Word Count: 5328
Table of Content
•
Abstract
02
•
Introduction
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•
Chapter 1 : How does memory reflect urban
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change and demand? •
Chapter 2 : The contradiction between personal
memory and collective memory - The game between personal memory and collective memory - Social media: mining an invisible city
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• Chapter 3 : Communication platform: solving the conflict between urban individuals and collectives through urban mass-customization - Who is the real designer of the city?
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- Mass customization : Respecting multiparty interests and design knowledge
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- Memory Facade (deisign project) •
Chapter 4: Constraints on mass customization
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on a city scale •
Conclusion
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ABSTACT
With the renewal and development of urban space, the change of times has changed the urban form and function, and people's needs are also changing. In the process of urban change, historical sites play a special role in urban space. Because of its social significance, historical sites can be preserved in ever-changing cities. But meanwhile, it is also faced with the need to adapt to the new era, especially those historical sites that have lost their original functions. The renewal and development of historical sites should not only take into account human factors such as historical features, but also meet current urban needs and sustainable development in the future. In addition, with the development of the city, the heritage is bound to record the rich collective memory of the city, which is also an invaluable resource of the heritage, and a significant feature that is different from the general urban space. Therefore, the basic starting point for renewing the relics is to discover the past, the relationship between the present and the future, and the needs of different eras and different groups through the collective memory of the relics.
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In the digital age, science and technology are constantly changing people's daily lives. The emergence of social media has brought the world closer. In the face of the impact of globalization, multiculturalism continues to enrich urban life. Urban memory is also facing challenges. In addition, social media relies on its timeliness and connectivity to become a part of urban memory construction. Although social media provides a platform for communication of urban memory construction. But its diversity and everchanging demands place higher demands on the custom development of the city. Therefore, starting from the use and demand of urban space, this paper explores the possibility of collective memory promoting the development of heritage. Keywords: Collective Memory, Heritage, Social Media, Interface, Mass Customization
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GLOSSARY
Collective Momory: Collective memory is a concentrated expression of individual memory in the same social context.This design mainly refers to the collective memory of gasholders. Computer Vision: (https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/computer_vision.htm) "As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory and technology for building artificial systems that obtain information from images or multi-dimensional data." K-means: ( https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary/#k) "A popular clustering algorithm that groups examples in unsupervised learning. The k-means algorithm basically performs the following operations: iteratively determines the best k center points (referred to as centroids). Assign each example to the nearest centroid." The examples closest to the same centroid belong to the same group. In this design, the main color separation of the picture is mainly realized by it. Machine Learning: (https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary/#m) "A program or system that builds (trains) a predictive model from input data. The system uses the learning model to make useful predictions from new (never seen) data extracted from the same distribution used to train the model. Machine learning also refers to the field of research involving these programs or systems." Mass Cutomization: (https://www.clickworker.com/crowdsourcing-glossary/masscustomization/ "Mass Customization is a process in which mass production as well as individual customer expectations of a product are taken into consideration. A standard product that can be adapted to meet the customer’s individual needs is produced. This adaptation generally incurs minimal effort for the company. An example is a company with a website on which the customer can have a t-shirt printed according to their individual wishes."
GLOSSARY
RStudio: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RStudio) “It is a free open source integrated development environment (IDE), a programming language for statistical computing and graphics. In this design, the classification search of pictures is mainly realized by it.� Secondary Customization: To achieve more personalized and inclusive custom development and is a personalized development in the context of collective memory.
INTRODUCTION
With the changes of the times, the urban form will continue to change. Rossi (1982) indicates that "streets are the most difficult to change in this process, but the function and form of the building will change according to the style and function demand at different times." However, not all buildings will be updated and replaced quickly. Generally, ordinary functional residences are relatively easy to replace, but there is also a special kind of architecture in the city – the heritage, which not only has its own functions, but also has a special historical significance. It is representative and specific in aesthetic value, and historical and humanistic values, such as Big Ben and Palace of Westminster. Generally, this type of architecture will be well preserved in architectural style, providing new functional forms or maintaining its original functions in the new era. For example, Big Ben still maintains the ability to display time, and the Palace of Westminster is still used for parliamentary meetings and has the function of a historical museum. According to the evaluation rules for the listed buildings, these important historical heritages are listed as Grade I (Historic England). However, there are also some historical heritages, whose historical status cannot be compared with that of Big Ben. Based on the grade standards of British historical heritages, they are listed as Grade II, which may have little influence or have a more partial meaning for a particular period and a specific region. This kind of heritage tends to be controversial in the renewal and development of cities. Boyer (1994) argues that " the entire city can be seen as a collective memory". Therefore, cities can be seen as the carrier of memory time, and people construct a framework of urban memory through personal experiences and different narrative perspectives. In the city, heritage is an important memory space that witnesses and undergoes changes in collective memory and describes and transmit the memory in
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thus maintaining and promoting the construction of regional cultural identity. To create a city with a cultural identity, heritage designers or urban designers need to address not only the material elements of the form, but also the problems between the places and historical stories (Leite, 2009). It is because a memory space tends to contain two parts of information, namely the material form and the story, both of which are indispensable. Most previous studies have shown that urban designers are more concerned with the form of materials, but people need to know the past from the story, understand themselves, and realize the impact of new technologies on collective memory. These collective memories tend to be attached to material carriers (Halbwachs, 1992). Therefore, how to obtain collective memory from material carriers is the key. In the information age, the electronic terminal has become a direct and effective medium to connect people. People share and transmit photos, text and videos on social media. The powerful social media platform can be thought of as a dynamic memory repository that provides the possibility to capture collective memory. However, Felasari and Peng (2012) argue that these historical sites are far away from their ecological environment, which requires a variety of ways and means to build relationships among the activators of the context, locations and hidden stories. For urban designers or architects, they must be aware of the emotional and cultural identity of users in the old city transformation, activate the existing memory sites, encourage users to redefine the function of the place and give new information to the existing places. Therefore, in the face of changes in the use of urban space, the development of cultural relics not only focuses on the way and meaning of the past, but also on its position and role in current or future cities. It may not be a question that history can answer and it may be necessary to find an answer based on current or future needs. In addition, the renewal of historical heritage pays more attention to the functions and embodiment, and social factors have become the key factors in the sustainable development of cities. Should we also attach importance to the requirements of the humanistic spirit? Should it also be an important part of urban construction and development? As an important embodiment of urban culture, urban collective memory deserves to be deeply explored and valued. Accordingly, from the perspective of urban space utilization and demand, based on the context of urban collective memory, and taking gasholder as an example, this paper explores the possibility of customizing urban space based on different demands.
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Chapter 1 discusses the interrelationship among memory, heritage, and city, and explains how memory persists throughout the life cycle of heritage buildings, thus digging deeply into the memory to reflect the changing process of urban demand, which serves as the theoretical basis. Chapter 2 explores whether urban space needs to adapt to urban memory and change based on the concepts of personal memory and collective memory. Faced with multiple uses of urban space, the different needs of personal memory and collective memory should be balanced. It is recommended to explore the city's collective memory and potential collective intelligence through social media. Chapter 3 explores and discusses who has a say in urban space utilization. Moreover, it analyzes the different perspectives of the three main design participants to analyze their different responsibilities and the advantages and disadvantages of participating in urban design. The results show that the three design participants lacked communication. In order to make the design more meaningful, it is recommended to build a communication interactive platform to achieve customized urban design, thus changing the poor communication and delays of information in the traditional design mode. When multiple design knowledge is involved in urban design, the contradiction between individuals and collective can be coordinated. Chapter 4 is an assessment of the customization on a city scale. In the face of the diverse needs in the city, it is also necessary to consider the boundaries and constraints in the customization process, and how to preserve the basic architectural aesthetics and meaning in the customization process. This section suggests the development of more objective third-party restraint mechanisms, and attempts to provide a dynamic, customized basic standard through machine learning.
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· Invisible City ·
“With the wave of this memory, the city is soaked and expanded like a sponge. Zaira’s description today should include all of Zaira’s past. However, the city did not tell its past, but included it. Like hand lines, written on street corners, window fences, step railings, lightning rod antennas, pole markers, each part is marked with scratches, indentations, reels."
- Calvino, Italo. 1978.
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CHAPTER 1 How does memory reflect urban change and demand?
Usually, people only associate memories with the past. As described by the invisible city (Calvino, 1978), “Zaira's description today should include all of Zaira's past.� However, memory should be a medium of communication. Just like montage in movies, memory is the medium and foundation of communication, which shows the past, present and even the future of the city. The city is the accumulation of historical memory and the product of historical synergy. Moreover, an individual's understanding or influence on city memory is fragmentary. In a way, the whole city is a patchwork. Therefore, from a certain perspective, cities can be seen as carriers of memory segments that are updated and reorganized at different times, which raises the requirements for dynamic updating of urban space. The collage city (Rowe, et al., 1983) introduces the concept of urban dynamic systems. The dynamic system of the collage city includes a dynamic protection process, the non-terminating of the protection results, and the dynamic nature of the protected objects. In general, urban space also changes with people's memory of urban space. Over time, these memories have witnessed changes in urban space, reflecting the demand for urban space within a certain period. In addition, memory has become an important part of urban space. In particular, for heritage buildings, memory provides more value to the physical space, such as historical values and social spiritual values. The added value of memory tends to determine the period and direction of its existence and development. Therefore, heritage is an important memory carrier in urban space, and its dynamic changes should not be ignored from the perspective of changes in the demand of modern cities or the continuation and development of heritage itself.
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· Invisible City ·
“I speak and speak,” Marco says,“but the listener retains only the words he is expecting… It is not the voice that commands the story: it is the ear.” —— Calvino, Italo. 1978.
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CHAPTER 2 The contradiction between individual memory and collective memory
/ The Game between individual Memory and Collective Memory Memory is the ability to store and recall events or objects. Halbwachs(1992) proposes that the purpose of studying memory is not to reflect the individual's subjective mind, but the construction and operation of memory in the city. In cities, people tend to recall their past and create awareness and positioning of memories in social activities. Collective memory is a concentrated expression of individual memory in the same social context. Separate memories can only be recalled in the memory constructed by collective memory, and because individuals belong to various social groups, and collective memory has a certain degree of support for the group they belong to. Therefore, the construction of collective memory is inseparable from personal memory. The development of personal memory and the narrative method cannot completely break away from the basic framework of collective memory construction. Therefore, they influence, restrict and promote each other. This relationship will inevitably cause differences and contradictions, especially on the basis of urban scale, the contradiction between individual and collective is long-standing. As Calvino (1978) wrote in the invisible city: "It is not the voice of the story: it is the ear." Therefore, for individuals, everything is produced at a time when they have a special connection with them. Faced with the same event or thing, people have different understandings of it, and collective memory lays the foundation of the event itself. The participation of personal memory is a restatement of the event itself from multiple perspectives, most of which are consistent with the positioning of collective memory, but more of which is a detailed description of the event by the individual. Inevitably, however, there is a narrative that contradicts collective memory. This opposite narrative
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may make it difficult to judge who is right and who is wrong, and collective memory may mask the uniqueness of personal memories or ignore some personal memories, which may be a key point to note in the consideration of the relationship between collective memory and personal memory (Sandercock,1998). Moreover, according to Hardin (1968), people tend to focus on their own needs and lack consideration. In particular, for public things, they tend to fall into a common tragedy. On the one hand, it is the natural habit of human beings. On the other hand, due to the lack of a platform for public communication, it is difficult to promote communication and achieve coordination under different needs. For example, some of the less influential heritages are just a more localized urban memory. Therefore, from the perspective of urban demand, these small local memories become a minority compared to the entire urban. The useless and dispensable memory becomes the collective memory of these less influential heritages. At this time, it is unfair to determine the positioning and development history of these heritages from the perspective of collective memory. In cities, these neglected heritages are overshadowed by the overall narrative of modernism. The collective memory of minorities tends to be overlooked by the social context of the overall narrative, which may cause potential social conflicts (Sandercock,1998). In addition, the indifference to heritage may lose valuable historical resources that are irreversible. Therefore, in the process of urban design and planning, such local memory cannot be ignored, and blindly catering to the needs of the public will ignore the significance of its existence and development, which has been ignored in the past in the discussion of collective memory. Therefore, the significance of exploring and mining collective memory is to achieve a more personalized and inclusive customized development, which is based on the individualized development under the collective memory.
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CHAPTER 2
/ Social media: mining an invisible city The size and complexity of the city determine that it needs to operate on a holistic system. Mining collective memory might be an opportunity to explore the hidden common needs and interests of individuals, creating opportunities for communication and dialogue between individuals and creating opportunities for reconciliation between individuals and groups. In the process of changing times, the heritage faces problems of separation from the times and cities. An important issue facing the renewal of urban heritage is that heritage, cities and citizens need to be constantly connected over time. (Leite 2009) .As mentioned above, mining collective memory of historical heritage and finding common meaning may be the foundation for the development of heritage. In the past, the mining of collective memory was mainly done in the form of folk tales, communities, and searching historical data. One of the inevitable problems is the lack of timeliness, which means that information tends to lag or does not move over time. As mentioned earlier, collective memory is not always the same. It changes with the times, but it can maintain its relative stability, which is reflected in the relative stability of most people's reshaping and their basic features. Therefore, a dynamic medium is needed to capture the changing collective memory of the city. In the digital age, there is strong support for sharing and participating in the recording of specific spaces and places. Everyone can connect to each other using advanced mobile devices with a good
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[Fig. 01]
internet connection. Personal memory is triggered by personal experience and social environment (fig.01). The Internet is a platform for expression and sharing. In addition, it can also be a medium for creating and storing memories to connect different social factors (Ratti and Claudel, 2016). For example, social media plays an important role in memory hosting. Modern technology offers the possibility of embodying abstract memories and the Internet makes it possible to collect large numbers of specific images. Furthermore, the memory is usually attached to a material carrier, and the most common form of recording is the photo, text, video, etc. (Ratti, 2014). A large amount of picture information in social media provides the possibility of acquiring collective memory. For example, Instagram uses social media as the primary form of image sharing. The communication of the digital memory platform provides space for memory exchange and sharing. Meanwhile, it is worth noting that people tend to unconsciously beautify their memories in social networks. The modification of memory is positive from a certain perspective, which forms high-quality pictures with high aesthetic value on social media, laying a foundation for building collective memory resources. In addition, social media can discover minority groups that are overlooked. In the virtual world, fairness and equality may be more pronounced than in the real world. Minority needs can rely on digital platforms to express their demands, which can ease urban contradictions to a certain extent, and provide the possibility of building collective memory in many cities. However, Ratti (2014) argues that the emergence of social media lags far behind historical sites. In some respects, it cannot cover past history. Nevertheless, social media has great advantages in information continuity and storage in the time dimension. The updating of historical heritage in the past lacks the timeliness and continuity shown by social media (Nijholt, 2017). Therefore, the lack of continuous integration information is one of the main reasons why cities cannot coordinate the demands. However, social media can provide not only real-time information, but also a huge information storage space, which makes up for the information defects in future urban renewal, and also pays attention to the use of urban space from a more open perspective. Thus, how can people find a new form of heritage development? It is balanced based on historical factors, current needs and usage. Rossi (1982) states that the
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easiest thing to change in architecture is its function, followed by form. If the original function of the heritage is lost, its current function must meet the needs of the present. In short, architecturally, the value of historical heritage is more concerned with its structure and architectural form, and the protection of heritage focuses more on the architectural level. In addition, protection may be dependent on the local culture, which will affect the direction of heritage renewal, such as the reconstruction of the Coventry Garden. Therefore, efforts should be made to protect local characteristics through reconstruction. For historical heritage, the most important thing is to preserve the memory characteristics of the place itself, because the historical heritage belongs to the city, it should meet the city's needs. As described in Chapter 1, collective memory can reflect the use of urban space. Machine learning provides the possibility of information analysis and processing. For example, through the open source information of social media API and Rstudio, image information on Instagram can be effectively collected and categorized to create a database of collective memory of the city, which plays an important role in building a dynamic database of collective memories. And based on this, the invisible city of memory can be excavated.
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· Invisible City ·
“Using practical conversation as its medium, designing is a deeply social process of making sense together.” —— John,Forester,1989
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CHAPTER 3 Communication platform: solving the conflict between urban individuals and collectives through urban mass-customization
Due to the diversity of modern cities, top-down traditional design patterns have been unable to resolve conflicts at all levels of the city. The feedback of the design results of the traditional design pattern lags behind. From a certain perspective, citizens do not participate in the design process, but can only accept design results, which may cause misunderstanding between designers and users. Users may not get a truly effective design, and wrong design positioning can cause the waste of capital and land resources. If feedback is real-time and multi-variant during the design process, can citizens’ needs be considered more comprehensively and carefully? It may be a breakthrough in improving the quality and positioning accuracy of urban design. The interactive platform was established to achieve more personalized and inclusive custom development and is a personalized development in the context of collective memory. This bottom-up mass customization based on collective memory is a way of respecting this differentiation, because only participation can express the real needs and visions.
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[Fig. 02]
CHAPTER 3
/ Who is the real designer of the city? Who has talked the most about the positioning of urban space? Is it the government? Is it a designer? Or a resident? Perhaps the answer is not unique. Who really understands urban design? Is it the government? Is it a designer? Or the public? This is not absolute (fig.02). From the perspective of the government, macro-economic knowledge, such as economic benefit and land resource integration, is needed and controlled by the government. However, in the multicultural society, the public interest represented by the government reveals a narrative right that obscures the existence of differences. Designers need to communicate with the government and the public, which can concert the differences between the government and the public. However, the previous urban planning or urban design is mostly based on the analysis and pre-judgment of existing data, some of which even rely on past experience, or are developed by continuous replication of templates, invalidating the design results. Therefore, people must talk to each other and listen to each other. The lack of communication between designers and users tends to cause unsatisfactory design results (Friedmann,1979). Meanwhile, Forester (1989) also mentions that using practical conversation can be used as a medium to make the design more socially meaningful. Due to lack of communication, some of the public's daily life experience, local culture, and knowledge will be ignored, which are also important and effective design knowledge that can reflect the local characteristics and the actual needs of the region. These aspects are However, respecting their functions and design knowledge is also especially important for the rational positioning and renewal of urban space. Therefore, the diversity of design knowledge should be acknowledged, and it is necessary to distinguish and identify which design knowledge is the most reasonable and effective, or in which case it is most effective. Moreover, an urban design interactive platform should be established to achieve a critical urban custom model and democratic urban design theory mechanism, which encourages self-criticism and mutual criticism between designers and users. The establishment of a communication and evaluation system gives the public the right to participate and speak, and the design results may make more sense (Forester,1989; Sandercock,1998 ).
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CHAPTER 3
/ Mass customization : Respecting multiparty interests and design knowledge
Similarly, different memories correspond to different uses of urban space, indicating that customization is necessary. Customization of urban spaces is a response to different usage possibilities (Verebes, T.,2015). The concept of customization begins in the field of product design. In product design, customization is a one-to-one service, and the result of customization is one-to-one, indicating that it is a more private custom relationship. Customization on a city scale is many-to-one, with multiple customers, namely citizens to an urban space. The difference between urban mass customization and product customization is that urban-scale customization has to face more users (Kaplan et al., 2006). In this case, the uniqueness and privacy of individual customization might be reduced. The performance is based on collective customization and is a localized personal customization. Therefore, collective memory can be seen as the basis for urban mass customization. Personal memory is used as a personalized input to achieve auxiliary customization to influence the customized results of urban space. Therefore, Product customization focuses on a single custom object. While urban mass customization requires more negotiation and adjustment.
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[Fig. 03]
[Fig. 04]
However, in terms of the size of the city, the customization environment becomes more complex as the number of people involved in customization increases. Moreover, the customization process has been extended and is dynamic. Therefore, it is necessary to build a sustainable interactive interface to accommodate variable customization (Poorang et al., 2013). Interactive customization based on memory is a process of continuous negotiation, which attempts to find new memories of the heritage. For example, for some heritages that are listed as Grade II, such as gasholders, even if they are included in the scope of protection, their development will cause controversy between locals and new residents. For these heritages, they have more meaning to the locals, but the new residents have no deep impression and memory of them (Trancik,1986). In fact, gasholders occupy the land of the city, and urban land is really short. However, for the locals, gasholders have brought convenience to them and they are important memories. Then, how do people balance different voices? How can the heritage of public space be meaningful to more people and transformed into a useful space for the city? In order to balance different heritage users, this design project attempts to identify the memory and opinions of the gasholders through social media, trying to understand how people relate to these industrial heritages through these different labels and images, thus finding the starting point for creating a collective memory of the gasholders, which is the first level of social media for public customization. Based on the initial collective memory found, an attempt was made to find a way to balance the different voices of the users. The crux of the problem is that there is a gap in their memory of the gasholders. Therefore, creating new memories for them may be an effective way to develop. By creating a memory skin, the city's memory is transferred to a new space, and the new space becomes the medium for evoking and creating new collective memories (fig.03; fig 04). This section attempts to provide users with choices or permission to intervene in the design process and provides a platform for designers and users to negotiate for the development of gas tanks in the future. This interface not only allows users to participate in the process of customization, but also displays and recodes multiple custom results that can be an important resource for future growth. The interface is established to achieve more personalized and inclusive custom development, which is a personalized development under the collective memory. (fig.05)This bottom-up mass customization based on collective memory is a way of respecting differentiated
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customization, because real needs and visions can only be expressed through participation and action (Bressani, 2015; Verebes, 2015). It serves the government, designers and citizens, and it is also a platform for communication among citizens. In the customization process, people need to communicate to resolve conflicts of interest. The mass customization process involves public participation on a city scale. On the one hand, it can realize the expression of public awareness. On the other hand, it might also solve urban conflicts more accurately and effectively. However, this kind of mass customization should also be limited. Because the influence of the diversity of public awareness, non-professionalism and uncertainty still exists. This bottom-up urban development model has a higher demand for citizens' awareness of independent participation (KolarevicďźŒ2015ďź› Kaplan et al. 2006). For the public, is the result of each customization really good? How do governments and designers evaluate these customizations? Is it necessary to intervene in the third party evaluation system, and the evaluation system should be relatively objective? Perhaps it may be more objective and rational to evaluate the computer as a third party perspective. However, no matter what kind of urban development mode, communication and coordination are unavoidable topics. In the process of urban construction, the key is to establish a smooth communication channel. In this way, it is possible to obtain more accurate information on urban demand, so as to achieve the optimization and dynamic development of the design orientation. Therefore, in cities, most choices are the result of group selection. At the same time, the long-term confrontation is the contradiction between group selection and individual choice. In group selection, people will prioritize options that they can understand and agree with the people they interact with, but it is difficult to achieve a high degree of unity. If all agents choose to establish a point, the conversation will not be coordinated. It is a traditional top-down urban development model, which is inconsistent with the basic logic of social formation. Therefore, people should negotiate through a differential dialogue, which is also an important reason for creating interfaces and assisting customization. But at the same time, due to the large number of urban design users, it is difficult to cater for all demands. In this pluralistic society, it is a breakthrough to find a medium of connection between the bottom-up design pattern and the top-down design pattern to meet the needs of diversified and personalized cities.
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[Fig. 05] [Fig. 05]
CHAPTER 4 Constraints on mass customization on a city scale
As mentioned above, there are differences between mass customization and product design on a city scale. For city-scale mass customization, Poorang et al. (2013) it indicates that it is more or less limited under the urban scale. First of all, mass customization under the urban scale has risen to the public concept compared with the general product customization. Therefore, it is inevitable to coordinate the contradiction between the collective and the individual under urban mass customization. In other words, when customized objects face multiple custom-users, it is necessary to rely on certain constraints to optimize the feasibility of the customization process. In addition, for cities, their basic functions need to be realized through more stable structures and conditions, which also requires customized factors. In addition, according to Hardin (1968), " when public affairs are lack of third party management, people tend to try to maximize their own interests and ignore the public interests ". This also puts higher requirements on the ethical standards of participants in customized activities. Therefore, it is necessary to control urban mass customization to a certain extent and to develop a more objective third-party restriction mechanism. In the digital age, machine learning and computer visualization has been fully developed and its results have been applied in various fields (Alkhoven, 1997). Moreover, the retrieval and analysis ability of machine learning plays an important role in the construction of collective memory. For example, in a design project, it is really important to build an interface in a machine learning manner to determine and distinguish the color and content of images, which can improve the accuracy of memory information base. The K-means(fig3) clustering method is used to read and
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[Fig. 06]
[Fig. 08]
[Fig. 07]
[Fig. 06]
divide the main colors of images. In addition, the user's input also determines and identifies the content of the image through machine learning, which can ensure that the customization process is based on collective memory rather than random input values. These restrictions are necessary for urban customization, because the designer should ensure the correctness of the basic design direction and quality in the process of public participation in design. Therefore, a certain degree of macro-control is also really significant for urban customization, which is also an important factor to ensure that the customized city can effectively continue and develop.Secondly, as a designer, it is necessary to ensure that the urban customized design ensures the consistency of the design language and has basic aesthetic value. Therefore, the pictures in different hashtags under Instagram are sorted and sorted out through Rstudio which based on machine learning principleďźˆfig.06. The design project uses the computer vison to visualize the picture brightness values and generate new integrated memory pictures by superposition (fig.07). Next, this is mainly based on the secondary conversion of image data implemented in the grasshopper definition of the brightness value 3D visualization (fig.08). And then According to this basic principle, pictures are batch synthesized. In the end, new integrated images based on different hashtags were formed and as the basis for mass customization.
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[Fig. 08]
CONCLUSION
Starting from the use and demand of urban space, this paper explores the possibility of collective memory promoting the development of heritage. For mass customization of urban scale, social media as a custom tool focuses more on public customization, while the interface emphasizes the possibility of improving personal customization. The interface is more focused on personal customization, and the final customization results will have an impact on overall customization. Public customization and personal customization are two processes of urban customization, which can fully reflect personal memory on the basis of collective memory. In terms of the size of the city, too many personal choices are likely to confuse the city. Therefore, it is useful and effective to collect personal data through social media and then classify and cluster these data as the basis of customized design, because public space is a concept of common ownership rather than a concept of privacy. In fact, even if the product is customized, a basic product structure is required. When developing a heritage or a public space in a city, people need to reach a basic consensus. It is helpful to use the interface to assist in customization and provide citizens with opportunities and choices to evaluate and adjust design results, which can make public spaces more suitable for citizens.
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The city does not belong to one person and therefore collective opinions are necessary for the city's customization. However, designers cannot unilaterally take the needs of most people as the direction of urban development, because the needs of the minority should also be respected. In the context of urban diversification, the possibility of creating pluralism is worthy of consideration and practice. It is necessary to find and resolve the contradiction between urban land use and neglected heritage. Because in the context of urban diversification, the public interest is obscured by the narrative mode, and the narrative mode is different under the unified mode of thinking. Therefore, the generation of collective-based customization is supposed to coordinate communication in the city, rather than insisting the arrogant belief that the opinions of the majority are correct. Urban design should not only listen to the voice of the majority, but also listen to the voice of the minority, thus establishing a democratic urban design theory and creating a new urban impression or memory on the basis of pluralism.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Kolarevic, B. 2015. From Mass Customisation to Design ‘Democratisation’. Archit. Design, 85: 48–53. doi:10.1002/ad.1976 Leite J.M.V. 2009. Cultural heritage and monument, a place in memory. City & Time 4 (2): 3. [online] URL: http://www.ct.cecibr.org Nijholt, A. 2017. “Playable Cities, The City as a digital playground”. Springer Singapore Poorang A.E. Piroozfar, Frank T.2013. Piller Mass Customisation and Personalisation in Architecture and Construction.New Approaches in Sociology, Routledge, 2013 Ratti, C. 2014. Decoding the City: Urbanism in the Age of Big Data. Birkhausser Ratti, C. and Claudel, M. 2016. “The city of tomorrow: sensors, networks, hackers, and the future of urban life”. Yale University Press. ROSSI, A., & EISENMAN, P. 1982. The architecture of the city. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press. Rowe, C., & Koetter, F. 1983. Collage city. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press. Sandercock, L.1998 : Making the invisible visible: A Multicultural planning history, Berkeley y Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 1998. Trancik R.1986.Finding Lost Space: Theories of Urban Design. John Wiley & Sons; 1986. Verebes, T. 2015. Mass–customised cities, AD Magazine 238, Wiley: London
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IMAGE SOURCES
Figure 01. Author's own.2018. Design project. Figure 02. Author's own.2018. Design project. Figure 03. Author's own.2018. Design project. Figure 04. Author's own.2018. Design project.Mass-customization Figure 05. Author's own.2018. Design project.Mass-customization Figure 06. Author's own.2018. Design project.Machine learning: processing the information flow of social media (Instagram) Figure 07. Author's own.2018. Design project. Figure 08. Author's own.2018. Design project.Mass-customization with interface
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