CHRISTCHURCH BUS INTERCHANGE, NZ Devitt, Simon. Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange. Simon Devitt, 2015. https://simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.
BUILDING ANALYSIS BY CAIUS COWGILL AND AMEYA DALAL
CHRISTCHURCH BUS INTERCHANGE CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND ARCHITECTUS
BUILDING ANALYSIS BY CAIUS COWGILL + AMEYA DALAL ARCH 341-08, FALL 2020 INSTRUCTOR: ZAHRA RASTI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 _ STORY 02 _ SITE 03 _ SPACE 04 _ STRUCTURE 05 _ SKIN 06 _ CIRCULATION 07 _ REFLECTIONS 08 _ REFERENCES
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01 _ STORY
Project Description Location: Christchurch, New Zealand Client: Ōtākaro Ltd (formerly CERA Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority) Year of completed construction: May 2015 Total Area: 150,000 sq. ft Certification: 4 Green Star - Custom Design Rating
Team Architect: Architectus Builder/ Contractor Thiess; Southbase Construction Structural Engineer and M&E Engineer: Aurecon Landscape and Interiors: Architectus Lighting and FaCade Engineer: Aurecon Traffic Consultant: Aurecon
INTERIOR VIEW OF THE BUS INTERCHANGE 4 Devitt, Simon. Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange. Simon Devitt, 2015. https://simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.
01 _ STORY
Architect Firm Profile Architectus specializes in urbanism and focuses on designing spaces that are tuned to their contexts and cultures. Their projects flow with integrated design
Devitt, Simon. ANZ Raranga at Sylvia Park. Simon Devitt, 2017. https://architectus.co.nz/work/anzraranga-at-sylvia-park/.
Devitt, Simon. Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange. Simon Devitt, 2015. https://simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.
rigorously tailored to inspire. The Christchurch Bus Interchange
Devitt, Simon. Auckland Grammar School Augusta Building. Simon Devitt, 2015. https:// architectus.co.nz/work/auckland-grammar-school-augusta-building/.
Devitt, Simon. St Andrew’s College Centennial Chapel. Simon Devitt, 2016. https://architectus.co.nz/work/st-andrews-college-centennial-chapel/.
is a prime example of a piece of urban architecture that folds into the fabric of its context. The style and materiality are similar to other projects Architectus has done, but specifically responding to the New Zealand climate.
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01 _ STORY
Project Background After a big 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck Christchurch, NZ, in 2011, most of the city’s infrastructure and buildings endured damage and were subsequently demolished under new regulations. A key objective of the recovery effort was to establish Christchurch as an ‘accessible city’. The Christchurch Bus Interchange is an ‘L-shaped’ concourse which has been constructed as two seismically separated buildings and designed for
INDIVIDUAL GATEWAYS FOR BUSES TO PARK IN Devitt, Simon. Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange. Simon Devitt, 2015. https://simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.
optimal pedestrian permeability. The hub’s doubleheight vaulted roof allows light to penetrate the space whilst large timber pods under the main steel roof provide an overwhelming impression of space and amenity upon entry.
New Zealand
Christchurch
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02 _ SITE Project Location and Context
Pedestrian Experience
Vehicular Experience
Located on an inner city block with three
The orange bubble highlights where the
As illustrated in blue, the entry sequence
bustling road frontages, Architectus’
main entrance of the building is located.
of buses has been designed in such a way
Hine-Pāka Bus Interchange provides
It is thus, the focal point of convergence
where pedestrian safety is prioritized over
a strong and engaging experience to
of pedestrian pathways. Naturally this is
the efficiency of the buses. In terms of
pedestrians and vehicles arriving from
situated on a busy street corner where the
egress, buses must drive in around a loop
both Lichfield Street and Colombo Street.
users can easily interact with the building.
and then reverse out of bays.
Manchester Street
Colombo Street
Lichfield Street
Site Plan representing Context and Circulation Scale 1 : 125 ft 7
02 _ SITE Formal Responses to Site In response to the site conditions,
Site Plan: Windrose Diagram Scale 1 : 125 ft
Architectus installed special doors to keep the hazardous fumes from the bus
Lichfield Street
exhaust out of the building. Efforts were made to design a uniquely articulated roof that activates natural ventilation and daylighting strategies.
Colombo Street
Manchester Street
Tuam Street
The roof dissipates the harsh high summer sunlight, but promotes the entry of ample sunlight during the winter months. The wind catchers on the roof
0 a.m.
encourage winds blowing from east and
4 a.m.
Sunrise
WET-BULB TEMPERATURE DEG. F 80
6 a.m.
80
8 a.m.
In a building where the occupants are
10 a.m. 70
12 noon
only there for short durations, natural
2 p.m. 60
4 p.m.
ventilation is an energy efficient strategy.
DEW POINT TEMPERATURE, DEG. F
west direction keeping the building cool.
90%
2 a.m.
70
60
6 p.m. 50
Sunset
50
8 p.m. 40
10 p.m.
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
12 p.m.
30 20 0
40 30 20 10 0
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03 _ SPACE Program
Office and Mercantile Space: these spaces hold the administration spaces as
As a building with the primary function of a bus interchange, its
well as the food, beverage, and other shop spaces.
organization is rather simple, with three main programmatic pieces and one L-shaped hallway leading to the gateways. We used the axonometric diagram to depict program, circulation,
Gateways: This glass
and building envelope relationships.
and steel membrane are
Circulation Space: The green area indicates
The bus circulation has been hidden
the series of gateways
the primary interior circulation space that
for clarity.
for bus boarding.
leads from the entrances to the gateways.
PEDESTRIAN ENTRY 3D MODEL RENDER
GATEWAYS 3D MODEL RENDER
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03 _ SPACE Movement The Christchurch Bus Interchange is a unique space characterized by movement, flow, and travel. The complex roof and clerestory windows make everything about the building feel like it’s part of the journey, everything flows
PHYSICAL MODEL OF THE INTERCHANGE
together.
Site Plan
Side Elevation
Roofplan
Floorplan
Scale: 1’ 0” = 0.02”
Scale: 1’ 0” = 0.02”
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04 _ STRUCTURE
Structural Elements The Christchurch Bus Interchange features a striking 3 dimensional structural steel roof frame which cantilevers in excess of 50 ft, providing an overwhelming sense of height and space, and civic amenity. The complex roof structure incorporates a 3 dimensional seismic bracing frame set within the confined architectural envelope. A vaulted inverted M roof shape is adopted to provide
STRUCTURAL DEPICTION
volume and space, whilst also providing support for the upper roof substrate.
Structural Columns The structural columns are circular hollow section (CHS) steel columns. This system is regarded as a two-way steel moment resisting frame system (SMRF’s). The transfer of lateral loads through the roof diaphragm is achieved by utilizing steel cross bracing.
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04 _ STRUCTURE Foundation The foundation system is a grillage of reinforced concrete two-way beams which are founded on 1.5 ft of compacted backfill. The columns base plate connections and foundations have been designed for the seismic over strength actions.
Secondary structure (Black)
STRUCTURAL DEPICTION
Primary structure (Red)
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05 _ SKIN Envelope The Envelope of this project is complicated, with formally complex overhangs and spatial layers. The vertical components are about 30-40% glazed, while the horizontal elements are about 5-10% glazed. The design utilizes the administrative spaces on the perimeter to keep the main circulation space cool and easy to manoeuvre.
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06 _ CIRCULATION (PERFORMANCE) ABOUT YOUR ABOUT YOUR BUILDING RESULTS BUILDING Code Pathway: Benchmarks
Prescriptive
Country City
*
Christchurch
Christchurch, NZ has a temperate oceanic Country Number of Stories
Building Name
New Zealand
Performance
RENEWABLE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS kBtu/ft²-yr
MBtu/yr
16.9
607.5
Total Renewable Energy Required
16.9
607.5
42.3
1,524.0
0.0
0.0
Canada
*
On-Site PV Generation Potential Remaining Off-Site Procured Renewable Energy
Selected Use Type(s):
°C (73 °F) inWAREHOUSE January and 11.3 °C (52 °F)
delete
Degree Days * sq.ft * Gross Floor Area 36000 in July.[56] Under the Köppen climate
40
HDD
kBtu/ft²-yr
warm but is often moderated by a sea Enter Generation Potential
delete
*
5320
*
Collectors
sq.ft
CDD
TARGET 19 EUI 20 Zero Score
* 81
*
100
End Uses
80
60
40
0
20
-20
Cooling Fans
Existing Building
Interior L Plug Load
BUILDING SUMMARY
Service H
20
Other
Renewable
*
On site
10
*
Standard
*
31,192
BUILDING USE DETAILS
breeze from the Area Northeast. Estimated for 31192.3 Module Type
British Columbia 435
BASELINE 94 EUI 100 Zero Score
Heating
multiple PV systems enter them below.
Set Default Values
*
98230 ESTIMATED BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
classification, Christchurch has an oceanic PV SYSTEMS 30 ON-SITE New construction Enter Summer on-site PV system in generation potential below, or estimate on-site climate (Cfb). the city is mostly PV system generation potential using PVWatts. If your building has Use PVWatts
*
Estimated Area for Collectors (ft²)
daily maximum air temperatures of 22.5 Postal Code
Target EUI is 19 based on a 80% reduction
Estimated Building Energy Consumption
climate with mild Adda Another Usesummer, cool winter, * City | State/Prov. On-Site PV System Vancouver and regular moderate rainfall. It has mean Rated Capacity (kW) Warehouse
RESULTS
imperial
Christchurch Bus Interchange Energy Consumption & Generation
*
1
metric
Off site
10 In order to *provide you with an appropriate comparison for To better understand the performance your building, we need to know how spaces in this building will 0 Array Type Fixed - Open Rack End Uses Renewable Energy be used. If *your building has multiple uses, add them below. of the Christchurch Bus Interchange, we Building Energy Consumption and End Uses are based on a code compliant prototype Tilt (Degrees) * 10 building modeled by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Actual building energy consumption Residential will vary from modeled results. Commercial Azimuth (Degrees) * 180 compared the climate of Christchurch, NZ Estimated Site EUI: 16.87 kBtu/ft²-yr
LOCATION
Vancouver, BC
98230
USES
Transportation Terminal
36,000 sq.ft (100.0%)
Losses (%)
Add Another * Use with Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Inverter Efficiency (%)
96
BASELINE
TARGET
YOUR BUILDING
EUI % Reduction from Baseline
0%
80%
N/A
Percent
Zero Score
100
20
N/A
9.17
54.35%
0.11
0.67%
94
19
N/A
3.15
18.64%
Site EUI (kBtu/ft²/yr)
Plug Loads
2.49
14.73%
Service Hot Water
0.46
2.75%
126
26
N/A
Fans
0.45
2.69%
Source EUI (kBtu/ft²/yr)
1.04
6.16%
N/A
N/A
N/A
16.87
100.00%
Total GHG Emissions (metric tons CO₂e/yr)
Estimated Energy Consumption: 607.46 MBtu/yr End Use
Add another PV System
Subtotal
(kBtu/ft²-yr)
Vancouver is one of Canada’s warmest
Heating Selected Use Type(s): Cooling GENERATE RESULTS
cities in the winter. Vancouver’s climate is Interior Lighting Transportation Terminal temperate by Canadian standards and is classified as oceanic or marine west coast,
Other
(Köppen climate classification Cfb).
Total
Exterior Light
PVWATTS RESULTS
RESULTS
imperial
metric
print
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06 _ CIRCULATION (SYSTEMS)
The Challenge The experience of the indoor environment at Christchurch’s Bus Interchange is enhanced by providing a fully naturally ventilated environment – a challenge for an indoor space surrounded by diesel buses and two main road frontages.
Importance of Natural Ventilation Nine Windcatcher Classic 155 Monodraught systems that introduce natural ventilation into the bus exchange and helps reduce CO2 levels. This creates a more comfortable working environment for staff and passengers alike. A combination of roof mounted wind catchers modelled on ancient Persian wind-towers and high level louvers on the street frontages draw outdoor air into the concourse. 15
Devitt, Simon. Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange. Simon Devitt, 2015. https://simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.
06 _ CIRCULATION (SYSTEMS) UNDERFLOOR HEATING CHANNELS Localized Spot Radiant Heating The passenger hall is tempered by hydronic underfloor heating powered through a groundwater heat pump system. The underfloor heating system distributes heat into a space with high foot traffic and constantly opening doors. As well as underfloor manifolds, there are 3000 meters of composite underfloor pipe
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06 _ CIRCULATION (EGRESS) EGRESS As a building for the purpose of city egress, it keeps the circulation and egress within the building very simple and quick with a single level and ample exits. The entire rear of the envelope is exit discharge, and the front facades are lined with points of access. The main entrance is at the street corner and is shaped in plan like an L to welcome pedestrians into the highly permeable building. The building acts as a filter for the cities passengers, from street corner, to interior circulation area, to rear exit discharge and bus boarding.
Circulation Space: The green area indicates the primary interior circulation space that leads from the entrances to the gateways. 17
07 _ REFLECTIONS
The Christchurch Bus Interchange is a unique building. It blends a piece of architecture into the transportation and cultural framework of a city in a very transmissive way. At the beginning of the project, we saw a building with a basic function and a complex roof, but discovered that many of its complexities and strengths come from the seemingly basic function. The interchange prioritizes the health and safety of its users by taking special efforts to facilitate clean air ventilation and protection from the harmful fumes emitted by the buses. It is tucked into the complex urban fabric of Christchurch, New Zealand and so, the pedestrian and vehicular circulation is carefully separated and organized. Pedestrians enter the building on foot and leave on a bus, making the building a medium through which public transportation can seamlessly occur. It becomes one large hallway that allows the passengers to travel through space using multiple means of transport, and offering them a space to relax The interchange is located in a bustling area but it still makes a public transportation hub a pleasant space to be in, rather than a dirty and underserviced one. By utilizing sustainable techniques such as wind scoops for ventilation and clerestory windows for daylighting, the space becomes light, simple, clean, and enjoyable. The occupant doesn’t mind waiting for the bus in this building which gives him a pleasant start to the day. From these observations we have learned that even through large natural disasters, cities can be renewed and grow for the better in their reconstruction. Sometimes destruction can lead to great progress, especially in architecture. Furthermore, the people of the affected city should not be forgotten, and instead can be given the infrastructure they need to thrive. We had several challenges through our discovery of this project. Besides the logistical ones such as being in wildly different time zones and parts of the world, we also had to grapple with a large lack of information and specificity about some of the systems in this project. Through simple architectural drafting methods we were able to figure out the dimensions of the building, and by utilizing the power of our digital tools, we were able to create a convincing presentation. Another issue we struggled with came from the physical modeling portions of the project. Since we were not in the same place, only one person could work on the physical models and resources were limited. However, through this struggle we had to dive deeper into understanding the building, and think like the architect. Through doing this we learned far more than our initial observations including how it integrates HVAC, design, lighting, ventilation and structure into a beautifully designed space. Our analysis and evaluation of building performance in relation to the mechanical systems gave us a better understanding of how the interchange functions as a piece of the Christchurch architectural fabric.
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08 _ APENDIX BUILDING ANALYSIS PROJECT
Analysis by Ameya Dalal and Caius Cowgill Arch 341 Discussion Intructor Zahra Rasti
REFERENCES
Project Name Christchurch Bus Interchange Project Location Christchurch, New Zealand Architect Architectus
Site
Story After a big 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck Christchurch, NZ, in 2011, most of the city’s infrastructure and buildings endured damage and were subsequently demolished under new regulations. A key objective of the recovery effort was to establish Christchurch as an ‘accessible city’. The Christchurch Bus Interchange is an ‘L-shaped’ concourse which has been constructed as two seismically separated buildings and designed for optimal pedestrian permeability. The hub’s double-height vaulted roof allows light to penetrate the space whilst large timber pods under the main steel roof provide an overwhelming impression of space and amenity upon entry.
Colombo Street
Manchester Street
Lichfield Street
01 _ “Christchurch Bus Exchange.” Christchurch bus exchange | Ministry for the Environment. Accessed December 4, 2020. https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/towns-and-cities/urban-designcase-studies/christchurch-bus-exchange.
Tuam Street
02 _ England, Jane. “CHRISTCHURCH BUS INTERCHANGE NARRATIVE: HINE PAAKA TIME FOR A CHANGE,” n.d. - https://www.otakaroltd.co.nz/assets/Uploads/TheBusInterchange.pdf
Colombo Street
Manchester Street
Lichfield Street
Tuam Street
03 _ Mena, Florencia. “Christchurch Bus Interchange / Architectus.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, July 16, 2016.
CLIENT: Ōtākaro Ltd ARCHITECT: Architectus PROJECT TEAM: Patrick Clifford, Carsten Auer, Michael Thomson, Severin Soder, Alistair Scott, John Strand, Marianne Calvelo, Luis Cuello, Mark Gifford, Matthew Holloway, Peter Jeffs, Stephen Lammas, Hugh Smith, Warren Nicholson, Yi Ting Yau BUILDER/CONTRACTOR: Thiess; Southbase Construction STRUCTURAL ENGINER AND M&E ENGINEER: Aurecon LANDSCAPE & INTERIORS: Architectus LIGHTING & FAÇADE ENGINEER: Aurecon QUANTITY SURVEYOR: RLB SURVEYOR & GEOTECHNICAL CONSULTANT: Aurecon TRAFFIC CONSULTANT: Aurecon PLANNING CONSULTANT: Planz Consultants
https://www.archdaily.com/791283/christchurch-bus-interchange-architectus-plus-athfield-architects. 04 _ “EllisCo Supply Monodraught Units for Christchurch Bus Interchange “ EllisCo.” Home “ EllisCo. Accessed December 4, 2020. https://www.ellis.co.nz/blog/ellisco-supply-monodraught-units-for-
Structure
Axon
The Christchurch Bus Interchange features a striking 3 dimensional structural steel roof frame which cantilevers in excess of 50 ft. The complex roof structure incorporates a 3 dimensional seismic bracing frame set within the confined architectural envelope. The structural columns are circular hollow section (CHS) steel columns that range in length from 15 to 35 ft all of which typically deliver frame action. The columns base plate connections and foundations have been designed for the seismic overstrength actions.
christchurch-bus-interchange/. 05 _ “Work Archive.” Architectus New Zealand. Accessed December 4, 2020. https://architectus.co.nz/ work/. 06 _ “Hine-Pāka Christchurch Bus Interchange.” Architectus New Zealand, September 6, 2020. https:// architectus.co.nz/work/christchurch-bus-interchange/. PHOTOGRAPHS _ “Christchurch Bus Interchange.” Simon Devitt: Photographer, July 3, 2019. https://
Office and Mercantile Space: these spaces hold the administration spaces as well as the food, beverage, and other shop spaces.
Gateways: This glass and steel membrane are the series of gateways for bus boarding.
simondevitt.com/portfolio/live/christchurch-bus-interchange/.
Circulation Space: The green area indicates the primary interior circulation space that leads from the entrances to the gateways.
Space
This building has a complex task to deal with: the circulation of many buses and even more people. In order to do this, the L-shaped building employs wide open spaces that are naturally lit and ventilated in order to provide the easiest experience for its users.
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