi.1es

Less than 10 miles 10 -20 miles

How many mi.les is Wi.lcox Park from your home?

Town

Village or City

Where is your home?

Other

iEi

Group outi.ng

sports

Playing outdoor

Hiking

Boating Bi cycl i ng

Swimming Fish1`n9

Campl'ng

Attendi.ng Sports events Relaxati.on Nature walk Dri.ving for pleasure Walking for Pleasure Attend outdoor concert Plantings

Eiiiil

Probe: What actl.vi.ty?

Pi.c ni.cking

Why di.d you come to Wilcox Park today?

Eiil

Ei=]

:eqoJd

i u.L pa|SaJa|u.L aq

Se^

tpu.L¥ 1PuM

ttlJ€d awl uL SAPLd Jo s|Ja3uo3 Se l|3ns `s|ua^a LeJn|Ln3 Pua||E not pLnoM

Se^ £6u.LL.Lqounous

Sa^

t6u.Li¥s AJ|uno3-ssojo Se^

[LLuuMops€ u3ns `S|Jods Ja|u.LM u! a|Pd.L3.L|J€d not PLnoM SaA

Se^

.£[

.Z[

.b[

.9T

|u6.Lur not |el|| s*LeM aJn|eu Se u3ns `sureJ6oJd LPuO.L|P3npe Aue 9Jal|| eJV .9T

£6u.L.L¥s 0N

Sat

£ALJepLe Jo pedde3.Lpueu awl Jot SL.LeJ| JO| Paeu P S£ 3Jal|| Laa| not oo ON

`Ou J|

€a|ed.L3.L|Jed not pLnoM ¥Jpd awl u.L aLqeL.LP^e aJaM 6u.LP.LJ ¥OeqasJ0u i| :u3.LUM

69|enbepe Salt.LLL3e} 6ui|S|xa au| puno} not a^eH

S9^

feLLIL| S.Ll|| |e eLqeL.Le^e lou eke u3!uM `u.L

.O|

e|Pd|3.L|Jt2d o| a¥|L pLnoM noA u3iuM Sa.L|.L^.L|3P Leuo.L|.Lppe Aue aJau| eJIV .|[

_6uiul0N fpe6upu3 ees o| e¥.LL not pLnoM ¥Jpd X03L.LM |noq€ 6u|q|Aue i.L leuM

£uoseas p uL ¥Jpd eu| esn not op seun.L| Aueul MOH

E=-ii r] n FT I I F= rl rl I IT rT I rl r]

i:::ii

iE:=i

Ei:ii

iiiii

iiiiii

i:iii

iii

Eiiii

ii:a

IT rl FT I

i±±ii

i===ii

i±iii

i=rii

iiiiil

iiE:=ii

EEii

i±a

iiii

iiiE __ _ _ _~~A^^ ___ _~____a7zii`D___

iii=a

iii

iiii

ii:a ____~LEE±AI hd~ OL:in.±L _~ _ I

rl IT n rl in

a:±ii±E

iiiiriEiE2

E=riiEi

iiiii!iiE

E=:iiE

i:iiriE

E=Eiii

E=:ii:i

£:£E

iE3

E=Eii

iiii

iiiii

iiE

[ [ [ I [ I r,E [,

L-.

I. I.

I,[ E

E=E

E=::::i

E===]i

E=i::±i

i=:=a

Eii±ii

iE±::PI

Ei±ia

Eiii

iiiiii

Eiiiii

iiiiaE

E=E

iiiii

ii=3

v\a,cks*

FIFT

EE=a

E=:a=a

Ei±=a

fiiii

iiii

Ei±ii

Ei=a

EE::a

i==a .` /``

_ ...

_ _a_h_`._._

EEii a._*._. _.

Ei=ii

. €=.]*€*=at=`

Eiii

EiE

i 1._T±L

iiE

15-try-Iq-n0-pm-0M

8 Z6

00L

I, E I E [ [ E E E E [ E [- I [

E==

E===

esEa

E:==a

EiEiE

E=E

EE=ilii

E=a

iE=Z

Eiiii

iiE

g=]

rl rl trrl IT ~rl rl rT~ FT_ `EE|_ ri r]

1CA=

iiil RE

i==ii ===

QJC^

®i®

J® 1'® ®

5§=i

unV'

+a,

=OJ

=1.

®7T

GT)t

0= -= Cia ® iCA

Fdr= C<J<

i cO i -I.

0=0-

Z CJ Z C^

P=d

g== --fy I

C^ c+ a, a fy

= - = c^

a0OJ

® Z cot Q-

7ET=

® I fu OJ

fu i ® I

CJ-0 c+CQ

I c+ ci. (D i I

a- cO a I = = ®

i u, u' i i d r+ r+ c+ c+ I ® rD I I ®iioo

a QJ Q' a a

P Ill (/) J> 11 11 >

®i 00 0®

® a, P - a a =

i a CQ

iCQi E± iCQP a ®T

-i0 --.a i=0,

=0®

CD cO r-

Z Ill Ill Z Z

-®

1c+

0 dr a c+

< a C) u'

-.a C)

EEE

EiEE

®aJ

a3 i iJ •r .I-.I- a)t e =

aJ r-

®=a,

cJ5

TOa

S-LCQ

I-TO i

a, aJ

® aJO aj i ia iJ I- a' I 0 0

a fo ® ftj J3 iJ fo .I ®

I > I I ® aJ i i- = = a i rt3 .r- on Ci =.I t]Dt]) a) aj fo rt3 i rt3 o = I I- CJ, iJ I = ® I-= = ® >= = i S®r--±z I

aj >r-o o

±zT I ±z

0 =o5 a3 .-.- tor.I-ft}iJ I I ®.o = = Lo.I-ft3 =T= I ajiJa

-•TJ]i urt3 E iaI-aJI II It^I iI-I = tDaJa o roI i® I a

fo CO

tJ-

ZiJ

®=

t^ TO Z

=aJL

TO a iJ t aj aJ E an o a

S. (A a- 0 a) V)

=cO

> Oil

=eo

i a I S-

a, aJ I .I- .I cO iJ tJ)± JQ

I = I CJ P

a .I a a fo I=J=®

1® O = a

.-O=f-aJ

a.TT aJ s_

a' 1® a)

I TtJ

ci+J rt3 iJ a) I a) ® i fo = 1.I-aJ t^ aJ a) Lr-.I ifor i fo i L=T-LQ I u a ®c.= .I-O]Tc5L

L>£

o a)a =T o

o a.= fo-f-

=.I rt5(/) ®f---

iJfo bE±

I rt3 -a Or-® fo ® ® ® ro I->ra_ = ca = cE5 ca L z fL > = CJ fn = cQ

E¥

ftJ J± ±

~- ±£ I =fl3 =® e =TOII ±E± tn

all

I LTOTo a

foa'

I L±

= =o

fl3 o aJ

a)I = t7}®

aJ o ®f-

®o a)a)a)

o± c]± aD 0± c.5 a (/) a± Q± ±z i<

--I.-®lJJ (15 u i =(/) •r-o =T = aJ a fl5 0£ I I I >00 I aJ u cO iJ to a I aj a) i a I a .II I ft} CJ)t i Lt+ a)r-i e a a I I- 1 fl3 I+ I I- aJ ® ® i a a U) 1 I .- .I E

iij i Cf)

•T

E== E] FT in rl " FT IT r]

j£

a, •r-±£ ±Z

=tJ).Ii

•r-.I

®tt

I 0 a, P .r- I

.f=

- = = .- = V)

i i I I- o 1J aJ

aJ .I- = a3 a

ffi = = a-X I a a .- fo I a)+) I i LCL= i = I

® fo lJ .- I .-.. I- I iJ t i fo - r- a a aJ a +i aJ a a

= C.) Z cO > C0 Q£

i-i

a,aJ

iz.

=iJ onto 00 fl5>

aJ aJ ill

u (/) i- i TO ®

cO a D® i= =Z .,•1 aj t aJ ® u a {+ iJ a .I ® a ZJ)t+ a r- a = fl3 = I- 0 ro.I I aJ 1aJ1

0±mta

0q30 -®-

e = iJ =

ri=j E Ea

E tiiii Eia

E==i

EE±a

Eii]

a I a a,

c+d-a

0= =

gri

ii io

0OJ

E±a

U)O=

® ci= i Qi coo

ci. ® a a,

EEd

i a a = i cO i = g I i TO

aa,i iI ii aa a, (a

(/) a, c+ 0 (/) I

a I

a co ® o fie

= a ==J.I a, >< -.-. rD -.

C^ Th = = " C|

= (D icO 1--fu

C, i i i ® -. C,

i a QJ 0 CI CJ- a)

i -0 a -. U)

OJ a (/)a cO V7 I

(A I i =m i a

® c+t cO a i ® ® u' I cl -.

i® -® iI®= fy v7 07 Th a o

+ (/) < a) I P J=

a-7T 0 I U) -. CJ= I®®

I 0 ® 0 a rr

-. 1 tJ I i I

7Er 0 u7 I. a) I

cO PO 11

cO I a) ® I a cJ

ng CI P ng lil I- P -. a -. C < I a I = I i ® 1m ® = ® a I -. ® a -I.(a I

ii=

rl n rl

:_i LJ !=.._.E I,I H I .,,. I i.,.i i,I E± g± H