B A N Y
I T Y School of Architecture
R T
“Sapienza” University of Rome
U I R O M A
M .
A r c h i t e c t u r e
a n d
U r b a n
D e s i g n
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TABLE OF CONTENT
intro
I...............................................................................................TABLE of CONTENT
analysis
I
04.........................................................................................................URBANITY 05...............................................................................................................................ur | ban | ity 05................................................................................................................................urban | ity
06................................................................................................INTRODUCTION 10....................................................................................TODAY | TOMORROW [?] 12.....................................................................................................ROME TODAY t01................................................................................................................................viability t02....................................................................................................................................green t03......................................................................................................................................built t04.............................................................................................................................centrality
II
URBAN | ITY project...........................................................................................24 PRG’s centrality + Project’s centrality............................................................26 vision.................................................................................................28 ZOOM IN x 1_Rome City Center.........................................................................30 models..............................................................................................32 ZOOM IN x 2_North of Rome City Center............................................................34
URBAN-ITY
FLAMINIO centrality........................................................................................40 bigness.............................................................................................4 6 forum................................................................................................................48 the building.......................................................................................................50 the program......................................................................................................52 housing _ duplex..............................................................................................62
case study
references..............................................................................................................................66
4
U R B A N I T Y (TRECCANI)
noun [from Latin urbanĭtas -atis (from urbanus ‘urbano’) belonging to live in the city [che appartiene al vivere in città]
1.
u r | b a n | i t y
(TRECCANI)
1. civil and courteous behavior in normal relationships with other people: dealing with u.; reply with u.; person of exquisite u.; [...]
5
2.
u
r
b
a
n
|
i
t
y
2. civil and courteous behavior in normal relationships inhabitants|city, city|inhabitants: restoring urban-ity to the city; find the lost urban-ity: the urban-ity of this city is in the air.
6
INTRODUCTION
During the last years of my university career in Rome, I developed an awareness that architecture is something about/for people and not individuals. Too often the architecture, especially the private projects, are perceived as luxury items (particularly in Italy), forgetting its real intent: the production | design of a better space for a better life. With this intent in mind, and inspired by the Great Paris of Bernardo Secchi and Paola Viganò; I set up my thesis, and I began studying my hometown, Rome. Both as a lover then as a citizen, I started to analyze the relationship between the city and the Romans. I discovered that most of them feel the city like a stranger, inaccessible, and out of the human scale. Even though it is easy to see these perceptions as true, I believe in a different Rome. Therefore, the incipit of this research was the desire to give back a unusual perception of the city of Rome to the people that live in it; a perception that could allow them to read the city under another point of view. 7
Bernardo Secchi and Paola Vigano Paris have suggested a cognitive strategy that leads to explore the contemporary metropolis “pas à pas”, discovering a Great Paris different from the city reported up to that time. A Paris surprisingly unpublished, studied on degrees of porosity and compactness, isotropy, permeability|connectivity. The first part of the study aims at demonstrating that the city of Rome is already fit for human living and it will be ready to transform in a sustainable metropolis in the future. The tool chosen to scan and organize the territory is the same adopted in similar situation by humans throughout history (UTM system, parallels and meridians, latitude and longitude etc. ): the GRID. Following a zoom-in process, from the urban to the local scale, the second part of the research takes into account a specific case study: Flaminio area. Here, the project shows a potential and ‘utopic’ way to develop a new Centrality* for the city of Rome. The program touches, again, all the scales with the main intent to keep open and permeable the street level of the new building by creating an indoor|outdoor public space that guarantees public accessibility.
8
A N A L Y S I S
9
10
T
O
D
A
Y
N +
+
It is clear that the city of Rome needs a reading tool that allows all (residents, professionals and not, etc.) to go beyond the obsolete circular shape that has lobotomized, and it is lobotomizing the city and the citizens themselves. The starting point of the study that has gone into making it as opening words the desire to “give back” the city of Rome to those who live there: the citizens. Making it known and rediscovered as a city on a human future-ready to turn into a sustainable metropolis. The chosen instrument for this process is the same as that man has used in various contexts and occasions [Cartesian system, meridians and parallels, latitude and longitude, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) System, etc.]: the GRID. The placement of this geometry, rigid, regular, unnatural and infinite, above the city (seen as an unmanageable monster), represents the antidote to the concentric and radials system called GRA (annular sidetrack). Identifying in Piazza Venezia / Campidoglio - historical, artistic and political hub - the point (0, 0) of the Cartesian system, oriented on ‘historical axis that starts from Altare della Patria, reaches Porta del Popolo and continues until Ponte Milvio (p.za Venezia, Via del Corso, Via Flaminia). A mesh of 2 km x 2 km (distance walkable by foot in 20-30 min_ daily time recommended for a healthy quotidian life) becomes the matrix of the cognitive strategy that allows us to read the spatial configuration of the metropolis both from a point of view of urban service and from a point of view of pedestrian and public accessibility. The identification of areas with differents grade of porosity/compactness and their respective activities permits to classify them and then, where needed, increment or create Centrality*. Moreover, it also allows to predict and manage possible future new expansion over the territory, guaranteeing in all the areas the same standards and public urban services. A process of isotropization that permits to decode the city in a language of accessibility and livable at the service of the man.
* CENTRALITY _ most significant places of local identity [...] Centralities are PRG’ key features where it is possible to revitalize and redevelop the surrounding tissues. Factors determining the local centrality: -the mobility system that allows the networking |strengthening of the social identity -the transformation potentiality -the enhancement of historical memories that also contribute to strengthening the local identity.
TOMORROW [?]
11
12
ROME
T O D A Y since 753 A.C.
(from PRG)
viability
green
built centrality*
the city with the hightest concentration of historical and architectural riches in the world Over 16% of the world’s cultural treasures are located in Rome (70% in all of Italy). It is the most populous and largest municipality 52.000 hectares of agricultural land in Italy and is among Europe’s major capitals in terms of the amount of terrain it covers. Rome is Europe’s greenest city. 1_ ISTANBUL: 5.538,77 km² - 12.573.836 ab 2 _ LONDON: 1.579 km² - 7.556.900 3 _ ROMA: 1,285,31 Km2 - 2.728.296 ab. 4 _ BERLIN: 892 km² - 3.429.870 ab. 5 _ PARIS: 105,4 km² - 2.203.817 ab
METRO SYSTEM:
ROME 40.4 KM 2 LINES As well as its public parks, Rome boasts a great 309.8 millions riders deal more greenery, as well as agriculture on its outskirts. LONDON 402 KM +34 KM 13 LINES The protected zones 40.000 hectares. 1260 millions riders Rome is Europe’s largest agricultural municipality PRIVATE TRASPORTATION: with 517 m2 of agriculture accounting for 40% of 3.7 millions VEHICLES its total surface. data by www.muoversiaroma.it and www.turismoroma.it
* CENTRALITY _ most significant places of local identity [...] Centralities are PRG’ key features where it is possible to revitalize and redevelop the surrounding tissues. Factors determining the local centrality: -the mobility system that allows the networking |strengthening of the social identity -the transformation potentiality -the enhancement of historical memories that also contribute to strengthening the local identity.
13
N
14
R O M E T O D AY
(from PRG)
green
viability
built
centrality
15
N
16
R O M E T O D AY
(from PRG)
viability
built
green
centrality
17
N
18
R O M E T O D AY
(from PRG)
viability
green
centrality
built
19
N
20
R O M E T O D AY
(from PRG)
viability
green
built
centrality*
21
N
22
U R B A N - T Y
23
24
URBAN|ITY Project
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
M
x
(-3 ; +8)
11
11
Olgiata (+2 ; +6) Montebello (+2 ; +5)
10
10
Labaro (-2 ; +4) Ottavia (+4 ; +3) Bufalotta
9
9
(+3 ; +3) Porta di Roma (+2 ; +3) Roma Urbe
8
8
(+1 ; +3) Tor di Quinto ( 0 ; +3) Vigna Clara (-1 ; +3)
7
7
Via Cortina d’Ampezzo (+4 ; +2) Monte Sacro (+3 ; +2)
6
6
V.le Ionio / Bufalotta (+1 ; +2) Moschea ( 0 ; +2) Flaminio
5
5
(-1 ; +2) Monte Mario (+5; +1) San Basilio
4
4
(+2; +1) Nomentana/Lanciani (+1 ; +1) Villa Albani ( 0 ; +1)
3
3
VIGNA CLARA
Piazza del Popolo (-1 ; +1) Musei Vaticani (-2 ; +1)
2
2
FLAMINIO
Cornelia (+2 ; 0) Verano (+1 ; 0) Termini
1
1
P.ZA DEL POPOLO
( 0 ; 0) P.za Venezia (-1 ; 0) Gianicolo
0
0 VILLA PAMPHILI
GIANICOLO
P.ZA VENEZIA
TERMINI
VERANO
CASE ROSSE
(-2 ; 0) Villa Pamphili (+2 ; -1) Pigneto (+1 ; -1)
-1
-1 CARACALLA
Re di Roma ( 0 ; -1) Caracalla (-1 ; -1) Staz.Trastevere
-2
-2
EX FIERA DI ROMA
(-2 ; -1) Monte Verde (+5 ; -2) Tor Bella Monaca
-3
-3
( 0 ; -2) Ex Fiera di Roma (-1 ; -2) S.Paolo Fuori le Mura
-4
-4
(+4 ; -3) Torre Maura (+2 ; -3) Capannelle (+1 ; -3)
-5
-5
Appia Antica (-1 ; -3) Tre Fontane (-2 ; -3) SS. Pietro e Paolo
-6
-6
CASTEL DI LEVA
(-3 ; -3) Tevere/Trullo (-2 ; -4) EUROMA2
-7
-7
(-9 ; -5) Ostia antica ( 0 ; -6) Castel di Leva (-8 ; -7)
-8
-8
N
Infernetto (-9 ; -8) Castel Porziano (-4 ; -9)
-9
-9
Castel Romano (+7 ; 0) Case Rosse (+8 ;-1) Lunghezza
-10
1 km
2 km
-10
4 km
(+5 ;-4) Tor Vergata (-11 ;-6) Ostia
-11
-11
(-8 ;-3) Nuova fiera di Roma (-5 ;-2) La Pisana
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
y
(-5 ;-2) Casalotti
26
P R G ’s c e n t r a l i t y + P r o j e c t ’s c e n t r a l i t y
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
M
x
(-3 ; +8)
11
11
Olgiata (+2 ; +6) Montebello (+2 ; +5)
10
10
Labaro (-2 ; +4) Ottavia (+4 ; +3) Bufalotta
9
9
(+3 ; +3) Porta di Roma (+2 ; +3) Roma Urbe
8
8
(+1 ; +3) Tor di Quinto ( 0 ; +3) Vigna Clara (-1 ; +3)
7
7
Via Cortina d’Ampezzo (+4 ; +2) Monte Sacro (+3 ; +2)
6
6
V.le Ionio / Bufalotta (+1 ; +2) Moschea ( 0 ; +2) Flaminio
5
5
(-1 ; +2) Monte Mario (+5; +1) San Basilio
4
4
(+2; +1) Nomentana/Lanciani (+1 ; +1) Villa Albani ( 0 ; +1)
3
3
Piazza del Popolo (-1 ; +1) Musei Vaticani (-2 ; +1)
2
2
Cornelia (+2 ; 0) Verano (+1 ; 0) Termini
1
1
( 0 ; 0) P.za Venezia (-1 ; 0) Gianicolo
0
0
(-2 ; 0) Villa Pamphili (+2 ; -1) Pigneto (+1 ; -1)
-1
-1
Re di Roma ( 0 ; -1) Caracalla (-1 ; -1) Staz.Trastevere
-2
-2
(-2 ; -1) Monte Verde (+5 ; -2) Tor Bella Monaca
-3
-3
( 0 ; -2) Ex Fiera di Roma (-1 ; -2) S.Paolo Fuori le Mura
-4
-4
(+4 ; -3) Torre Maura (+2 ; -3) Capannelle (+1 ; -3)
-5
-5
Appia Antica (-1 ; -3) Tre Fontane (-2 ; -3) SS. Pietro e Paolo
-6
-6
(-3 ; -3) Tevere/Trullo (-2 ; -4) EUROMA2
-7
-7
(-9 ; -5) Ostia antica ( 0 ; -6) Castel di Leva (-8 ; -7)
-8
-8
N
Infernetto (-9 ; -8) Castel Porziano (-4 ; -9)
-9
-9
Castel Romano (+7 ; 0) Case Rosse (+8 ;-1) Lunghezza
-10
1 km
2 km
-10
4 km
(+5 ;-4) Tor Vergata (-11 ;-6) Ostia
-11
PRG’s Centrality + Project’s Centrality
-11
(-8 ;-3) Nuova fiera di Roma (-5 ;-2) La Pisana
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
y
(-5 ;-2) Casalotti
2 km = 30 min
2 km = 15 min
U
U
via guido Reni_Viale Flaminia_viale Tiziano
2km Piazzale Flaminio Piazza del Popolo
2km Piazza Venezia
via guido Reni_Viale Flaminia_viale Tiziano
2km Piazzale Flaminio Piazza del Popolo
2km Piazza Venezia
compact city
porosa city M
y
future potentiality
commercial
historical areas
luoghi di culto
FS/M stations
green
campi sportivi
residential
x
LEGEND
29
30
ZOOM
IN x 1 rome city center
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
3 VIGNA CLARA
2
2 FLAMINIO
1
1 P.ZA DEL POPOLO
P.ZA VENEZIA
0
0
CARACALLA
-1
-1
FS
N
tram line cycling line metro A metro B
-2
-1
0
1
2
metro C metro D Capolinea Aurelian Walls
31
32
33
34
ZOOM
IN
x
2 north of rome city center
-1
0
1
2 km = 30 min
2 km = 15 min
3
3
MC
Tor di Quinto
2.2 km 20- 40 min
3 km 35-55 min
MC
farnesina
ponte milvio stadio olimpico
corso francia
foro italico
p.za mancini
villaggio olimpico
C
MAXXI
2
MC
ponte della musica
acqua acetosa
Villa Glori
2
U
MC
2.4 km 20- 40 min
Monte Mario Villa Ada
2 km 20- 30 min monte parioli
C
4 km 40-60 min Parioli
p.le clodio
MC
piazza mazzini
U
U valle giulia
U
MA
MA
MA 1
U
bioparco
1
coppedè
P.za del popolo
villa albani villa borghese
C
tram capolinea
bikesharing
p.za cavour p.za di spagna
ara pacis
-1
MD
U castel s.angelo
san pietro
C
pincio
C MC
N
borghetto flaminio
C MA
p.za del risorgimento
giardini vaticani
U
0
MA
MACRO
MD 1
35
36
37
38
C AS E
S T U DY
39
F l a m i n i o 40
ZOOM
IN x 1 rome city center
( 0 ; + 2 )
y
y
x
( 0 ; +2) ( 0 ; +2) Flaminio Flaminio
future potentiality
future commercial potentiality
commercial historical areas
M
places of worship historical areas
sport greenfields
greenstations FS/M M
FS/M stations places of worship
compact compact city porosa city porosa city city
residential sport fields
residential
41
x
Flaminio is one of the areas identified, both by the grid that from PRG, as CENTRALITY, that is “most significant place of local identity.”
Following a thorough analysis, comes the need to create, in a neighborhood characterized by diversity, a key point: a FORUM. It could link the various urban systems, architectural events and activities in the neighborhood and surrounding areas.
Stadio Olimpico N
Foro Italico
MAXXI
42
Ponte della Musica
Palazzetto dello Sport Auditorium Parco della Musica
UniversitĂ
stadio Flaminio
N
N Piazza del Popolo
Placing on the grid the Roman Cardo and Decumanus, at their intersection generates the Forum (a square 120x120m), on the corner of Viale de Coubertin and Viale Tiziano, perfect place to host this new urban catalyst.
N
It is the in-between of the two Nervi’s buildings (north palazzetto dello Sport and south stadium Flaminio), and the two most recent and important architectures built in Rome in the last 20 years (Auditorium east, west MAXXI). In addition, the dense concentration of public transport (tram, metro C-terminus bus, bike path / pedestrian), is the guarantor of accessibility extended to all of the entire municipality and not.
The Flaminio area has several features that make it unique. The first characteristic is the boundaries. It is bounded by 90% “natural barriers� (SE-NW Tiber; East Villa Glori; SE Monte Parioli; West, beyond the river, from Monte Mario). Only the Via Flaminia connects the area to the center of the city (Piazza del Popolo). Five bridges (from West to North) do interact with the rest of the district of the city. A remarkable variety of architectural style, eras, materials, urban density and green give to the area another exceptional peculiarity. Compact blocks of buildings at court, with a height of up to 7/8 floors, and green concentrated on a vast urban Gap (Piazza Mancini) along with parking and terminal compose the west side. On the east side, buildings (4-5 floors) float on pilotis leaving permeable both visually and physically all share the road completely amalgamated with the vast urban green present throughout the area. Another distinctiveness is its historic roads. From north to south run the Via Flaminia [which starts from Piazza del Popolo] and Viale Tiziano [ending north of the Milvian Bridge]. From east to west there is the axis Villa Glori / Monte Mario (Viale de Coubertin, Via Guido Reni, Ponte della Musica, Marshal Square Garden). The latter is interesting since the last PRG represents it as the axis that generates and drives the new City of Culture and Sports.
43
from
PRG...
VALADIER
1900
44
MAXXI via Guido Reni
1909
N 1919
1949
Corso Francia
1931
45
Villa Glori v.le De Coubetin 5%
-5.00 m
-5.00 m
00 m
00 00 m m
Auditorium_Parco della Musica stadio flaminio
1971
2002
46
b i g n e s s 150m
150m
120m
120m
60m
60m
0m
0m
Roma’s heights
Bigness or the problem of Large
Beyond a certain scale, architecture acquires the properties of Bigness. The best reason to broach Bigness is the one given by climbers of Mount Everest: “because it is there.� Bigness is ultimate architecture.
It seems incredible that the size of a building alone embodies an ideological program, indipendent of the will of its architects. Of all possible categories, Bigness does not seem to deserve a manifesto; discredited as an intellectual problem, it is apparently on its way to extinction - like
the dinosaur - through clumsiness,slowness, inflexibility, difficulty. But infact, only Big-ness instigates the regime of complexity that mobilizes the full intelligence of architecture and its related fields. One hundred years ago, a generation of conceptual breackthroughs
and supporting technologies unleashed an architectural Big Bang. By randomizing circulation, short-circuiting distance, artificializing interiors, reducing mass, stretching dimensions, and accelerating construction, the elevator, electricity, airconditioning, steel, and finally, the new infrastructures formed a cluster of mutations that induced another species of architecture. The combined effects of these inventions were structures taller and deeper Bigger - than ever before conceived, with a parallel potential for the reorganization of the
ings enter a amoral domain, beyond good or bad. Their impact is indipendent of their quality. 5 . Together, all these breaks with scale, with architectural composion, with tradition, with trasparency, with ethics - imply the final, most radical break: Bigness is no longer part of any urban tissue. It exists; at most, it coexists. Its subtext is fuck context.
Pantheon, Roma
Palazzo Farnese, XVI sec., Roma
��a��a ��l �amp��o�l�o� ��� s���� Roma
120 m
47
60 m
30 m
15 m
project
�as��l �an�’�n��lo� Roma
San Pietro, XVI sec., Roma
�ala��o ��� �on���ss� ����� ����� Roma �ala��o ��llo �po�� ���� ����� Roma
Roma’s plans
�ala��o ��lla ����l�� ��al�ana ����� ����� Roma
The entire project is developed as a matryoshka FORUM where the urban and architectural scale to intersect and interact until a sort of fusion. The catalyst building, into the urban system of the cardo and decumano, is translated into the idea of Forum, in all its possible forms. The cube [1203] has a total area of 21.600 square meters, about the size of a standard block (e.g., a block of Manhattan 80m x 270m = 21.600mq). From this point of view, the lot of the project is a potential container of 8 blocks, a portion of a city.
48
120 m
ISOLATO DI MANHATTAN 80m x 270 m = 21.600 mq
21.600 mq x 8
CUBE 60 x 60 = 3.600mq 3.600mq x 6 = 21.600mq
new york
21.600 mq
forum u r o f
DECUMAN
Therefore, the cube 603, 1/8 of potential small 120 m town, materializes in a different Forum’s version, the LIBRARY. The library, in turn, works as a city: the blocks are book’ home, study rooms, workshops classrooms, etc. The road system is the path distribution, horizontal and vertical structure of the whole which in some points expands occupying the block and turn into ‘piazze’. ISOLATO DI MANHATTAN 80m x 270 m = 21.600 mq
CUBE 60 x 60 = 3.600mq 3.600mq x 6 = 21.600mq
new york
KARDO
FORUM
FORUM
Forum (foro) - the central square of the ancient Roman cities Forums - public meeting held every year usually between authorities, politicians, academics, students, journalists and experts Forums - Internet, a virtual discussion Forums - according to the Constitution of the United States of America, a place open to public meetings and public demonstration of reviews
h24 public space open space books study research study groups workplace cineforum adult service teenager service consulting info point research center free specialization meeting point relax pool hall fastfood cafe events free time cont. edu. cours videogames music competition kids teenager adults aged confrontation cultural clubs hobby scuola shop
LIBRARY
Cittadini
Stadio Olimpico
Residenti
Foro Italico Ponte della Musica
Residenti
MAXXI UniversitĂ
Palazzetto dello Sport HOTEL HOUSING BIBLIOTECA PUBBLICA
PARCO URBANO OUTDOOR PARCO URBANO INDOOR
Residenti
AUDITORIUM PARCO DELLA MUSICA
Stadio Flaminio
Cittadini
Cittadini Piazza del Popolo
PROJECT TO: -local residential, -extra local residential -territory citizens -tourists
SUPPORT SERVICES FOR: -Auditorium -Sports Complex (Stadio Flaminio, Palazzetto dello sport, Foro Italico, Stadio Olimpico) -MAXXI -University
49
50
THE BUILDING PUBLIC LIBRARY
HOTEL _ HOUSING
The materialization of the historical roads (Via Flaminia, Viale Tiziano, the axis Monte Mario Villa Glori) is the structure to the new Forum: an architectural interpretation of an urban system that has made the history of the City. The use of the building is devoted mainly to the support of the surrounding activities and to the inhabitants of the district: HOTEL will cover the demand for the events of the Auditorium, the MAXXI and sports activities at the Foro Italico; HOUSING PROGRAM will cover the housing requests for medium and long stay by athletes, students, professionals, etc .; LIBRARY will be at the service of the whole neighborhood and throughout the city, along with the street level designed as a public space equipped indoor and outdoor.
51
PUBLIC LIBRARY 19.000 mq ca.
N
Public Library with: reading rooms, auditorium, relax rooms multimedia rooms study areas game room
HOTEL
HOUSING
RETAILS
17.300 mq ca.
3.350mq ca
URBAN PARK OUTDOOR
URBAN PARK INDOOR
1.500 mq ca.
15.350 mq ca.
5.700 mq ca.
5 Stars hotel 70 rooms Gym SPA Lounge Bar Panoramic Restaurant
35 duplex 1B with 10 store kitchen area, living PARKING room 1 bathroom (max 2 p.) con shared solarium and pool.
Mineral Urban Square shadow areas, relax areas water games stands areas for events (Festa del cinama etc) weekend market area
Urban square indoor relax area cavea stands areas for events (Festa del cinama etc) weekend market area
52
THE
PROGRAM
53
N
HOUSING Apt_duplex PS_SPAZIO PUBBLICO
street level
+2,76 00
00
00 +2,76
+2,76
00
+2,76
54
HOTEL Hr_Rooms Hd_distributivo HR_relax/lettura HOUSING Apt_duplex CUBE Cd_distributivo
level A
B_Biblioteca SS_Sala Studio SR_Sala Ricerca O_Uffici WC_ Servizi Caf _ Caffetteria R_Relax/Lettura W_Attesa
55
HOTEL Hr_Rooms Hd_distributivo HR_relax/lettura HOUSING Apt_duplex CUBE Cd_distributivo
level A open
B_Biblioteca SS_Sala Studio SR_Sala Ricerca O_Uffici WC_ Servizi Caf _ Caffetteria R_Relax/Lettura W_Attesa
56
57
level B
58
level B open
level C
level C open
59
60
61
62
HOUSING_ duplex
2.40
80
80
80
2.25
11.00
11.00
4.82
30
2.26
1.60 60
1.20
1.20
74
60 Apt_duplex HOUSING
DUPLEX typology
63
64
65
66
67
B
R R
B
A
N
I
A
U U
T T
I
Y Y
N
a
v
a
r
r
a
.
c
o
m
Y
T
I
N
N
n
A
A
h
B
B
a
R
R
r
D e b o r a h N a v a r r a A r c h i t e c t
U
U
o
Y
b
T
e
I
d