BAP: Surry Hills Library and Community Centre

SURRY HILLS LIBRARY AND COMMUNITY CENTRE Building Analysis Project by Chao Li & Olivia Du

Chao Li & Olivia Du

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Fall 2020

SURRY HILLS LIBRARY AND COMMUNITY CENTRE Surry Hills, Sydney, Australia FJMT

Building Analysis Project by Chao Li & Olivia Du ARCH 341 I FAll 2020 Instructor: Alicia Daniels Uhlig

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Story

01

Site

05

Space

11

Structure

15

Skin

17

Benchmarks

19

Thermal and Ventilation

23

Circulation and Egress

27

Reflections

29

References

31

SURRY HILLS LIBRARY

AND COMMUNITY CENTRE Building Analysis Project by Chao Li & Olivia Du

GRAPHIC SUMMARY

Envelope: Glass

Envelope: Shading

Structure

Stairs Elevator Horizontal Circulation Minor travel path

Program

Circulation & Egress

Thermal & Ventilation

STORY Project Background CITY: COUNTRY:

Sydney Australia

Surry Hills Library and Community Centre is a four-story, 2497 square meters building located in the center of Surry Hills, Australia. As a community once considered a “slum”, Surry Hills has developed as an inner-city suburb of Sydney with high density of population, inclusive cultural background and diverse architecture complex. Therefore, the main purpose of the building was to design a mixed-use facility which could engage the local community. FJMT Architects was adhered to the cultural vivacity of Surry Hills, and designed a hybrid public building with resource center, community center and childcare center integrated into one building.

It has been enriched the community of Surry Hills since 2009 with diverse range of services and multiple sustainable elements. With the inviting transparent facade and the attractive aesthetic performance, it becomes an “embodiment of sharing” for all of residents.

Reflection The architects are ambitious to innovate many technologies and apply sustainable elements into the aesthetics of the project. In Surry Hills Library and Community Centre, thermal comfort was achieved by an application of bio-mimicry. Air is both cooled and cleaned with the plants in the glass atrium. Not only cleaning the air, the utilization of the glass atrium also improving the relationship between this environment and the city around it, and introducing a dynamic interior and exterior connection.

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Story

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Surry Hills Library and Community Centre Photo: fjmt Studio

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Surry Hills Library and Community Centre Photo: ArchDaily

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Project Design Team Architect:

Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp (FJMT)

Builder:

ProBuild

Landscape:

Matthew Todd, Mark Brandon

Developer:

City Projects

Project Team:

Richard Francis-Jones, Simon Barr, Lance White, Alison Jones, Misha De Moyer, James Perry, Josephine Turner, Peter Wise

ESD and mechanical engineer:

Steensen Varming

Facade engineering:

Taylor Thomson Whitting

Fire engineering:

Arup Sydney

Hydraulic consultant:

Warren Smith & Partners

Lifts and security consultant:

Steensen Varming

Client:

City of Sydney

Structural & Facade Engineering:

Taylor Thomson Whitting

Construction Administration:

Altus Page Kirkland

AV production:

Noisebox Entertainment Systems

Access consultant:

Lighting and electrical engineers: Steensen Varming PCA:

Davis Langdon

Accessibility Solutions

Project manager:

Altus Page Kirkland

Acoustic consultant:

Acoustic Studio

Structural engineer:

Taylor Thomson Whitting

BCA consultant:

Davis Langdon

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Story

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fjmt Director and Studio Leaders Photo: fjmt Studio

Architect Firm Profile FJMT is an international architecture firm founded in 2002 by Richard Francis-Jones and Jeff Morehen Managing, located in Sydney. They engaged a diverse range of works to establish the connections between communities and buildings. By embracing a humanistic approach that considers not only the limitation of cost and time at work but also the reflection of culture and the value of the community. The Auckland Art Gallery, designed by FJMT, has attracted millions of tourists after its completion. It can be seen that FJMT attaches great importance to the social meaning of architecture. They believe that public art can deepen people’s connection with a place and increase community identity.

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Context ADDRESS:

405 Crown St, Surry Hills NSW 2010, Australia

The building is concentrated into a 25 by 28 meters (82 by 92 ft) site. Three edges of the building are bound by the main street, Crown St to the east, and two residential roads: Collins St and Norton St to the south and west. It is a convenient district that is surrounded by various restaurants and multiple bus lines. Three bus stops on Crown St are accessible by bus 304, 352, 383, 339, 374, 376. There is a more enclosed and private road on the west side and a small pocket park adjacent to the south, which makes a transition between public streets and private space.

SITE PLAN

Norton St

Collion St

ON

SITE

Crown St 0

2

5

5 m ~ 16.4 ft

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Site

m

AERIAL VIEW

B B

al

B

Crown S t

Residen ti

Norton

al

St

Residen ti

Shanno n Reserve Park

Residen ti

al

Collion

s St

Residen ti

al

Entrance Park

B 2.1

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Bus

Surry Hills Community Centre Aerial View Diagraming over google base plan

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Climate LATITUDE: 33.8 S LONGITUDE: 151.2 E Sydney has a humid subtropical monsoon climate. The temperature is mild throughout the year. The highest temperature is 40 Celsius (104 F) in January, and the lowest temperature is 5 Celsius (41 F) in July. Rain is most common from February to June, and it receives approximately 47.7 inches of rain over 143.4 days a year.

The climate of New South Wales is considered as Climate zone 5. An American city with the similar latitude is Huston, Texas.

According to the psychrometric chart, due to the warm temperate climate, it requires relatively simple design consideration to achieve thermal comfort. A better performance can be made by reducing internal heat gain and avoid inappropriate or overused of glazing.

Therefore, sun shading is a primary consideration in this building. The architects apply multiple passive solar strategies to address this problem. Such as the timber louvers operated with hi-tech senor.

3D SUN PATH

Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -33.850000000000001 Hourly Data: Dry Bulb Temperature (C) Sydney_NSW_AUS

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Site

WIND-ROSE

m/s

m/s NNW

N

12.00

NNE

NW

NNW

11.00

NE

N

12.00

NNE

NW

11.00

NE

10.00

10.00 WNW

ENE

WNW

9.00

ENE

8.00

8.00 W

E

WSW SW

6.00

4.00

SW

Australia is in the southern hemisphere. The coldest uary, which is just the opposite of the United States.

45 BTU/lb

HDD (2019): CDD (2019):

5.00

3.00

SSE

90%80%70% 60%

50%

24:00

Comfort Zone of Windows Sun Shading Sun Shading of Gain Windows Internal Heat Passive SolarGain Direct Gain Low Mass Internal Heat Passive Solar Direct Gain Gain high Mass Passive Solar Direct Low Mass Dehumidification Passive Solar DirectOnly Gain high Mass Dehumidification Only

6.00

2.00 Wind-Rose Sydney_NSW_AUS 1 JLY 1:00 - 1 AUG 24:00 (m/s) Coldest Winter Days 1 JUL 1:00 - 1 AUG 24:00 Hourly Data: Wind Speed (m/s) Calm for 25.13% of the time = 193 hours.

Each closed polyline of 3.4%.is= Jan26 hours. month is July andshows the frequency hottest month

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 19.5% 8.9% 8.9% 50.5% 13.8% 50.5% 16.1% 13.8% 13% 16.1% 13%

S

7.00

4.00

SE SSW

2.00 Wind-Rose Sydney_NSW_AUS 11JAN 1:00 - 1 -FEB 24:00 (m/s) Hottest Summer Days JAN 1:00 1 FEB 24:00 Hourly Data: Wind Speed (m/s) Calm for 28.13% of the time = 216 hours.

Each closed polyline shows frequency of 2.1%. = 16 hours.

Psychrometric Chart Sydney_NSW_AUS 11 JAN 1:00 - 31 -DEC JAN 1:00 3124:00 DEC

ESE

3.00

SSE

S

E

WSW

5.00

SE SSW

W

7.00

ESE

9.00

40 BTU/lb

0.03

40% 0.025

35 BTU/lb

248 279

30% 0.02

30 BTU/lb

25 BTU/lb 0.015 20 BTU/lb

20%

Hours 87.00<= 78.30

15 BTU/lb

0.01

69.60 60.90

10 BTU/lb

52.20

10%

5 BTU/lb

43.50 0.005

0 BTU/lb

34.80 26.10 17.40 8.70

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Operative Temperature [°F] Humidity Ratio [lb water/ lb air]

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35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100 105 110 115

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Regional Resources

Geothermal Heat

Recover Energy

ENERGY

OUTPUTS Sydney Recycling Centre Wastewater Treatment Plants

Gar

bag

e

Sun Pv

Deepwater Ocean Ou�all

Renewable Energy

Se

SITE

Wind

River

e

g wa

Stormwater

Water Recyling Plants Reuse for Agricultural Irriga�on

Sydney

Prospect Water Rainwater

Oceans

Rivers Warragamba Dam

INPUTS

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Site

Water supply and wastewater network in the city of Sydney are provided by Sydney Water.

There are 13 water delivery systems. Water of Surry Hills library and community center is supplied by Potts Hills water delivery system. Sydney Water also works with 16 wastewater treatment plants and 14 water recycling plants.

Nowadays, acting on climate change is the priority of the City. Since July 2020, Sydney is now entirely powered by renewable energy from wind and solar farms in New South Wales.

Their Sustainable Sydney 2030 plan is being implemented. Their aim is to reduce carbon emission and become a low-carbon city.

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SPACE Massing and Configuration

PHYSICAL MODEL

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Space

DIGITAL MODEL

Section

SECTION

0

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m

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Axonometric and Program

LEVEL TWO

LEVEL ONE

TREET

ON S NORT

GROUND FLOOR

Main

ce

Entran EET

N STR

CROW

LOWER GROUND FLOOR

Community Service Library Children’s Area Support Space Mechanical Plants

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Space

Floor Plans 13 24

26

19

20

21 23

16

14 20

22

15

20

18

25

Level Two

5

17

Level One

10 3

4 11

4

1 12

9

1 9

2

5 6

6

8

7 Lower Ground Floor Plan

Site plan & Ground Floor 0

2

5

m

1. Library Collection 2. Local History Study Room 3. Public Computer Room 4. Library Administration 5. Meeting Room 6. Reading room 7. Water Recycling Plant 8. Geothermal Bore Plant 9. Thermal Labyrinth 10. Shared Entry Lobby 11. Reading Room and Cafe 12. Children's Space 13. Lobby 14. Teaching Kitchen

15. Function Room 16. Storeroom 17. Surry Hills Neighborhood Center 18. Language Laboratory 19. Administration 20. Children's Play Space 21. Cot Room 22. Bathroom/Nappy Change Room 23. Heat and Serve Kitchen 24. Childcare Administration 25. Staff Room 26. Store Room

5 m ~ 16.4 ft

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STRUCTURE

Flat slab Drop panels Column

DIGITAL MODEL

The Surry Hills Library uses two-way flat slab system to resist gravity and lateral loads. The flat slab uses drop panels to increase the shear strength of concrete.

ANALOG MODEL

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Structure

EXPLODED VIEW

Roof

Thickened portions around the columns increase the shear strength of the critical section around the columns.

Two-way concrete flat slab with drop panels system, columns, and shear walls help the building counteract the gravity load and horizontal forces.

Impose limits on horizontal movement or sway.

Foundation and footing

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SKIN

The use of material in Surry Hills Library is finely considered. A series of vertical timber louvers are designed to wrap three sides of the building and achieve the balance of transparency and opacity.

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Skin

SHADING The north, east and west façade is designed with different amounts of operable panels and glass.

The north façade has less glass without any louvers as it is adjacent to the residential buildings. The west side is a mix of solid and active panels, and the east side has the most active façade to engage with the business of Crown Street.

GLASS The south face is where the glass atrium is. The glass skin is supported by a pyramidal glass structure. The triangulated glass atrium is part of the air quality system using natural filtering properties of plants. The system could efficiently reduce 50% of the use of active cooling.

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BENCHMARKS Daylight Analysis

Cove Tool Daylight Study

10%

30%

50%

70%

0

90%

70% sDA

250

500

750

1000+

17% ASE

WWR

South 72%

North 2%

51%

West 9%

East

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Benckmarks

After the skin study, we conducted a more indepth analysis of the daylight performance with energy modeling in Cove Tool. The vertical timber veneer clad louver system controlled by a high-tech sensor effectively operates the library’s internal glare and heat levels. Each façade is addressed as its own designed elements with different window-wall ratio. The glass wall on the south is the primary source of daylight, which vastly reduced the use of artificial light fixtures.

Energy Use LOAD PROFILE End Uses Heating Cooling Fans Interior Lighting Plug Loads Service Hot Water

Use Type: SCHOOL Estimated Site EUI:

39.88 kBtu/ft²-yr

Estimated Energy Consumption:

1,071.74 MBtu/yr

Other Renewable Energy On Site Off Site End Uses

The load profile shows that the building is cooling dominate. It is estimated that the plug loads may occupy the most energy consumption.

Renewable Energy

TARGET EUI: 30

based on a 70% reduction

BASELINE 98 EUI 100 Zero Score TARGET 30 EUI 31 Zero Score

RESULTS

BASELINE

TARGET

Zero Score

100

31

Site EUI

98

30

Source EUI

236

71

Taltal GHG Emissions

327

99

(kBtu/ft²/yr) (kBtu/ft²/yr)

(metric tons CO₂e/yr）

Use Type: LIBRARY Gross Square Footage: 26877.484 sq.ft

Use 70% reduction because it is an existing international building which doesn't have to follow the 2030 challenge reduction target.

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BASELINE EUI Whole Building EUI

Education 66.6 kBtu/ft²/y

LEED Points - EAc2 Credit

Electricity Natural Gas

Benchmarking Energy

$81625.84 /yr $5393.65 /yr

CO2 Reduction%

2030 Baseline 515 Tonne/CO2e/yr Emissions 221.1Tonne/CO2e/yr You Saved 44 Trucks of Ice/yr

EUI Breakdown

2030 Baseline 155.11

My EUI 66.6

2030 Baseline 31.02

SIMULATION OUTCOME Whole Building EUI

Education 32.32 kBtu/ft²/y

LEED Points - EAc2 Credit

Electricity Natural Gas

Benchmarking Energy

2030 Baseline 155.11

My EUI 32.32

2030 Baseline 31.02

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Benckmarks

$56539.25 /yr $409.2 /yr

CO2 Reduction%

2030 Baseline 558 Tonne/CO2e/yr Emissions 137.9Tonne/CO2e/yr You Saved 63 Trucks of Ice/yr

EUI Breakdown

ENVELOP

BUILDING SYSTEM

Blinds/Shades Exterior Blinds

BMS

Advanced BMS automatically control heat load, light and shade conditions: sunshade louvres, adjusting ventilation.

Daylight Sensors Hi-tech daylight Sensors to switch lights on and off when required.

REFLECTION 1.

The result of EUI breakdown shows that the building is heating dominate because the HDD are higher than CDD days. It is different from the result that we got from degreedays.net. Heating loads can be lower by considering the glazing ratio. Also, update the building energy management system which is the building actually has.

2.

The lighting load contributes a high percentage of the total EUI. Optimized the lighting power density and the daylight power density could reduce the lighting load.

The contemporary target EUI for a library is 30, based on a 70% reduction. The outcome we got from Cove Tool is 32, which is closed to the baseline. Since the building set new benchmarks in environmental performance for multi-purpose public buildings, it is reasonable to make the assumption that the actual EUI is lower than 32. However, Cove Tool cannot simulate all the unique technologies adopted by this building, such as the bio-filter to absorb CO2 and release O2 from plants. Even though the result may be higher than the actual energy use, we can still find that the Surry Hills Library achieves excellence in sustainable design.

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THERMAL AND VENTILATION

Green Roof

Photovoltaic Panels

Outdoor Air Intake

Fan Coil Units

Relief Air Bio-Filter

Labyrinth

Geothermal Heat Exchanger

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Thermal and Ventilcation

The Surry Hills Library reduces the heating and cooling load by biological filtration, sun shading devices, and geothermal heat exchanger. Large timber louvers can automatically track the sun to obtain the best indoor light to adjust indoor temperature and reduce heating and cooling loads. In winter, air flows under the building to use geothermal energy. A green roof can reduce the energy loss of the building.

In summer, outside air is sucked into the building from the top of the atrium and cooled after filtering through plants to reduce cooling load.

GREEN ROOF

Reduce energy loss by increasing thermal mass and reducing heat gains to the building.

OUTDOOR AIR INTAKE

Clean air source located away from Crown street to drawn in outside air and improve air quality. First stage cooling proved by geothermal coils to temper incoming fresh air.

BIO-FILTER

Passive filtration and removal of air contaminants. Plants and biomass absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

GEOTHERMAL HEAT EXCHANGER

For passive tempering of incoming outside air to “Bio-filter” by transferring incoming energy from the earth to the building.

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

Offset grid power demands to provide supplementary power to the building. Also work as shading panels for roof.

FAN COIL UNITS

Trims fresh air to satisfy heating & cooling needs of the building.

RELIEF AIR

Natural relief to outside.

LABYRINTH

Air runs around the building perimeter through gabions walls that passively heat and cool the air.

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AIR INTAKE

NIGHT FLUSH

AIR SUPPLY

WATER COLLECTION

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Thermal and Ventilcation

Air Quality System STEP 1

Outside air is drawn in at the top of the atrium.

STEP 2

The air passes through plant acting as “passive” bio-filters.

STEP 3

Air then flows under the building where its temperature is conditioned by a thermal labyrinth, a series of high thermal-mass rock baskets.

STEP 4

The filtered and cooled air flows throughout.

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CIRCULATION AND EGRESS LEVEL TWO

LEVEL ONE

TREET

ON S NORT

Exit

GROUND FLOOR

Main N CROW

nce

Entra T

STREE

LOWER GROUND FLOOR

Stairs Elevator Horizontal Circulation Stairs

Minor Travel Path

Elevator Horizontal Circulation Minor travel path

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Circulation

Exit

Circulation

Visitors are able to access the first-floor corridor from main entrance, which is adjacent to Crown street on the east. The staircase in the corridor only connect the ground floor and the first level, but people can take the elevator to any floor. The spiral staircase in the reading area gives access to the lower level.

Egress

The main entrance on Crown street also uses as an exit for most of the users. The library utilizes three main stairwells. The only staircase connecting all four stories is on the west of the building. It is separated from other interior spaces by fire resistance and also provides exit access to the public way on Norton Street.

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REFLECTIONS

The process of analyzing the Surry Hills Library and Community Center benefits us because it incorporates multiple technologies and innovations to approach sustainability.

ENERGY USE First, the Surry hills library maximizes the use of renewable energy. It uses a green roof to harvest rainwater into cisterns as restroom water supply and landscape irrigation. Photovoltaic panels to collect solar energy for electricity. High levels of natural lighting throughout the building to reduce electricity consumption.

AIR QUALITY The appeared glass atrium on the southern facade is the most emblematic feature of the building, which encourages pedestrians to venture into the building. It integrates plants into the double wall atrium as a bio-filter to improve the air quality of the entire building, then delivers fresh air by fan coil units.

MATERIALS The architects also put a lot of thought into the use of materials. In this building, timber is extensively applied to both the interior and exterior of the library. It creates transparency with automated Louvre systems that filter and control sunlight.

They also apply alternative materials to PVC for plumbing and electrical services.

Even though the building has received both praise and criticism, there is no doubt that it provides a truly pleasant shared space for the Surry Hill community to meet and study. It becomes a landmark and establishes a benchmark for local sustainable building due to the excellence of both design and environmental performance. We think it is also an inspiring example of a system thinking that the sustainability of building can be achieved through aesthetic features.

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Reflections

REFERENCES Bibliography Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp. “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre / FJMT” 25 Apr 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 21

Sep 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/57339/surry-hills-library-and-community-centre-fjmt ISSN 0719-8884

Mackenzie, Dan. 2010. “Surry Hills -- so How Does It Work?” Architecture Australia 99 (2): 1014. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=vth&AN=49138650&site=e host-live&scope=site.

Harding, Laura. “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre.” Architecture Australia 99, no. 2 (March 2010): 41–49. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=vth&AN=49138637&site=e host-live&scope=site.

“Crown Street Reservoir (Covered) (WS 0034) and Site.” Sydney Water. https://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/wa ter-the-environment/what-we-re-doing/Heritage-search/heritage-detail/index.htm?heritageid=4575728&From Page=searchresults.

“How water is delivered to your property - Potts Hill Water Delivery System.” Sydney Water. https://www.sydneywater. com.au/SW/water-the-environment/how-we-manage-sydney-s-water/how-water-is-delivered-to-your-property/ index.htm.

“Wastewater Network” Sydney Water. https://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/water-the-environment/how-we-manage- sydney-s-water/wastewater-network/index.htm

“Wastewater treatment plants.” Sydney Water. https://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/water-the-environment/how-we- manage-sydney-s-water/wastewater-network/wastewater-treatment-plants/index.htm.

“Australian Climate Zones.” YourHome. Accessed 4 Dec,2020.https://www.yourhome.gov.au/introduction/australian-cli mate-zones.

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References

“A transformative approach to power generation in Australia” 14 Aug 2017. The University of Sydney. https://www.syd ney.edu.au/engineering/news-and-events/2017/08/14/a-transformative-approach-to-power-genera tion-in-australia.html.

“Environmental Action 2016-2021L Strategy and Action Plan.” 30 Mar 2017. City of Sydney. https://www.sydney.edu. au/engineering/news-and-events/2017/08/14/a-transformative-approach-to-power-generation-in-australia. html.

“Surry Hills Library and Community Centre Upgrade.” City of Sydney. https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/building-fa cility-upgrades/surry-hills-library-and-community-centre-upgrade.

Image Credits Cover Image, 1.1, Back Cover mage: Photograph © Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp Pty Ltd “Surry Hills Neighbourhood Centre” ArchDaily. Accessed 3 Dec 2020. https://fjmtstudio.com/projects/surry-hills-library/

1.2-1.3: Photograph © Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp Pty Ltd “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre / FJMT” 25 Apr 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 4 Dec 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/57339/surry-hills-library-and-community-centre-fjmt. ISSN 0719-8884

1.4: Photograph © Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp Pty Ltd Accessed 03 Dec 2020. https://fjmtstudio.com/studio.

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