Introduction to Printing

A Documentation on Printing

Debanjana Saha Graphic Design 4th Semester 2012

CONTENTS

Introduction Printing in India The five processes of printing Identification of Printing handcomposition Letterpress production system Types of originals Halftone photography Color Imposition Ink ingredients Paper Book binding Field Trip to Art-O-Press and Cor-pack Assignment

INTRODUCTION

Printing is a process for the production of text and images, typically with ink on paper, using a printing press. It is often carried out on a large scale and is an essential part of Publishing and transaction printing.

HISTORY OF PRINTING: Paper 105 AD Woodblock 200 AD Movable type 1040 AD Intaglio 1430 AD Printing press 1454 Lithography 1796 Chromolithography 1837 Rotary press 1843

Gutenberg’s printing press

Flexography 1873 Mimeography 1876 Hot metal type1886 Offset printing 1903 Screen-printing 1907 Dye-sublimation1957 Phototypesetting 1960 Photocopier 1960

Laser printing 1969 Dot matrix 1970s Thermal printing 1970s Inkjet printing 1976 3D printing 1986 Stereo lithography 1986 Digital press 1993 Frescography 1998

metal types

In 105 AD, invention of paper in China by Tsai Lun, primarily used for propagation of religion.

Woodcuts of Buddha were discovered in China as early as the 7th century.

“Diamond- Sutra” is the earliest dated printed book by the Chinese which is about 16 feet long.

During 1058-1061, a Chinese, Pi-sheng developed type characters.

Gutenberg developed the ‘movable type’ in 1440

PRINTING PROCESSES:

Conventional and Non-conventional impact.

CONVENTIONAL: it is done with the master. It produces multiple copies of an original by means of a printing press, which holds an inked image carrier and applies the pressure to transfer the image to a substrate such as paper, plastic, board or glass etc. The image carrier must consist of two basic areas: the image areas which hold the ink to produce image and the non image area which remains un-inked.

NON-IMPACT PRINTING (master less): Includes photography and non contact processes like electro photography, thermal imaging and inkjet printing which do not use conventional image carriers or presses.

Example: Screen-printing Letter press/ flexography Lithography-offset and dry offset Granure The main differences are that in a conventional process, a single plate or image can produce a number of reproductions on a press and in an unconventional process; new image must be generated for each reproduction, even if the identical subject is being produced.

Example: Electrography Ionography Magnetography Ink jet Thermography Photography

LETTERPRESS

Letterpress : Relief printing of text and image using a press with a “type-high bed” printing press and movable type, in which a reversed, raised surface is inked and then pressed into a sheet of paper to obtain a positive right-reading image. It was the normal form of printing text from its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century until the 19th century and remained in wide use for books and other uses until the second half of the 20th century. In addition to the direct impression of inked movable type onto paper or another receptive surface, letterpress is also the direct impression of inked printmaking blocks such as photo-etched zinc “cuts” (plates), linoleum blocks, wood engravings, etc., using such a press.

PRESS METHODS Rotary Press: A rotary printing press is a printing press in which the images to be printed are curved around a cylinder. Printing can be done on large number of substrates, including paper, cardboard, and plastic. Substrates can be sheet feed or unwound on a continuous roll through the press to be printed and further modified if required (e.g. die cut, overprint varnished, embossed).

Printing presses that use continuous rolls are sometimes referred to as “web presses”. Rotary drum printing was invented by Richard March Hoe in 1843, perfected in 1846, and patented in 1847. (Note – Some sources describe Parisian ‘Hippolyte Auguste Marinoni’, (1823, 7 January 1904) as the inventor of the Rotary printing press.

Flat bed cylinder press:Type of letterpress printing press that utilizes a moving flatbed that holds the type while a fixed rotating cylinder provides the pressure that makes the impression. The paper is secured to the cylinder and rolled over the printing surface as the bed passes under the cylinder. The flatbed cylinder press has not been manufactured in the United States since 1962 and is slowly becoming obsolete.

Platen Press:A platen (or platten) is typically a flat metal (or earlier, wooden) plate pressed against a medium (such as paper) to cause an impression in letterpress printing. Platen may also refer to a typewriter roller which friction-feeds paper into position below the typebars or print head.

Flexography: The soft plates and highly fluid inks used in flexography make the process ideal for printing on non-porous materials such as foil laminates and polyethylene. Originally, all flexographic plates were made of moulded rubber, which is still the preferred material when multiple copies of the same image are needed on a single printing cylinder. Rubber plate moulds are impressions of original relief surfaces, such as type forms or engravings, and are normally used to make several duplicate rubber plates. The preparation of a printing cylinder using moulded rubber plates is a time-consuming process because many rubber plates are mounted on a single cylinder and each plate must be carefully positioned in relation to the others.

Flexographic printing presses are simple in design because the fluid ink is easily distributed to the printing surface without an elaborate inking system. Printing is usually done on rolls or webs of substrate rather than on cut sheets, and the printed rolls are then converted into finished products in a separate manufacturing process.

Offset printing: Lithography is the process of imaging from a flat surface. Offset is the process of imaging one surface, and then offsetting the image to the paper. Combined, Offset Lithography is the process of achieving a printed image from a flat surface, once printed on an intermediate medium, and then transferred to the paper.

This process is vastly different from letterpress (Raised Image), Flexography (Raised flexible image), Gravure (engraved image), Silk Screen (Pores on a Silk Screen) printing - The image and the non image are flat and the inked image is formed from the basic principal that ink and water do not mix. Ink being an oil base and water are opposites.

The image on the litho stone or flat surface (modern printing plate) is achieved through a photographic or digital means. The ink receptive areas are treated chemically to attract oil based inks, whereas the non image areas are chemically treated to receive water (non oil based liquids).

Gravure process: The Gravure process is a type of intaglio process in which the actual image is etched into the surface of a plate or metal cylinder. The image consists of tiny cells (or wells) engraved into the cylinder; there may be as many as 22,500 ink wells per square inch. When the cylinder is rotated in a fountain of ink, the excess ink in the non-image area is removed by a thin piece of stainless steel called a doctor blade. The size and depth of each ink well determines how much ink will be deposited on the substrate. When paper is passed between the plate cylinder and rubber impression roller, it acts like a blotter and absorbs the remaining ink in the microscopic wells.

IDENTIFICATION OF PRINTING: LETTERPRESS: (1) the edges of the text shows ink squash due to heavy pressure of cylinder.

(2) Due to heavy pressure, at the back of the paper slight indentation is seen.

(3) Ink intensity is highly compared to offset printing, due to direct transfer of ink.

OFFSET: (1) impression will be even on both text and halftone.

(2) Lines and text are sharp and has clear outline. Solid colors are evenly inked.

(3) Better text reproduction than gravure.

GRAVURE: (1) edges of text not sharp, shows sawtooth effect at the edges. Even the text is rasterized and the result is of lesser quality than offset.

(2) The reproduction of halftone dots is very precise because they are not pressed on to the paper as they are in the offset printing. The image quality is therefore, better than offset.

SCREEN PRNTING: (1) due to heavy deposition of the ink it shows slight raised impression (2) the ink intensity is high and even (3) text is relatively blurry and low quality compared to text printed with the offset method.

a letterpress print

an offscreen print

NON IMPACT PRINTING

Electro photography: The printing technique used in copy machines, laser and LED printers. It uses electrostatic charges, dry ink (toner) and light. A selenium-coated, photoconductive drum is positively charged. Using a laser or LEDs, a negative of the image is beamed onto the drum, cancelling the charge and leaving a positively charged replica of the original image.

A negatively charged toner is attracted to the positive image on the drum. The toner is then attracted to the paper, which is also positively charged. The final stage is fusing, which uses heat and pressure, pressure alone or light to cause the toner to permanently adhere to the paper.

Collotype: it is a screen less planographic process but it is not used at a large scale, in which the plates are coated with bichromatic gelatin, exposed to continuous- tone negatives and printed on lithograph presses with special dampening.

Thermography: this process produces a glossy, raised image by using infrared light. The image is first printed either by letter press or lithograph using an adhesive ink which is coated with a fusable resin containing pigment or a metallic powder. When passes under infrared light the resin pigment is fused to give a hard raised image. It doesn’t give sharp image because of the powder, when looked through a magnifying glass.

Die cutting: it involves the use of metal dies to give the paper or substrate products specific shapes or designs that cannot be accomplished by a straight cut on a press or a guillotine cutter.

Labels, envelopes, folders, cartons and documents are only a few of the many printed products that can be die cut for added functionality. The die plate is made up of brass.

Embossing die stamping: this process also gives a raised printed image but has the added advantage that designs can be ‘blind-embossed’ so the image stands out in relief but is not inked.

PRINTING PRODUCTION SYSTEM

PREPRESS: Before our jobs get to the press, there are several things that must be done to make sure it will look its best. Busy printers have to balance a tight schedule, so they want to make sure that each project is properly prepared to avoid problems at the press. If you’re having your job printed on an offset printing press, your printer will first take your digital files and make film negatives of them.

These negatives will then be used to create metal plates through a process that’s similar to camera film development. If you have a four color (CMYK) design, there will be four plates — one each for cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. Once the plates are made, your project is ready to be printed.

PRESS: An offset press does a lot of things in a very short amount of time to properly execute high-quality printing. Sheet fed offset presses and offset web presses use similar processes, though web presses use huge rolls of paper for high-volume printing, while sheet fed presses are just that — printed sheet by sheet — and are more suitable for short- or mid-range runs (250 to 50,000).

Regardless of the paper feed type, once it is loaded on the press it passes under a series of rollers, two of which work together to put the printed impression on the paper. Before that happens, ink and water are applied to the printing plate, which itself is mounted on a roller. The ink binds to the part of the plate that contains design elements; the water is applied to the white space portion of the paper. Oil is mixed with the ink to ensure that the ink and water repel each other and there is no smearing or blotchiness on the finished product. The plate cylinder transfers, or offsets, the design onto a rubber blanket roller, which in turn transfers the design onto the paper. In four-color printing, this process is repeated three times (once for each color) before the printing is complete and the job is ready for finishing. Often, the wet paper is run through an oven to dry.

POST PRESS: Depending on what you are printing, you might require finishing services such as binding and cutting. After your job is off the press, it will be put on another machine such as a stitcher for stapling, gluing and other processes. Finally, it will be cut to size and packaged for shipment.

COLOR

Visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, green, blue and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of light power versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Color categories and physical specifications of color are also associated with objects, materials, light sources, etc., based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra. By defining a color space, colors can be identified numerically by their coordinates.

Color gamut:In color reproduction, including computer graphics and photography, the gamut, or color gamut, is a certain complete subset of colors. The most common usage refers to the subset of colors which can be accurately represented in a given circumstance, such as within a given color space or by a certain output device. Another sense, less frequently used but not less correct, refers to the complete set of colors found within an image at a given time. In this context, digitizing a photograph, converting a digitized image to a different color space, or outputting it to a given medium using a certain output device generally alters its gamut, in the sense that some of the colors in the original are lost in the process.

Spot color:The widely spread offset-printing process is composed of four spot colors: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Key (black) commonly referred to as CMYK. More advanced processes involve the use of six spot colors (hexachromatic process), which add Orange and Green to the process (termed CMYKOG). The two additional spot colors are added to compensate for the ineffective reproduction of faint tints using CMYK colors only. However, offset technicians around the world use the term spot color to mean any color generated by a non-standard offset ink; such as metallic, fluorescent, spot varnish, or custom hand-mixed inks.

COLOR in PRINTING

Color printing or Colour printing is the reproduction of an image or text in color (as opposed to simpler black and white or monochrome printing). Any natural scene or color photograph can be optically and physiologically dissected into three primary colors, red, green and blue, roughly equal amounts of which give rise to the perception of white, and different proportions of which give rise to the visual sensations of all other colors. The additive combination of any two primary colors in roughly equal proportion gives rise to the perception of a secondary color. For example, red and green yields yellow, red and blue yields magenta (a purple hue), and green and blue yield cyan (a turquoise hue). Only yellow is counter-intuitive. Yellow, cyan and magenta are merely the “basic” secondary colors: unequal mixtures of the primaries give rise to perception of many other colors all of which may be considered “tertiary.”

Color calibration: The aim of color calibration is to measure and/or adjust the color response of a device (input or output) to a known state. In ICC[clarification needed] terms, this is the basis for an additional color characterization of the device and later profiling.[1] In non-ICC workflows, calibration refers sometimes to establishing a known relationship to a standard color space[2] in one go. The device that is to be calibrated is sometimes known as a calibration source; the color space that serves as a standard is sometimes known as a calibration target.[citation needed] Color calibration is a requirement for all devices taking an active part of a color-managed workflow.

Color calibration is used by many industries, such as television production, gaming, photography, engineering, chemistry, medical and more.

Image exists in various modes digitally: BITMAP: In computer graphics, a bitmap or pixmap is a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images. The term bitmap comes from the computer programming terminology, meaning just a map of bits, a spatially mapped array of bits. Now, along with pixmap, it commonly refers to the similar concept of a spatially mapped array of pixels. Raster images in general may be referred to as bitmaps or pixmaps, whether synthetic or photographic, in files or memory.

GRAYSCALE: Grayscale images are distinct from one-bit bi-tonal black-and-white images, which in the context of computer imaging are images with only the two colors, black, and white (also called bilevel or binary images). Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between. Grayscale images are also called monochromatic, denoting the presence of only one (mono) color (chrome).

INDEX: Index color is a process where a design with lots of colors is reduced down to a limited color palette using Adobe Photoshop’s Index Color Mode. The process of “indexing� a design also converts the design to a diffusion dither random square dot (all the dots are the same size) pixel pattern rather than halftone dot patterns. The design is separated and printed directly from Photoshop, or the file is brought into a drawing program for additional text or graphic elements.

Duotone: Duotone is a halftone reproduction of an image using the superimposition of one contrasting colour halftone (traditionally black) over another color halftone. This is most often used to bring out middle tones and highlights of an image. The most common colors used are blue, yellow, browns and reds.

RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light is added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. The name of the model comes from the initials of the three additive primary colors, red, green, and blue.

CMYK color model (process color, four color) is a subtractive color model, used in color printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. CMYK refers to the four inks used in some color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black). Though it varies by print house, press operator, press manufacturer and press run, ink is typically applied in the order of the abbreviation.

HALFTONE

Halftone is the reprographic technique that simulates continuous tone imagery through the use of equally spaced dots of varying size.

Where continuous tone imagery contains an infinite range of colors or greys , the halftone process reduces visual reproductions to a binary image that is printed with only one color of ink. This binary reproduction relies on a basic optical illusion —that these tiny halftone dots are blended into smooth tones by the human eye.

HALFTONE SCREEN: The term Halftone Screen refers to the pattern of dots of varying sizes applied to an image of varying tones, or same sized dots applied to a tint of color, when output to - film for the printing processes - or laser printed artwork etc..

SCREEN: Unlike photography, differences in lightness cannot be directly reproduced in printing. Printing paper either has color or none at all, meaning there is no such thing as “little color”. However, screens trick the human eye into thinking that it sees differences in lightness.

In black and white images, printing a number of smaller dots can stimulate different grey tones. These dots are arranged at regular intervals in a grid structure called a screen.

Screen ruling refers to the number of lines per inch of screen.

More the line means less number of average dot produced.

Theses variables help decide what screen ruling to use for halftone photograph.

Screen angle is the method of aligning row of halftone dots at different angles to avoid moiré pattern, in multicolor printing, moirés are created when overlapping screens create the appearance of unwanted lines and patterns.

TYPES OF ORIGINAL .

Line art: Line art is any image that consists of distinct straight and curved lines placed against a (usually plain) background, without gradations in shade (darkness) or hue (color) to represent two-dimensional or three-dimensional objects. Line art can use lines of different colors, although line art is usually monochromatic. Overall it is a great piece of art and refreshment for those who love painting. It is also called line drawing.

Continuous tone: A continuous tone image is one where each color at any point in the image is reproduced as a single tone, and not as discrete halftones, such as one single color for monochromatic prints, or a combination of halftones for color prints. The most common continuous tone images are digital photographs. Film is a halftone medium.

line art

continuous tone

PAPER

Paper is a thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon, drawing or for packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.

Paper is a versatile material with many uses. Whilst the most common is for writing and printing upon, it is also widely used as a packaging material, in many cleaning products, in a number of industrial and construction processes, and even as a food ingredient – particularly in Asian cultures.

Paper, and the pulp papermaking process, was said to be developed in China during the early 2nd century AD by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China.

Raw materials> chipping> bleaching> additives> removing water> paper Types of paper: Newsprint, wove paper, bond paper, tracing paper, map litho, offset paper, duplex paper, cartridge paper, chromo paper, art paper, mirror coat, cards, recycled paper, coated paper.

Paper has 2 standards: British and American. The popular known papers: foolscap, demy, medium, royal, crown, and imperial.

Important characteristic of paper: Flatness Dimensional stability Proper relative humidity Minimum curling tendency Pick resistance Freedom from active chemical Free from lint and dust Optical properties PH value of paper

FILE FORMAT

A file format is a particular way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. Any list of file formats would contain both proprietary and open source.

Since a disk drive, or indeed any computer storage, can store only bits, the computer must have some way of converting information to 0s and 1s and vice-versa. There are different kinds of formats for different kinds of information. Within any format type, e.g., word processor documents, there will typically be several different formats. Sometimes these formats compete with each other.

JPEG: JPEG compression is used in a number of image file formats. JPEG/Exif is the most common image format used by digital cameras and other photographic image capture devices; along with JPEG/JFIF, it is the most common format for storing and transmitting photographic images on the World Wide Web.[citation needed] These format variations are often not distinguished, and are simply called JPEG. The term “JPEG” is an acronym for the Joint Photographic Experts Group which created the standard. The MIME media type for JPEG is image/jpeg (defined in RFC 1341), except in Internet Explorer, which provides a MIME type of image/pjpeg when uploading JPEG images.

TIFF: TIFF (originally standing for Tagged Image File Format) is a file format for storing images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and both amateur and professional photographers in general. As of 2009, it is under the control of Adobe Systems. Originally created by the company Aldus for use with what was then called “desktop publishing”, the TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition and other applications.

EPS: Encapsulated PostScript, or EPS, is a DSC-conforming PostScript document with additional restrictions which is intended to be usable as a graphics file format. In other words, EPS files are more or less self-contained, reasonably predictable PostScript documents that describe an image or drawing and can be placed within another PostScript document.

IMPOSITION

In prepress, the term means the arrangement of pages on the press sheet so that when folded the pages comes in proper order. How you arrange the pages on the sheet depends of the sizes of the press sheet and the pages and how job will be folded and bounded.

Imposition is affected by five different parameters: ▪ Format of the product: The size of the finished page determines how many pages can be printed on a single sheet.

▪ Number of pages of the printed product: The compositor must determine how many sheets are to be printed to create a finished book.

▪ Stitching/binding method: The compositor must understand how the sheets are placed to form the signatures that compose the finished book.

▪ Paper fiber direction: Many papers have a “grain,” reflecting the alignment of the paper fibers. These fibers must run lengthwise along the fold, which influences the alignment, hence the position, of the pages on the printed sheet.

Finishing and binding.

Methods: -Collate and cut -Section sewing -Saddle stitching or sides stitch - Perfect binding Types of imposition depends on several factors: ~ the design of printed piece ~ the type and size of the press to be used ~ the type of paper to be used during printing.

Imposition for a 16 pages book

.

Types of Imposition: One side imposition: (1) common in small offset press (1) Simplest form Sheet wise imposition: (1) 2 printing plates are used.

Signature imposition Graining: This method is not that visible but creates visible area to attract water than grain fewer plates. It allows consistent ink and water balance to be maintained. It is treated with chemicals during manufacture to increase water receptivity.

Chemical graining is used these days.

Trapping: trapping digital files is the process of compensating for misregistration on the printing press by printing small areas of overlapping colors.

for a 24 pages book

WORK AND TURN vs WORK AND TUMBLE

To print the job work-and-turn or work-and-tumble (the only difference between these methods is how the sheet is turned over: either from side to side or end-over-end). In these two options, for example, the four brochures would still be laid out on the sheet, but two front sides of the brochure and two back sides of the brochure would print on the same side of the 28” x 40” sheet noted above. This would allow the printer to turn the sheets over (once they are dry) and run them through the press a second time exactly the same way on the opposite side of the sheet (“backing up the job”) without changing plates. The same plates would print the back of the sheet (two fronts and two backs of the brochure), creating four brochures (called “four-out” or “four-up”) prior to cutting and folding.

Of course, work-and-turn and work-and-tumble jobs save time and money by not requiring a plate change before printing the second side of the sheet. However, if you were to print the same job sheetwise, you could print (for instance) two colors on one side of the sheet and two different colors on the other side of the sheet without needing more ink fountains on press and without requiring extra passes through the press. In this way, you could increase the complexity of your design without paying a premium.

Work-and-turn is a technique enabling the use of just one plate. The copy for the pages on one side of a full sheet is put on one half of the plate and the copy for the pages on the other side of the sheet appears on the other half of the plate. The sheet is printed, and then rotated 180° as well as turned over and printed again on the other side. After printing, the sheets are cut in half to yield a double quantity of sheets. If 1,000 sheets were required for the job, only 500 pieces of paper would be required for the run. The gripper edge remains the same.

Work-and-tumble works the same as work-and-turn except the paper is flipped head over heels, and the gripper edge changes ends.

Work and tumble

work and turn

HANDCOMPOSITION

1 inch= 6 picas= 72 points 1 pica= 12 points leading is the spacing between the lines. normal leading is 120% of the type size.

Hand composition is a slow process and is quite time consuming as compared to machine composition. Therefore, it is expensive- it is ideal for two or three lines or a display type.

PHOTOTYPESETTING Phototypesetting: Phototypesetting was a method of setting type, rendered obsolete with the popularity of the personal computer and desktop publishing software, that uses a photographic process to generate columns of type on a scroll of photographic paper. Typesetters used a machine called a phototypesetter, which would quickly project light through a film negative image of an individual character in a font, through a lens that would magnify or reduce the size of the character onto film, which would collect on a spool in a light-tight canister. The film would then be fed into a processor, a machine that would pull the film through two or three baths of chemicals, where it would emerge ready for paste up. phototypesetting is a fast, flexible and relatively inexpensive method.

Image setter is a ultra high resolution large format computer output device. It works from 2400dpi to 4000 dpi. And the output ranges in width of 12 to 44 inches

INK

Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments and/or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing and/or writing with a pen, brush, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.

Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks for the purposes of writing and drawing. The knowledge of the inks, their recipes and the techniques for their production comes from archaeological analysis or from written text itself.

The history of Chinese inks can be traced back to the 18th century BC, with the utilization of natural plant (plant dyes), animal, and mineral inks based on such materials as graphite that were ground with water and applied with ink brushes. Evidence for the earliest Chinese inks, similar to modern inksticks, is around 256 BC in the end of the Warring States Period and produced from soot and animal glue.

INK INGREDIENTS: Pigment: The ingredient which adds color to the ink.

Vehicle: Substance of the liquid which carries the ink and binds it to the printed surface. It maybe oil orwater.

Modifier: They change the property of the ink so that it can meet the various demands of the presses and its applications.

Drier: Speed up the drying of the ink.

Antiskinning agents: These agents help in making the ink dry too rapidly and skinning of the ink fountain.

Extenders: Increses the coverage of the ink pigment.

Distillates: Improves the flow of the ink.

INK RELATED PRINTING PROBLEMS: (1) setoff (2) slow drying (3) poor binding and rub (4) ink adhesion (5) mottling

COATING TYPES

Overprint Varnish Aqueos Coating EB ink coating UV coating: UV coating comes in a liquid or paste form and remains as a liquid or paste until exposed to UV light. some benefits includes: ~ greater opacity ~color stability ~ deeper and more vibrant colors and color tones ~sharper grahics ~higher gloss ~uniform surafce to give labels and a more vibrant look ~ scuff resistance ~instantenous curing ~allows for inline die cutting ~chemical resistance better outdoor endurance ~environmentally safe.

BOOK BINDING

It is the process of physically assembling a book from a number pf folded and unfolded sheets of paper or other material.

Cut board binding: Binding of individual sheets with threads putting a hard cover on one side.

Flexible binding: The glue is put all over the cover at 90 degrees so that half inch of the page get stuck on both sides.

Comb binding (sometimes referred to as "cerlox binding") is one of many ways to bind pages together into a book. This method utilizes round plastic spines with 19 rings (for US Letter size) or 21 rings (for A4 size) and a hole puncher that makes rectangular holes. Comb binding is sometimes referred to as plastic comb binding or spiral comb binding.

Pad binding: For note pads, the glue used is flexible and will easily release an individual sheet of paper when the sheet is pulled away from the binding. Adhesive bindings are also used for paperback books, but these bindings must be strong enough to prevent pages from pulling out during normal use. For paperback book binding, a hot-melt glue with much greater adhesive strength than a water-soluble latex is applied. A piece of gauze-like material is inserted into the glue to provide added strength.

Spiral binding, is a commonly used book binding style for creating documents, reports, presentations and proposals. This binding style is known by a number of names including spiral coil, color coil, colorcoil, ez-coil, plastic coil, spiral binding, plastikoil and coilbind. Documents bound with helical coil (usually called spiral coil) can open flat on a desk or table and offer 360 degree rotation for easy note taking. This binding style is durable and is often used for documents that need to be mailed. Spiral coil binding spines are also available in more colors and sizes than other binding styles.

Saddle stitch consists of two rows of simple running stitch and is sewn using two needles. This gives a strong and even stitch which is suitable for most leather-working.

Thread a needle onto each end of a long piece of thread. Make a line of holes in the leather using an awl and pass one end of the thread through the first hole (figure 1). Even up the length of thread on each side of the leather. Stitch with each needle using simple running stitch - pass a needle from front to back through the next hole (figure 2) and then pass the other needle from back to front through the same hole (figure 3). Continue along the line of holes. Finish off by passing both needles onto one side of the leather and tying the two threads together (using a reef-knot).

Perfect binding is often used, and gives a result similar to paperback books. National Geographic is one example of this type. Paperback or soft cover books are also normally bound using perfect binding. They usually consist of various sections with a cover made from heavier paper, glued together at the spine with a strong flexible glue. The sections are rough-cut in the back to make them absorb the hot glue. The other three sides are then face trimmed. This is what allows the magazine or paperback book to be opened. Mass market paperbacks (pulp paperbacks) are small (16mo size), cheaply made with each sheet fully cut and glued at the spine; these are likely to fall apart or lose sheets after much handling or several years. Trade paperbacks are more sturdily made, with traditional gatherings or sections of bifolios, usually larger, and more expensive. The difference between the two can usually easily be seen by looking for the sections in the top or bottom sides of the book.

Tape binding refers to a system that wraps and glues a piece of tape around the base of the document. A tape binding machine such as the Powis Parker Fastback or Standard Accubind system will usually be used to complete the binding process and to activate the thermal adhesive on the glue strip. However, some users also refer to Tape Binding as the process of adding a colored tape to the edge of a mechanically fastened (stapled or stitched) document.

FIELD VISIT

During the Course, we went to two printing presses, where we had an experience of commercial printing . We al so saw the process of offset printing and the process of plate making.

BINDING

We had a short course on book binding where we were taught the basic and important types of binding including, pad binding, spiral binding, amongst a few. It was a one week course and we learnt the techniques for different bindings.

ASSIGNMENT

Artwork by Manushi Parikh and Debanjana Saha

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REFERENCES

Course notes Process of Graphic Production in printing, Curwen Printing effects, Wayne Robinson Guide to printing, William Cloves A guide to Print production, Johannson Ludenberg www.pneac.org www.internationalpaper.com www.agfa.com www.heidelberg.com google image search

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Mr. Bharat Suthar Dr. Tridha Gajjar NID printing lab

Document set in Avenir LT 35 Light