SURRY HILLS LIBRARY AND COMMUNITY CENTRE Building Analysis Project by Chao Li & Olivia Du
Chao Li & Olivia Du
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ARCH 341
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Fall 2020
SURRY HILLS LIBRARY AND COMMUNITY CENTRE Surry Hills, Sydney, Australia FJMT
Building Analysis Project by Chao Li & Olivia Du ARCH 341 I FAll 2020 Instructor: Alicia Daniels Uhlig
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Story
01
Site
05
Space
11
Structure
15
Skin
17
Benchmarks
19
Thermal and Ventilation
23
Circulation and Egress
27
Reflections
29
References
31
SURRY HILLS LIBRARY
AND COMMUNITY CENTRE Building Analysis Project by Chao Li & Olivia Du
GRAPHIC SUMMARY
Envelope: Glass
Envelope: Shading
Structure
Stairs Elevator Horizontal Circulation Minor travel path
Program
Circulation & Egress
Thermal & Ventilation
STORY Project Background CITY: COUNTRY:
Sydney Australia
Surry Hills Library and Community Centre is a four-story, 2497 square meters building located in the center of Surry Hills, Australia. As a community once considered a “slum”, Surry Hills has developed as an inner-city suburb of Sydney with high density of population, inclusive cultural background and diverse architecture complex. Therefore, the main purpose of the building was to design a mixed-use facility which could engage the local community. FJMT Architects was adhered to the cultural vivacity of Surry Hills, and designed a hybrid public building with resource center, community center and childcare center integrated into one building. It has been enriched the community of Surry Hills since 2009 with diverse range of services and multiple sustainable elements. With the inviting transparent facade and the attractive aesthetic performance, it becomes an “embodiment of sharing” for all of residents.
Reflection The architects are ambitious to innovate many technologies and apply sustainable elements into the aesthetics of the project. In Surry Hills Library and Community Centre, thermal comfort was achieved by an application of bio-mimicry. Air is both cooled and cleaned with the plants in the glass atrium. Not only cleaning the air, the utilization of the glass atrium also improving the relationship between this environment and the city around it, and introducing a dynamic interior and exterior connection.
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Story
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Surry Hills Library and Community Centre Photo: fjmt Studio
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Surry Hills Library and Community Centre Photo: ArchDaily
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Project Design Team Architect:
Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp (FJMT)
Builder:
ProBuild
Landscape:
Matthew Todd, Mark Brandon
Developer:
City Projects
Project Team:
Richard Francis-Jones, Simon Barr, Lance White, Alison Jones, Misha De Moyer, James Perry, Josephine Turner, Peter Wise
ESD and mechanical engineer:
Steensen Varming
Facade engineering:
Taylor Thomson Whitting
Fire engineering:
Arup Sydney
Hydraulic consultant:
Warren Smith & Partners
Lifts and security consultant:
Steensen Varming
Client:
City of Sydney
Structural & Facade Engineering:
Taylor Thomson Whitting
Construction Administration:
Altus Page Kirkland
AV production:
Noisebox Entertainment Systems
Access consultant:
Lighting and electrical engineers: Steensen Varming PCA:
Davis Langdon
Accessibility Solutions
Project manager:
Altus Page Kirkland
Acoustic consultant:
Acoustic Studio
Structural engineer:
Taylor Thomson Whitting
BCA consultant:
Davis Langdon
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Story
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fjmt Director and Studio Leaders Photo: fjmt Studio
Architect Firm Profile FJMT is an international architecture firm founded in 2002 by Richard Francis-Jones and Jeff Morehen Managing, located in Sydney. They engaged a diverse range of works to establish the connections between communities and buildings. By embracing a humanistic approach that considers not only the limitation of cost and time at work but also the reflection of culture and the value of the community. The Auckland Art Gallery, designed by FJMT, has attracted millions of tourists after its completion. It can be seen that FJMT attaches great importance to the social meaning of architecture. They believe that public art can deepen people’s connection with a place and increase community identity.
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Context ADDRESS:
405 Crown St, Surry Hills NSW 2010, Australia
The building is concentrated into a 25 by 28 meters (82 by 92 ft) site. Three edges of the building are bound by the main street, Crown St to the east, and two residential roads: Collins St and Norton St to the south and west. It is a convenient district that is surrounded by various restaurants and multiple bus lines. Three bus stops on Crown St are accessible by bus 304, 352, 383, 339, 374, 376. There is a more enclosed and private road on the west side and a small pocket park adjacent to the south, which makes a transition between public streets and private space.
SITE PLAN
Norton St
Collion St
ON
SITE
Crown St 0
2
5
5 m ~ 16.4 ft
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Site
m
AERIAL VIEW
B B
al
B
Crown S t
Residen ti
Norton
al
St
Residen ti
Shanno n Reserve Park
Residen ti
al
Collion
s St
Residen ti
al
Entrance Park
B 2.1
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Bus
Surry Hills Community Centre Aerial View Diagraming over google base plan
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Climate LATITUDE: 33.8 S LONGITUDE: 151.2 E Sydney has a humid subtropical monsoon climate. The temperature is mild throughout the year. The highest temperature is 40 Celsius (104 F) in January, and the lowest temperature is 5 Celsius (41 F) in July. Rain is most common from February to June, and it receives approximately 47.7 inches of rain over 143.4 days a year. The climate of New South Wales is considered as Climate zone 5. An American city with the similar latitude is Huston, Texas. According to the psychrometric chart, due to the warm temperate climate, it requires relatively simple design consideration to achieve thermal comfort. A better performance can be made by reducing internal heat gain and avoid inappropriate or overused of glazing. Therefore, sun shading is a primary consideration in this building. The architects apply multiple passive solar strategies to address this problem. Such as the timber louvers operated with hi-tech senor.
3D SUN PATH
Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -33.850000000000001 Hourly Data: Dry Bulb Temperature (C) Sydney_NSW_AUS
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WIND-ROSE
m/s
m/s NNW
N
12.00
NNE
NW
NNW
11.00
NE
N
12.00
NNE
NW
11.00
NE
10.00
10.00 WNW
ENE
WNW
9.00
ENE
8.00
8.00 W
E
WSW SW
6.00
4.00
SW
Australia is in the southern hemisphere. The coldest uary, which is just the opposite of the United States.
45 BTU/lb
HDD (2019): CDD (2019):
5.00
3.00
SSE
90%80%70% 60%
50%
24:00
Comfort Zone of Windows Sun Shading Sun Shading of Gain Windows Internal Heat Passive SolarGain Direct Gain Low Mass Internal Heat Passive Solar Direct Gain Gain high Mass Passive Solar Direct Low Mass Dehumidification Passive Solar DirectOnly Gain high Mass Dehumidification Only
6.00
2.00 Wind-Rose Sydney_NSW_AUS 1 JLY 1:00 - 1 AUG 24:00 (m/s) Coldest Winter Days 1 JUL 1:00 - 1 AUG 24:00 Hourly Data: Wind Speed (m/s) Calm for 25.13% of the time = 193 hours. Each closed polyline of 3.4%.is= Jan26 hours. month is July andshows the frequency hottest month
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 19.5% 8.9% 8.9% 50.5% 13.8% 50.5% 16.1% 13.8% 13% 16.1% 13%
S
7.00
4.00
SE SSW
2.00 Wind-Rose Sydney_NSW_AUS 11JAN 1:00 - 1 -FEB 24:00 (m/s) Hottest Summer Days JAN 1:00 1 FEB 24:00 Hourly Data: Wind Speed (m/s) Calm for 28.13% of the time = 216 hours. Each closed polyline shows frequency of 2.1%. = 16 hours.
Psychrometric Chart Sydney_NSW_AUS 11 JAN 1:00 - 31 -DEC JAN 1:00 3124:00 DEC
ESE
3.00
SSE
S
E
WSW
5.00
SE SSW
W
7.00
ESE
9.00
40 BTU/lb
0.03
40% 0.025
35 BTU/lb
248 279
30% 0.02
30 BTU/lb
25 BTU/lb 0.015 20 BTU/lb
20%
Hours 87.00<= 78.30
15 BTU/lb
0.01
69.60 60.90
10 BTU/lb
52.20
10%
5 BTU/lb
43.50 0.005
0 BTU/lb
34.80 26.10 17.40 8.70
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Operative Temperature [°F] Humidity Ratio [lb water/ lb air]
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35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100 105 110 115
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Regional Resources
Geothermal Heat
Recover Energy
ENERGY
OUTPUTS Sydney Recycling Centre Wastewater Treatment Plants
Gar
bag
e
Sun Pv
Deepwater Ocean Ou�all
Renewable Energy
Se
SITE
Wind
River
e
g wa
Stormwater
Water Recyling Plants Reuse for Agricultural Irriga�on
Sydney
Prospect Water Rainwater
Oceans
Rivers Warragamba Dam
INPUTS
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Site
Water supply and wastewater network in the city of Sydney are provided by Sydney Water. There are 13 water delivery systems. Water of Surry Hills library and community center is supplied by Potts Hills water delivery system. Sydney Water also works with 16 wastewater treatment plants and 14 water recycling plants.
Nowadays, acting on climate change is the priority of the City. Since July 2020, Sydney is now entirely powered by renewable energy from wind and solar farms in New South Wales. Their Sustainable Sydney 2030 plan is being implemented. Their aim is to reduce carbon emission and become a low-carbon city.
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SPACE Massing and Configuration
PHYSICAL MODEL
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Space
DIGITAL MODEL
Section
SECTION
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m
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Axonometric and Program
LEVEL TWO
LEVEL ONE
TREET
ON S NORT
GROUND FLOOR
Main
ce
Entran EET
N STR
CROW
LOWER GROUND FLOOR
Community Service Library Children’s Area Support Space Mechanical Plants
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Space
Floor Plans 13 24
26
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20
21 23
16
14 20
22
15
20
18
25
Level Two
5
17
Level One
10 3
4 11
4
1 12
9
1 9
2
5 6
6
8
7 Lower Ground Floor Plan
Site plan & Ground Floor 0
2
5
m
1. Library Collection 2. Local History Study Room 3. Public Computer Room 4. Library Administration 5. Meeting Room 6. Reading room 7. Water Recycling Plant 8. Geothermal Bore Plant 9. Thermal Labyrinth 10. Shared Entry Lobby 11. Reading Room and Cafe 12. Children's Space 13. Lobby 14. Teaching Kitchen
15. Function Room 16. Storeroom 17. Surry Hills Neighborhood Center 18. Language Laboratory 19. Administration 20. Children's Play Space 21. Cot Room 22. Bathroom/Nappy Change Room 23. Heat and Serve Kitchen 24. Childcare Administration 25. Staff Room 26. Store Room
5 m ~ 16.4 ft
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STRUCTURE
Flat slab Drop panels Column
DIGITAL MODEL
The Surry Hills Library uses two-way flat slab system to resist gravity and lateral loads. The flat slab uses drop panels to increase the shear strength of concrete.
ANALOG MODEL
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Structure
EXPLODED VIEW
Roof
Thickened portions around the columns increase the shear strength of the critical section around the columns.
Two-way concrete flat slab with drop panels system, columns, and shear walls help the building counteract the gravity load and horizontal forces.
Impose limits on horizontal movement or sway.
Foundation and footing
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SKIN
The use of material in Surry Hills Library is finely considered. A series of vertical timber louvers are designed to wrap three sides of the building and achieve the balance of transparency and opacity.
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Skin
SHADING The north, east and west façade is designed with different amounts of operable panels and glass. The north façade has less glass without any louvers as it is adjacent to the residential buildings. The west side is a mix of solid and active panels, and the east side has the most active façade to engage with the business of Crown Street.
GLASS The south face is where the glass atrium is. The glass skin is supported by a pyramidal glass structure. The triangulated glass atrium is part of the air quality system using natural filtering properties of plants. The system could efficiently reduce 50% of the use of active cooling.
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BENCHMARKS Daylight Analysis
Cove Tool Daylight Study
10%
30%
50%
70%
0
90%
70% sDA
250
500
750
1000+
17% ASE
WWR
South 72%
North 2%
51%
West 9%
East
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Benckmarks
After the skin study, we conducted a more indepth analysis of the daylight performance with energy modeling in Cove Tool. The vertical timber veneer clad louver system controlled by a high-tech sensor effectively operates the library’s internal glare and heat levels. Each façade is addressed as its own designed elements with different window-wall ratio. The glass wall on the south is the primary source of daylight, which vastly reduced the use of artificial light fixtures.
Energy Use LOAD PROFILE End Uses Heating Cooling Fans Interior Lighting Plug Loads Service Hot Water
Use Type: SCHOOL Estimated Site EUI:
39.88 kBtu/ft²-yr
Estimated Energy Consumption: 1,071.74 MBtu/yr
Other Renewable Energy On Site Off Site End Uses
The load profile shows that the building is cooling dominate. It is estimated that the plug loads may occupy the most energy consumption.
Renewable Energy
TARGET EUI: 30
based on a 70% reduction
BASELINE 98 EUI 100 Zero Score TARGET 30 EUI 31 Zero Score
RESULTS
BASELINE
TARGET
Zero Score
100
31
Site EUI
98
30
Source EUI
236
71
Taltal GHG Emissions
327
99
(kBtu/ft²/yr) (kBtu/ft²/yr)
(metric tons CO₂e/yr）
Use Type: LIBRARY Gross Square Footage: 26877.484 sq.ft
Use 70% reduction because it is an existing international building which doesn't have to follow the 2030 challenge reduction target.
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BASELINE EUI Whole Building EUI
Education 66.6 kBtu/ft²/y
LEED Points - EAc2 Credit
Electricity Natural Gas
Benchmarking Energy
$81625.84 /yr $5393.65 /yr
CO2 Reduction%
2030 Baseline 515 Tonne/CO2e/yr Emissions 221.1Tonne/CO2e/yr You Saved 44 Trucks of Ice/yr
EUI Breakdown
2030 Baseline 155.11
My EUI 66.6
2030 Baseline 31.02
SIMULATION OUTCOME Whole Building EUI
Education 32.32 kBtu/ft²/y
LEED Points - EAc2 Credit
Electricity Natural Gas
Benchmarking Energy
2030 Baseline 155.11
My EUI 32.32
2030 Baseline 31.02
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Benckmarks
$56539.25 /yr $409.2 /yr
CO2 Reduction%
2030 Baseline 558 Tonne/CO2e/yr Emissions 137.9Tonne/CO2e/yr You Saved 63 Trucks of Ice/yr
EUI Breakdown
ENVELOP
BUILDING SYSTEM
Blinds/Shades Exterior Blinds
BMS
Advanced BMS automatically control heat load, light and shade conditions: sunshade louvres, adjusting ventilation.
Daylight Sensors Hi-tech daylight Sensors to switch lights on and off when required.
REFLECTION 1. The result of EUI breakdown shows that the building is heating dominate because the HDD are higher than CDD days. It is different from the result that we got from degreedays.net. Heating loads can be lower by considering the glazing ratio. Also, update the building energy management system which is the building actually has. 2. The lighting load contributes a high percentage of the total EUI. Optimized the lighting power density and the daylight power density could reduce the lighting load.
The contemporary target EUI for a library is 30, based on a 70% reduction. The outcome we got from Cove Tool is 32, which is closed to the baseline. Since the building set new benchmarks in environmental performance for multi-purpose public buildings, it is reasonable to make the assumption that the actual EUI is lower than 32. However, Cove Tool cannot simulate all the unique technologies adopted by this building, such as the bio-filter to absorb CO2 and release O2 from plants. Even though the result may be higher than the actual energy use, we can still find that the Surry Hills Library achieves excellence in sustainable design.
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THERMAL AND VENTILATION
Green Roof
Photovoltaic Panels
Outdoor Air Intake
Fan Coil Units
Relief Air Bio-Filter
Labyrinth
Geothermal Heat Exchanger
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Thermal and Ventilcation
The Surry Hills Library reduces the heating and cooling load by biological filtration, sun shading devices, and geothermal heat exchanger. Large timber louvers can automatically track the sun to obtain the best indoor light to adjust indoor temperature and reduce heating and cooling loads. In winter, air flows under the building to use geothermal energy. A green roof can reduce the energy loss of the building. In summer, outside air is sucked into the building from the top of the atrium and cooled after filtering through plants to reduce cooling load.
GREEN ROOF
Reduce energy loss by increasing thermal mass and reducing heat gains to the building.
OUTDOOR AIR INTAKE
Clean air source located away from Crown street to drawn in outside air and improve air quality. First stage cooling proved by geothermal coils to temper incoming fresh air.
BIO-FILTER
Passive filtration and removal of air contaminants. Plants and biomass absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
GEOTHERMAL HEAT EXCHANGER
For passive tempering of incoming outside air to “Bio-filter” by transferring incoming energy from the earth to the building.
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS
Offset grid power demands to provide supplementary power to the building. Also work as shading panels for roof.
FAN COIL UNITS
Trims fresh air to satisfy heating & cooling needs of the building.
RELIEF AIR
Natural relief to outside.
LABYRINTH
Air runs around the building perimeter through gabions walls that passively heat and cool the air.
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AIR INTAKE
NIGHT FLUSH
AIR SUPPLY
WATER COLLECTION
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Thermal and Ventilcation
Air Quality System STEP 1
Outside air is drawn in at the top of the atrium.
STEP 2
The air passes through plant acting as “passive” bio-filters.
STEP 3
Air then flows under the building where its temperature is conditioned by a thermal labyrinth, a series of high thermal-mass rock baskets.
STEP 4
The filtered and cooled air flows throughout.
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CIRCULATION AND EGRESS LEVEL TWO
LEVEL ONE
TREET
ON S NORT
Exit
GROUND FLOOR
Main N CROW
nce
Entra T
STREE
LOWER GROUND FLOOR
Stairs Elevator Horizontal Circulation Stairs
Minor Travel Path
Elevator Horizontal Circulation Minor travel path
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Circulation
Exit
Circulation
Visitors are able to access the first-floor corridor from main entrance, which is adjacent to Crown street on the east. The staircase in the corridor only connect the ground floor and the first level, but people can take the elevator to any floor. The spiral staircase in the reading area gives access to the lower level.
Egress
The main entrance on Crown street also uses as an exit for most of the users. The library utilizes three main stairwells. The only staircase connecting all four stories is on the west of the building. It is separated from other interior spaces by fire resistance and also provides exit access to the public way on Norton Street.
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REFLECTIONS
The process of analyzing the Surry Hills Library and Community Center benefits us because it incorporates multiple technologies and innovations to approach sustainability. ENERGY USE First, the Surry hills library maximizes the use of renewable energy. It uses a green roof to harvest rainwater into cisterns as restroom water supply and landscape irrigation. Photovoltaic panels to collect solar energy for electricity. High levels of natural lighting throughout the building to reduce electricity consumption.
AIR QUALITY The appeared glass atrium on the southern facade is the most emblematic feature of the building, which encourages pedestrians to venture into the building. It integrates plants into the double wall atrium as a bio-filter to improve the air quality of the entire building, then delivers fresh air by fan coil units.
MATERIALS The architects also put a lot of thought into the use of materials. In this building, timber is extensively applied to both the interior and exterior of the library. It creates transparency with automated Louvre systems that filter and control sunlight. They also apply alternative materials to PVC for plumbing and electrical services.
Even though the building has received both praise and criticism, there is no doubt that it provides a truly pleasant shared space for the Surry Hill community to meet and study. It becomes a landmark and establishes a benchmark for local sustainable building due to the excellence of both design and environmental performance. We think it is also an inspiring example of a system thinking that the sustainability of building can be achieved through aesthetic features.
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Reflections
REFERENCES Bibliography Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp. “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre / FJMT” 25 Apr 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 21
Sep 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/57339/surry-hills-library-and-community-centre-fjmt ISSN 0719-8884
Mackenzie, Dan. 2010. “Surry Hills -- so How Does It Work?” Architecture Australia 99 (2): 1014. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=vth&AN=49138650&site=e host-live&scope=site.
Harding, Laura. “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre.” Architecture Australia 99, no. 2 (March 2010): 41–49. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=vth&AN=49138637&site=e host-live&scope=site.
“Crown Street Reservoir (Covered) (WS 0034) and Site.” Sydney Water. https://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/wa ter-the-environment/what-we-re-doing/Heritage-search/heritage-detail/index.htm?heritageid=4575728&From Page=searchresults.
“How water is delivered to your property - Potts Hill Water Delivery System.” Sydney Water. https://www.sydneywater. com.au/SW/water-the-environment/how-we-manage-sydney-s-water/how-water-is-delivered-to-your-property/ index.htm.
“Wastewater Network” Sydney Water. https://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/water-the-environment/how-we-manage- sydney-s-water/wastewater-network/index.htm
“Wastewater treatment plants.” Sydney Water. https://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/water-the-environment/how-we- manage-sydney-s-water/wastewater-network/wastewater-treatment-plants/index.htm.
“Australian Climate Zones.” YourHome. Accessed 4 Dec,2020.https://www.yourhome.gov.au/introduction/australian-cli mate-zones.
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References
“A transformative approach to power generation in Australia” 14 Aug 2017. The University of Sydney. https://www.syd ney.edu.au/engineering/news-and-events/2017/08/14/a-transformative-approach-to-power-genera tion-in-australia.html.
“Environmental Action 2016-2021L Strategy and Action Plan.” 30 Mar 2017. City of Sydney. https://www.sydney.edu. au/engineering/news-and-events/2017/08/14/a-transformative-approach-to-power-generation-in-australia. html.
“Surry Hills Library and Community Centre Upgrade.” City of Sydney. https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/building-fa cility-upgrades/surry-hills-library-and-community-centre-upgrade.
Image Credits Cover Image, 1.1, Back Cover mage: Photograph © Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp Pty Ltd “Surry Hills Neighbourhood Centre” ArchDaily. Accessed 3 Dec 2020. https://fjmtstudio.com/projects/surry-hills-library/
1.2-1.3: Photograph © Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp Pty Ltd “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre / FJMT” 25 Apr 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 4 Dec 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/57339/surry-hills-library-and-community-centre-fjmt. ISSN 0719-8884
1.4: Photograph © Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp Pty Ltd Accessed 03 Dec 2020. https://fjmtstudio.com/studio.
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