Dutchess County Historical Society Yearbook Vol 048 1963 by D C H S

Year Book Dutchess County Historical Society Volume 48

I 9 6 3

DUTCHESS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY Incorporated under the laws of the State of New York December 21, 1918 Certificate of Incorporation filed in the office of the Clerk of Dutchess County Book 10 of Corporations page 153

DUTCHESS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY MEETINGS — MEMBERSHIP — DUES ANNUAL MEETING, THIRD FRIDAY IN MAY SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING, THIRD FRIDAY IN OCTOBER MEMBERSHIP Membership in the Dutchess County Historical Society may be had by the election of the applicant at the May or October meeting or at a meeting of the Board of Trustees and the payment of the dues. Annual dues Joint membership (two members of one family) Life membership

$ 3.00 $ 5.00 $75.00

Annual dues are payable on January 1 of each year. These payments carry with them the right to hold office, to vote and to take part in the proceedings of the society. Payment of three dollars at date of election entitles a new member to a copy of the year book for that current year. Next payment falls due the succeeding January and covers a copy of the year book issued in the year ensuing. Copies of the year book are mailed only to those members whose dues are paid to date. Only one copy of the year book is mailed to a joint membership. FORM OF BEQUEST I give and bequeath to the DUTCHESS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY Dollars

OFFICERS

1963 President: BALTUS B. VAN KLEECK, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Vice-President at Large: EDMUND VAN WYCK, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Secretary: MRS. AMY PEARCE VER NOOY, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Treasurer: GEORGE M. GILL, Pleasant Valley, N. Y. Curator: JOHN DUBOIS FREER, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

VICE-PRESIDENTS FOR TOWNS Mrs. J. E. Spingarn Mrs. Irving Picard Mrs. F. Philip Hoag James Budd Rymph Thomas J. Boyce Mrs. Charles Boos Miss Edith Van Wyck Mrs. John Mulford Hackett Miss Hazel Skidmore Henry R. Billings Chester F. Eisenhuth Egbert Green Mrs. William B. Jordan Miss Agnes K. Bower Miss Annette Young Mrs. A. N. Mahoney Mrs. Donald E. Norton 1VIiss Rachel Rynders Mrs. Harrie D. Knickerbocker Mrs. Ronald F. Bogle Miss Louise H. Tompkins

Town of Amenia City of Beacon Town of Beekman Town of Clinton Town of Dover Town of East Fishkill Town of Fishkill Town of Hyde Park Town of LaGrange Town of Milan Town of North East Town of Pawling Town of Pine Plains Town of Pleasant Valley Town of Poughkeepsie City of Poughkeepsie Town of Red Hook Town of Rhinebeck Town of Stanford Town of Union Vale Town of Wappinger Town of Washington

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

The President, ex-officio The Vice-President at Large, ex-officio The Secretary, ex-officio The Treasurer, ex-officio The Curator, ex-officio

CLASS OF 1964 Frederic A. Smith Mrs. Fred C. Daniels

Clifford M. Buck John R. Schwartz

CLASS OF 1965 Joseph B. Bisbee Newton D. Deuel

Chester 0. Davison, M.D. Mrs. T. Van Kleeck Swift

CLASS OF 1966 George A. Badgley Mrs. J. Manfred Finkel

Miss Ruth A. Halstead Henry Noble MacCracken, Ph.D.

CLASS OF 1967 Joseph W. Emsley Mrs. Stanley G. Smith

Mrs. Hardy Steeholm George E. Whalen

CONTENTS Secretary's Minutes

Treasurer's Report

Our President Says • Baltus Barentszen Van Kleeek

The Celebration of the 175th Anniversary of the Ratification of the Constitution

The Ratification of the Constitution by the State of New York at Poughkeepsie, 1788 Baltus Barentszen Van Kleech

A Trip to the West in 1845, ( the Diary of Alson Ward)

The Dutchess's County Edmund Van TVyck

Matthew Vassar's Plan The Editor

Membership List, 1963

Index to Year Books, Volumes 43-48 ( 1938-1963 )

Edited by AMY PEARCE VER NOOY The Year Book is published in December. Copies of the Year Book are mailed to those members whose dues are paid for the current year. Single issues are sold for $3.00 each and may be obtained through the secretary or the treasurer. Address The Dutchess County Historical Society, Poughkeepsie, New York.

OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE DUTCHESS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1916—PAMPHLET, Troutbeck, ii Dutchess County Homestead; by Charles E. Benton. Out of print. 1924—COLLECTIONS, VOL. I; Poughkeepsie, The Origin and Meaning of the Word; by Helen Wilkinson Reynolds. (Price: $5.00) 1924—COLLECTIONS, VOL. II; Old Gravestones of Dutchess County, New York; collected and edited by J. Wilson Poucher, M.D., and Helen Wilkinson Reynolds. (Price: $20.00) 1928—COLLECTIONS, VOL.

; Records of the Town of Hyde Park, Dutchess County, New York; edited by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Edition exhausted.

1930—COLLECTIONS, VOL. IV; Notices of Marriages and Deaths in Newspapers printed at Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1778-1825; compiled and edited by Helen Wilkinson Reynolds. (Price: $5.00) 1932—COLLECTIONS, VOL. V; Records of the Reformed Dutch Church of New Hackensack, Dutchess County, New York; edited by Maria Bockee Carpenter Tower. (Price: $10.00) 1938—COLLECTIONS, VOL. VI; Eighteenth Century Records of the Portion of Dutchess County, New York that was included in Rombout Precinct and the original Town of Fishkill. Collected

by William Willis Reese, Edited by Helen Wilkinson Reynolds. (Price: $10.00) 1940—COLLECTIONS, VOL. VII; Records of Crum Elbow Precinct, Dutchess County. Edited by Franklin D. Roosevelt. (Price: $15.00) 1958—COLLECTIONS, VOL. VIII; Family Vista, the Memoirs of Margaret Chanler Aldrich. (Price: $4.50)

A few copies of some of the above publications are available at the prices listed. For information address Mrs. Amy Ver Nooy, Secretary, Dutchess County Historical Society, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 8

SECRETARY'S MINUTES MEETING OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES February 28, 1963 A meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Dutchess County Historical Society was held on Thursday afternoon, February 28, at the Poughkeepsie Savings Bank. Present: President Van Kleeck, Mr. Bisbee, Mr. Buck, Miss Halstead, Mrs. Hill, Mr. 1VIylod, Judge Schwartz, Mrs. Swift, Mr. Van Wyck, the treasurer and the secretary. When the meeting was called to order the president stated that the business of first importance would be to discuss the participation of this society in the celebration planned to commemorate the anniversary of the ratification of the Constitution of the United States by the State of New York, at Poughkeepsie, in 1788. The president reported that a committee of Lafayette Post of the American Legion had arranged for a meeting of representatives of various organizations which might be interested in a celebration. The meeting was planned for Monday evening, March 11, at the headquarters of the American Legion. Mr. Van Kleeck said that he would be unable to attend and asked Judge Schwartz and the secretary to represent the society at the meeting. Plans for the spring meeting were mentioned and it was decided that the meeting should be devoted to a program arranged in commemoration of the action of the convention of 1788. The president said he would appoint a committee to make arrangements. He also said he would appoint a nominating committee to propose successors to those officers whose terms expire at that time. The president announced that an acting curator, Mr. John DuBois Freer, had been appointed and that he had expected to attend the meeting this afternoon. Mr. Van Kleeck said he hoped the first undertaking of the curator would be some sort of inventory of the holdings of the society, particularly its publications. He suggested that when there is definite knowledge of the number of year books and other publications, it might be advisable to sell some of them at a reduced price in order to get them into the hands of persons who might use them. He felt that they would do no good to anyone while they were in storage. Mr. Van Kleeck explained a proposition that the society engage 9

an experienced cataloger to travel about the county to list any printed or manuscript materials, pertaining to the history of the county, in libraries or in private possession. There was much discussion and it was agreed that this would be a most desirable accomplishment, particularly if the listings could be kept up to date. It was finally moved, seconded and unanimously agreed that it would require the services of a trained bibliographer and that this society could not spend its small funds on such an index when there were so many other more pressing needs. It was decided that the society was not in a financial condition to undertake such a task and could not accept the proposition. Mr. Van Kleeck spoke of an opportunity for financing a Dutchess County edition of a biography of a New Jersey statesman. It was not a matter which must be decided at this time by the trustees, but it was discussed and it was the opinion of those present that it should more properly be published by some historical agency in New Jersey. Mr. Mylod reported some slight progress in the effort to get an accounting of the Caroline T. -Wells estate. Mrs. Swift, for the Glebe House committee, reported that a new gas-burning furnace had been installed, that the cost of operation was higher than with the old furnace and recommended double sash on the west and north windows, a double door on the north side and insulation of the roof. Mrs. Swift mentioned some of the acquisitions at the Glebe House: a chair and books given by Mrs. Harry H. Hill; a sampler made in 1823 by Mary Jane Hewitt, a framed reproduction of the Storm coat of arms and a portrait of Mrs. Cornelius Van Wyck, painted in 1839 by F. R. Spencer, gifts of Mrs. William D. Rees of Philadelphia; and a portrait of Edward Martin of Red Hook, painted in 1839 by G. W. Conarroe, the bequest of Mrs. Harriet Martin Dey. She mentioned the need for a bookcase (which could be locked) also an exhibit case (which might also be locked), in which to display some silver and other small objects. She reported that the brochure, descriptive of the Glebe House, was partially completed. She suggested that money from the Helen Wilkinson Reynolds memorial fund might be used to remodel the kitchen. After discussion, it was decided that money from the permanent fund might more suitably be used and that the kitchen be remodeled and furnished as a memorial to Dr. Poucher. The secretary suggested that, inasmuch as Miss Reynolds' main interest and efforts had been to put into print records and source 10

materials of the county, it might be a desirable memorial to have copied and printed the register of one or more of the older churches in the county. It was suggested that a picture postcard of the Glebe House might be made, for sale to visitors. The secretary reported that Miss Ruth E. Barlow had presented to the society a collection of papers and notebooks which contain some church records and family data copied by Miss Mary H. Reed. 1VIiss Reed, it was explained, was the daughter of Newton Reed who, in 1875, compiled the Early History of Amenia. The secretary said that some of the records had already been printed but that a list of inscriptions from the Leedsville Cemetery had been omitted from Lawrence Van Alstyne's Burying Grounds of Sharon, Connecticut and Amenia and North East, New York, published in 1903, and has now been typed and will be inserted in any copies of Dr. Poucher's Old Gravestones of Dutchess County, New York, which may be bound in the future. She added that the society owns a number of unbound copies of Dr. Poucher's book and that, within the week, ten copies had been collated, insertions and corrections made and index added and sent to the bindery. She said that ten copies bound in November of 1960 had been sold. The secretary also reported the gift of a typewritten story, illustrated with photographs, of the Aldridge family, descendants of Thomas Aldridge who established the brickyards south of Fishkill Landing. There was included a description of the growth of the brick industry and life at Dutchess Junction during the time when the business was flourishing. The secretary showed two pamphlets which were compiled by members of the society: Guide to the Covered Bridges of New York State, by Stott Anderson, and Our Local Heritage: A Short History of the Town of Hyde Park, compiled by Beatrice Fredriksen. In recognition of their interest in the society and their definite contributions to recorded local history, over the years, General John Ross Delafield and the Reverend Horace E. Hillery were unanimously elected honorary members of the society. The following names were presented and they were elected. annual members: Mr. and Mrs. Heard K. Baumeister, Mrs. Edward H. Bergles, Mrs. F. Reginald Drew, Colonel and Mrs. Amory V. Eliot, Miss Barbara V. Frost, Mr. Hobart D. Hunt, Mr. John Jeanneney, Mr. David G. McCullough, Mr. C. Allerton Morey, 11

Mr. Danforth H. IVIunsell, Mr. J. D. Ryan, Mrs. John R. Schwartz, Mrs. Raymond B. Schoonmaker, Mrs. Leonard J. Supple and Dr. Yuan Chung Teng. On motion, the meeting adjourned. Amy Ver Nooy, Secretary

ANNUAL MEETING May 11, 1963 The annual meeting of the Dutchess County Historical Society was held on Saturday morning, May 11, 1963, at the Nelson House, Poughkeepsie. Mr. Van Kleeck presided. He called the meeting to order at 11:30 a.m. and welcomed those present. The minutes of the semi-annual meeting, held November 17, 1962, and of a meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 28, 1963, were read and approved. The secretary reported that the society had lost six members by resignation and the following members by death: Mrs. Richard Aldrich, Mrs. Stuart R. Anderson, Miss Stella A. Dutcher, Professor Clair Leonard, Mrs. Atherton G. Marshall, Mr. Randolph E. Tyrrel and Mr. Edwin J. Webb. The president spoke of the long and close association with the society both of Mrs. Aldrich and Mrs. Anderson. Mrs. Anderson, a member since 1916, served several terms as a trustee and her father, the late Mr. William Platt Adams, was president of the society from 1920 to 1928. Mrs. Aldrich had been a member since 1918, was hostess on several occasions when the members were invited to visit her home at Rokeby, was a contributor of several articles to the year book and, in 1958, published her memoirs under the auspices of the society as Volume VIII in its Collections. The secretary was asked to write letters to the families of Mrs. Aldrich and Mrs. Anderson, expressing the sense of loss felt by the society in their deaths. The treasurer gave a report for the last half of 1962, which was approved and ordered printed in the year book. She also reported on the current state of the treasury. The president introduced Mr. John D. Freer, recently appointed acting curator, who reported on the work he had already accomplished 12

in sorting and arranging the possessions of the society in the storage

room at Vassar Brothers Institute. iVIrs. Swift, chairman of the Glebe House committee, gave a report on developments in connection with the house. She told of a visit on November 17 of a group of members of the Rockland County Historical Society, who came to see the house. She said that a brochure descriptive of the building was in process of being printed, that the new gas-burning furnace had proved very successful, that double sash had been placed on the west and north windows, that the north door had been equipped with a double door which could be used as a screen door in the warm weather. She also reported that the front door had been weather-stripped, the front foundation had been pointed up and that myrtle had been planted along the fence and near the front door. She spoke of the attractive decorations which had been arranged at Christmas time and of the valuable services rendered by Mrs. C. Robert Southworth, Glebe House chairman for the Junior League. She also stressed that the committees very much appreciated the splendid cooperation of the city through the City Manager and the Common Council. Mrs. Swift also mentioned the increasing number of visitors to the Glebe House and the number of organizations which were using the building. She told of the plan for groups of school children to visit the house throughout the winter, perhaps in parties of twelve at a time, when some members of the committees would conduct tours through the rooms. A new flag and flagstaff had been added and new curtains in the bathroom and a coffee urn in the pantry. The Poughkeepsie Garden Club had designed the garden and had made a sketch and diagram for future planting; Mrs. Harry H. Hill, a trustee, had given a Queen Anne chair; and two paintings had been hung. They had been appraised by experts and were insured. Mrs. Swift concluded her report with the recommendation that a bookcase and a display case, be purchased. She stated that whenever the kitchen improvements were completed a number of cooking utensils would be available. She mentioned a plan for open-house days in October, in connection with the celebration of the 175th anniversary of the ratification of the Constitution. Mr. Van Wyck mentioned the plan to demolish a part of the present Nelson House building, the work to commence within the week. He commented that over the years this society had enjoyed the hospitality of the hotel on more than sixty occasions. It was moved and seconded that a resolution of appreciation be passed and that a 13

letter be sent to Mr. Averill and the hotel corporation thanking them for their interest and many kindnesses and wishing them well in future ventures. Mr. Van Kleeck stated that there was nothing to report concerning the Wells estate. Mr. Van Kleeck reported that Miss Traver, who had served as treasurer since 1946, had resigned that office. He spoke appreciatively of the service given by Miss Traver and said her resignation had been most reluctantly accepted, that she would continue in office until July 1, at which time she would present a report of the treasury covering the first half of 1963. The members present gave a rising vote of thanks to Miss Traver. Mr. Buck, for the nominating committee, presented the following nominations for the various offices to be filled: for a term of two years, president, Mr. Baltus B. Van Kleeck; vice-president, Mr. Edmund Van Wyck; treasurer, Mr. George M. Gill; secretary, Airs. Ver Nooy; curator, Mr. John DuBois Freer; trustees for a term of four years, Mr. Joseph W. Emsley, Mrs. Stanley G. Smith, Mrs. Hardy Steeholm and Mr. George E. Whalen; a trustee to fill the unexpired term of Mrs. Anderson, Mr. Frederic A. Smith; vice-presidents, Mrs. Irving Picard, Miss Hazel Skidmore and Mrs. Ronald F. Bogle, representing the City of Beacon and the townships of LaGrange and Wappinger, respectively. It was moved and seconded that the secretary cast one ballot for the election of the officers. Mr. Van Kleeck introduced Mr. Gill, who succeeds Miss Traver as treasurer, and said that bills for dues would be sent out from the Poughkeepsie Savings Bank and could be paid there. The secretary presented the following names and they were elected annual members: Mr. and Mrs. Frank Burford, Mr. and Mrs. Ellison H. Capers, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hoe, Jr., Miss Florence IVIcCaleb, Mrs. Alfred Madsen, Mrs. William J. Owens, Dr. and Mrs. C. Robert Southworth and Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Strang. The secretary showed a poster inviting members to visit the LeRoy House, at LeRoy, New York (built about 1813 by Judge Egbert Benson, and now the home of the LeRoy Historical Society), when in that part of the state. She also showed two gifts to the society, a newspaper, published in 1887 in Atlantic City, and a clipping from a local newspaper of 1888, both of which contained articles having to do with the ratification of the Constitution in Poughkeepsie. She read a letter from the Town of East Fishkill, signed by Mr. Albert

Perkins, councilman, and Mrs. Charlotte C. Finkel, town historian, thanking the society for the gift of an almost complete file of year books. She explained that the society was glad to receive issues of the year book which members did not wish to keep and which could be passed on to schools, libraries and historical societies. At the conclusion of the business meeting the group adjourned to the dining room, where they enjoyed another delicious luncheon served by the hotel. Following luncheon, the president introduced the City Manager, Mr. Pearce, who spoke briefly, telling that he had been a member of the society for some years, was a native of Poughkeepsie and had always had an interest in the history of the area and, in particular, the Glebe House. He said that he and the Mayor and the members of the Common Council were pleased with what had already been accomplished at the Glebe House and were happy to assist the society in its undertakings. He forecast a most successful commemoration by the committee in charge of the celebration of the 175th anniversary of the ratification of the Constitution. Mr. Van Kleeck presented Mr. Andrew J. Mihans, general chairman of the local committee planning for the celebration of the 175th anniversary of the ratification of the Constitution. Mr. Mihans told of some of the plans for thE celebration. He said that a suitable observance would be held at the court house on the anniversary date, July 26. He said that various chairmen had been appointed from the representatives of the numerous organizations in the city and county and that a meeting was scheduled for the following Monday evening, May 13, at 265 Mill Street, the headquarters of Lafayette Post, American Legion. At that time plans for a week-long celebration would be discussed. It would probably be held in the fall and would include programs in the various schools, a series of meetings sponsored by the local educational institutions and the historical society, radio programs, fireworks display, a parade and a banquet with an outstanding speaker. The president introduced Mayor Waryas, who briefly expressed his interest in the work of the society and offered his cooperation and that of the Common Council in the preparations for a fitting celebration of this most important date in the history of Poughkeepsie. Mr. Van Wyck, the vice-president, spoke of the importance of the events which took place in the village of Poughkeepsie in 1788. He presented Mr. Baltus B. Van Kleeck, president of the society, who 15

told in a most interesting manner what happened in Poughkeepsie when the convention of New York State delegates assembled and ratified the Constitution. The meeting closed with a rising vote of thanks to the speaker. Amy Ver Nooy, Secretary MEETING OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES October 14, 1963 A meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Dutchess County Historical Society was held on Monday afternoon, October 14, in the office of Mr. Van Kleeck, at the Poughkeepsie Savings Bank. Present: President Van Kleeck, Vice-president Van Wyck, Mr. Badgley, Mr. Bisbee, Mr. Buck, Dr. Davison, Miss Halstead, Mr. Smith, Mrs. Swift, the secretary, the treasurer, the curator and Mr. John Wolf. The president welcomed the group and introduced the new members. Mr. George M. Gill, treasurer, gave a report on the state of the treasury. He was authorized to pay the bills and to draw from the accounts in the Poughkeepsie Savings Bank when necessary. There was some discussion of the increased cost of postage. The secretary explained that more than half of the reply postcards are wasted because the reply card is used only if a person wishes to make a reservation or give a change of address. It was decided that the society adopt the plan, which has become the custom of many organizations, to supply a reservation card on which a stamp may be affixed by the sender. There was some discussion with reference to an application for a mailing permit, using a "non-profit organization" imprint. Mr. Van Kleeck told about the recent 175th Anniversary Celebration arranged to commemorate the ratification of the Federal Constitution by the State of New York at a convention held in Poughkeepsie in 1788. He spoke of the band concert, the fireworks display, the banquet and the spectacular parade. He particularly mentioned the panel discussions, arranged for four sessions in which the participants included members of the faculties of the law schools of Columbia University, New York University and Fordham University 16

and members of the history departments of the local colleges: Bennett College, Dutchess Community College, IVIarist College, New York State University College at New Paltz and Vassar College. The trustees were pleased that the Dutchess County Historical Society had been of assistance in the educational program. They felt that the general committee should be congratulated on the quality of the celebration. Mr. John Wolf, of Mr. Mylod's office, explained the provisions of the will of William Platt Adams, who died July 31, 1928, and that of his daughter Mrs. Katherine Adams Anderson who died April 26, 1963. He explained that the late Mr. Adams was president of the Dutchess County Historical Society at the time of his death and had included in his will a bequest to the society which might come to this society after the death of Mrs. Anderson. It was moved by Dr. Davison, and seconded, that Mr. Wolf be authorized to sign an application, sent by the lawyer representing the estates, which would assist in the settlement of the estates. Mr. Bisbee did not vote. Mr. Wolf also explained the request for an accounting of the Caroline T. Wells estate. The secretary reported the loss of one member by resignation and four members by death: Mrs. R. Theodore Coe, Mrs. Charles de la Vergne, Dr. Milton M. Grover and Mrs. Frank Van Kleeck. The following names were proposed and they were elected annual members: Mr. John Winthrop Aldrich, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Cassidy, The Honorable Hamilton Fish, Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Fish, Jr., Miss Helen M. Flanagan, Mr. William F. Gekle, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. Peter J. Guattery, Mr. Dewitt Gurnell, Mr. and Mrs. Benedict Jarmel, Mr. Charles D. King, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. William Knauss, Mrs. Frederick N. Morgan, 1VIr. George A. Pohl, Mrs. Charles Robinton, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Roig, Mr. Edwin A. Ulrich, Mr. William Robert Wood and Mr. Robert Lynn Nygrin Wood. Mrs. Swift, for the Glebe House committee, reported that the new caretaker, Mrs. Mildred Plumb, had moved into the house and was most enthusiastic about the building and had noted that sixty adults and seventy children had visited there since her arrival. Mrs. Swift also mentioned that Miss Anna K. Cunningham, Supervisor of Historic Sites, University of the State of New York, State Education Department, had visited the Glebe House on June 28 and had given advice on several matters. Mrs. Swift said that Mr. 17

Klump, who had been a faithful and helpful caretaker for many years, had gone to live with relatives. She hoped that the necessary arrangements could be made so the fireplace could be opened up. There was some discussion regarding repairs to be made in the kitchen and the board authorized the expenditure of $100 for exploratory work to be done in that connection. Mr. Van Wyck was asked to supervise this work and to examine the west wall where a leak had developed and where some bricks might be loose. Mrs. Swift said that a special Glebe House committee for repairs had been appointed by President Van Kleeck and included, Mrs. Harry H. Hill, Mrs. Charles S. Mitchell, Mr. Kenneth E. Pearce, Mrs. C. Robert Southworth and Mr. Van Wyck. Mr. Freer, the curator, gave a report in which he estimated the number of bound volumes and extra copies of the year book in the society's storage room at Vassar Brothers Institute. He would have a more complete inventory to present at a later meeting. He mentioned several gifts which included a quantity of printed materials which had been received from Dr. MacCracken and had formerly been the property of Mr. Harry T. Briggs. He also told of the receipt of a genealogy of the Sackett family, some deeds, account books, letters, etc., of the Garnsey (or Guernsey) family of the town of Stanford. These had been presented by Mr. Buck and were the gift of Mrs. Ross H. Minor of Brooklyn. Mrs. Miner was the former Miss Justine Sackett and had lived on the Sackett farm at Amenia. The president spoke of plans for the fall meeting and said that, inasmuch as there had been no out-of-town pilgrimage this year, he hoped it might be possible to arrange for a joint meeting with the Hyde Park Historical Association to be held in November at Hyde Park. The curator suggested that exhibits of articles in the possession of the society be arranged, that application blanks for membership be placed in various locations where they may be available to prospective members and that a newsletter be issued periodically. He offered to do any mimeographing for the society and to do some publicity for the organization. The secretary showed the very interesting and recently published historical pamphlet issued by the committee which planned the Sesquicentennial Celebration of the Pleasant Valley Post Office. She commented that the members of the historical research committee and several others who assisted in the preparation of the pamphlet 18

were members of the Dutchess County Historical Society. Mr. Buck had brought a supply of the pamphlets with him which he sold to the trustees present. There was no further business to be considered and the meeting adjourned. Amy Ver Nooy, Secretary THE SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING The semi-annual meeting of the Dutchess County Historical Society is usually held in October. This year many of the members were busy with the anniversary celebration held in Poughkeepsie and the meeting was set for November 23. On November 22, when word of the tragic assassination of President John F. Kennedy was received, plans for the meeting to be held next day were immediately canceled and the members of the societies joined with the rest of the nation in mourning the untimely death of its President. As planned, the meeting would have been an interesting and enjoyable occasion. Arrangements had been made with the Hyde Park Historical Association for a joint meeting, with a luncheon at The Kitchen at Hyde Park. Following the luncheon, the guests had been invited to visit the Vanderbilt Mansion, where IVIr. Benjamin H. Davis, superintendent of the National Historic Sites at Hyde Park, had promised to tell about "Historic Preservation in the National Park Service." Then, a visit to the Franklin D. Roosevelt Home was scheduled. About seventy-five persons had made reservations for luncheon and had sent their checks. On the Friday evening, officers of the two historical societies had telephoned those who had arranged to attend and later their checks were returned or they were reimbursed. It is hoped to reschedule the meeting at a convenient date in 1964. In connection with a visit to Hyde Park, a brief business session was planned, at which time reports would be made and new members elected. Mrs. Swift, for the Glebe House Committee, had expected to report on the progress of improvements at the house and of the plans for an open house day to be held December 15, at which time the house would be decorated, by members of this society, the Junior 19

League and the Poughkeepsie Garden Club, with Christmas greens and other materials which would have been available in the late' eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. She wished also to tell of the conference which she and Mrs. Hill, and other members of the committee, had held with Miss Maud E. Dilliard, author of the recently published An Album of New Netherland and Mr. Daniel M. C. Hopping, a member of the Society of Architectural Historians. After visiting the Glebe House, Mr. Hopping had expressed the opinion that there were great possibilities in the rehabilitation of the building and had discovered that the two windows in the shed, attached to the east side of the house, were old and had probably been in the original building. Mr. Hopping had procured and presented to the society copies of diagrams and floor plans which had been prepared by the Historic American Building Survey in 1934. When the plans for the meeting were canceled the names of the following persons were added to the mailing list with the understanding that they would be formally elected at the next meeting of the Board of Trustees: Mrs. Howard F. Carter, Mr. Gustav Detjen, Jr., Miss Elise H. Kinkead, Mr. Walter V. Miller, Mrs. Danforth H. Munsell, Miss Eileen E. Nagengast, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley J. Norris and Mrs. Leland P. Quinlavin. Amy Ver Nooy, Secretary

Postage—A number of the citizens of this village, considering themselves aggrieved by the rate of postage charged on New York letters, recently employed Mr. Hazzard Champlain, a surveyor of Rhinebeck, to measure the road from New-York to this village. The distance from the Post-office in New-York to the Post-office in Poughkeepsie, proves to be 79 miles, 5 chains, and 79 links. Hitherto the distance was considered in the Post-office as over 80 miles, and our letters were charged twelve and a half cents. As it is now ascertained to be less than SO miles, 10 cents for a single letter, is all the postage that can be legally demanded. The annual saving to our village will be no inconsiderable sum. Poughkeepsie Journal, March 24, 1819

REPORT OF THE TREASURER January 1, 1963 - June 30, 1963 PERMANENT ACCOUNT — Poughkeepsie Savings Bank Balance on hand, January 1, 1963 Interest

$8,437.12 169.30

Balance on hand, June 30, 1963 $8,606.42 CHECKING AccouNT—Dutchess Bank and Trust Company Receipts Balance on hand, January 1, 1963 $ 207.13 Received from dues 939.00 Received from sale of books 153.00 $1,299.13 Disbursements Secretary Treasurer Lansing-Broas Printing Co., office supplies 175th Anniversary Celebration Committee Dess & Talan, bookbinding Junior League, Glebe House maintenance Guest luncheons Postage, stationery Salvation Army, bookcase Lansing-Broas Printing Co., office supplies

50.00 50.00 7.65 15.00 27.00 249.63 11.25 47.07 13.00 7.90 478.50

Balance on hand, June 30, 1963

$ 820.63

THE HELEN WILKINSON REYNOLDS MEMORIAL FUND Poughkeepsie Savings Bank $3,278.31 Balance on hand, January 1, 1963 10.00 Gift 65.12 Interest $3,353.43 Balance on hand, June 30, 1963 Respectfully submitted Albertina T. B. Traver, Treasurer 21

REPORT OF THE TREASURER July 1, 1963 - December 31, 1963 PERMANENT ACCOUNT — Poughkeepsie Savings Bank $8,606.42 172.98

Balance on hand, July 1, 1963 Interest

$8,779.40 Balance on hand, December 31, 1963 CHECKING ACCOUNT—DUtCheSS Bank and Trust Company Receipts $ 820.63 Balance on hand, July 1, 1963 111.00 Received from dues 114.00 Received from sale of books 150.00 Received from The Kitchen (refund) 2.00 Donation $1,197.63 Disbursements Secretary Treasurer Curator Editing year book Speaker, Marist College (175th Anniversary Celebration) Binding year book Refunds, reservation for luncheon, Nov. 23 Reservations for guests, luncheon, Nov. 23 Office supplies Postage

50.00 50.00 50.00 200.00 106.00 33.65 164.25 4.50 85.74 41.00 785.14

$ 412.49 Balance on hand, December 31, 1963 THE HELEN WILKINSON REYNOLDS MEMORIAL FUND Poughkeepsie Savings Bank $3,353.43 Balance on hand, July 1, 1963 67.39 Interest $3,420.82 Balance on hand, December 31, 1963 Respectfully submitted George M. Gill, Treasurer 22

OUR PRESIDENT SAYS: The joint meeting of the Hyde Park Historical Association and this society, scheduled for November 23, 1963, was canceled due to the death of the President of the United States. It is hoped that the meeting and pilgrimage to the Vanderbilt Mansion and the Franklin D. Roosevelt Home can be arranged at some time in the near future. *

Special committees of both the Junior League and the Dutchess County Historical Society are studying ways and means for the restoration of the Glebe House kitchen. It is hoped that this project can be accomplished before long because the rehabilitation of the kitchen will add greatly to the charm of the old house. Through the efforts of Mr. Daniel M. C. Hopping, a member of the Society of Architectural Historians and an authority on historical restorations, the society has obtained from the Library of Congress prints of drawings of the entire Glebe House. The drawings were made in 1934 by the Historic American Buildings Survey. *

The historical society and the Junior League are very happy that Mrs. Mildred E. Plumb is now resident hostess at Glebe House. Mrs. Plumb comes to Poughkeepsie with a splendid background for her work, having been hostess for several years at the Joshua Hempstead House, New London, Connecticut, and more recently at the Historical Society House at Stamford, Connecticut. She is a native of New Canaan. Members of the society are urged to stop at Glebe House and become acquainted with our genial hostess. *

On page 8 of the year book the publications sponsored by the Dutchess County Historical Society are listed. Several of these "Collections" have been out of print for some time, but the society has a limited supply of a number of them. If you wish to purchase some ot these publications to add to your library the curator or the secretary would be glad to see that they are mailed to you. Our members may have duplicate copies of our year books. There is a constant demand for these used copies and if they are returned to the society they will be given to historical societies, schools and libraries. Within the past year, an almost complete file has been presented to the East Fishkill Historical Society and a number of 23

issues has been sent to the University Library of the Pennsylvania State University. *

We record with deep regret the loss by death of several members of the society during 1963. Three of them had been members for many years and had served as officers of the society: Mrs. Richard Aldrich, Mrs. Stuart R. Anderson and Mrs. R. Theodore Coe. They will be greatly missed. *

During 1963, the society added sixty-three new members which brings our total enrollment to about four hundred. In addition, there are thirty-seven Life Members and four Honorary Members. The increase in membership during the year is very encouraging to the officers. It has been accomplished for the most part through invitations extended by members to their friends and associates to join the historical society. We should aim for a membership of at least five hundred. This number could be surpassed if every member would make an effort to secure one new member during the next year. Baltus Barentszen Van Klee&

THE CELEBRATION OF THE 175th ANNIVERSARY OF THE RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION Early in the year, members of Lafayette Post, American Legion, invited all interested persons and representatives of organizations to attend a meeting to plan for a suitable celebration of the 175th anniversary of the ratification of the Constitution by the State of New York. The response was immediate and enthusiastic. Representatives of civic, political, historical, patriotic, benevolent, fraternal, educational, business and professional groups attended the meeting and pledged cooperation and contributions from their organizations. Mr. Andrew J. Mihans, past county commander, American Legion, was elected general chairman and other persons, to head various committees, were appointed. Dr. Henry Noble MacCracken and Mrs. Emerson D. Fite were appointed honorary chairmen. Officers and members of the Dutchess County Historical Society served on several of the committees. The society had considered a more modest commemoration of the event and was happy to cooperate and have a part in the plans made by the group which was incorporated as The 175th Anniversary Celebration Committee. At the spring meeting of the Dutchess County Historical Society, held May 11, the president, Mr. Baltus B. Van Kleeck, spoke on the debates and proceedings of the convention assembled in Poughkeepsie from June 17 through July 26, 1788, at which time the federal constitution was ratified by New York State. (His address is printed in this issue of the year book.) Meetings of the several committees and of the executive committee planning for the anniversary celebration were held throughout the spring and summer. Arrangements were made for a special observance of the actual anniversary, on July 26, and for a week-long celebration to be held in the fall, after the schools and colleges of the area were in session. Governor Rockefeller proclaimed Friday, July 26, 1963, as Constitution Ratification Day throughout New York State. The Governor's proclamation stated that "the Constitution of the United States has been a model for all people who have won their liberty and is the foundation of the structure of our republic, the shield of minorities and the living embodiment of the aspirations of suffering humanity everywhere." On the morning of July 26, a goodly number of participants and 25

spectators gathered in the broiling sun at the site where the original convention was held in 1788. On the present occasion a platform had been erected at the north end of the front of the court house, with chairs for the honored guests and speakers. The stage and that part of the county building had been decorated with red, white and blue bunting, framing the tablet which commemorates the event. Overhead, hung three flags: a fifty-star flag of the United States, the official flag of Dutchess County and a thirteen-star flag which had been loaned by friends at Fort Ticonderoga. Within the building, the program committee had arranged a display of documents and artifacts relating to the period following the Revolutionary War. A crowd of several hundred persons had gathered in the street for the simple ceremonies. The Honorable Hamilton Fish, former local Congressman, made the principal address. Speaking with that vigor and conviction so well remembered in the county, he characterized the ratification as "the most important political event that ever occurred in Dutchess County." At the conclusion of the ceremony before the court house, many of those in attendance gathered in the dining hall of the Italian Center for lunch, which was followed by a program including an address by Dr. Henry Noble MacCracken, president emeritus of Vassar College and former president of the Dutchess County Historical Society. The address was published in the local newspaper at the time. Plans continued in the making for the celebration to be held during the week following October 5, and a program was designed with events scheduled for each day. The usual fall pilgrimage of the historical society was omitted this year and a listing of events commemorating the 175th anniversary was sent to the members with the recommendation that they attend as many of the programs as possible. In the meantime, Dr. MacCracken had prepared a series of radio talks, which were broadcast by the two local stations, and a number of the committee members had volunteered to address the various schools and organizations on the subject of the ratification. Copies of a prepared talk, based on an article written by the late Helen Wilkinson Reynolds (at the time of the 150th anniversary) and slightly amended by Dr. MacCracken, were distributed to those who were willing to speak on the subject. A bibliography of source materials and historical articles was prepared for the use of those who wanted additional information and a collection of such references was available in the local history department of the Adriance Memorial Library. 26

In the county a number of organizations and the schools provided programs which brought to their hearers the story of the ratification, the reasons for holding the convention in Dutchess County and the results of the action taken here. With the cooperation of the local chapter of the D.A.R. and other patriotic organizations and the Glebe House committees of the historical society and the Junior League, special exhibits were prepared and an invitation extended to the public to visit the Clinton House and the Glebe House. Arrangements had been made by Mr. Hamilton Fish, Jr., with the historical society as one of the sponsors, for a series of symposiums at three of the local colleges, starting on October 5 with a panel discussion at Marist College on "Federalism and Anti-Federalism in American History." Participants in this session included Dr. H. Mark Roelofs of New York University, Dr. Reamer Kline, president of Bard College, Professor John Sherwig of the history department of the State University College at New Paltz, and Carmine DiArpino, instructor in history and government at Bennett College. On the following Monday, at Skinner Hall, Vassar College, "The First Amendment—Separation of Church and State," was discussed. The protagonists were William B. Ball, former professor of constitutional law at Villanova University, and William J. Butler, a New York attorney and general counsel for the National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc. Dr. Ralph F. Bischoff, president of the Board of Education at Westport, Connecticut, and an associate dean and professor of law at New York University School of Law, was moderator. The panelists included Dr. Roscoe Balch, chairman of the history department of Marist College, and Professor Wilfred E. Rumble, Jr., assistant professor of the political science department of Vassar College. The topic on Wednesday evening at Marist College was "The Fourteenth Amendment—Federal-State Relations." It included a discussion of "Racial Discrimination, as dealt with by the Supreme Court and Congress," and "Apportionment, as dealt with by the Supreme Court, Congress, and the State Legislatures." In this event the protagonist was Robert McKay, an associate dean and professor of constitutional law at New York University School of Law. Moderating the discussion was Louis Lusky, professor of law at Columbia Law School. Panel members were Dr. Carl Degler, professor of history at Vassar College, and Brother Edward Cashin, academic vice-president and member of the history department of Marist College. The final panel discussion in the series was held at Dutchess 27

Community College on Friday evening, October 11. The topic was "The Supreme Court—Redefining the Federal Constitution," and the protagonist was Dr. Monrad G. Paulsen, II, professor at Columbia Law School, with Dr. Charles E. Rice, assistant professor of law at Fordham Law School, as moderator. The panelists included Jack Lippman, associate professor of American history and political science at Dutchess Community College, and Arnold Tobak, assistant of history and professor of social science at Dutchess Community College. The series was well attended and provided an excellent opportunity for students of history and local residents to hear a number of men outstanding in their professions. On the Friday evening, at 6:30 p.m., through the courtesy of the American Federation of Musicians, Local No. 238, a band concert was given at the dock of the former Poughkeepsie Day Line. Following the band concert, under the sponsorship of the City of Poughkeepsie Recreation Commission, a magnificant display of fireworks was presented. The newspaper reported an estimated attendance of more than 30,000. The fireworks were set off from a barge loaned by the New York Trap Rock Corporation, anchored in the river off the Main Street dock. On the following evening, Saturday, a banquet was held at the New York State Armory, which had been beautifully decorated for the occasion. Brigadier General Frederick V. Austin, Jr., was the principal speaker. A program of entertainment was presented by members of the Fishkill Historical Society and included a fashion show of costumes patterned after styles of the late eighteenth century and a minuet danced by those in costume. The concluding event of the week's program was the grand parade on Sunday afternoon. Lots of bands, numerous floats, hundreds of uniformed marchers, twirlers, scouts, flying boxcars overhead, the streets lined with spectators, and a handsome day, all combined to make it a day to be remembered. John K. Rinaldi, a lieutenant colonel in the Air Force Reserve, was the marshal of the day. The guest of honor was Brigadier General Vito J. Castellano, assistant adjutant for air, New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs, and deputy chief of headquarters, New York Air National Guard. The parade was one of the finest ever held in the county and was a fitting culmination to a successful celebration. In addition to the printed programs prepared by the celebration committee, an interesting souvenir was designed and offered for sale by the Women's City and County Club. It was a commemorative 28

plate, ten inches in diameter. The decorations were in blue and in the center was depicted a group of eight of the delegates to the convention in 1788, in the closing scene of the debates. This scene was photographed from a part of the mural in the local postoffice, painted by Gerald Foster, and included the figures of Israel Thompson, Chancellor Robert Livingston, Melancton Smith, Governor George Clinton, Alexander Hamilton, Abraham Bancker and John Jay. The preamble to the Constitution was printed as a legend under the center picture. Around the rim, were small pictures of the court house of 1788, the Clinton House, and the tablet on the present court house which had been placed there and unveiled April 30, 1904, by the Mawenawisigh Chapter of the D. A. R. There was no memorial medal, such as had been presented on the occasion of the 150th anniversary in 1938, although trophies were provided and awarded the participants in the grand parade. The Dutchess County Historical Society was the recipient of a Testimonial presented at the conclusion of the celebration "for Participation in the 175th Anniversary Celebration of the Ratification of the Federal Constitution by the State of New York at Poughkeepsie." It was signed by Victor C. Waryas, Mayor of the City of Poughkeepsie; Kenneth J. Utter, Chairman, Dutchess County Board of Supervisors, and Andrew J. Mihans, General Chairman of the Celebration Committee.

A flock of Wild Geese kept up with a train of cars on the Hudson River Railroad a few days ago, for ten miles, both going about thirty miles an hour. The geese then switched off. Daily Press, December 9, 1865

THE RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION BY THE STATE OF NEW YORK AT POUGHKEEPSIE, 1788'" It is proper indeed for the members of the Dutchess County Historical Society to devote this spring meeting of 1963 to commemorate the anniversary of the Constitutional Convention held in Poughkeepsie in 1788-175 years ago. I am gratified that so many members have come to our meeting. Fearing a total absence of an audience, I suggested to the secretary that the name of the speaker be withheld but she gallantly included the name of the speaker on the postcard. The preparation of this short paper has been a very interesting experience for me, not only to learn of the procedures of the convention, but also to understand and to know better the men who came here in 1788. 1VIy source of material has been the Poughkeepsie and New York City newspapers, Platt's history of Poughkeepsie, Hasbrouck's history of Dutchess County, parts of several books of American history and Dr. Van Gieson's address to the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1895. But the greatest source of material came from the paper-bound book published by the Trustees of Vassar Brothers Institute in 1905. This is a facsimile reprint of an original copy in the Adriance Memorial Library of the debates and proceedings of the Constitutional Convention. There are many other significant dates of Poughkeepsie events-the first settler, the first court house, the first church, the visits of George Washington and of General Lafayette, the founding of Vassar College, but I think you will agree with me that while all the events mentioned, are important, the one of the greatest importance is that of July 1788, the date of the Ratification of the Constitution of the United States by the State of New York. Seldom has there been a more distinguished group assembled in Dutchess County, those delegates who journeyed here in June 1788 and tarried until July 26, of that summer, and it is altogether fitting for us to recall these important days one hundred and seventy-five years later. Let us first, however, review the events that immediately preceded the state convention at Poughkeepsie. At the close of the Revolutionary War, the thirteen states were united under a government constituted by the Articles of Confederation which had been framed and adopted while the war was in progress. And, while the war continued, the states had been held together, compelled to act in concert by the pressure of a common peril. Peace removed that pressure, '" A transcript of an address made by Mr. Baltus B. Van Kleeck at a meeting of the Dutchess County Historical Society, May 11, 1963. 30

and it was soon obvious that the Articles of Confederation were too weak to prevent the states from parting from one another. The Congress had but small power other than that of making requisitions of the states, and the states for the most part treated the requisitions with disdain. The country in the postwar days had a weak currency, a stagnation of trade; poverty and distress gripped the whole land. There were strifes between the states and suggestions of secession. Abroad our government was held in contempt and in those postwar days it was evident that unless a form of vigorous government were established, the whole Confederation of States would drift rapidly toward dissolution and anarchy. The thirteen states would find themselves not one nation powerful enough to protect its own citizens and to command respect of the world, but perhaps three or four weak confederacies, or even thirteen states, each claiming and exercising absolute sovereignty, but so weak that they xi-light fall an easy prey to a foreign force or an internal intrigue. It was evident that there were interests so diverse that occasions of hostility arose frequently.. The confederation was breaking up. Meeting in New York in February 1787, Congress ordered a Federal Convention to be called in Philadelphia the following May and the resolution adopted by the Congress stated that, in the opinion of that body, it was expedient that a convention of delegates appointed by the several states be held for "the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation . . . [to] render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the union." Complying with the resolution were all the states, with the exception of Rhode Island. For New York, the three delegates were Alexander Hamilton of New York County and Robert Yates and John Lansing of Albany County. Although May 14 was the date set for the start of the Philadelphia meeting, it was not until the 25th of the month that enough delegates reached Philadelphia to constitute a quorum. George Washington was chosen president of the convention and the meeting place was the plain brick building where the Declaration of Independence had been signed. All sessions were held behind closed doors, and the proceedings were kept secret. It was not until fifty years later, when James Madison's papers were published, that the proceedings were publicly known. The journal kept by Mr. Madison indicates that from the very start of the meeting, the delegates concluded that the task was an impossible one. To revise the Articles was judged "putting pieces of 31

new cloth into an old garment, so making the rent worse." The old Articles were not a form of government and the results of the convention surely demonstrates that the delegates, and especially the leaders, had great courage to go beyond the letter of their instructions. It must have been with full confidence in the people they represented that they interpreted their instructions: "not by the letter but by the spirit." A Constitution was framed which, while respecting and guarding the rights of the states, would bind them all together into one nation under a consolidated government. For four months the convention was engaged in its task. The debates were often stormy and heated, and at times it seemed the meeting was at the point of disaster. After four long, hot Philadelphia summer months, it was evident that although enough votes could be mustered to pass a proposed federal constitution and thus make it binding on all thirteen states, it was doubtful that such a move would be sound. Forced upon them, many states would withdraw or simply ignore the action. James Madison and Benjamin Franklin especially urged the convention to refer the matter back to the states for ratification, for a lasting government was the important point, and these gentlemen so debated their point. And so it was voted: a recommendation to the Congress that the proposed Federal Constitution be submitted immediately to the thirteen states. Probably not a single member of the Philadelphia convention was entirely satisfied with every part of the proposed Constitution. It was a document of compromise and mutual concession. Several delegates, including Yates and Lansing of New York, left for home before the vote was taken. Mason and Randolph of Virginia, and Eldridge and Gerry of Massachusetts, refused to sign, fearing the Constitution as written would expose the states to a federal despot— a king and emperor. George Washington was the first to place his name on the new Constitution and there followed thirty-eight others, enough to pave the way to have the document referred back to the thirteen states. It was recommended ". . . that each State institute a convention of delegates, chosen by the people of each State and each such legislature assent and ratify." So ordered the Congress. Congress approved the recommendation that if and when nine of the thirteen states ratified the Constitution it would be in effect. While probably all of you are well aware of the original Constitution as written in Philadelphia, will you allow me to refresh your memories and read the short preamble to you? 32

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain this Constitution for the United States of America.

And to this brief preamble were added seven Articles which in the months ahead were so hotly debated. Article I contained ten sections and had to do with legislative powers; a House and a Senate, elections, compensation of those elected, voting in both houses, veto power of the president, powers of Congress, and limitation of the states' power as to treaties, alliances, import and export taxes, and armed troops and ships of war. Article II defined the president's powers and duties, term of office, necessary qualifications, methods of election. Article III was confined to judicial matters, the Supreme Court, trial by jury, definition of treason, etc. Article IV proved to be the most controversial one when the states considered ratification. Section 1, of Article IV, stated in part: "Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved. . . ." Section 2, of Article IV, provided that "The citizens of each State shall be entitled to the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States." Article V pertained to Constitutional amendments. Article VI outlined treaty powers, oaths, etc. Article VII stated the terms of making the Constitution effective—the adoption by nine of the thirteen states. In all the states the sentiment for a Union was weak and state pride was strong, Small states were jealous of large; large states were jealous of each other, and all were jealous of their liberties which they had just won at the cost of a long war. They feared their liberties would be restricted or imperiled by the adoption of the proposed plan of a strong central government. Those delegates who had deserted the Philadelphia convention, and those who had refused to sign, went home to exert their influence against ratification. Presently the land was flooded with publications of every conceivable description, showing forth the iniquitous nature of the proposed government and calling on the people to reject it. It was in opposition to all these publications that Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay published the papers constituting The Federalist, probably the most profound treatise on government ever written. In almost every state the contest was heated and the result in doubt. Such was 33

the case in New York when the delegates to the Constitution Convention of the State came to Poughkeepsie on June 17, 1788. Sixty-five delegates had been elected: nine from New York County, seven from Albany County, five from Suffolk, six from Ulster, four from the farms of Queens, two from Kings, two from Richmond, six from Westchester, four from Orange, seven from Dutchess, six from Montgomery, three from Columbia and four represented the combined Washington and Clinton counties. The delegates from the New York counties who came to Poughkeepsie that summer of 1788 were young men, in fact, the postwar leaders throughout the thirteen states were almost all young, vigorous men. Consider a few of the leaders who were to play such an important role in the Poughkeepsie convention. The Federalists had Alexander Hamilton, aged thirty-one; Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, forty-two; John Jay, forty-three. The anti-Constitutionalists were led by Governor George Clinton, aged forty-nine, and Melancton Smith of Dutchess, aged forty-four. No wonder a New York newspaper referred to the delegates as "bustling young men from all over the State, even from the wilderness beyond Albany." Oldsters were fearful of their course. The delegates to the convention from our county were all prominent men, most of whom had taken active roles during the war. Zephaniah Platt had been a member of the Provincial Congress and, in 1788, was County Judge. Gilbert Livingston was the surrogate and Melancton Smith, also a member of the Provincial Congress, was the first sheriff of Dutchess County. The other delegates from Dutchess were Jacobus Swartwout, a colonel of a Minute Man regiment, Jonathan Akin, Ezra Thompson and John DeWitt. At the first session of the convention the anti-Federalists by a large majority named the Governor of the state, the chairman. George Clinton, delegate from Ulster County, had been elected four times Governor of New York and, without doubt, was one of the most popular men of his state. He is described as hardheaded and resolute, and as bitter a hater of the Constitution as could be found anywhere. Sustaining him were Yates and Lansing of Albany along with Melancton Smith of this county. The latter was noted for his intellectual acuteness and was most conspicuous and forceful in debate. These four men were the opposition leaders and in the early sessions their following comprised about two-thirds of the whole number. Mr. Smith in his first speech vilified the Constitution as "the triple headed monster, the new leviathan of power." Those who constituted the minority, were termed "The Consols or Anti-Republicans [who by] 34

their mean weapons of falsehood, deception and detraction, were endeavoring to cajole and betray the honest yeomanry of the country." And it was declared to be "as deep and wicked a conspiracy as ever was invented in the darkest ages against the liberties of a free people." The minority floor leader was Robert R. Livingston of New York County, Chancellor of the State, later Minister to France and the negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase; one of his important supporters was John Jay, prominent jurist and afterward the Chief Justice of the United States. And, the foremost of all was Alexander Hamilton. While he was heartily and ably supported by the other two, on the shoulders of the thirty-one year old Hamilton fell the great task of converting a minority into a majority, and to him more than any other one man is due the honor of its accomplishment. As you can imagine, the debates were long and in some instances rather tedious, yet from the assembly there were rather magnificent words put into very telling points. As an example of the style of oratory, I will quote in brief from a paragraph in a speech by Mr„ Thomas Tredwell, delegate from Suffolk County: We ought to consider that we may now give away by a vote what it may cost the dying groans of thousands to recover; that we may surrender with a little ink what it may cost seas of blood to regain. The dagger of ambition is now pointed at the fair bosom of liberty and, to deepen and complete the tragedy, we her sms are called upon to give the fatal thrust.

Less dramatic and perhaps more to the point were the addresses of Melancton Smith. His delivery was described as forceful and direct. Said the gentleman from Dutchess : I ask, how long the people will retain their confidence for two thousand representatives, who shall meet once a year to make laws for regulating the heighth of your fences and the repairing of your roads. Will they not by and by be saying, —Here, we are paying a great number of men for doing nothing. . . . The state governments without object or authority, will soon dwindle into insignificance, and be despised by the people themselves.

Melancton Smith, opposed to a constitution which conferred such large power on a federal congress, feared senators and congressmen remaining in office too long and urged a forced rotation in office, thus preventing power invested in a few men. Mr. Smith, in a speech, said: The world has never seen such a government over such a country. If we consult authorities in this matter, they will declare the impracticability of governing a free people, on such an extensive plan. In a country, where a portion of the people live more than twelve hundred miles from the center, I think that one body cannot possibly legislate for the whole. 35

To these and to other objections to the proposed Constitution, Hamilton, Jay and Robert Livingston replied with eloquence, untiring patience and consummate tact. The New York Journal of July 4, 1788, printed an "extract of a letter from a gentleman in Poughkeepsie to his friend in Connecticut dated June 25," which read in part: On Tuesday, the 17th inst. the political campaign opened at the Court House in this town. . . . The spectators. . . . enjoy a mental feast, exquisite as uncommon. The first geniuses of the country have here a field in which their powers have ample room. n stands, the political porcupine, Under the federal banner Col. H armed at all points, and brandishes a shaft to every opposer; a shaft powerful to repel and keen to wound. The C r pours a stream of eloquence deep as the Ganges. . . . Mr. J--y's reasoning is weighty as gold, polished as silver, and strong as steel. Mr. H----n's harangue combines vinegar with the smoothness of Mr. S---h, the anti-champion, adds the subtility of Locke to the candour of Sydney. . . . and the exertions of his mind exhibit a man formed for investigation and debate.

Local and New York City newspapers took sides and the debates took place in all sorts of publications, pamphlets and at every sort of gathering. There was no doubt about it, the matter was well canvassed and, as the Poughkeepsie Journal commented, "ably defended and powerfully opposed." As the days of the convention passed and after the great flow of oratory had been recorded, the issue was but one, and quite clearly defined: the Federalists, Hamilton and Jay, insisting on a strong central government; the states' rights followers, Clinton and Smith, fearing central power, insisting on a weak central government with strong and sovereign state managements within the thirteen colonies. On June 20, 1788, the Poughkeepsie meeting was deadlocked and a young lawyer, James Kent who was to become chancellor of the state and the father of American jurisprudence, wrote in his diary that Hamilton was slowly gaining support and if a vote were forced the result would be in doubt. On June 20, eight states had ratified the Federal Constitution in the following order: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and but one more was needed to establish the new order of things. New Hampshire and Virginia, as well as New York, were in the midst of weeks of debate at their conventions. At Poughkeepsie, the Federalists stalled for time to await word from either New Hampshire or Virginia. James Madison was in constant touch with all three state assemblages and messages to and from Mr. Hamilton were carried by horseback riders. The Federalists believed that if New Hampshire ratified, New York and Virginia would rush to 36

ratify also. After all, it was quite evident that without the key states of Virginia and New York it was rather doubtful that any federal constitution would be strong enough to survive very long. Should either key state ratify, the Federalists believed the other would be forced to ratify too. This, very briefly, was the Federalist plan of maneuver on June 20. Without any warning, Governor Clinton moved for adjournment of the New York convention on the plea that the delegates needed to return to their counties to obtain the feeling of their constituents. His motion was defeated by a narrow margin and only because seven or eight of Hamilton's supporters were finally located resting in a nearby tavern were they able to reach the court house in time for the roll call and to cast a negative vote. As soon as the vote was announced, Hamilton was recognized and moved for what he termed a test vote—a test of the delegates' feelings so that the people of the state could be informed. Clinton roared his disapproval, but was forced to recognize the motion. He feared greatly the publicity of a probable loss of support. A vote on Hamilton's motion for a test vote was taken finally and was defeated by three votes, so many delegates abstaining however that no conclusion could be reached. Madison dispatched a message to Poughkeepsie and the post rider reached the court house during the late afternoon, bringing word that New Hampshire would ballot on June 24 and the pro-Constitutionalists would muster enough support to ratify. He urged Hamilton and Jay to use great effort to delay any further voting and especially to avoid another vote on adjournment. The debates continued but early in July the official detailed record of the convention ceases to exist. Evidently, the secretary simply got tired of writing, for the minutes contain only such entries as were absolutely necessary: mention of the speakers, statement that the Colonel, meaning Hamilton, spoke for two hours, texts of some resolutions and amendments, adjournment at 5 o'clock in the afternoon. Early in the morning of June 24, another messenger arrived with the welcome news to the Federalists, that the New Hampshire convention had ratified the Constitution and had become the ninth state to do so. Would this news influence the New York delegates to act quickly? Hopes were high that Governor Clinton would not want his state left out of the Constitutional group of states and would back away from his stand as gracefully as possible. But nothing of the sort took place. Melancton Smith gained recognition and clearly 37

stated that IVIr. Clinton's forces in caucus had not changed their position. Said Mr. Smith, "Shall a vote of a wilderness, populated for the most part by bears and panthers influence the delegates of a civilized state such as ours. No - No - No !" thundered he, "the change in circumstances changes not our views." No word had come from Virginia at this juncture and I have gained the impression from reading local and New York newspapers of the time that the states' rights delegates still felt a Union would depend on both New York and Virginia being included, at least a lasting union. Then from Virginia came the word that opposition to ratification had begun to crumble. The Poughkeepsie convention was in an uproar and tempers reached a dangerous pitch. Clinton tried again for adjournment but John Jay rounded up the voters to prevent the move, Hamilton's oratory filling in the time until James Kent passed him a note saying Jay had a majority of the delegates and the adjournment would be defeated. By all sorts of maneuvers the Federalists held the delegates for eight long, hot days, gaining some support one day, losing it the next. Finally a message arrived and in a Poughkeepsie newspaper of years later, Benson J. Lossing recalled a conversation with an elderly man who had been in the village when the messenger arrived. Lossing quotes the eyewitness: It was at about noon, on a very hot day, when I saw an express rider on a powerful bay horse flecked with foam, dismount at the Court-house door and placing his bridle reins in the hands of a negro boy standing by, hastened to the door of the Convention chamber, and delivered a sealed package to Mr. Barclay, the door-keeper. The courier was colonel William Smith Livingston who had ridden express (changing horses several times) from New York city to Poughkeepsie, a distance of eighty-one miles in less than ten hours. 'The package he brought contained a dispatch from the President of the Virginia Convention at Richmond, and a letter from Madison to Hamilton, announcing that Virginia had, on the 25th day of June, unconditionally ratified the constitution. . . .

Of course the announcement gave great joy to the Federalists and was a severe blow to the opponents of ratification. While the fight did not end by any means immediately, the opponents headed by Governor Clinton sought a compromise and Hamilton at once bent his greatest efforts in that direction too. The compromise took the form of an addition of several Articles constituting in substance a Bill of Rights and explicitly restricting on certain points the powers of the Federal government. As we know, the addition was made in the shape of the first ten amendments which were adopted soon after the adoption of the Constitution. 33

On July 11, John Jay moved for ratification with recommendation of such amendments as might be advisable. But his opponents were not satisfied with mere recommendations and insisted on conditional ratification. Mr. Smith offered an amendment to Mr. Jay's resolution to the effect that the Constitution be ratified on condition that another general convention of the states be called for the purpose of amending the Constitution, and that meanwhile the federal government should not exercise its power within the state of New York. It was on the point—ratification, conditional or unconditional— that the decisive contest was waged. Hamilton dispatched a desperate letter to James Madison in New York, begging his advice, and Mr. Madison replied that any condition would vitiate the ratification and that the Constitution required an adoption "in toto and forever." Madison's reply to Hamilton's letter was read by the latter to the convention and made a deep impression. On July 23, Samuel Jones of Queens County offered a resolution which would obliterate the words "on condition" from the resolution to ratify and substitute "in full confidence." Mr. Jones' motion was the turning point at last—"on condition" changed to "in full confidence" that another convention be held to vote on the amendments—the Bill of Rights. In support of Mr. Jones' motion, Mr. Hamilton made an eloquent plea which evidently was so forcible that even Mr. Melancton Smith was convinced, for he announced that he would support the motion. Gilbert Livingston, who had stood shoulder to shoulder with Smith, announced that he too would support the new motion to ratify. Governor Clinton's two most important supporters had deserted him and tile Governor realized he had lost the long battle. The vote was cast and the count was thirty-one for ratification and twenty-nine opposed. Thus by the margin of two votes New York State joined the union of states, and then, on Saturday, July 26, the convention met for the last time and voted on the form of the ratification and the amendments. The vote was thirty for and twenty-seven against. The results of the Poughkeepsie convention marked the ascendancy in our country of several New Yorkers, members of the convention: Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Jay, Mr. Robert R. Livingston, who in the years following achieved great prominence and served their country well. George Clinton, although suffering a defeat in the Poughkeepsie convention, did not lose his popularity and continued to be re-elected governor until he withdrew from politics and was succeeded by John Jay in 1795. It was said he never ceased to view with alarm the 39

continued re-election of Congressmen in the federal government, yet each time when it became necessary to elect a governor of the state, he promptly announced his desire to be continued in office. His reasoning was simple and not exactly modest. In George Clinton's opinion, there was no one in the state as well fitted as was George Clinton. It is very unfortunate that the last weeks of the Poughkeepsie convention are not reported in full; getting the information from newspaper accounts has not been entirely satisfactory. I would like very much to read Hamilton's final address which is reported briefly in the Poughkeepsie Journal, as follows: The young Colonel, that master of debate, exerted himself to the utmost occupying three hours in delivery. His auditors were fully moved, many of whom left the hall drying tears from their faces. Can ever again any man reach such powers of eloquence?

It has always seemed to me that there were five men in particular who were responsible for the construction of our government and the historian Fiske identifies them as the founders of the Union: George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson and John Marshall. Had it not been for Washington, perhaps independence would not have been won or a federal constitution written. James Madison was the thinker, who was first among those who drew up the Constitution. His arguments, clear and forceful, had great influence, enough to secure ratification. Perhaps Hamilton surpassed Madison in certain areas, especially in the task of a practical building of the new government. His boldness frightened some; they feared his democracy would become a government of a despot. Public confidence was greatly lacking in the closing years of the century and at times it seemed a civil war might break out. That our government was truly a government of, by and for the people was the accomplishment of Thomas Jefferson. It was during his presidency that the people of the United States, doubters for so long, finally conceded that the new government could be conservative and orderly. Jefferson brought to his countrymen a sentiment of loyalty. And it was John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States for thirty years, who through his judicial decisions demonstrated and explained the scope and purposes of our Constitution. States' rights were protected, but proper powers were assigned to our national government. Of these five great leaders, I think Alexander Hamilton is by far the most interesting and picturesque. He was brilliant, quick, wise 40

and persuasive. This young man, the son of a Scottish father and French Huguenot mother, had abilities and brilliance of mind unmatched by anyone of his day and, in my opinion, by anyone after his time. But perhaps, as Mr. Fiske observes, his leadership in the early days of our Union might not have been as great without the balance afforded by the others: -Washington, Madison, Jefferson and Marshall. A close acquaintance with all of them is a worthy project for all of us. As we approach the 175th anniversary of the New York State Constitutional Convention, it is altogether fitting that those living in this area today should commemorate the event in a proper manner. I am delighted that Mayor Waryas has appointed a committee to organize the anniversary celebration of the most important event of Poughkeepsie's history. Our society has been represented at the organization meetings by Mrs. Ver Nooy and Judge Schwartz. I sincerely hope a gathering will be arranged for July 26, 1963, at the court house and I feel certain that many members of our historical society will be present. Perhaps we will hear oratory that will match that of Hamilton, Jay, Smith and Clinton—but perhaps that is too much to expect.

No. 11 This is to Ceritfy, That . . . . Owen Ward . . . . of the town of . . . . Clinton . . . . in the County of . . . . Dutchess . . . . in fourth Collection District of NewYork, has paid the duty of . . . . Two . . . . Dollars, for one year, to the end on the thirty-first day of December next, for and upon a . . . . Two . . . . wheel carriage, called a . . . . Chair . . . . owned by . . . . 0. Ward . . . . and the harness used therefor. This Certificate is to be of no avail any longer than the aforesaid carriage shall be owned by the said . . . . 0. Ward . . . . unless said Certificate shall be produced to a Collector, and an entry to be made thereon, specifying the name of the then owner of the said carriage, and the time when he or she became possessed thereof. Given in conformity with the laws of the United States this . . 3 . . . . day of . . . . August . . . . 1810 NATHAN MYERS Collector of Revenue for the 4th District of New York. 41

A TRIP TO THE WEST IN 1845 Henry A. Sleight (1817-1879), son of Colonel Jacobus and Elsie De Riemer Sleight of the town of LaGrange, with Alson Ward (1821-1906), son of Joshua 0. and Anne Monfort Ward of Pleasant Valley, took a trip west in 1845. These two young Dutchess County men became brothers-in-law in 1847 when Henry Sleight and Mary A. Ward were married. The trip, lasting seven weeks, took the travelers to Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Marietta, -Wheeling, Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, before returning to Dutchess County. Alson Ward's diary* has been found recently and the account of his "trip to the West" is published in part: August 11, 1845 In the morning early, prepared for our journey and father took me to the boat which did not get along until one o'clock. We expected it along by eleven o'clock which made it tedious waiting. We had a crowded boat and not the best of accomodations, a night boat instead of the regular day line on account of some boat breaking its machinery. Just at night there came a shower and continued until sometime in the night. At Troy we put up at the Mansion House, a very good house. August 12 In the morning we paid our fare through to Syracuse. At Troy we took the cars and left at eight o'clock. Had a very pleasant day's ride although the country through which we passed was rather poor and poorly managed. The oats and thistles contending in many places for supremacy. Considerable oats not gathered. Arrived at Utica at two o'clock in the afternoon where we got our dinner. Secured a good seat in the best car and arrived at Syracuse at six in the evening and took tea at the Temperance Hotel near the large hotel being built. A splendid affair and will probably cost when finished near one hundered thousand dollars. We had some time to spare to walk through the streets as the packet to Oswego did not start until eight. We spent an hour or more on the deck viewing the extensive salt works. On the canal we had a very fine view of Onida Lake. After a comfortable night, morning at six finds us at Oswego. August 13 After breakfast we went to the pier to see the boats go out. The pier is a splendid affair built of solid stone by the Government as a protection to the harbour in times of storm. In the afternoon Henry and I went to east Oswego to see the flour mills and the fort. They have a great fall of water and have splendid mills and some factories at this place. After amusing ourselves we returned to Oswego and saw a man that kept fishing materials, boats, etc., and engaged a boat for fishing on the morrow. August 14 In the morning, after getting a straw hat, we went with a boy experienced in the business and caught a fi ne mess of bass in time to have them prenared for dinner. The bass weighed from two to four pounds, and it was sport to pull them in the boat. In the evening we went to see the revenue cutter. We had a pleasant walk on the pier and a fair view of the cutter, after which we went walking through the village and had two glasses of ice cream. August 15 During the night we had the pleasure of being serenaded by a company of young gentlemen and we and our neighbors * The manuscript is now owned by Mr. Baltus B. Van Kleeek, who has made the excerpts and added some punctuation. Mr. Van Kleeek is the grandson of Henry A. Sleight and the grandnephew of Alson Ward.

close by getting the benefit of it. They performed well. "We made our arrangements for leaving Oswego this morning. Therefore, had a hurried breakfast and took the stage for Cato four corners at eight. Arrived there at six in the afternoon after riding through rough and rather poor country after staying two hours at a small place called Victory to take dinner and rest ourselves. August 16 Spent the night at the Corners. The land is better here than any between Oswego and the Corners. In the morning went to Jordan on the canal, some nine miles where we took dinner before the packet came along. Arrived at Clyde after six. Henry concluded to go on to Geneva so I left him, making arrangements to meet him at Rochester. Found my Clyde friends all well. August 17 Spent the night at Luther Redfield's house and attended church with Carpenter Angell and Luther, Jr., Owen Angell. Mary Platt came and called at Luther's before church. August 18 After dinner Carpenter and myself went to call on friends but found not many home as there was a company invited to a party this evening. We therefore had ill luck but I don't feel very bad about it. August 19 I prepared myself for the packet which left at six in the evening. Spent the evening on deck. August 20 Arrived at Rochester at eight o'clock in the morning after a comfortable night's rest. Stopped at the Clinton Hotel and spent the day looking around the place. Wrote a letter home. Went in several large mills and saw them operate. Then went to the Falls. Met Henry at the cars, he being the first from them. We jumped in the Clinton Hotel carriage and rode to the hotel and had a lunch dinner. In an hour we took the cars for Buffalo where we arrived at eight. August 21 After breakfast we went to look at the lake steamers and engaged our passage on the Jas. Madison and took the steam boat for Chippawa in Canada, then the cars to the falls where we gazed awhile from Table Rock, went down the winding stairs to the water edge below, taking the cooling effects of the heavy dew and spray, which was copious indeed. It cooled us finely. Then to the museum and saw some curious things. After we got through viewing all we wished to see on this side, we rode to the hotel opposite the ferry, took some refreshments and went to the ferry and crossed to our side, after which we had one hundred and fifty steps to ascend to get to the bank of the river where we each bought a cane. Took the cars to Buffalo and after resting, prepared ourselves for our voyage round the lake by laying in some small stores and putting our baggage in order. Spent the evening walking around Buffalo. August 22 At ten o'clock we left Buffalo on th e steamer Jas. Madison which soon left Buffalo in the rear. Notwithstanding, our eyes were anxiously turned back upon the city, knowin?; not that it might be the last look we should ever have the satisfaction ever to have, but we rest content by submitting ourFelveg to the mercy of the God that overrules the waves and elemerts. The day was fine and we enjoyed our passage. The first landing place was Erie in Pennsylvania, distance 77 miles. Staid two hou:-s or more putting on stores and wood. August 23 In the morning finds us at the dock at a place called Fairport where we staid a time to get wood. A nleasant day but warm. The boat was very crowded and rather unpleasart. At ten o'clock we arrived at Cleveland in Ohio where we took an hour to put on wood. Not time to see place. During the rest of the day we had only the distant shore which was so far distant not to be able to distinguish anything until we arrived at the Detroit River. We 43

arrived at the city of Detroit at ten in the evening. We took a long walk through the city, it being so dark however it was hard to judge the character of the place. Some fine buildings and the main street was the widest street I have ever seen in my life any place. The boat left during the night. August 24-, Sabbath. This morning finds ourselves moving slowly up the St. Clair River, the water being quite low. Sometimes the bottom is rubbed by the boat. The river appears about 34 mile wide and the land appears rather wild and poor. We stopped at a place called China for wood. It is little like Sabbath on the boat and the shore. They think little of the mercy of God that made them and which guides them through the storm, and permits them to float on the rolling billows. At the head of the river is an American fort called Gratoit which seems quite neat and handsome. Some nice dwelling houses around it. After leaving the river and Lake Huron we had a wilderness on the one side, water on the other. At sunset Henry and I, when on the upper deck, gazing at the last rays of the sun reflected by the clear blue water and could not but reflect on the awful situation in case of accident either by fire or by shipwreck. Indeed it is too awful to contemplate upon by the most resigned of human nature. August 25 In the morning find ourselves still on the wide spread sheet opposite Thunder Bay out of sight of land. Stopped at Presque Isle to get wood and fish. It is a very barren and desolate place, inhabited by a few fishermen. We went ashore and saw some of the largest fish that I ever saw, 25 to 50 pounds. Excellent eating and all caught with hooks. At five o'clock we arrived at Macinaw and staid long enough to see the place. It is a cool healthy place. There is a fort situated on the high hill above the town and we saw quite a lot of Indians, being the time for their annual pay. I would like to have spent a few days there to fish. Macinaw is an island and is only important as a military station. Soil is poor. August 26 A windy and boisterous night and some were sick. Landed at Manitou Island for wood. I went ashore on the gravel beach, took off my shoes and rolled up my pantiloons above my knees and let water roll over my feet. Very refreshing. There is a wooden railroad here that brings wood from the back country. The land I presume must be better back there. The shores of the lake are sandy and barren. This day has been spent by many in gambling in the saloon. It is reported one young fellow lost nineteen hundred dollars last night. Should the Almighty protector demand justice without mercy this craft of iniquity would sink like a rock from human vision. Arrived at Milwaukee at midnight, having packed up our life preservers and other property in the trunk. Henry had blown up his life preserver during the heavy wind the day before. August 27 Slept soundly at the City Hotel. Got our boots fixed. I had lost a heel of my boot. Very uncomfortable. Henry found a relative, Dr. DeRiemer, a cousin and his family and when we introduced ourselves, he was very glad to see us and hear all about his friends and relatives from Dutchess. The DeRiemers took great pains to have us enjoy August 28 ourselves and we had fine fishing at this place. I caught the largest pickerel I ever saw, four pounds. They catch pickerel as large as eight pounds. For the first time we sailed in an Indian bark canoe which did not leak a drop, very light and portable. August 29 Hired a horse and wagon and rode in the country a few miles which is wild and but little cleared up and settled. It is heavily timbered. This land won't be settled except near Milwaukee as it is expensive to clear. Henry went to the Daguerrean's and had his likeness taken. The DeRiemers have a fine grocery and we visited 44

the store and the two brothers. August 30 Took the steamer for Southport arriving in time for breakfast and to put up at the Mansion House. Our landlord was going hunting and invited Henry and me. Hitched his two horses to the wagon and we jumped in. In short order we were in the fields. We saw game such as we Dutchess fellows had never seen before. The proper name for the birds we were hunting is grouse, but usually called prairie chicken. They are nearly as large as the domestic fowl, look like a partridge. In the morning went to church at the PresAugust 31, Sabbath byterian Church. September 1 A company of five, a Mr. Clapp, our landlord, and a friend of his, Henry and myself went hunting. Birds were thick and we saw hundreds of them. The land is rolling enough to make it just right and it appears like an old settled place. Here and there are orchards. After riding nine miles to a relative of the landlord we found him going to the village with a load of melons and they were just the thing we wanted. After eating not a few we went on to our hunting, the gentleman with the melons deciding to go along with us instead of to the village with his melons. After hunting till sundown and getting fifty-five chickens and other game, we returned to the cabin and ate some more melons. The old lady meantime had tea ready and the short cake smoking. She insisted on our having tea and shortcake and some more melons. Then we returned to our hotel arriving at nine o'clock and took a large chicken dinner. September 2 Made ourselves ready for the boat to Chicago which did not arrive until ten at night although there were several false alarms. September 3 This morning finds us in Chicago by the splendid steamer Empire. Stopped at the City Hotel. After breakfast I took a walk over the river to the Lake House for the purpose of seeing something of the place. On my way back I called on Sidney Downs at the land office. Henry did not feel very well and did not go with me. In the afternoon Henry and myself took a general ramble through the city. West to a steam flouring mill. Saw some mud diggers for clearing the harbour of mud and sand and machines for raising heavy -Embers on the pier from the water. Was much impressed and pleased with the place except its mud and sand. September 5 In the morning early took the stage for Galina and rode thirty-eight miles on the prairie almost a perfect level. The prairie most of the way to Elgin is too level for farming purposes. The water has no chance to run off in time in the Spring for getting in the crops. Just at evening we stopped in an old mean horse stable of a house to get something to eat and a change of horses. After a time they fixed us up something imitating eatibles and if it had not made us all sick we might have thought it would have answered tolerably well. After we had a rather squally time so snug and close in the stage. The driver at this station being very sick, our driver was obliged to continue on with his team, already having driven two stations. The horses almost tired to death were only able to crawl slowly along during the night. Our load consisted of a Yankee, a Kentuckyean, a Mr. Viles, formerly of Columbia County, three ladies, Henry and myself. In the night we rode under a tree with limbs so low it scraped a large trunk from off the top and broke it open, the small articles scattering in every direction. But by the aid of the coach lamp we picked them mostly up and replaced them, putting a strap around the trunk to keep it together. September 6 In the morning took breakfast at Rockport on Rock River. Took the rest of the day as uncomfortable as might be 45

expected after living worse than Dutchess County hogs, being joined up in the stage all night. During the night there came up a thunder storm. Very dark. We stopped at the changing station and stayed an hour or more. The passengers that did not stay in the stage to sleep went in the cabin and picked his place on the floor for lodging. Slept soundly until routed out by the driver to continue the journey. September 7 In the morning took breakfast in the meanest place I ever saw, a portion of a horse stable. "Worse than one can imagine. Stale eggs and other things similar. In the afternoon arrived at Galena, situated on a mean river with a mean name but quite as good as it describes, Fever River. It is more properly a bay. The water backs up from the Mississippi seven miles and is nearly stagnant. The place is sickly yet is quite flourishing, being the depot for the lead mines which are very rich near this place. We fared comfortably enough. The Hotel is in good order. Woke up and found myself partly alive but mostly September 8 eaten by mosquitos. Had to sleep with a sheet over my head all night. Here they use mosquito bars over the beds to prevent their depridations. The landlord could not furnish us with any as they were very full and all in use. In the forenoon we hired a horse and wagon and rode to the diggings, about two miles. I attempted to go down in the mine about 100 feet straight down and. got scared out and came back up to the top. Paid fifty cents for my trouble, dirtying my pantiloons meanwhile. Stopped at the furnaces and saw nothing remarkable. After dinner got ready to embark for Davenport which is in Iowa. Boat left at six and when we got in the Mississippi we went to bed. By morning we were in the rapids above Davenport September 9 and then landed soon and put up at the La Clair House. After breakfast we hired a horse and wagon for four days expecting to stay with acquaintances. But we found them all sick and very unhealthy so we took the first boat for St. Louis. September 10 The boats on these rivers are all high pressure and they make a great noise puffing off steam every revolution of the engine and can be heard for miles. Our boat for St. Louis was delayed starting, waiting for Keel boats to get over the rapids. They are loaded with lead .We had very small opportunity to view the country only the border of the river but should judge from what little we saw it was the finest of soil and climate but not very healthy. The water is different from any I have seen before, deep, shallow, slow, snaggy and about everything else. Sometimes we drag the ground, sometimes all clear. September 11 At 9 o'clock this morning arrived at Nauvoo (the city of the Mormons). 15 of us landed and went out to see the great temple three-quarters or more of a mile from the river. One of the leading men among them showed us all that was to be seen about the building. It is a famous affair five stories high. The basement is designed for the baptismal fountain and small rooms for dressing. The fountain is built of solid stone, as is the rest of the building, and is about 10 feet high by about fifteen feet across. The whole construction is of solid stone or marble. Our boat lies opposite at a small village lighting itself to pass over the grand rapids below. It is a tedious thing to have to unload freight in small scow boats. Most of the freight is lead. Then load again below the rapids. It took most all day but we passed the rapids before dark and stopped to load freight again all night. September 12 Left finally at nine looking for no more detention before St. Louis. Here about the villages are not very thriving. Saw several steam mills however further down river. River banks in places are very low and there is much flooding in high water. In many places the river separates in several streams and so crooked 46

that it is impossible to see anything but wilderness. September 14, Sabbath This day finds us in the great northsouth depot of the great Mississippi, St. Louis. Stopped at the City Hotel, a splendid good house. Very comfortable place. In the forenoon attended the Presbyterian church nearby and in the afternoon went to Doctor Potts church which is noted above all other for excellent music. It was splendid. St. °Louis is splendidly situated on a fair elevation from the river and a very enterprising place. I think it is destined to be a great city at no great distant date. In the evening went to a Catholic Church. The building and the altar were beautiful especially the paintings on the walls. The congregation looked mostly like foreign people, no doubt from many European countries. We walked all over the city which did not take long. September 15 Left St. Louis at nocn and went clown the river at a rapid pace. The boat stopped at several small and poor places. September 16 Hitched to shore in a thick fog until nine in the morning. At three o'clock arrived at the junction of the Ohio River where we unloaded 100 tons of lead detaining us until evening. September 16 The river from St. Louis down to the Ohio is more varied in scenery than above St. Louis. Palisades on either side, the shores more bold than low and the river quite crooked and very full of snags, sand bars, etc. At the mouth of the Ohio there is a place called Cairo having been designed for a city and had nature made moderate provisions, there would have been a city at this point instead of St. Louis. But the land is low and very unhealthy. The Rothchilds of Great Britain expended millions of money embanking the rivers for several miles up each and building a hotel and steam machine factories and which all have proved of no avail as the water gets behind the embankments and its unhealthy position forbids anything like a city at that point. September 17 This morning finds ourselves 50 miles up the Ohio river and finds it pleasanter and purer water than the Mississippi. We passed the cave in the rock. As the boat did not stop we had no opportunity of examination. The cave is said to be quite extensive. September 18 Seventy miles up the Ohio this morning. There are a host of gamblers on this boat as well as all the boats going up and down from St. Louis to Cincinnati laying wait for the unwarry. I have seen large amounts of money lost, taken by these pirates. We took some prisoners on board who had stolen a skiff and were floating down the river but got overtaken and were brought back. One of them watched his opportunity and jumped in the river when the boat went near the shore and made his escape. The river is generally very narrow so that in many places a man can throw a stone across it. The channel often comes very close to the shore. September 19 We are this day in Louisville which is a very pleasantly situated place nicely elevated from the river. The boat stayed nearly two hours after we were up, giving us a fair chance for looking about in the city as much as we wished. Left in the evening for Cincinnatti. Just after we started another boat started after us. They raced it but our boat succeeded in keeping ahead of them and getting all the passengers on the way. Arrived at Cincinatti about 2 o'clock in the morning. September 20 After the boats stop moving it is all useless to attempt to sleep on them as the mosquitos make prey of the passengers. It is just as well to get up and commence war on them as to lie in bed fighting. Sleeping is altogether out of the question. The passengers are all up running around the saloon and decks and making too much noise. After looking up a boat for Pittsburgh we moved our baggage on it after breakfast and took a tramp through the city of Cincinnati. The markets are a great curiosity for us 47

northern folks. A great deal of all kinds of fruit and vegetables, hundreds of wagons on either side of the streets for a great distance. They keep all kinds of groceries in the street wagons to retail out. After looking about the city we went to Mt. Auburn at the north of the city, a very elevated piece of ground overlooking the city. There are a great many fruit trees, grape vines and tine shrubs here making it a most splendid place. Cincinnati is a very pleasant and enterprising city, a place of great business, many large foundries and other heavy iron works, also large pork establishments. At noon we left the city on the New Hampshire a fine new boat for Pittsburgh. After being out a time we overtook the mail packet and our boat being a new one, they thought best to try the speed. We succeeded in passing after a long time side and side and then kept ahead. At 3 o'clock there came a shower which lasted in the evening, making it very dark and forced our boat to slow up a great deal. At 8 o'clock we ran on a sand bar where we were detained a time but finally got off the bar. In the night we ran foul of a log or snag that gave us a tremendous jar but did no damage. I do not wonder there are so many accidents on these rivers. The channel first on one side then the other, sometimes twenty feet of water the next moment perhaps 2 feet. Sand bars, logs, trees and everything else. September 21, Sabbath There being little Sabbath on these rivers it seemed a long tedious noisy day. We long to be home before the next Sabbath or at some quiet place so that we can observe the day more to the dictates of our conscience. September 22 Spent the day as comfortably as might be expected winding our way through the stream, over rapids, aground, and in good sailing. We began to enter the coal region. Arrived at Marietta at ten at night. September 23 At five o'clock we arrived at Wheeling where we concluded to take the stage instead of going on to Pittsburgh, in the morning. September 24 Took a stage and rode all day and all night over the mountains and reached Cumberland in the morning. September 25 Only had time for half a breakfast before the cars started but we caught the cars and arrived at Baltimore near evening. Saw a little of this place and then took the steamboat, then the cars and arrived at Philadelphia at five in the morning. September 26 Went directly to the United States Hotel and put up for the day. Took a hearty breakfast and went to Gerard College and were entertained admirably. Took a ride through most all of the city seeing all the curiosities and sights. Repaired to the hotel and had our dinner at 3 o'clock after which we ordered our baggage to go to the cars for New York and arrived at ten o'clock putting up at the Western Hotel which is on Cortland Street. September 27 Spent the day calling on friends and walking around the city. Sent our baggage to the Poughkeepsie tow boat and at five o'clock made our exit from this city. September 28, Sabbath Morning early finds us at the lower landing at Poughkeepsie looking out to see if things looked natural as they did before we left. Thought it looked very much as it did seven weeks ago and we were satisfied that we were actually in Poughkeepsie again and almost home again. There were some carriages at the dock so Henry went to see if he could make a bargain to take us to the Valley and home. He concluded the business very rapidly and we jumped in a two horse carriage and came out with a rush and got home before the folks were up. Went to church. All things looked natural at home and I gave thanks to our Maker for his safe delivery home of a traveler who had been so many miles away and had reached his home safe and sound. 48

THE DUTCHESS'S COUNTY* When 'Omer smote 'is bloomin' lyre, He'd 'eard men sing by land an' sea; An' what he thought 'e might require, 'E went an' took—the same as me! Rudyard Kipling Dutchess County—lying on the East bank of Hudson's River, midway between Nieuw Amsterdam and Fort Orange—is about forty miles on the river and twenty "going into the woods," as many old deeds read. It now consists of about 765 square miles of low mountains, rolling hills, fertile plains, peaceful valleys, placid lakes and unexcelled scenery. It is moraine country, formerly noted for its agricultural products, milk, grain, meat, wool, etc., but at present undergoing rapid change by much of its best land being taken up by building developments and highways. A few more years and we will be a suburban county. The area was set off as a county in 1683, when the Duke of York was governor, and was named in honor of his "Dutchess." It has twice been reduced in size. In 1717, land to the north was set off to Albany County and is now part of Columbia, and again, in 1812, Putnam was taken from the south end. From 1717 until 1737, the civil divisions were called the North, Middle and South Wards. In that year the county was reorganized into seven precincts: Beekman, Crum Elbow, North, Poughkeepsie, Rhinebeck, Rombout and South. Then, in 1746, North Precinct was extended across the "Oblong" and called North East. In 1762, Crum Elbow was divided into Amenia and Charlotte Precincts. In 1768, Pawling was set off from Beekman. These sub-divisions remained in effect for the next twenty years, until 1788, during which time, you will remember, there was a slight disturbance which we call "the Revolution." We can be very proud of the part taken by the Dutchess's County and New York State in this conflict. Our county supplied officers, men, food, clothing, horses and shelter, not in token, but in real vital quantity. A moment ago, I mentioned that North Precinct was extended across the Oblong and called North East. What was the Oblong? Physically, it was a strip of land extending from Long Island Sound northward along and to the west of the present Connecticut border to the corner where it meets Massachusetts. Politically, it was the * An address made by Mr. Edmund Van Wyck at a meeting of the Dutchess of York Chapter, Daughters of the American Colonists, held May 28, 1963

source of some bloodshed, much bickering and diplomatic conversation between governments. This all stemmed from the English royal custom of making land grants and issuing patents without regard for geographical boundaries or previous commitments. Connecticut claimed everything straight on west indefinitely and so did Massachusetts, while the Duke of York had control of both sides of Hudson's River and everything to the west of it and as far to the east as he could get away with, cutting squarely across the claims of the other two colonies. The dispute was finally settled just before 1731 and this had an immediate effect on our county. Prior to this date we find practically only the west side of the county inhabited and by people bearing the names of Dutch, German and British origin, for the most part. Now, with the Oblong stabilized and land titles made good, there came a great influx of people from the east where land was getting scarcer and harder to obtain. They brought with them more British names. This was a big migration of people and at one time the population of this county was larger than that of New York city. After the close of the Revolution, in 1788, there was a complete change in the civil divisions of the county. The precinct plan was replaced by the township system, with some of the new towns embracing the same boundaries and retaining their original names, as Amenia, Beekman, North East, Pawling, Poughkeepsie and Rhinebeck. Charlotte Precinct had changed its name two years before to Clinton and was now divided into towns of Clinton and Washington; Rombout changed its name to Fishkill. The larger towns were later partitioned and townships erected as we have them today. In 1793, Stanford was taken from Washington; in 1807, Pawling from Dover; in 1812, Red Hook from Rhinebeck; in 1818, Milan from North East; in 1821, Hyde Park and Pleasant Valley were taken from the Town of Clinton. In the same year, the Town of Freedom was set up from parts of the towns of Beekman and Fishkill. (The name was changed to LaGrange in 1828.) In 1823, Pine Plains was set off from North East; in 1827, Union Vale from parts of Beekman and LaGrange; in 1849, East Fishkill from Fishkill and, in 1875, Wappinger from Fishkill, thus completing the roster. The County at War I have mentioned that our county had taken an active part in the War of the Revolution. Do not get the impression that everyone was in favor of war. There were many families, and even parts of families, who were loyal to the Crown and they had a perfect right to 50

be, just as we all have the right to agree or disagree on vital topics. Conditions were so very uncomfortable, even dangerous, that whole families moved to New York city, when it was held by the English, and many left the country, going to Canada and elsewhere. But most of the inhabitants were for independence and they served well. During the Civil War, the county again played its part with valor and distinction. I am sure some of us remember knowing men who actually took part in the conflict. Admiral John L. Worden, the first commander of the Monitor, although born in Ossining, spent his boyhood in Swartwoutville, married a lady from Quaker Hill and, after his retirement, spent much of his time there. He died in 1897 and was buried at Pawling. The Winslow family of Poughkeepsie was also active in the building of the Monitor. World Wars I and II are so recent that it is hardly necessary to say that in both of them our boys again did their parts to the uttermost. Land Patents These land grants, or letters patent, were issued mostly by King George II to courtiers, nobles, friends, etc., for services rendered, political pull, or often, plain cash. The patents varied greatly in size and, through ignorance or carelessness, often overlapped. As a result, the land courts were crowded for years with suits which were often violent and acrimonious. Rombout brought suit against Livingston over a mill which Livingston had erected near the outlet of the Vassar lake and, after a long trial which determined that the land belonged to Rombout, the latter took possession of the mill. There were eleven of these royal patents covering most of Dutchess County and under them the settlers held title to their lands. The first and largest was that granted in 1685 to Francois Rombout, covering 86,000 acres and comprising the present towns of Fishkill, East Fishkill, Wappinger, a part of Poughkeepsie and the southwest half of LaGrange. The second was the Sanders and Harmense patent in 1686 which covered a part of the town and city of Poughkeepsie. The third, granted in 1688, also took in part of both the town and the present city of Poughkeepsie, and was called the Schuyler patent. The fourth, one of the smaller ones and also granted in 1688, took in the southwest corner of the present town of Rhinebeck, the Artsen-Rosa-Elton patent. The Pawling patent, another small one, covered a section of the northern part of the present Hyde Park and 51

was granted in 1696. The next year, 1697, the famous Great Nine Partners patent was granted and it was one of the largest, covering the present western part of the town of Amenia, the southern part of North East, all of the towns of Washington, Pleasant Valley, Stanford and Clinton, and that part of Hyde Park which is east and south of Crum Elbow Creek. (The most valuable part of this patent was that section which bordered the river and was later divided into the nine ‘`water lots".) The seventh patent, granted in 1703, covered the area now included in the towns of Red Hook and most of Rhinebeck; this was the Rhinebeck patent. The Beekman patent, the eighth and also granted in 1703, included the lands in the present towns of Pawling, Dover, Union Vale and northeast half of LaGrange. The ninth was the Hyde Park patent, granted in 1705, another small one, which bordered the river and included the land north and west of Crum Elbow Creek and south of the Pawling patent. The tenth was the Little Nine Partners grant, made in the year 1706 and covered the land in the present towns of Milan and Pine Plains and the northern parts of North East, Stanford and Clinton. The eleventh, and last, was the Oblong, or "Equivalent Land," ceded to New York by the State of Connecticut in exchange for the small rectangular piece of Connecticut which borders the Sound and extends into New York State. The People We have seen something of the physical and political aspects of the county, now what about the people who lived here? Who were they and where did they come from? First of all came the Dutch, naturally, not many at the beginning and mostly from Ulster County and Fort Orange, with a trickle of other nationalities, mostly British, from Nieuw Amsterdam and Long Island. They all settled in the western part of the county. Following very closely, came the Germans, the Palatines who were driven out of Germany by religious persecution. They settled much of the northern part of the county and on Beekman's land further east. When the Oblong was opened for settlement, in 1730 to 1735, a decided migration from New England took place. The Dutch and German languages, which had been nearly universal throughout the county, gave way to English. Many Dutch words linger in our speech and some of them are not used elsewhere. And, while we are talking about the Dutch words which we have adopted into our everyday speech, may I ask that you please do not put the word creek after the names of streams ending with the suffix kill or more properly, kil. Kil means creek and, cer52

tainly, residents of Dutchess County should not be guilty of such a mistake! The early economy of the county, as it was everywhere, was a self-sustaining one and as trade developed it was almost entirely by barter. Each farm raised its own food and fibre; meat from home grown animals was used fresh or was preserved by being salted and smoked or corned; a few vegetables other than potatoes were grown for immediate consumption; various fruits were kept over by preserving in heavy syrup or by drying; the grains, corn, wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, were vitally essential and a bad season or a crop failure meant serious distress for both man and beast; grain was ground at mills that were sometimes miles and sometimes days away, or even ground at home; wool was the principal fiber used for clothing, with flax a close second. These were also prepared, spun and woven at home and the housewife was her own designer, tailor and seamstress. Commerce grew slowly but steadily. It was nearly all barter at first. "I have a little more of this than I need and will exchange for that which you have over." As more and more land was cleared, the excess in produce became greater and greater until, during the last half of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth, Dutchess County was known as the granary of New York City. Great double and triple box wagons were driven up into the county, loaded with grain and taken back to the city for the animals there. The river, of course, was the principal artery of commerce and it was alive with sloops, steamboats and towboats, carrying produce and livestock to the cities at either end. Fishing, too, was profitable on the river, shad in season, and sturgeon. The latter was popularly known as "Albany beef." Waves of population have swept over the Dutchess's County, crested and receded only to repeat. The first began in the 1730's when Madam Brett began to sell large pieces of her land and the Oblong was opened for settlement and it continued for almost exactly a hundred years, to the period when land in western New York and the Ohio valley was made safe for farming. Then began the ebb tide, which was helped by the "gold rush" of 1849, and the grand climax came with the opening of the west for sheep and cattle raising, in the 1870's and 1880's. Just after 1900, came the automobile and the improvement of roads and highways (and the discovery of oil in unexpected places), followed by World War I, in 1918. Thereafter, we had periods of boom or bust, succeeded almost immediately by World War II, the results of which are still questionable. Now, in 1963, we are in 53

the midst of "automation," which has been, pr;marily, the cause of many farm boys leaving the farms and the abandonment of many of them as working farms. Synthetic fibers and modern methods of preserving and packaging food have hurt farming. By a curious reversal of cause and effect, instead of a decrease in population as we had a hundred years ago when our farming was at a low ebb, we now have the greatest increase that has ever been experienced in the county. All this has been due, of course, to the enormous increase of manufacturing establishments in the county and nearby and the desire of people to own their own homes and to live in the country. All I can say to them, as one who has lived here a lifetime, is "Welcome to you all; you have chosen the finest county in New York State, and that means in the world !"

Strange Visitors. A large school of porpoises have been daily for the past week playing in Newburgh Bay. They have been driven up the Hudson by the drought; but as quick as they strike fresh water they turn and swim back to salt water. Fishkill Weekly Times, September 19, 1883

54.

MATTHEW VASSAR'S PLAN Announcement in the local newspapers in the spring of 1860 that application had been made and bills had been passed by the Legislature of the State of New York for the incorporation of an institution for the higher education of women to be established in the environs of Poughkeepsie caused more than a ripple of excitement in the city. Mr. Vassar had not yet made public his plans and the "premature" publication in the newspapers gave rise to rumors and speculations which brought forth confirmation of the decision reached by Matthew Vassar and resulted in the incorporation, in January of 1861, of Vassar Female College. (The word Female was dropped when the name was changed by the State Legislature February 1, 1867.) For several years it was known among his associates that Mr. Vassar, who was wealthy and childless, had been considering how he might arrange for the disposition of his money where it would be of continuing benefit to mankind. He undoubtedly received ample and unsolicited advice and it was more than once pointed out in the newspapers that having made his money in Poughkeepsie, it was logical that Mr. Vassar should use it for some sort of benefaction for the city. One of the projects he had in mind was the establishment and endowment of a college for young women which would compare favorably with the existing institutions for young men. He consulted with numerous and well-known businessmen and educators, among them Dr. Milo P. Jewett, the owner and principal of the Cottage Hill Seminary for Young Ladies. Matthew Vassar had owned the Cottage Hill property on Garden Street and his niece, Miss Lydia Booth, had conducted the school. After the death of Miss Booth, in 1854, he sold it to Dr. Milo P. Jewett. And, in 1860 with the announcement of the proposed college, Dr. Jewett sold the school to the Reverend George T. Rider, in order that Jewett might devote his entire time to the furtherance of the plans for Vassar College. Poughkeepsie had a generous share of educational institutions for "young ladies" as well as schools for boys. The boys were prepared to go on to college, but the girls, after a few years of attendance at the boarding or day schools in the city, had finished their educations and were ready to enter a career in matrimony. This new institution, proposed to open as soon as the buildings were ready for the reception 55

of pupils, was a new departure and was looked upon by educators in the country with interest and approval. Mr. Vassar surrounded himself with a group of twenty-eight men who had become successful in professional and business life, about half of them from the local area, and they incorporated the college and formed the first board of trustees. Among the representatives from this region were Cyrus Swan, who had drawn up the charter; Dr. Jewett, who became the first president; the two nephews of Matthew Vassar, Matthew Vassar, Jr., who became treasurer and John Guy Vassar; Benson J. Lossing, engraver and historian, who compiled the delightful volume, Vassar College and its Founder, published in 1867; Samuel F. B. Morse, the Reverend Rufus Babcock, pastor of the local Baptist Church, John H. Raymond, Charles W. Swift, John Thompson, Samuel M. Buckingham and others. It is probable that most of these men were well aware of 1VIr. Vassar's plans before he was ready for a formal announcement and when the unofficial reports were published they sent a communication to each of the newspapers: the Daily Press, the Poughkeepsie Eagle and the Telegraph. With its own introductory paragraph each of the papers printed the statement in practically the same words. Mr. Baltus B. Van Kleeck, president of the Dutchess County Historical Society, who came across the article in his copy of the Press of March 22, 1860, has asked Miss Sarah Gibson Blanding, retiring president of Vassar College, for comment on the announcement made before Vassar opened. The article was printed in the Daily Press as follows: VASSAR FEMALE COLLEGE A few days ago notices were published in the papers of this city, of the passage by the Legislature of bills for the incorporation of certain Institutions which it was supposed were about to be established in this city. It appears, however, that the movement then set on foot was a little premature. That Mr. Vassar had long had it in contemplation to found an Institution in this city that should reflect lasting credit upon his name and confer benefits upon the rising generation, we have long been aware, and even at the time of the publication of the article referred to, we could not bring ourselves to believe that Mr. Vassar had abandoned the plans of an enterprise which had for so long a time absorbed his purpose. We are now pleased to be permitted to lay before our readers and the public, a brief statement of the cherished plans of Mr. Vassar in relation co the great and noble cause of Female Education. Some years ago, Mr. Vassar began to direct his attention to the importance of a judicious appropriation of a liberal share of his estate to the benign object of doing the most good to his fellow creatures. About the same time he visited Europe to inform himself more thoroughly of the different benevolent institutions, for the at56

tainment of that end. After much reflection, he was led to the adoption of a plan for the advancement of the cause of Female Education and from the fact that the stability of our republican institutions depends on the virtue and intelligence of the people and the foundation of this virtue and intelligence must be laid in the training of childhood and Youth. It is apparent this training is primarily committed by the Creator to the Mothers of America. But how can mothers properly meet their responsibilities if they grow up ignorant and uneducated? Next to power of the mother over the character and destiny of the child, is the influence of his first teachers at school. These teachers are generally females, and for the discharge of their responsibilities, trust must be educated in the requirements of their profession. Mr. Vassar pondered the fact, and while millions of dollars have been given to erect colleges and universities for young men, not a single college has been founded and endowed for the education of young women. He reviewed the efforts which have been made within the last twenty-five years to establish Female Seminaries of high rank, many of them truly elevated to their character and eminently useful in their respective spheres. As a final result of years spent in the most earnest and careful deliberations, enquiry and investigation, he resolved to establish and endow the Vassar Female College, and digested a plan for this institution. Something over three years ago he submitted his views and purposes to some of the most experienced, intelligent and prominent educators of the country, and receiving their approval, he engaged the professional services of a highly distinguished artist to visit Europe with reference to architectural designs. Subsequently he incorporated his plan into his Will, with the bequeathment of an adequate sum for the accomplishment of the magnificent enterprise. The plan contemplates a course of study not fully identical with the usual routine of our Colleges, but equivalent to that, though modified to the exigencies of the case. The testator, however, leaves the details to the unrestricted discretion of the Directors of the College, the main object being to prepare young women to enter any new avenues to an honorable independence which a higher civilization and a juster appreciation of their appropriate sphere may open to them. Funds are provided for the gratuitous education of beneficiaries of rare promise, and premiums are proposed for the encouragement of superior merit in special departments. But perhaps the crowning excellence of this institution will be, that it will throw open its doors to rich and poor alike, attracting the former by its unequalled advantages, and inviting the latter by its beneficent provisions. It will be a powerful upholder and generous nourisher of academies, Seminaries and High Schools, and District and Primary Schools, especially those in operation in our city. Mr. Vassar has designated as Trustees, gentlemen whose names are a guarantee that the great trust confided to their guardianship will be wisely and •faithfully discharged. We take pleasure in adding that Vassar College is to be located in or near our city and that the energetic founder designs to commence the undertaking at as early a day as his health will permit. This is a noble and most munificent liberality on the part of Mr. Vassar. We sincerely hope his life may be prolonged to see his proposed Institution in full operation, and to witness, in his lifetime some of the many and great benefits which must flow forth from it. The Vassar Female College will be an Educational Institution, a rival in this country. It will give a widespread reputation 57

to our city, must prove most benign in its results, and will reflect well-deserved and lasting honor upon its founder.

After reading the foregoing article, Miss Blanding sent this comment: In 1961 we celebrated the Centennial of Vassar College. How Matthew Vassar would have loved that occasion. His magnificent enterprise had proved itself beyond what could have been his fondest dreams. His college stands as a symbol of fine tradition, of innovations, and of excellence. Twenty thousand women across the nation and around the world are proud to proclaim the name of Vassar. The erstwhile brewer and the benevolent community leader has perpetuated his name. Although Matthew Vassar himself had little formal education he had respect for letters and he had the vision to see that ignorant women could not prepare children for citizenship in an increasingly complex society. As the article in the Daily Press of March 22, 1860, indicates, Mr. Vassar devoted years of thought and planning to the founding of Vassar College. He had the good judgment to seek out the best minds in the country and in the community to help turn his dream into reality. I can say with conviction that Vassar College has succeeded in preparing young women to take their places as citizens, wives and mothers, teachers and leaders in a variety of professions. They have returned many times over to their communities what Matthew Vassar's benevolence made possible for them. My retirement as the sixth President of Vassar College brings to me a sense of reverence for the distinguished achievements of Matthew Vassar's magnificent enterprise. It brings also a feeling of confident excitement in the future of the college and this community.

Two itinerant venders of soap, with cheap jewelry attachments, corn salve, potato parers and a cough medicine did a lively business at the corner last Saturday evening. They gave an entertainment before and between the intervals of the selling, a feature of which was the wonderful performance of an educated dog. ,4menia Times, August 24, 1885

MEMBERSHIP LIST — 1963 HONORARY MEMBERS General John Ross Delafield, The Rev. Horace E. Hillery, Dr. Henry Noble MacCracken, Miss Louise H. Tompkins. LIFE MEMBERS Mrs. Edgar V. Anderson, Mr. Elting Arnold, Mr. George A. Badgley, Mrs. Albert Curtis Bogert, Mr. George Temple Bowdoin, Miss Grace Bullenkamp, Mrs. Melbert B. Cary, Jr., Mrs. Edward R. Coker, Mr. Harris N. Cookingham, Dr. Chester 0. Davison, Mr. Olin Dows, Mrs. Linus Du Rocher, Mrs. Walter J. Ellis, Mrs. Spraker Francke, Mr. George M. Gill, Mrs. F. Philip Hoag, Mrs. Cyrus McCormick, Mrs. Samuel Moore, Mrs. Gerald Morgan, Mr. Harold R. Nestler, Mrs. William Henry Osborn, Mr. John. L. Poucher, Mr. Willis L. M. Reese, Mrs. Robert F. Ridgeway, Mr. and Mrs. Carlton J. Rymph, Mr. and Mrs. Ernest A. Rymph, Mr. and Mrs. Harvey J. Rymph, Mr. James Budd Rymph, Mr. Henry L. Scott, Miss Albertina T. B. Traver, Mr. Peter Van Kleeck, Mr. Edmund Van Wyck, Mrs. Amy Ver Nooy, Mr. Christian A. Zabriskie. ANNUAL MEMBERS Mrs. Ernest R. Acker, Miss Marguerite P. A driance, Adriance Memorial Library, Mr. John Winthrop Aldrich, Miss Louise R. Aldridge, Mr. Elwood B. Allen, Mr. Sinclair T. Allen, Mrs. R. W. K. Anderson, Mr. Stott Anderson, Dr. Ruth Andrus, Mrs. Harry Arnold, Mrs. Robert W. Asher, Mrs. Maurice C. Ashley, Mr. William A. Aurswald, Mrs. Vera H. Austin, Mr. Walter Averill. Dr. Roscoe Balch, Miss Hazel J. Ball, Bard College Library, Miss Ruth E. Barlow, Mrs. Joseph M. Bates, Mr. and Mrs. Raymond G. Baumbusch, Mr. and Mrs. Heard K. Baumeister, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P. Becker, Miss Florence L. Beeckman, Mr. Almon Beneway, Mr. James D. Benson, Mr. Ezra R. Benton, Mrs. Edward H. Bergles, Mr. and Mrs. Martin Berry, Mr. Henry Billings, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph B. Bisbee, Miss Catharine Boettiger, Mrs. Mary Bogardus, Mrs. Ronald F. Bogle, Mrs. Charles Boos, Mrs. Louis Booth, Miss Agnes K. Bower, Mrs. F. Irving Bower, Mr. Thomas J. Boyce, Miss Irene M. Braman, Miss M. E. Gertrude Brasch, Mrs. James R. Breed, Mrs. R. Huntington Breed, Mrs. James F. Brehm, Mrs. Anthony J. Briggs, Mr. and Mrs. Charles T. Brose, Mr. and Mrs. Ben Brown, Mrs. John H. Bruns, Mr. Clifford M. Buck, Mr. LaVerne M. Bull, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Burford, Mrs. Joseph A. Butler, Mr. Arthur D. Butts. Miss Mary E. Card, Mr. and Mrs. Ellison H. Capers, Mrs. William Carman, Mrs. Howard F. Carter, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Cassidy, Mrs. Mary Deputy Cattell, Mrs. Alexander Caven, Mr. Bartlett E. S. Chappell, Mrs. Roland S. Child, Mr. Donald F. Clark, Mrs. John D. Coleman, Columbia University Libraries, Mrs. George A. Colvin, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Connor, Mrs. Martense H. Cornell, Mrs. Peter M. Cornell, Mrs. Albert C. Covert, Mr. Raymond G. Cross, Mrs. Edward V. K. Cunningham. Mrs. Fred C. Daniels, Mrs. W. Kenneth David, Mrs. Hugh R. Davies, Mrs. Elsie Osborn Davis, Mr. William N. Dederer, Miss Elizabeth P. DeGroff, Mrs. Paul DeGroff, Mr. and Mrs. John White De'afield, Miss Laura F. Delano, Mrs. Frank A. Denton, Mr. Gustav J. Detjen, Mr. and Mrs. Newton D. Deuel, Mrs. Chauncey C. Dickson, Miss Mildred Diane Diddell, Miss Bernice F. Dodge, Mrs. Oliver S. Donaldson, Mr. Thomas J. Doughty, Mrs. F. Reginald Drew, Mr. William B. Duggan, Dutchess Community College, Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Dvvelley. Mr. Jesse Effron, Mr. Chester F. Eisenhuth, Mr. Lester M. Eisner, Colonel and Mrs. Amory V. Eliot, Mr. Joseph W. Emsley, Dr. Theodore H. Erck, Mrs. Harry J. W. Ethal. 59

Mrs. Harold T. Ferguson, Miss Marie L. Ficken, Mrs. Mapledoram Fink, Mrs. J. M. Finkel, Miss Giovanna Fiori, The Honorable Hamilton Fish, Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Fish, Jr., Miss Helen M. Flanagan, Mrs. Mary C. Fortington, Mr. Esty Foster, Mr. and Mrs. Silas Frazer, Miss Beatrice Fredriksen, Mr. John D. Freer, Miss Barbara V. Frost, Mr. Benson R. Frost. Mrs. James E. Gardner, Mrs. John R. Gardner, Mr. John J. Gartland, Jr., Mr. 'William F. Gekle, Jr., the Genealogical Society of Utah, Miss Estelle Germiller, Mr. Herbert H. Gindele, Mr. John D. Gindele, Mr. and Mrs. Fred I. Glover, Miss Bertha A. Green, Mr. Egbert T. Green, Mrs. Edward Grey, Lieutenant Colonel G. G. Griffeth, Mr. Charles C. Griffin, Grinnell Library Association, Mr. and Mrs. John B. Grubb, Mr. and Mrs. Peter J. Guattery, Miss Emmeline Guernsey, Mr. H. Wilson Guernsey, Mr. DeWitt Gurnell. Mrs. John Mulford Hackett, Mrs. William M. Hadden, Mr. Fred H. Haida, Miss Anna S. Haight, Mrs. Paul J. Haight, Mrs. Florence Y. Hall, Miss Laura B. Hall, Miss Mary F. Hall, Miss Alethea D. Halliday, Mr. George D. Halstead, Miss Ruth A. Halstead, Mrs. J. Frederick Ham, Mrs. William Harris Hambleton, Mr. Wilbert J. Hammond, Miss Louise Hardenbrook, Mrs. Flagler Harris, Mr. Frank A. Hart, Mrs. Frederick H. M. Hart, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert F. Hart, Mr. and Mrs. Leonard J. Hart, Mrs. Louis P. Hasbrouck, Mr. Paul D. Hasbrouck, Mr. Frederick W. Heaney, Mrs. Lawrence A. Heaton, Mrs. James G. Hem , Mrs. W. L. Hewson, Miss Mary C. Hicks, Mrs. Harry H. Hill, Mr. Robert G. Hill, Mrs. Adolphus Hoch, Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Hoe, Mrs. Mary Elliott Hoe, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hoe, Jr., Howland Circulating Library, Mrs. E. Stuart Hubbard, Jr., Mrs. Walter Huber, Mrs. A. Seaman Hunt, Mr. and Mrs. Hobart D. Hunt, Hyde Park Free Library Association, Hyde Park Historical Association. Mrs. Martha Innes. Mr. Wright W. Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. Leon J. Jaminet, Mr. and Mrs. Benedict Jarmel, Mr. John P. Jeanneney, Mr. Emil Johnson, Mrs. Theodore I. Jones, Sr., Mrs. William B. Jordan. Mrs. Alexander M. Kennedy, Mr. George V. Kershaw, Mr. Charles D. King, Jr., Miss Elise H. Kinkead, Mr. H. T. Kinner, Mr. and Mrs. William D. Knauss, Mrs. Harrie D. Knickerbocker, Mrs. George W. Krieger. Mrs. David F. Lane, Miss Denise M. Lawlor, Miss Mabel V. Lawson, Miss Mary A. Leahey, Mr. Lou Lewis, Mr. I. J. Lippman, Mrs. Emlen T. Littell, Mrs. Philip A. Lyons. Miss Florence McCaleb, Mr. Charles L. McCann, Mr. and Mrs. David G. McCullough, Dr. and Mrs. Charles F. MacDonald, Miss Jean H. McFarland, Mrs. William A. McGill, Mrs. E. Gordon MacKenzie, Mrs. H. A. McLaughlin, Mrs. Mark W. Maclay, Mrs. Alfred Madsen, Mrs. A. N. Mahoney, Mr. T. Eugene Mahoney, Mrs. G. Stuart Mansfield, Mr. Atherton G. Marshall, Mrs. Robert Martin, Mrs. Frank D. Mather, Mrs. Harry D. Matteson, Mr. Clarence W. Maxwell, Dr. Edith Gardner Mead, Mrs. Richmond F. Meyer, Millbrook Free Library, Mr. 'Walter V. Miller, Mr. Stephen C. Millett, Jr., Mrs. Charles A. Mitchell, Miss Jean Earl Moehle, Mr. Robert A. Monell, Mr. C. Allerton Morey, Mrs. Frederick N. Morgan, Mr. Joseph Morschauser, 3rd, Mrs. Clifford M. Moser, Mrs. Charles F. Mosher, Mr. and Mrs. Danforth H. Munsell, Dr. Frederick W. Muth, Mr. Frank V. Mylod, Miss Mary V. Mylod. Miss Eileen E. Nagengast, Mrs. John M. Nalle, Mr. and Mrs. William J. Nichols, Mrs. George L. Nickerson, Mr. Harold T. Niessen, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley T. Norris, Mrs. Donald E. Norton. Mr. Clifford J. Nuhn. 60

Miss Ida H. Ogilvie, Mrs. Charles M. Oman, Mr. and Mrs. Martin Opperman, Mr. Charles Overdorf, Miss Mary L. Overocker, Mrs. William J. Owens. Miss Julia Parker, Mr. and Mrs. Allan C. Pearce, Miss Edith M. Pearce, Mr. Kenneth E. Pearce, Miss Pamela B. Pechmann, Mrs. Norton I. Pennock, Miss Agnes H. B. Petersen, Mr. Einar B. Petersen, Mrs. Irving Picard, Professor Madelene Pierce, Mrs. Hermann G. Place, Miss Anna M. Platt, Miss _Louise B. Platt, Pleasant Valley Free Library, Miss Dorothy A. Plum, Mr. George A. Pohl, Mrs. Milton Polhill, The Honorable and Mrs. R. Watson Pomeroy, Miss E. Graeme Poucher, Mrs. Albert B. Powers, Mrs. Morey Purdy, Mrs. Walter N. Purdy. Mrs. Leland P. Quinlaven, Mr. Joseph D. Quinn, Jr., Mrs. Colyer Randall, Mrs. Allen H. Raymond, Mrs. William D. Rees, Mrs. Keene Richards, Mr. Carroll Rikert, Mr. Dominic P. Rinaldi, Mrs. William Ripking, Mr. Charles D. Robinson, Mr. Oakley D. Robinson, Mrs. Charles Robinton, Mr. and Mrs. Warren W. Rockefeller, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Roig, Mr. Richard H. Rovere, Mr. E. Everett Rowe, The Library, Rutgers University, Mr. Allan A. Ryan, Mr. J. D. Ryan, Miss Rachel J. Rynders. Mrs. W. A. Saltford, Mr. Paul S. Samuels, Mrs. C. B. Schmidt, Mrs. Raymond B. Schoonmaker, Miss Hazel M. Schryver, Mr. Edward A. Schwartz, The Honorable and Mrs. John R. Schwartz, Mr. and Mrs. Peter Seeger, Mrs. Frank S. Sewell, Mrs. Obed W. Shelden, Miss Nancy Simmons, Mr. Albert A. Simpson, Miss Hazel Skidmore, Mr. and Mrs. James F. Smathers, Mrs. Eunice Hatfield Smith, Mr. Frederic A. Smith, Mrs. Malcolm E. Smith, Mrs. Robert L. Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley G. Smith, Mrs. Frank S. Snyder, Dr. Aaron Sobel, Mr. William C. Simmons, Dr. and Mrs. C. Robert Southworth, Miss Mary C. Spafford, Mrs. Joel E. Spingarn, Mrs. Hardy Steeholm, Miss Marguerite W. Strehlau, Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Strang, Dr. and Mrs. George L. Stringham, Mr. Arthur R. Suckley, Miss Margaret L. Suckley, Mrs. Leonard J. Supple, Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Van Kleeck Swift. Mr. and Mrs. John Tartar°, Dr. Yuan Chung Teng, Mr. George B. Tiel, Miss Revel Tobin, Mrs. Diana Adriana Tucker. Mr. Edwin A. Ulrich. Mr. and Mrs. Baltus B. Van Kleeck, Dr. Edwin R. Van Kleeck, Mr. Milton Van Tassel', Miss Edith A. Van Wyck, The Library, Vassar College, Mrs. Louis J. Velletri, Mr. C. Kenneth Vincent, Mrs. Wesley Vincent. Mr. Howard C. Wager, Mrs. John A. Wallberg, Mr. Charles W. H. Warner, Mrs. Nathaniel Weg, Miss Anna E. Wells, Mr. Jesse D. Wetsel, Mr. George E. Whalen, Miss Kathe Wilckens, Miss May Belle Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Hunting C. Winans, Mr. and Mrs. Henry F. Winchester, Miss Katharine Wodell, Mr. and Mrs. William Robert Wood, Mr. Robert Lynn Nygrin Wood, Mrs. Earl B. Wright, Mrs. Robert J. B. Wright. Mr. and Mrs. Bradford W. Yeomans, Miss Annette Young. Mr. Charles S. Zurhorst.

INDEX TO VOLUMES 43-48

(1958-1963)

Adams, estate of William Platt, v. 48 (1963), P. 17. Advertisement from Poughkeepsie newspaper, 1820, (filler), v. 43; (1958), p. 51. Aldrich, John Winthrop, v. 48 (1963) ; p. 17. Aldrich, Margaret Chanler (Mrs. Richard), v. 43 (1958), pp. 9, 15, 19, 50; v. 45, p. 9; v. 48, pp. 12, 24. Aldrige, Benjamin Lewis, v. 47 (1962), p. 21. Aldrige, Thomas, v. 48 (1963), p. 11. Allen, Miss Mary C. v. 44 (1959), p. 13. Amenia, named by Dr. Thomas Young, v. 45 (1960), p. 30. Amenia, schools in, v. 45 (1960), p. 35. Amenia, South, (article), v. 45 (1960), p. 31. Amenia Seminary, gift of programs and catalogs, v. 43 (1958), p. 14. Amenia Union, The Story of, (article), v. 45 (1960), p. 27 America Learned to Write, (article), v. 47 (1962), p. 54. Anderson, Stott, v. 45 (1960), p. 13; v. 46, p. 10; V. 47, p. 63; v. 48, p. 11. Anderson, Mrs. Stuart R., v. 45 (1960), pp. 13, 16; v. 46, p. 12; v. 47, p. 9; v. 48, pp. 12, 17, 24. Andrus, Dr. Ruth, v. 43 (1958), p. 12 Arnold, Elting, v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Asher, Mrs. Robert W., v. 44 (1959), p. 19; v. 47, pp. 16, 20,24. Astor, Captain Vincent, v. 44 (1959), p. 13. Austin, Miss Edith, v. 44 (1959), p. 74; v. 45, p. 12. Austin, Brigadier General Frederick V. Jr., v. 48 (1963), p. 28. Austin, Mrs. Vera, v. 46 (1961), p. 16. Averill, Walter, v. 48 (1963), p. 14. Badgley, George D., v. 47 (1962), p. 13; v. 48, p. 16. Bain, Mrs. Francis N., v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Baker, Family Bible of Jonathan, v. 47 (1962), p. 64. Baker, Family Bible of Lewis, v. 47 (1962), p. 65. Balch, Dr. Roscoe, v. 47 (1962), pp. 13, 15; v. 48, p. 27. Ball, Professor William B., v. 48 (1963), p. 27. Band concert, 1836, (filler) v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Bard College, v. 46 (1961), P. 21; v. 47, pp. 22, 24, 25. Bard College and Schuyler House, (article), v. 47 (1962), P. 25. Barlow, Miss Ruth E., v. 45 (1960), P. 17; v. 47, p. 21; v. 48, P. 11. (Contributor), v. 45 (1960), P. 31. Barnouw, Dr. Adriaan J., v. 43 (1958), pp. 13, 17, 19. (Contributor), v.43, p. 23. Barratt, Miss Amelia S., v. 44 (1959), P. 13. Barter system, an instance, v. 46 (1961), P. 28. Baumbusch, Raymond G., v. 46 (1961), p. 11. Baumeister, Mr. and Mrs. Heard K., v. 48 (1963), p. 11. Becker, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen, v. 44 (1959), p. 19. Belding, Miss Alice H., v. 45 (1960), p. 12. Benedict, John K., v. 43 (1958), pp. 12, 13; v. 46, p. 9. Beneway, Almon B., V. 46 (1961), p. 11. Bennett College, v. 48 (1963), pp. 17, 27. Benson, J. DeWitt, v. 43 (1958), p. 11; v. 44, p. 14. Benton, Ezra R., v.43 (1958), p. 12. Benton, Joel, v. 45 (1960), P. 38. Bergles, Mrs. Edward H., v. 48 (1963), P. 11. Berry, Mrs. Martin, V. 46 (1961), p. 11. Bible records of Dutchess County families: Jonathan Baker family Bible, v. 47 (1962), p. 64. Lewis Baker family Bible, v. 47 (1962), p. 65. Cookingham family Bible, V. 46 (1961), p. 94. 62

Forbus family Bible, v. 44 (1959), p. 74. Haight family Bible, v.43 (1958), p. 59. Lambert family Bible, v. 46 (1961), p. 96. Pells family Bible, v. 47 (1962), p. 66. See also Family records. Bisbee, Joseph B., v. 45 (1960), pp. 15 16; v. 46, pp. 11,12; v. 47, p 12: v. 48, pp. 17, 18. Bischoff, Dr. Ralph F., v. 4-8 (1963), p. 27. Bixby, Mrs. James S., v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Blanding, Miss Sarah Gibson, v. 48 (1963), p. 56. (Contributor), v. 48, p. 58. BLITHE DUTCHESS (book review), v. 43 (195S), p. 49. Bogardus, Mrs. Mary, v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Bogle, Mrs. Ronald F., v. 48 (1963), p. 14. Bonney, Alfred, (gift from) v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Book reviews: BLITHE DUTCHESS, v. 43 (1958), p. 49. FAMILY VISTA, v. 43 (1958), p. 50. GUIDE TO THE COVERED BRIDGES OF NEW YORK STATE, v. 47 (1962), p. 63. THE LETTERS OF JAMES KIRKE PAULDING, v. 47 (1962), p. 62. OUR LOCAL HERITAGE. A short history of the Town of Hyde Park, v. 47, (1962), p. 63. Boos, Mrs. Charles, v. 43 (1958), p. 12; v. 45, p. 14. Boscobel Restoration, Dedication of, v. 46 (1961), pp. 10, 20. Visit to , v. 44 (1959), pp. 15, 24, 25. Bower, Miss Agnes K., v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Bower, Mrs. F. Irving, v. 44 (1959), p. 19. Bower, Mrs. Jean H., v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Bowne, Miss Julia N., v. 44 (1959), p. 13. Bracelet found, Silver charm, v. 47 (1962), p. 16. Brasch, Miss M. E. Gertrude, v. 47 (1962), p. 17. Breed, James McVickar, v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Breed, Mrs. James R., v.47 (1962), p. 13. Brewster, Mrs. C. Dart, v. 43 (1958), p. 13. Brick, Michael, v. 44 (1959), p. 19. "Brick House," visit to, v. 44- (1959), pp. 13, 16, 23. Brickyards of Dutchess County, v. 48 (1963), p. 11. Bridges of New York State, Covered, v. 47 (1962), p. 63, v. 48, p. 11. Briggs, Harry T., Gift in memory of, v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Briggs, Harry T., Papers of, v. 44 (1959), p. 9. Brown, Ben, v. 46 (1961), p. 11; v. 47 (1962), pp. 13, 16. Brown, Mrs. Ben, v. 46 (1961), p. 16. Brown, Clinton Bleecker, v. 45 (1960), p. 17. Brown, J. Adams, v. 44 (1959), p. 13. Brown, William Kelly, v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Bruns, Mrs. John H., gift from, v. 45 (1960), p. 12. Buchanan, Mrs. Aimee, v. 43 (1958), pp. 9, 10, 12; v. 44, p. 9. Buck, Clifford Mr., v. 43 (1958), p .13; v. 44, pp. ,9 11, 12, 13, 14; v. 45, pp. 13, 16; v. 46, p. 12; v. 47, pp. 9, 13; v. 48, p. 16. Buckley, Mrs. Elizabeth, (contributor), v. 45 (1960), pp. 17, 27. Bulmer, Miss Florence Eunice, v. 47 (1962), p. 11. Burford, Mr. and Mrs. Frank, v. 48 (1963), p. 14. Burger, Mr. and Mrs. Elting G., v. 45 (1960), p. 13. Butler, Mrs. Joseph A., v. 46 (1961), p. 11; V. 47, p. 17. Butler, William J., v.48 (1963), p. 27. Butts, Arthur D., v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Caldwell, Albert B., v. 43 (1958), p. 14-. Cameron, Miss Hilda R., v.44 (1959), p. 14. 63

Capers, Ellison H., v. 47 (1962), pp. 14,21. Capers, Mr. and Mrs. Ellison H., v. 48 (1963), P. 14. Carson, Gerald W., v. 44 (1959), p. 14. Carter, Mrs. E. Sterling, v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Carter, Mrs. Howard F., v. 48 (1963), p. 20. Cary, Mrs. Edward C., v. 43 (1958), p. 14. Case, Edwin Ward, v. 47 (1962), p. 17. Cashin, Brother Edward, v. 48 (1963), p. 27. Cassidy, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A., v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Castellano, Brigadier General Vito J., v. 48 (1963), p. 28. Cattle drowning in Hudson River, quoted from 1873 newspaper, (filler), v. 44 (1959), p. 19. Child, Roland S., v. 46 (1961), p. 9. Chlanda, Charles, loans to Glebe House, v. 44 (1959), pp. 9, 11, 16, 23. Chapman, Mr. and Mrs. Chanler A., v. 47 (1962), pp. 16, 20,22. Chindahl, George L., v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Christian, Thomas, (filler), v. 45 (1960), p. 20. Civil War Centennial observance, v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Civil War flags, gift of, v. 43 (1958), p. 14. Civil War, 150th Regiment document, v. 45 (1960), pp. 11, 19. Coe, Mrs. R Theodore, v. 43 (1958), p. 15; v. 45, p. 14; v. 48, pp. 17,24. Columbia Crew, The, (verses), v. 43 (1958), p. 43. Congdon, C., advertisement in 1820 paper, (filler), v. 43 (1958), p. 51. Constitution, Celebration of the 175th Anniversary of the Ratification in Poughkeepsie: Anniversary banquet, v. 48 (1963), p. 28. Commemorative plate, v. 48 (1963), p. 27. Plans for celebration, v. 47 (1962), pp. 13, 14, 15; v. 48, pp. 9, 15. Program at Court House, v. 48 (1963), p. 25. Report on program, v. 48 (1963), p. 16; (article), p. 25. Symposiums, v. 48 (1963), p. 27. Testimonial presented to Dutchess County Historical Society, v. 48 (1963), p.29. Constitution, The Ratification by the State of New York, at Poughkeepsie, 1788, (article), v. 48 (1963), p. 30. Cookingham, Harris N., v. 43 (1958), p. 12; v. 44, p. 14; v. 45, p 19; v. 46, 13. 10. Cookingham family Bible, v. 45 (1960), p. 19; v. 46, pp. 10, 14, 15. Cookingham family Bible records, v. 46 (1961), p. 94. Cooper, Papers concerning Cornelius, v. 44 (1959), p. 9. Corey, Dr. Albert B., Visit to society, v. 44 (1959), pp. 17, 23. Corn, method of eating in 1838, (filler), v. 45 (1960), p. 26. Cornell, Martense H., v. 43 (1958), p. 12; v. 47, p. 11. Cornell, Mrs. Martense H., v. 43 (1958), p. 15. Corwin, Edward R., v. 45 (1960), p. 12. Creech, The Reverend Robert J., v. 47 (1962), pp. 20, 22. Cromwell, Gift of papers concerning Benjamin, Mary and Peter, v. 44 (1959 ), p. 9. Cummings, Mrs. Carl E., v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Cunningham, Miss Anna K., v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Cunningham, Mrs. Edward V. K., v. 43 (1958), p. 15. Curator, appointment, v. 48 (1963), p. 9. Resignation, v. 44 (1959), p. 17. Daniels, Mrs. Fred C., v. 43 (1958), pp. 9, 13; v. 44, pp. 9, 11; v. 45, p 13. David, Mrs. W. Kenneth, v. 44 (1959), p. 19. Davis, Benjamin H., v. 48 (1963), p. 19. Davison, Dr. C. 0., v. 44- (1959), p. 11; v. 46, p. 11; v. 48, p. 16. Dederer, William M., v. 47 (1962), p. 17. Degler, Dr. Carl, v. 48 (1963), p. 27. 64

Delafield, General John Ross, v. 48 (1963), p. 11. Delafield,r M. nad Mrs. John White, v. 44- (1959), p. 10. de la Vergne, Mrs. Charles, v. 48 (1963), p. 17. DeRiemer, family record of Peter, v. 44 (1959), p. 74; v. 45, p. 10. Desmond, John J., v. 44 (1959), p. 16. Dessoir, Mrs. Harry F., v. 44- (1959), p. 15. Detjen, Gustav, Jr., v. 48 (1963), p. 20. Deuel, Newton D., v. 44 (1959), p. 9; v. 46, p. 11; v. 47, p. 16. Deuell, F. Paul, v. 43 (1958), pp. 14, 21. DiArpino, Professor Carmine, v. 4-8 (1963), p. 27. Diddell, Miss Mildred D., v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Dilliard, Miss Maud E., v. 48 (1963), p. 20. Dodge, Miss Bernice, v. 46 (1961), p. 11. Doughty, Robert W., v. 47 (1962), p. 14. Drake, Clarence J., v. 44 (1959), p. 13. Drew, Mrs. F. Reginald, v. 48 (1963), p. 11. Dropsys, Cure for, (filler), v. 47 (1962), p. 53. Dunn, Harold L., v. 43 (1958), pp. 15, 19, 22; v. 46, p. 16. Dunn, James Taylor, v. 43 (1958), p. 14. Dutcher, Miss Stella A., v. 48 (1963), p. 12. Dutcher, William A., v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Dutchess Agricultural Society, v. 47 (1962), p. 39. Dutchess Community College, v. 43 (1958), p .15; v. 48 (1963), pp. 17,27. Dutchess County Cattle Show and Fair of 1820, (article), v. 47 (1962), p. 39. Dutchess County Medical Society, License issued by, v. 46 (1961), D. 14. Dutchess County Historical Society, life membership dues, v. 45 (1960), p. 18. Dutchess County Historical Society, a plan of activities for, v. 45 (1960), p. 14. Dutchess's County, The, (article), v. 48 (1963), p. 49. Dwelley, Mr. and Mrs. Richard A., v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Dyeing, (filler), v. 46 (1961), p. 28. East Fishkill, pilgrimage to Town of, v. 46 (1961), pp. 21, 23. East Fishkill Historical Society, v. 46 (1961), p. 13. Education in Dutchess County, a history of, (mention of), v. 44 (1959), p. 18. Eisenhuth, Chester F., v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Eliot, Colonel and Mrs. Amory V., v. 48 (1963), p. 11. Ellis, Mrs. Walter J., v. 44 (1959), p. 11. Elsvvorth, Miss Ethel E., v. 43 (1958), p. 14. Elsworth, Miss Mary J., v. 45 (1960), p. 17. Elwood, Miss Madeline, v. 45 (1960), p. 18. Emsley, Joseph W., v. 43 (1958), p. 12; v. 45, p. 14; v. 48, p. 14. Erck, Dr. Theodore E., v. 4-7 (1962), p. 13; (Contributor), v. 46, p. 29. Essay contest proposed, v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Ethal, Mrs. Harry, v. 46 (1961), p. 16. Euvrard, Mrs. Walter E., v. 45 (1960), pp. 17, 25. Family records: Baker families, v. 47 (1962), pp. 64, 65. Cookingham families, v. 46 (1961), p. 94-. De Riemer family, v. 44 (1959), p. 74. Forbus family, v. 44 (1959), p. 74. Haight families, v. 43 (1958), pp. 55, 59. Hall family, v. 43 (1958), p. 59. Lambert family, v. 46 (1961), p. 96. Pells family, v.47 (1962), p. 66. Ransom family, v.44 (1959), p. 74. Thorn family, v. 43 (1958), pp. 53, 57. FAMILY VISTA, (book review), v .43 (1958), p. 50. 65

Reports on, v. 43 (1958), pp. 9, 15, 16, 18, 19; v. 44, p. 12; v. 45, p.9. Farmers & Manufacturers National Bank, Exhibit, v. 4-5 (1960), p. 16. Finkel, Mrs. J. Manfred, v. 46 (1961), p. 13; v. 47, pp. 12, 13; v. 48, p. 15. Fish, The Honorable Hamilton, v. 48 (1963), pp. 17,26. Fish, Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton, Jr., v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Fishkill Historical Society, v. 48 (1963), p. 28. Fite, Mrs. Emerson D., v. 48 (1963), p. 25. Flag pole blown down (filler from 1865 newspaper), v. 44 (1959), p. 26. Flags, (gift to society), v. 43 (1958), p. 14. Flanagan, Miss Helen M., v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Flint, Miss Dorothy L., v. 46 (1961), p. 11. Forbus, John, (article), v. 44 (1959), p. 63. Forbus family, v. 44 (1959), pp. 63, 74. Foster, Esty, v. 44 (1959), p. 19. Foster, Mrs. Esty, v. 44 (1959), p. 13. Francke, Mrs. Spraker, v. 44 (1959), pp. 13, 16, 23; v. 46, p. 11. Frank, Gordon, v. 43 (1958), pp. 51, 21. Frazer, Mr. and Mrs. Silas, v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Fredriksen, Miss Beatrice, v. 44 (1959), p. 14; v. 47, p. 63; v. 48, p. 11. Freer, John DuBois, v. 47 (1962), p. 13; v. 48, pp. 9, 12, 14, 18. Frost, Miss Barbara V., v. 48 (1963), p. 11. Frost, Mrs. Benson R., v. 47 (1962), p. 14. Garrison, Cornelius, v. 47 (1962), p. 11. Geese, wild, 1865, (filler), v. 48 (1963), p. 29. Gekle, William F., Jr., v. 43 (1963), p. 17. Geological phenomenon, 1815, (filler), v. 45 (1960), p. 24. Gill, George M., v. 46 (1961), p. 11; v. 4-8, pp. 14, 16. Gindele, Herbert H., v. 45 (1960), P. 13. Gindele, John D., v. 45 (1960), p. 19. (Contributor), v. 45 (1960), p. 39; v. 46, p. 52. Glebe House: Agreement with City of Poughkeepsie, v. 43 (1958), p. 15: v. 44, pp. 10, 13, 16, 23. Acquisitions, v. 44 (1959), pp. 9, 12, 16, 23; v. 45, pp. 10, 12, 17; v. 46, p. 14; v. 47, p. 16; v. 48, pp. 10, 13. Broadcast on, v. 44- (1959), p. 16. Brochure, v. 47 (1962), pp. 10, 11; v. 48, pp. 10,13. Caretaker, v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Needs, v. 47 (1962), pp. 10, 11, 12; v. 48, pp. 10, 13, 18. Open house day, v. 44 (1959), pp. 10, 12, 13, 16, 22; v. 45, pp. 10, 12, 17, 23; v. 46, pp. 9, 13, 21; v. 48„pp. 13, 19. Postcard, v. 48 (1963), pp. 11, 13. Repairs and improvement, v. 44 (1959), p. 10; v. 46, p. 13; v. 47, pp. 10, 11, 15; v. 48, pp. 10, 13, 18. Special committee for repairs, v. 48 (1963), pp. 18, 19, 23. Glebe House committee reports, v. 44 (1959), pp. 9, 11, 15; v. 45, pp. 12, 17; v. 46, pp. 9, 11, 14; v. 47, pp. 10, 11, 15; v. 48, p. 13. Glover, Mr. and Mrs. Fred, v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Goshen Public Library, v. 44 (1959), p. 10. Grape Hollow, v. 43 (1958). p. 11. GRAVESTONES OF DUTCHESS COUNTY, OLD, v. 45 (1960), p. 18. Green Haven Prison, Exhibit of work of art classes of, v. 43 (1958), pp. 15, 19, 22; v.46, p. 16. Griffeth, Lieutenant-Colonel G. G., v. 45 (1960), p. 19. "Grove, The," see, Schuyler House. Grover, Dr. Milton M.. v. 46 (1961), p. 11; v. 48, p. 17. Grundy, Owen, (Contributor), v. 47 (1962), p. 62. Guernsey, H. Wilson, v. 45 (1960), p. 13. Guattery, Mr. and Mrs. Peter J., v. 48 (1963), p. 17. 66

Guernsey, Raymond G., v. 44 (1959), pp. 13, 15, 23„ 24; v. 45, pp. 10, 13. Guernsey family, (gift of deeds, etc, relating to), v. 48 (1963), p. 18. Gunnison, Mrs. Raymond M., v. 46 (1961), pp. 15, 21. Gurnell, DeWitt, v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Hackett, Charlotte C. (Mrs. John M.), v. 43 (1958), p. 12; v. 45, pp. 14, 16; v. 46, p. 15; v. 47, pp. 13, 16. (Contributor), v. 43 (1958), p. 50. Haight, Elsea, v. 43 (1958), p. 52. Haight family records, v. 43 (1958), pp. 52, 59. Hall,family of Asahel, v. 43 (1958), p. 59. Hallock, Mr. and Mrs. Harrry W., Sr., v. 45 (1958), p. 15. Halstead, George D., v. 45 (1960), p. 14; v. 47, pp. 17,21. Halstead, Miss Ruth A., v. 43 (1958), pp. 9, 13; v. 44, pp. 9 , 11, 12, 13, 15; v.45 pp. 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17; v.46, p. 9; v.47, p. 13; v. 48, p. 16. Harper, Mrs. Roy, v. 43 (1958), p. 15. Hart, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert F., v. 46 (1961), p. 16. Hart, Mr. and Mrs. Leonard J., v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Heaton, Mrs. Lawrence G., v. 44 (1959), p. 19. Heermance, Radcliffe, v. 43 (1958), p. 14. Herald Tribune Fresh Air Fund Camps, v. 46 (1961), pp. 13, 23, 48; v. 4-7 p. 20. Hill, Mrs. Harry H., v. 44 (1959), pp. 9, 14; v. 45, pp. 14, 16; v. 47, pp. 9, 16, 20, 24; v. 48, pp. 10, 13, 18. Hillery, The Reverend Horace E., v. 45 (1960), p. 19; v. 48, p. 11. Hinkamp, The Reverend Franklin J., v. 44 (1959), p. 18. Historic markers, v. 43 (1958), pp. 10, 11; v. 44, p. 10; v. 46, p. 15. Historical societies in the county, mention of: East Fishkill Historical Society, v. 46 (1961), IL 13; v. 47, p. 12; v. 48, p. 23. Fishkill Historical Society, v. 47 (1962), p. 21; v. 48, p. 28. Hyde Park Historical Association, v. 48 (1963), pp. 18, 19, 23. Historical Society of Quaker Hill and Vicinity, v. 45 (1960), p. 14; v. 46, p. 10, 15. Little Nine Partners Historical Society of Pine Plains and Vicinity, v. 47 (1962), pp. 16, 21. Hoe, Mrs. Mary Elliott, v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Hoe, Robert, v. 45 (1960), p. 12. Hoe, Mr. and Mrs. Robert, Jr., v. 48 (1963), p. 14. Hoffman, Civil War discharge papers of Henry, v. 45 (1960), pp. 11, 19. Hoffman, Mrs. William W., v. 46 (1961), pp. 12, 15, 21. Hog Backs, 1860, (filler), v. 46 (1961), p. 47. Holdridge, Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence B., v. 46 (1961), pp. 11, 20. Hopkins, Charles A., v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Hopping, Daniel M. C., v. 48 (1963), pp. 20, 23. Hoyt, Lydig, v. 44 (1959), p. 13. Hubbard, Mrs. E. Stuart, Jr., v. 46 (1961), p. 11. Huber, Mrs. Walter, v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Hudson-Champlain celebration, v. 43 (1958), pp. 9, 15; v. 44, pp. 10, 13, 14, 16, 18, 22; v. 45, p. 11. Hudson-Champlain anniversary pamphlets, v. 44 (1959), pp. 17, 22. Hudson River in 1777, Events on, (request to copy article), v. 45 (1960), p. 10. Hudson, Our Creative, (article), v .44 (1959), p. 54. Hudson River boats, agreement on price of passengers and freight in 1793 (filler), v. 46 (1961), p. 93. Hudson Valley Day at New-York Historical Society, v. 44 (1959), pp. 12, 13, 15, 24. Hunt, Hobart D., v. 48 (1963), p. 11. Huntington, Anna Hyatt, v. 46 (1961), p. 20. Hustis, G. Radcliffe, v. 43 (1958), p. 12. 67

HYDE PARK, . . . : A SHORT HISTORY OF, (book review), v. 47 (1962), p. 63. Hyde Park Historical Association, v. v. 48 (1963), pp. 18, 19, 23. IBM, (pilgrimage,to, 1958), v. 4-3 (1958), pp. 11, 15, 19, 21. Ice manufacturing machine, 1892, (filler), v. 43 (1958), P. 42. Illustration: Scenes at Herald Tribune Fresh Air Fund Camps, v. 46 (1961), facing p. 48. Indian burial sites, v. 46 (1961), p. 16. Innes, Mrs. Martha, v. 46 (1961), p. 11. "Innisfree," visit to, v. 45 (1960),pp. 18, 23, 26. Jackson, Wright W., v. 46 (1961), pp. 13, 16. Jaminet, Leon L., v. 46 (1961), p. 11. Jarmel, Mr. and Mrs. Benedict, v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Jeanneney, John, v. 48 (1963), p. 11. Jewett, Dr. Milo P., v. 48 (1963), p. 55. Johnson, Emil, v. 44 (1959), p. 11. Joint Service Committee, v. 47 (1962), p. 12. Jordan, Mrs. William B., v. 46 (1961), p. 11. July Fourth celebration, 1866, Ball game poster, v. 45 (1960), p. 18. Kalenich, Wayne, v. 44 (1959), p. 19. Kennedy, Miss Edna Ruth, v. 45 (1960), p. 17. Kieselhorst, The Reverend Clarence, v. 45 (1960), pp. 17, 25. King, Charles D. Jr., v. 44 (1959),p. 18; v. 48, p. 17. Kinkead, Miss Elise H., v. 48 (1963), p. 20. Kinkead, Miss Jennie H., v. 43 (1958), p. 14. Kline, Dr. Reamer, v. 47 (1962), pp. 20, 22; v. 48, p. 27. (contributor), v. 47 (1962), p. 25. Klump, Joseph F., v. 48 (1963), p. 18. Knauss, Mr. and Mrs. William, v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Knibloe, The Reverend Ebenezer, v. 45 (1960), p. 33. Knickerbocker, Mrs. Harrie D., v. 45 (1960), p. 14. Krieger, Mrs. George W., v. 46 (1961), p. 11. Lacy, Frank H., v. 46 (1961), p. 14; v. 47, p. 14. LaFayette Ball, 1824, Invitation to, (filler), v. 43 (1958), p. 16. Lafayette Post, American Legion, v. 48 (1963), pp. 9, 15, 25. LaGrange Township, Hudson-Champlain celebration in, v. 44 (1959), pp. 14, 16. Lambert family Bible records, v. 46 (1961), p. 96. Lawson Family Bible, Quotation from, (filler), v. 47 (1962), p. 53. Lamont, Miss Elizabeth K., v. 43 (1958), p. 14. Langhe Rack, Lease of Land in the, 1687, (reprint of article) v. 47 (1962), p. 44. Leonard, Professor Clair, v. 48 (1963), p. 12. Lewis, Frederick H., v. 46 (1961), p. 13. (Contributor), v. 46 (1961), p. 48. Lewis, Lou, v. 47 (1962), p. 17. License for two-wheel carriage, 1810, (filler), v. 48 (1963), p. 41. Lincoln's State Department, President, v. 47 (1962), pp. 10, 13, 20. (Article), 47 (1962), p. 32. Lippman, Professor I. J., v. 44- (1959), p. 19; v. 48, p. 28. Livingston, Miss Angelica, v. 44 (1959), p. 15. Livingstone, The Reverend Dr. John H., v. 44 (1959), p. 18. Local history materials, proposition to index, v. 48 (1963), p. 9. Local history workshops: Buffalo, 1962, v. 47 (1962), p. 20. 68

Oswego, 1960, v. 45 (1960), p. 23. Potsdam, 1961, v. 46 (1961), p. 20. Schenectady, 1958, v. 43 (1958), p. 20. "Looking Rock," v. 46 (1961), P. 27. Lossing, Benson J., v. 48 (1963), p. 56. Lost, A Great Coat, 1820, (filler), v. 47 (1962), p. 24. "Lost Village," v. 43 (1958), pp. 11, 15. Lost Village Foundation, (gift from), v. 45 (1960), pp. 10, 13, 21. Lucas, Mrs. Edythe Harris, v. 45 (1960), p. 17. Ludington, Statue of Sybil, v. 46 (1961), p. 20. Lusky, Professor Louis, v. 48 (1936), p. 27. Lynn, Mrs. William, v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Lyons, Mrs. Philip A., v. 47 (1962), p. 13. McCaleb, Miss Florence, v. 48 (1963), p. 14. MacCracken, Henry N., v. 43 (1958), pp. 9, 13, 19; v. 44. pp. 9, 13, 14, 15; v. 45, pp. 9, 12, 13, 18, 20, 23; v. 46, pp. 9, 11; v. 4-7, pp. 9, 10, 13, 20, 22; v. 48, pp. 25, 26. (Contributor), v. 44 (1959), pp. 22, 54; v. 45, p. 23; v. 46, p. 20; v. 47, p. 32. MacCracken, Dr. and Mrs. Henry N., v. 45 (1960), pp. 13, 14. McCullough, David G., v. 48 (1963), p. 11. McEldowney, Elliott, v. 45 (1960), pp. 17, 25. MacFarland, Miss Jean H., v. 47 (1962), p. 17. Mack, John E., v. 43 (1958), p. 11. McKay, Dean Robert, v. 48 (1963), p. 27. McQuade, Victor J., v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Madsen, Mrs. Alfred, v. 48 (1963), p. 14. Mahar, Thomas D., v. 46 (1961), p. 15. Mahoney, Mrs. A. N., V. 43 (1958), p. 12; v. 45, p. 14. Mansfield, Mrs. G. Stuart, v. 46 (1961), p. 16. Marist College, v. 48 (1963), pp. 17, 27. Martin, Edward, v. 48 (1963), p. 10. Martin, Mrs. Robert, v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Maxwell, Clarence W., v. 44 ( (1959), p. 11. Medicine show, 1885, (filler), v. 48 (1963), P. 58. Melzingah Chapter, D.A.R., v. 43 (1958), P. 11. Membership list, 1963, v. 48 (1963), P. 59. Merrihew, gift of E. Morse, v. 46 (1961), P. 14. Mewkill, Miss Emma, v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Mihans, Andrew J., v. 48 (1963), pp. 15, 29. Milestones, v. 43 (1958), pp. 10, 11; v. 44-, pp. 10, 16; v. 46, p. 10. Miller, Dr. Robert R., v. 43 (1958), pp. 15, 21. Miller, Walter V., v. 48 (1963), P. 20. Minor, Mrs. Ross H., (gifts from), v. 48 (1963), p. 18. Mitchell, Mrs. Charles S., v. 48 (1963), P. 18. Moehle, Mrs. Oscar, v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Moor, chart of descendents of Phillipus, v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Moore, Mrs. Samuel, v. 44 (1959), p. 19; v. 45, p. 11. Moore, W. Allan, (gift from), v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Morey, C. Allerton, v. 48 (1963), p. 11. Morgan, Mrs. Frederick N., v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Morse, Samuel F. B., v. 48 (1963), p. 56. Moser, Mrs. Clifford M., v. 47 (1962), pp. 17, 64, 65, 66. Mosher, Mrs. Charles F., v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Mt. Honness (place-name), v. 46 (1961), p. 25. Munsell, Danforth H., v. 48 (1963), p. 12. Munsell, Mrs. Danforth H., v. 48 (1963), p. 20. Musical concert, 1836, (filler), v. 46 (1961), p. 17. 69

Mylod, Frank V., v. 43 (1958), pp. 9, 10, 11, 13; v. 44, p. 14; v. 45, pp,. 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18; v. 46, P. 16; v. 47, p. 9. Mylod, Mrs. Frank V., v. 44 (1959), pp. 9, 13. Mylod, Miss Mary V., v. 46 (1961), p. 16. Nagengast, Miss Eileen E., v. 48 (1963), p. 20. National Historic Sites at Hyde Park, v. 48 (1963), p. 19. Nelson, Mr. and Mrs. Victor E., v. 46 (1961), pp. 13, 17. Nelson House, Poughkeepsie, v. 48 (1963), p. 13. Nestler, Harold, (contributor), v. 43 (1958), p. 59. Netherlands, Background of New Netherland, (article), v. 43 (1958), p. 23. Newburgh man lost watch, (filler), v. 47 (1962), p. 38. New-York Historical Society, v. 44 (1959), pp. 12, 13, 15, 24. New York State Historical Association workshops, v. 43 (1958), P. 20; v. 45, p. 23; v. 46, p. 20; v. 47, p. 20. New York State University College at New Paltz, v. 48 (1963), p. 17. New York Trap Rock Corporation, v. 43 (1958), p. 11; v. 48, p. 28. Newton, Mr. and Mrs. Bertram H., v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Nichols, William J., v. 43 (1958), p. 15. Nichols, Mr. and Mrs. William J., v. 4-3 (1958), p. 15. Niessen, Harold T., 'v. 44 (1959), p. 19. Noble, Mrs. David, v. 44 (1959),p. 11. Norris, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley J., v. 48 (1963), p. 20. O'Dea, Thomas, v. 46 (1961), pp. 17, 20. -Olivet, Miss Florence W., v. 47 (1962), p. 11. Opie, Miss Caroline Jane, v. 46 (1961), p. 11. Opperman, Mr. and Mrs. Martin, v. 46 (1961), p. 11. Ostrom, Hendrick Jans, v. 47 (1962), p. 47. Otis, J. Hunting, v. 43 (1958), pp. 14, 20; v. 44, p. 11. Our Creative River (article), v. 44 (1959), p. 54. Our President Says:, v. 43 (1958), p. 19; v. 44, p. 22; v. 45, p. 23; v. 4-6, p. 20; v. 47, p. 20; v. 48, p. 23. Overocker, Miss Mary J., (gift to Glebe House), v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Owens, Mrs. William J., v. 48 (1963), p. 14. Paintings in an omnibus, 1836, (filler), v. 44 (1959), p. 62. Parker, Mrs. Felix K., v. 45 (1960), p. 13. Parker, Miss Julia, v. 47 (1962), p. 17. PAULDING, THE LETTERS OF JAMES KIRKE, (book review), v. 47 (1962), p. 62. Patterson, Walter B. (contributor), v. 43 (1958), p. 35. Paulsen, Dr. Monrad G., II, v. 48 (1963), p. 28. Pearce, Mr. and Mrs. Allan C., v. 46 (1961), p. 16. Pearce, Miss Edith M., v. 45 (1960), p. 11. Pearce, Kenneth E., v. 48 (1963), pp. 15, 18. Pechmann, Miss Pamela B., v. 46 (1961), p. 11. Fells Family Bible records, v. 47 (1962), p. 66. Pelton, Miss Jessie P., v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Penmanship, (article), v. 47 (1962), p. 54. Pennock, Mrs. Norton I., v. 47 (1962), p. 17. Perkins, Albert, v. 48 (1963), p. 15. Petersen, Miss Agnes H. B., v. 44 (1959), p. 14. Petersen, Einar B., v. (1959), p. 15. Peterson, Francis S., v. 44 (1959), pp. 18, 19, 22. Phillips, Ammi, v. 46 (1961), pp. 11, 20. Picard, Mrs. Irving, v. 48 (1963), p. 14. Pilgrimages: 1958, to IBM, v. 43 (1958), p. 21;

1959, to Van Cortlandt Manor Restoration, v. 44 (1959), p. 25; 1960, to Amenia and "Innisfree," v. 45 (1960), p. 25; 1961, to Town of East Fishkill, v. 46 (1961), p. 23; 1962, to Rhinebeck and Red Hook area, v. 47 (1962), p. 22. 1963, omitted. Pleasant Valley Free Library, v. 44 (1959), p. 11. Pleasant Valley Post Office, Sesquicentennial celebration, v. 48 (1963), p. 18. Plumb, Mrs. Mildred E., v. 48 (1963), pp. 17, 23. Pohl, George A., v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Polhill, Mrs. Milton, v. 44 (1959), p. 19. Pomeroy, the Honorable R. Watson, v. 43 (1958), pp. 12, 13; v. 44, p. 11. Pomeroy, the Honorable and Mrs. R. Watson, v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Porpoises in the Hudson, 1883, (filler), v. 48 (1963), p. 54. Postage rate in 1819, (filler), v. 48 (1963), p. 20. Postage, suggestion for saving, v. 48 (1963), p. 16. Poucher, John L., v. 44 (1959), p. 18. Poucher, gifts from estate of Dr. J. Wilson, v. 45 (1960), p. 18. Poughkeepsie, Haw the City was Founded, (reprint of article), v. 47, (1962), p. 46. Poughkeepsie: Action Council, v. 47 (1962), p. 10. City Hall, v. 47 (1962), pp. 10, 12. City Manager, v. 44 (1959), pp. 13, 16; v. 46, p. 13; v. 47, pp. 10, 11, 15; v. 48, pp. 13, 15, 18. Common Council, v. 44 (1959), pp. 12, 16; v. 47, p. 10. Mayor, v. 44. (1959), p. 16; v. 46, p. 13; v. 4-7, p. 10; v. 48, pp. 15, 29. Planning Board, v. 47 (1962), p. 10. Recreation Commission, v. 48 (1963), p. 28. Seal adopted, 1799, (filler), v. 43 (1958), p. 48. Speed Laws and the Sanitary Code in 1866, (article), v. 43 (1958), p. 44. Valuation of real and personal estates, 1855-1865, v. 43 (1958), p. 4-8. Village boundaries, 1799, v. 43 (1958), p. 44. Village trustees, quotation from minutes of meeting, 1833, (filler), v. 44 (1959), p. 52. Poughkeepsie Female Academy, prospectus for 1839, (gift), v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Poughkeepsie Garden Club, v. 46 (1961), p. 14; v. 48, p. 13. Poughkeepsie Savings Bank, v. 45 (1960), p. 16. Poughkeepsie Tennis Club, (article), v. 44- (1959), p. 27. Poughkeepsie, 275th Anniversary, v. 47 (1962), p. 44. Powers, Mrs. Albert B., v. 44 (1959), p. 15. Pulver, Mrs. H. W., v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Purdy, Mrs. Morey, v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Purdy, Peter L., v. 44 (1959), p. 15. Quaker Hill Natural History Museum' v. 46 (1961), pp. 11, 15, 21. Quaker Meeting House, Quaker Hill, benefit for, v. 45 (1960), p. 14. Quinlavin' Mrs. Leland P., v. 48 (1963), p. 20. Quitman, Domine, v. 44 (1959), p. 12. Radio broadcasts, by Dr. McCracken, v. 45 (1960), pp. 19, 24; v. 48, p. 26. By Mr. Van Kleeck, v. 44 (1959), p. 16. Rail Road, gift of stock certificate of Poughkeepsie & Eastern, v. 45 (1960), p. 12. Ransom family record, v. 44 (1959), p. 75. Ratification of the Constitution by the State of New York at Poughkeepsie, 1788, (article), v. 48 (1963), p. 30. Raymond, Mrs. Allen H., v. 44 (1959), p. 19. Raymond, John H., v. 48 (1963), p. 56. Rees, Mrs. William D., v. 47 (1962), pp. 16, 17, 21; v. 48, p. 10. Reese, Miss Margaret M., v. 46 (1961, p. 14. 71

Reynolds, Helen W., Reprint of article by, v. 47 (1962), pp. 44, 46. Marker for memorial room at Glebe House, v. 44 (1959), pp. 9, 16, 45; v. 45, pp. 9, 12, 17. Reynolds Memorial Fund, v. 43 (1958), p. 9; v. 47 (1962), pp. 15, 21. Rice, Dr. Charles E., v. 48 (1963), P. 28. Richards, Mrs. Keene, v. 46 (1961), p. 16. Ridgeway, Mrs. Robert F., v. 45 (1960), p. 19; v, 46, p. 14. Rigby, Harry, v. 46 (1961), p. 20. Rinaldi, Dominic, v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Rinaldi, Lieutenant Colonel John K., v. 48 (1963), p. 28. Robinson, Mrs. Anna C., v. 47 (1962), p. 11. Robinson, Charles D., v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Robinton, Mrs. Charles, v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Rockefeller, Warren W., v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Rockland County Historical Society, v. 47 (1962), p. 15. Roelofs, Dr. H. Mark, v. 48 (1963), p. 27. Roig, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S., v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Rokeby, Inscription on wall at, v. 47 (1962), pp. 22, 23, 24. Roosevelt, Miss Ellen C., (article), v. 43 (1958), p. 35. (Contributor), v. 43 (1958), p. 43. Rumble, Professor Wilfred E., v. 48 (1963), p. 27. Ruppert, Jacob, v. 43 (1958), p. 42. Ryan, J. D., v. 48 (1963), p. 12. Rynders, Miss Rachel J., v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Sackett, Richard, v. 45 (1960), pp. 27, 31. Sackett family, genealogy of, v. 48 (1963), p. 18. Schoolhouse at Beacon, v. 44 (1959), p. 18. Schoonmaker, Mrs. A. A., v. 46 (1961), p. 9. Schoonmaker, Mrs. Raymond B., v. 48 (1963), p. 12. Schryver, George A., v. 46 (1961), p. 9. Schultz, Mrs. Agnes McGlynn, v. 46 (1961), p 14. Schuyler family, v. 47 (1962), p. 30. Schwartz, John (filler), v. 44 (1959), p. 75. Schuyler House, v. 46 (1961), pp. 12, 15, 21; v. 47, pp. 22, 25. Schwartz, Judge John R., v. 45 (1960), pp. 13, 18; v. 46, p. 12; v. 48, p. 41. Schwartz, Mrs. John R., v. 48 (1963), p. 12. Seward, William H., v. 47 (1962), pp. 20, 32. Sharon Historical Society, Gifts from. v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Sharpe Reservation, (article), v. 46 (1961), p. 48. Shaver, Mrs. Roy W., v. 47 (1962), p. 11. Sherwig, Professor John, v. 48 (1963), p. 27. Silkworth, Mrs. Robert, v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Simmons, Miss Nancy, v. 47 (1962), p. 17. Simpson, Albert A., v. 44 (1959), p. 15. Skidmore, Mrs. F. Jay, v. 45 (190), p. ;7. 47, i;. 1. Skidmore, Miss Hazel, v. 45 (1960), p. 14; v. 46, p. 16; v. 48, p. 14. Skinner Hall, Vassar College, v. 48 (1963), p. 27. Slaves, Burial sites of, v. 46 (1961), p. 16. Sleepy Hollow Restoration, v. 46 (1961), p. 15. Sleght, Dr. Henry, License issued 1808, v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Sleight, Mrs. David B., gifts to Glebe House, v. 44 (1959), pp. 16, 23. Sleight, Henry A., v. 48 (1963), p. 42. Slocum, Mrs. C. Jonathan, v. 46 (1961), pp. 14, 15. Smathers, Mr. and Mrs. James F., v. 46 (1961), p. 16. Smith, Mrs. Eunice Hatfield, v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Smith, Frederic A., v. 48 (1963), pp. 14, 16. Smith, Mrs. Malcolm E., v. 46 1961), pp. 12, 15, 21. Smith, Mrs. Stanley G., v. 47 (1962), p. 13; v. 48, p. 14. Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley G., v. 47 (1962), p. 13. 72

Snyder, David H., Request for information on, v. 46 (1961), P. 16. Southworth, Mrs. C. Robert, v. 48 (1963), pp. 13, 18. Southworth, Dr. and Mrs. C. Robert, v. 48 (1963), p. 14. Spafford, Miss Mary G., v. 47 (1962), pp. 13, 16. Spencer, Platt Rogers, (article), v. 47 (1962), p. 54. Squires, Enoch, v. 46 (1961), pp. 17, 20. Steeholm, Mrs. Hardy, v. 45 (1960), p. 14; v. 46, p. 20; v. 48, p. 14. Storage space at Vassar Brothers Institute, v. 47 (1962), pp. 9, 12; v. 4-8, p. 13. Strang, Mr. and Mrs. Robert M., v. 48 (1963), p. 14. Strehlau, Miss Marguerite W., v. 46 (1961), p. 11. Strong, Jacob H., v. 45 (1960), p. 12. Strong, Mrs. Jacob H., v. 44 (1959), p. 13. Strong, Jacob FL, Jr., v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Strong, Mrs. Jacob H. Jr., v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Strong, Michael J., v. 45 (1960), p. 13. Suckley, Miss Margaret L., v. 43 (1958), p. 12; v. 46, p. 12. Supple, Mrs. Leonard J., v. 48 (1963), p. 12. Swift, Charles W., v. 48 (1963), p. 56. Swift, Mrs. Theodore V. K., v. 46 (1961), pp. 9, 11; v. 47, pp. 9, 10, 11, 15; v. 48, pp. 13, 16, 17, 18. "Sylvania," Visit to, v. 47 (1962), p. 22. TaIlmadge, The Public Career of James, (article), v. 45 (1960), p. 39; v. 46, p. 52. Tallmadge family, v. 45 (1960), p. 39. Tappan Zee Historical Society, v. 45 (1960), p. 10. Tartar°, Mrs. John, v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Tavern licenses in Poughkeepsie, 1833, (filler), v. 44 (1959), p. 53. Teller, Myron S., v. 44- (1959), p. 14. Teng, Dr. Yuan Chung, v. 48 (1963), p. 12. Tennis Club, The Poughkeepsie, (article), v. 44 (1959), p. 27. Terwilliger, Mrs. Fred, v. 47 (1962), p. 11. Thorn, Elsea, 43 (1958), p. 52. Thorn family records, v. 43 (1958), pp. 53, 57. Tobacco train, 1886, (filler), v. 44- (1959), p. 75. Tobak, Professor Arnold, v. 48 (1963), p. 28. Tompkins, Miss Elizabeth M., v. 45 (1960), p. 17. Tompkins, Miss Louise H., v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Townsend, Smith, v. 46 (1961), p. 13. Traffic on Broadway, 1853, (filler), v. 47 (1962), p. 61. Traver, Miss Albertina T. B., Reports of the treasurer to July 1, 1963; v. 43 (1958), 12; v.44, p. 23; v. 45, p. 14-; v.46, pp. 10, 11; v. 48, p. 14. Treasurer's reports, v. 43 (1958), pp. 17, 18; v. 44, pp. 20, 21; v. 4-5, pp. 21, 22; v. 46, pp. 18, 19; v. 47, pp. 18, 19; v. 48, pp. 21, 22. Trip to the West in 1845, A, (article), v. 48 (1963), p. 4-2. Troy, Peter H., v. 43 (1958), p. 14. Tyldsley, John 0., v. 45 (1960), p. 12. Typographical error, v. 44- (1959), p. 18; v. 45, p. 20. Tyrrel, Randolph E., v. 47 (1962), p. 17; v. 48, p. 12. Tyrrell, William G., v. 44- (1959), pp. 17, 23. Ulrich, Edwin A., v. 48 (1963), p. 17. Ulster County Historical Society, v. 44 (1959), p. 14. Ulster County, The Early Stone Houses of, (a brochure), v. 44 (1959), p. 14. University of Illinois Library, v. 47 (1962), p. 17. Upton, Miss Eleanor S., v. 47 (1962), pp. 15, 21. Utter, Kenneth J., V. 48 (1963), p. 29. Van Cortlandt Manor, Pilgrimage to, v. 41- (1959), pp. 15, 24, 25. Vanderbilt National Historic Site, v. 48 (1963), p. 19. Vanderburgh, Colonel James, v. 43 (1958), p. 10. 73

Van Kleeck, Baltus B., v. 44 (1959), pp. 10, 11, 16, 74; v. 4-5, pp. 10, 14; v. 4-6, pp. 12, 13, 15; Ir. 47, pp. 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 26; v. 48, pp. 14, 15, 16, 18, 25, 42, 56. (Contributor), v. 4-3 (1958), p. 44-; v. 44, p. 27; v. 47, p. 20; v. 48, pp. 22, 30. Van Kleeck, Mrs. Baltus B., v. 45 (1960), p. 18. Van Kleeck, Mrs. Barnard D., v. 45 (1960), p. 12. Van Kleeck, Mrs. Frank, v. 46 (1961), p. 16; v. 48, p. 17. Van Wyck, Edmund, v. 43 (1958), pp. 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15; v. 44, pp. 9, 11, 12, 17; v. 45, pp. 11, 12, 13, 14-, 16; v. 46, pp. 11, 12, 13; v. 47, pp. 9, 10, 12, 13, 17; v. 48, pp. 14, 15, 16, 18. (Contributor), v. 43 (1958), p. 19; v. 48, p. 49. Van Wyck, Mrs. Edmund, v. 45 (1960), p. 12. Van Wyck papers, v. 43 (1958), p. 14; v. 44, p. 9. Vassar, John Guy, v. 48 (1963), p. 56. Vassar, Matthew, (articles), Matthew Vassar, Founder, v. 46 (1961), p. 29. Matthew Vassar's Plan, v. 48 (1963), p. 55. Vassar, Matthew, Jr., v. 48 (1963), p. 56. Vassar Brothers Hospital, v. 47 (1962), pp. 10, 14, 21. Vassar Brothers Institute, v. 46 (1961), p. 10; v. 47, pp. 9, 12. Vassar College, v. 46 (1961), p. 29; v. 48, pp. 17, 55. Vassar College, Request for stamp commemorating, v. 45 (1960), pp. 12, 18; sr. 46, p. 9. Ver Nooy, Amy, Minutes of meetings and reports of the secretary; (Contributor), v. 43 (1958), pp. 21, 49, 52; v. 44-, pp. 25, 63; v. 45, p. 25; v. 46, p. 23; v. 47, pp. 22, 39, 54, 63; v. 48, pp. 25, 55. Vincent, C. Kenneth, v. 45 (1960), p. 13. Vincent, Mrs. Wesley, v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Vincent, Miss Anna M., v. 44 (1959), pp. 11, 13. Vincent genealogy, v. 44 (1959), pp. 11, 12, 13. Wade, Miss Mabel, v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Ward, Alson, v. 48 (1963), p. 39. Ward, Joshua Owen, v. 45 (1960), p. 10; v. 48, p. 39. Warner, Charles W. H., v. 47 (1962), p. 17. Warthin, A. Scott, v. 45 (1960), pp. 9, 13, 23. Waryas, Mayor Victor C., v. 48 (1963), pp. 15, 29. Waterman, Ralph T., V. 4-3 (1958), p. 20; v. 44, pp. 11, 13. Waugh, Coulton J., v. 44 (1959), pp. 15, 22. Webb, Edwin J., v. 48 (1963), p. 12. Webster, Mrs. Allen, v. 44- (1959), p. 19. Weisman, Allen J., v. 44 (1959), p. 16. Wells estate, Caroline Thorn, v. 45 (1960), pp. 10, 15, 16, 17, 18; V. 46, pp. 10, 13, 15; v. 47, pp. 9, 12, 14; v. 48, pp. 10, 14-, 17. p. 14. Whalen, George E., v. 4-3 (1958), p. 12; v. 47, pp. 9, 11; v. Whittemore, Mrs. Louis H., v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Wiberly, George, v. 45 (1960), p. 17. Wiccopee, (place-name), v. 46 (1961), p. 24. Wilkinson, Mrs. Deborah, v. 47 (1962), p. 43. Winans, Mr. and Mrs. Hunting. v. 47 (1962), p. 13. Winans, Mrs. Virgil, v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Winchester, Mr. and Mrs. Henry F., v. 45 (1960), p. 19. Winchester, James, v. 45 (1960), p. 25. 'Winchester, Milo, (gift to society), v. 43 (1958), p. 14. Winegar family, v. 45 (1960), p. 28. Wodell, Miss Katharine, (contributor), v. 43 (1958), p. 59. Wolf, John A., v. 46 (1961), p. 10; v. 47 p. 9; v. 48, pp. 16, 17. Women's City and County Club, v. 48 (1963), p. 27. Wood, Robert Lynn Nygrin, v. 48 (1963), p. 17. 74

Wood, William Robert, v. 48 (1963), P. 17. Wunderly, Mrs. Robert E., v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Year books, back issues given to: Dutchess Community College, v. 43 (1958), p. 15. East Fishkill Historical Society, v. 48 (1963), p. 15. Pennsylvania State University, v. 48 (1963), p. 24. Seattle Historical Society, v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Westchester County Historical Society, v. 43 (1958), p. 12. Year books, reprinting from, v. 45 (1960), p. 10. Yorkers, v. 47 (1962), p. 15. Young, Miss Annette, gift to Glebe House, v. 46 (1961), p. 14. Young, Dr. Thomas, v. 45 (1960), p. 30. Young, Mrs. William Howard, v. 43 (1958), p. 11. Zurhorst, Charles S., v. 43 (1958), p. 15; v. 45, pp. 10, 13. Zurhorst, Mr. and Mrs. Charles S., v. 43 (1958), p. 11.