BAP: Christchurch Bus Interchange

CHRISTCHURCH BUS INTERCHANGE, NZ Devitt, Simon. Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange. Simon Devitt, 2015. https://simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.

BUILDING ANALYSIS BY CAIUS COWGILL AND AMEYA DALAL

CHRISTCHURCH BUS INTERCHANGE CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND ARCHITECTUS

BUILDING ANALYSIS BY CAIUS COWGILL + AMEYA DALAL ARCH 341-08, FALL 2020 INSTRUCTOR: ZAHRA RASTI

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 _ STORY 02 _ SITE 03 _ SPACE 04 _ STRUCTURE 05 _ SKIN 06 _ CIRCULATION 07 _ REFLECTIONS 08 _ REFERENCES

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01 _ STORY

Project Description Location: Christchurch, New Zealand Client: Ōtākaro Ltd (formerly CERA Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority) Year of completed construction: May 2015 Total Area: 150,000 sq. ft Certification: 4 Green Star - Custom Design Rating

Team Architect: Architectus Builder/ Contractor Thiess; Southbase Construction Structural Engineer and M&E Engineer: Aurecon Landscape and Interiors: Architectus Lighting and FaCade Engineer: Aurecon Traffic Consultant: Aurecon

INTERIOR VIEW OF THE BUS INTERCHANGE 4 Devitt, Simon. Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange. Simon Devitt, 2015. https://simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.

01 _ STORY

Architect Firm Profile Architectus specializes in urbanism and focuses on designing spaces that are tuned to their contexts and cultures. Their projects flow with integrated design

Devitt, Simon. ANZ Raranga at Sylvia Park. Simon Devitt, 2017. https://architectus.co.nz/work/anzraranga-at-sylvia-park/.

Devitt, Simon. Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange. Simon Devitt, 2015. https://simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.

rigorously tailored to inspire. The Christchurch Bus Interchange

Devitt, Simon. Auckland Grammar School Augusta Building. Simon Devitt, 2015. https:// architectus.co.nz/work/auckland-grammar-school-augusta-building/.

Devitt, Simon. St Andrew’s College Centennial Chapel. Simon Devitt, 2016. https://architectus.co.nz/work/st-andrews-college-centennial-chapel/.

is a prime example of a piece of urban architecture that folds into the fabric of its context. The style and materiality are similar to other projects Architectus has done, but specifically responding to the New Zealand climate.

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01 _ STORY

Project Background After a big 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck Christchurch, NZ, in 2011, most of the city’s infrastructure and buildings endured damage and were subsequently demolished under new regulations. A key objective of the recovery effort was to establish Christchurch as an ‘accessible city’.

The Christchurch Bus Interchange is an ‘L-shaped’ concourse which has been constructed as two seismically separated buildings and designed for

INDIVIDUAL GATEWAYS FOR BUSES TO PARK IN Devitt, Simon. Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange. Simon Devitt, 2015. https://simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.

optimal pedestrian permeability. The hub’s doubleheight vaulted roof allows light to penetrate the space whilst large timber pods under the main steel roof provide an overwhelming impression of space and amenity upon entry.

New Zealand

Christchurch

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02 _ SITE Project Location and Context

Pedestrian Experience

Vehicular Experience

Located on an inner city block with three

The orange bubble highlights where the

As illustrated in blue, the entry sequence

bustling road frontages, Architectus’

main entrance of the building is located.

of buses has been designed in such a way

Hine-Pāka Bus Interchange provides

It is thus, the focal point of convergence

where pedestrian safety is prioritized over

a strong and engaging experience to

of pedestrian pathways. Naturally this is

the efficiency of the buses. In terms of

pedestrians and vehicles arriving from

situated on a busy street corner where the

egress, buses must drive in around a loop

both Lichfield Street and Colombo Street.

users can easily interact with the building.

and then reverse out of bays.

Manchester Street

Colombo Street

Lichfield Street

Site Plan representing Context and Circulation Scale 1 : 125 ft 7

02 _ SITE Formal Responses to Site In response to the site conditions,

Site Plan: Windrose Diagram Scale 1 : 125 ft

Architectus installed special doors to keep the hazardous fumes from the bus

Lichfield Street

exhaust out of the building. Efforts were made to design a uniquely articulated roof that activates natural ventilation and daylighting strategies.

Colombo Street

Manchester Street

Tuam Street

The roof dissipates the harsh high summer sunlight, but promotes the entry of ample sunlight during the winter months. The wind catchers on the roof

0 a.m.

encourage winds blowing from east and

4 a.m.

Sunrise

WET-BULB TEMPERATURE DEG. F 80

6 a.m.

80

8 a.m.

In a building where the occupants are

10 a.m.

70

12 noon

only there for short durations, natural

2 p.m.

60

4 p.m.

ventilation is an energy efficient strategy.

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE, DEG. F

west direction keeping the building cool.

90%

2 a.m.

70

60

6 p.m.

50

Sunset

50

8 p.m.

40

10 p.m.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

12 p.m.

30 20 0

40 30 20 10 0

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03 _ SPACE Program

Office and Mercantile Space: these spaces hold the administration spaces as

As a building with the primary function of a bus interchange, its

well as the food, beverage, and other shop spaces.

organization is rather simple, with three main programmatic pieces and one L-shaped hallway leading to the gateways. We used the axonometric diagram to depict program, circulation,

Gateways: This glass

and building envelope relationships.

and steel membrane are

Circulation Space: The green area indicates

The bus circulation has been hidden

the series of gateways

the primary interior circulation space that

for clarity.

for bus boarding.

leads from the entrances to the gateways.

PEDESTRIAN ENTRY 3D MODEL RENDER

GATEWAYS 3D MODEL RENDER

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03 _ SPACE Movement The Christchurch Bus Interchange is a unique space characterized by movement, flow, and travel. The complex roof and clerestory windows make everything about the building feel like it’s part of the journey, everything flows

PHYSICAL MODEL OF THE INTERCHANGE

together.

Site Plan

Side Elevation

Roofplan

Floorplan

Scale: 1’ 0” = 0.02”

Scale: 1’ 0” = 0.02”

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04 _ STRUCTURE

Structural Elements The Christchurch Bus Interchange features a striking 3 dimensional structural steel roof frame which cantilevers in excess of 50 ft, providing an overwhelming sense of height and space, and civic amenity. The complex roof structure incorporates a 3 dimensional seismic bracing frame set within the confined architectural envelope. A vaulted inverted M roof shape is adopted to provide

STRUCTURAL DEPICTION

volume and space, whilst also providing support for the upper roof substrate.

Structural Columns The structural columns are circular hollow section (CHS) steel columns. This system is regarded as a two-way steel moment resisting frame system (SMRF’s). The transfer of lateral loads through the roof diaphragm is achieved by utilizing steel cross bracing.

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04 _ STRUCTURE Foundation The foundation system is a grillage of reinforced concrete two-way beams which are founded on 1.5 ft of compacted backfill. The columns base plate connections and foundations have been designed for the seismic over strength actions.

Secondary structure (Black)

STRUCTURAL DEPICTION

Primary structure (Red)

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05 _ SKIN Envelope The Envelope of this project is complicated, with formally complex overhangs and spatial layers. The vertical components are about 30-40% glazed, while the horizontal elements are about 5-10% glazed.

The design utilizes the administrative spaces on the perimeter to keep the main circulation space cool and easy to manoeuvre.

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06 _ CIRCULATION (PERFORMANCE)  ABOUT YOUR  ABOUT YOUR BUILDING RESULTS  BUILDING Code Pathway: Benchmarks

Prescriptive

Country City

 *

Christchurch

Christchurch, NZ has a temperate oceanic Country Number of Stories



Building Name

New Zealand



Performance

RENEWABLE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS kBtu/ft²-yr

MBtu/yr

16.9

607.5

Total Renewable Energy Required

16.9

607.5

42.3

1,524.0

0.0

0.0

Canada

*

On-Site PV Generation Potential Remaining Off-Site Procured Renewable Energy

Selected Use Type(s):

°C (73 °F) inWAREHOUSE January and 11.3 °C (52 °F)

delete



Degree Days * sq.ft  * Gross Floor Area 36000 in July.[56] Under the Köppen climate





40

HDD

kBtu/ft²-yr

warm but is often moderated by a sea Enter Generation Potential

delete



*

5320

*

Collectors

sq.ft

CDD

TARGET 19 EUI 20 Zero Score

* 81

*

100

End Uses

80

60

40

0

20

-20

Cooling Fans

Existing Building

Interior L Plug Load



BUILDING SUMMARY

Service H

20

Other

Renewable

 *

On site

10

 *

Standard

 *

31,192

 BUILDING USE DETAILS

breeze from the Area Northeast.

Estimated for 31192.3 Module Type

British Columbia 435

BASELINE 94 EUI 100 Zero Score

Heating

multiple PV systems enter them below.

Set Default Values

 *

98230 ESTIMATED BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION

classification, Christchurch has an oceanic PV SYSTEMS 30  ON-SITE New construction Enter Summer on-site PV system in generation potential below, or estimate on-site climate (Cfb). the city is mostly PV system generation potential using PVWatts. If your building has Use PVWatts

*

Estimated Area for Collectors (ft²)



daily maximum air temperatures of 22.5 Postal Code

Target EUI is 19 based on a 80% reduction

Estimated Building Energy Consumption

climate with mild Adda Another Usesummer, cool winter,  * City | State/Prov.

On-Site PV System Vancouver and regular moderate rainfall. It has mean Rated Capacity (kW) Warehouse

 RESULTS

imperial

Christchurch Bus Interchange Energy Consumption & Generation

 *

1

metric

Off site

10 In order to *provide you with an appropriate comparison for To better understand the performance your building, we need to know how spaces in this building will 0 Array Type Fixed - Open Rack End Uses Renewable Energy be used. If *your building has multiple uses, add them below.  of the Christchurch Bus Interchange, we Building Energy Consumption and End Uses are based on a code compliant prototype Tilt (Degrees) * 10 building modeled by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Actual building energy consumption Residential will vary from modeled results.

Commercial Azimuth (Degrees) * 180 compared the climate of Christchurch, NZ Estimated Site EUI: 16.87 kBtu/ft²-yr

LOCATION

Vancouver, BC

98230

USES

Transportation Terminal

36,000 sq.ft (100.0%)

Losses (%)

Add Another * Use with Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Inverter Efficiency (%)

96

BASELINE

TARGET

YOUR BUILDING

EUI % Reduction from Baseline

0%

80%

N/A

Percent

Zero Score

100

20

N/A

9.17

54.35%

0.11

0.67%

94

19

N/A

3.15

18.64%

Site EUI (kBtu/ft²/yr)

Plug Loads

2.49

14.73%

Service Hot Water

0.46

2.75%

126

26

N/A

Fans

0.45

2.69%

Source EUI (kBtu/ft²/yr)

1.04

6.16%

N/A

N/A

N/A

16.87

100.00%

Total GHG Emissions (metric tons CO₂e/yr)

Estimated Energy Consumption: 607.46 MBtu/yr End Use

 Add another PV System

Subtotal



(kBtu/ft²-yr)

Vancouver is one of Canada’s warmest

Heating Selected Use Type(s): Cooling GENERATE RESULTS 

cities in the winter. Vancouver’s climate is Interior Lighting Transportation Terminal temperate by Canadian standards and is classified as oceanic or marine west coast,

Other

(Köppen climate classification Cfb).

Total

Exterior Light



PVWATTS RESULTS



RESULTS

imperial

metric

print 

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06 _ CIRCULATION (SYSTEMS)

The Challenge The experience of the indoor environment at Christchurch’s Bus Interchange is enhanced by providing a fully naturally ventilated environment – a challenge for an indoor space surrounded by diesel buses and two main road frontages.

Importance of Natural Ventilation Nine Windcatcher Classic 155 Monodraught systems that introduce natural ventilation into the bus exchange and helps reduce CO2 levels. This creates a more comfortable working environment for staff and passengers alike. A combination of roof mounted wind catchers modelled on ancient Persian wind-towers and high level louvers on the street frontages draw outdoor air into the concourse.

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Devitt, Simon. Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange. Simon Devitt, 2015. https://simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.

06 _ CIRCULATION (SYSTEMS) UNDERFLOOR HEATING CHANNELS Localized Spot Radiant Heating The passenger hall is tempered by hydronic underfloor heating powered through a groundwater heat pump system. The underfloor heating system distributes heat into a space with high foot traffic and constantly opening doors. As well as underfloor manifolds, there are 3000 meters of composite underfloor pipe

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06 _ CIRCULATION (EGRESS) EGRESS As a building for the purpose of city egress, it keeps the circulation and egress within the building very simple and quick with a single level and ample exits. The entire rear of the envelope is exit discharge, and the front facades are lined with points of access. The main entrance is at the street corner and is shaped in plan like an L to welcome pedestrians into the highly permeable building. The building acts as a filter for the cities passengers, from street corner, to interior circulation area, to rear exit discharge and bus boarding.

Circulation Space: The green area indicates the primary interior circulation space that leads from the entrances to the gateways.

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07 _ REFLECTIONS

The Christchurch Bus Interchange is a unique building. It blends a piece of architecture into the transportation and cultural framework of a city in a very transmissive way. At the beginning of the project, we saw a building with a basic function and a complex roof, but discovered that many of its complexities and strengths come from the seemingly basic function.

The interchange prioritizes the health and safety of its users by taking special efforts to facilitate clean air ventilation and protection from the harmful fumes emitted by the buses. It is tucked into the complex urban fabric of Christchurch, New Zealand and so, the pedestrian and vehicular circulation is carefully separated and organized. Pedestrians enter the building on foot and leave on a bus, making the building a medium through which public transportation can seamlessly occur.

It becomes one large hallway that allows the passengers to travel through space using multiple means of transport, and offering them a space to relax The interchange is located in a bustling area but it still makes a public transportation hub a pleasant space to be in, rather than a dirty and underserviced one. By utilizing sustainable techniques such as wind scoops for ventilation and clerestory windows for daylighting, the space becomes light, simple, clean, and enjoyable. The occupant doesn’t mind waiting for the bus in this building which gives him a pleasant start to the day. From these observations we have learned that even through large natural disasters, cities can be renewed and grow for the better in their reconstruction. Sometimes destruction can lead to great progress, especially in architecture. Furthermore, the people of the affected city should not be forgotten, and instead can be given the infrastructure they need to thrive.

We had several challenges through our discovery of this project. Besides the logistical ones such as being in wildly different time zones and parts of the world, we also had to grapple with a large lack of information and specificity about some of the systems in this project. Through simple architectural drafting methods we were able to figure out the dimensions of the building, and by utilizing the power of our digital tools, we were able to create a convincing presentation. Another issue we struggled with came from the physical modeling portions of the project. Since we were not in the same place, only one person could work on the physical models and resources were limited. However, through this struggle we had to dive deeper into understanding the building, and think like the architect. Through doing this we learned far more than our initial observations including how it integrates HVAC, design, lighting, ventilation and structure into a beautifully designed space.

Our analysis and evaluation of building performance in relation to the mechanical systems gave us a better understanding of how the interchange functions as a piece of the Christchurch architectural fabric.

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08 _ APENDIX BUILDING ANALYSIS PROJECT

Analysis by Ameya Dalal and Caius Cowgill Arch 341 Discussion Intructor Zahra Rasti

REFERENCES

Project Name Christchurch Bus Interchange Project Location Christchurch, New Zealand Architect Architectus

Site

Story After a big 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck Christchurch, NZ, in 2011, most of the city’s infrastructure and buildings endured damage and were subsequently demolished under new regulations. A key objective of the recovery effort was to establish Christchurch as an ‘accessible city’. The Christchurch Bus Interchange is an ‘L-shaped’ concourse which has been constructed as two seismically separated buildings and designed for optimal pedestrian permeability. The hub’s double-height vaulted roof allows light to penetrate the space whilst large timber pods under the main steel roof provide an overwhelming impression of space and amenity upon entry.

Colombo Street

Manchester Street

Lichfield Street

01 _ “Christchurch Bus Exchange.” Christchurch bus exchange | Ministry for the Environment.

Accessed December 4, 2020. https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/towns-and-cities/urban-designcase-studies/christchurch-bus-exchange.

Tuam Street

02 _ England, Jane. “CHRISTCHURCH BUS INTERCHANGE NARRATIVE: HINE PAAKA TIME FOR A CHANGE,” n.d. - https://www.otakaroltd.co.nz/assets/Uploads/TheBusInterchange.pdf

Colombo Street

Manchester Street

Lichfield Street

Tuam Street

03 _ Mena, Florencia. “Christchurch Bus Interchange / Architectus.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, July 16, 2016.

CLIENT: Ōtākaro Ltd ARCHITECT: Architectus PROJECT TEAM: Patrick Clifford, Carsten Auer, Michael Thomson, Severin Soder, Alistair Scott, John Strand, Marianne Calvelo, Luis Cuello, Mark Gifford, Matthew Holloway, Peter Jeffs, Stephen Lammas, Hugh Smith, Warren Nicholson, Yi Ting Yau BUILDER/CONTRACTOR: Thiess; Southbase Construction STRUCTURAL ENGINER AND M&E ENGINEER: Aurecon LANDSCAPE & INTERIORS: Architectus LIGHTING & FAÇADE ENGINEER: Aurecon QUANTITY SURVEYOR: RLB SURVEYOR & GEOTECHNICAL CONSULTANT: Aurecon TRAFFIC CONSULTANT: Aurecon PLANNING CONSULTANT: Planz Consultants

https://www.archdaily.com/791283/christchurch-bus-interchange-architectus-plus-athfield-architects.

04 _ “EllisCo Supply Monodraught Units for Christchurch Bus Interchange “ EllisCo.” Home “ EllisCo. Accessed December 4, 2020. https://www.ellis.co.nz/blog/ellisco-supply-monodraught-units-for-

Structure

Axon

The Christchurch Bus Interchange features a striking 3 dimensional structural steel roof frame which cantilevers in excess of 50 ft. The complex roof structure incorporates a 3 dimensional seismic bracing frame set within the confined architectural envelope. The structural columns are circular hollow section (CHS) steel columns that range in length from 15 to 35 ft all of which typically deliver frame action.

The columns base plate connections and foundations have been designed for the seismic overstrength actions.

christchurch-bus-interchange/.

05 _ “Work Archive.” Architectus New Zealand. Accessed December 4, 2020. https://architectus.co.nz/ work/.

06 _ “Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange.” Architectus New Zealand, September 6, 2020. https:// architectus.co.nz/work/christchurch-bus-interchange/.

PHOTOGRAPHS _ “Christchurch Bus Interchange.” Simon Devitt: Photographer, July 3, 2019. https://

Office and Mercantile Space: these spaces hold the administration spaces as well as the food, beverage, and other shop spaces.

Gateways: This glass and steel membrane are the series of gateways for bus boarding.

simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.

Circulation Space: The green area indicates the primary interior circulation space that leads from the entrances to the gateways.

Space

This building has a complex task to deal with: the circulation of many buses and even more people. In order to do this, the L-shaped building employs wide open spaces that are naturally lit and ventilated in order to provide the easiest experience for its users.

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