Countryside: Cartesian Agriculture by Demir Purisic

CARTESIAN AGRICULTURE

AMO | GSD 2017 STUDIO

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN AGRICULTURE2 AMO | GSD 2017 STUDIO DEMIR PURISIC

ABSTRACT

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

On Agriculture2 While many species have had enormous influence on the make-up and productivity of the Earth’s biosphere, none has transformed the Earth in so many ways and on such a scale as Homo sapiens. What this research aims to do is present an account of the various ways humans continue to claim the stores of productive land, primarily focusing on modern agriculture and crop production, the resource surrounding it, and the intended and unintended consequences this transformation continues to have. Bisecting the US, beginning from the Southern tip of Texas and traveling some 3,000km North to the Canadian border, is Route 281 or as known in the harvesting industry, “CustomCutter Alley”. Traveling along Route 281 during the season one will be surrounded by monumental pieces of farm equipment working the endless expanses of monotonous, mono-crop farmland stretching towards the horizon. A landscape unlike any other in the world, one that provides a cross-section of both ends of the spectrum of human evolution, the need for food and the transformative capacities of human ingenuity. Scattered amongst these fields, virtually invisible, are the minuscule, dwindling, and crumbling towns tasked with the feeding of the world. On the Endangered Farmer No other individual has been more effected by the human need for food production and consumption than the farmer. While we typically associate the farmer with the cliché image of a man engaged with the land, living organisms, and food on an emotional and physical level this image no longer a reality. The modern farmer is all but a baby-sitter of gargantuan pieces of intelligent machinery that are constantly being advanced towards the level of total automation and independency. This rising tide of technology is slowly but surely pushing the farmer we are familiar with towards the brink of extinction. On Remote Sensing The disconnection and removal of the farmer from the ground is most evident in the use of remote sensing. Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information through imagery of objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites. This technology has had a tremendous effect on the way we study and learn about the Earth, and in particular the analysis and study of the crops that are grown on agricultural fields. Through the use of remote sensing modern machinery such as the combine has access to immense amounts of information about the field. This gives the farmer the ability to attend specifically to nearly each plant on a field that is hundreds of acres in size. On Space Of the methods used for remote sensing the satellite is by far the most efficient and extensive. There are 98 active Earth-observing missions that scan the entire surface of the Earth in an average period of 16 days. The human desire for exploration and gathering of information about our climate, water, land, and consequently the countryside has resulted in about 20,000 man-made objects orbiting the Earth, the vast majority of which are ‘junk’. This pollution of space is made up of perpetually orbiting objects that are destined to become the longest-lasting artifacts of human civilization. On Automation The rising tide of technology is slowly but surely pushing the farmer we are familiar with towards the brink of extinction. Beginning with the industrial revolution, the evolution of farming equipment has continuously evolved to become faster, better, stronger and more independent. The ability of the equipment to cover immense amounts of land and harvest immense amounts of crop, all with an accuracy and efficiency far beyond that of a human has resulted in an increase in farm size, crop production, and profit while resulting in a decrease of human labor on the farm.

AGRICULTURE2

ENDANGERED FARMER

REMOTE IMAGERY

SATELLITES

chapter 01

chapter 02

chapter 03

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EARTH OBSERVI

chapter 04

ING

ON THE GROUND

CONTENT

chapter 05

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Chinese Farm Workers, California, c.1900 (C.C. Pierce) Image courtesy of: Bradley Kraushaar

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The rising tide of technology is slowly but surely pushing the farmer we are familiar with towards the brink of extinction, nowhere is this more evident then in the Great Plains region of the United States. The farmer is no longer connected to the land, both physically and psychologically, they have become all but babysitters of gargantuan pieces of intelligent machinery that are constantly connected to vast resources of information from remote imagery to GPS satellites. The flood of high-tech equpment, automation technology, and remote imagery combined with the production requirements to sustain an ever-growing world has forced the farmer to depend on large agro businesses and private companies to survive. The extinction of the farmer is a future that is a clear and present possibility. The need for every piece of land to be as productive as possible leaves little room for innacuracy and human error has resulted in the inevitable seperation of the farmer from the land.

Chapter 01: THE ENDANGERED FARMER

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World Bands The research presented in this book focuses on the North American band spanning from the southern tip of Texas to the border between North Dakota and Canada. Source: OMA/AMO

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Major Land Use in the US, 2007 millions of acres

4% 60

20% 257

76% 1,020

Land Uses Cropland and Pasture

United States Land Use This graphic represents the allocated use of the land in the continental US. Source: 2007 ERS Major Land Use - Full Report, Figure 1 Page 2 Source: Population Dynamics of the Great Plains: 1950 to 2007

Other Urban

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Land in Farms, 1850 to 2012 millions of acres

1161

1124

1065 959 841

1062

990

987 932

938

881

915

623 536 407

408

Westward Expansion

Stabalization

Land in Farms, 1850-2012 Source: 2012_AgCensus_Vol1_Table1_ HistoricalHighlights (2012-1982), 1982_AgCensus_ Vol1_Table1_LandinFarms (1978-1950), 1969_ AgCensus_Vol2_Table8_LandinFarms_1850to1969 (1940-1850) Image courtesy of: Bradley Kraushaar

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12 20

02 20

92 19

82 19

69 19

59 19

50 19

40 19

30 19

20 19

10 19

00 19

90 18

80 18

70 18

60 18

294

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Route 281 Geographic Regions

Geographic Regions along Route 281 Source: Encyclopedia of the Great Plains

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State Boundary The states covering much of the expanse of the great plains are, starting from the south, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota. While these states account for only 20% of the land of the continental US they produced 51% of the absolute wheat in the country. Great Plains Geography Located in the Midwest region of the United States the Great Plains is a large expanse of flat land. The primary crop grown in this region is wheat. Along with Canada, the US is responsible for more than half of the worlds wheat exports. Ogallala Aquifer The Ogillala Aquifer is the largest aquifer in the US and provides water to about 27% of the irrigated land in the entire US. Large scale extraction for agricultural purposes started after World War II due partially to center pivot technology and to the adaptation of automotive engines for groundwater wells.

Legend State Boundary Great Plains Ogallala Aquifer

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20%

Route 281 Region

Total Land Continental US

Percentages in absolute yield of US for 2015

48% Wheat

Cotton

2015 US total (1,000 bushels) 2,051,752

30%

27%

Hay

Corn

2015 US total (1,000 tonnes) 134,388

2015 US total (1,000 bushels) 13,601,198

23%

38%

Soybeans

Cattle

2015 US total (1,000 bushels) 3,929,885

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Crop Production The states covering much of the expanse of the great plains are, starting from the south, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota. While these states account for only 20% of the land of the continental US they produced significant percentages of the absolute yields of various crops of the United States. These crops were both for domestic use as well as for exporting. The significant production of this land can be attributed to the Ogallala Aquifer mentioned earlier.

Route 281 % of Total US Commoduty Production Source: USDA Crop Production Survey, 2015

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Population Size by County: 2007

GLACIATED

MISSOURI PLATEAU UNGLACIATED

BLACK HILLS

HIGH PLAINS

PLAINS BORDER

RAYON

EDWARDS PLATEAU

EDWARDS PLATEAU UPLIFT

Population size 100,000 or more 50,000 to 99,999 10,000 to 49,999 Less than 10,000 Regions Plains Geographic Boundary Route 281

Population Size by County: 2007 Source: Population Dynamics of the Great Plains: 1950 to 2007

Plains County Boundary

Dwindling Population “Almost two-thirds (244 of 376) of the counties in the Great Plains lost population between 1950 and 2007 (Figures 4 and 5). The total loss for those 244 counties was roughly 600,000 people. In addition, 69 Great Plains counties lost over 50 percent of their population. The largest decline occurred in Harding County, New Mexico, which lost 76 percent of its population between 1950 and 2007” Population Dynamics of the Great Plains: 1950 to 2007 Corsica, South Dakota Corsica, South Dakota is an example of the small town populations which exist amidst a sea of farm land and are likely populated by farmers. Source: Google Earth Screenshot

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Census Year of Maximum Population by County GLACIATED

MISSOURI PLATEAU UNGLACIATED BLACK HILLS

HIGH PLAINS

PLAINS BORDER

RAYON

EDWARDS PLATEAU

Census year of maximum population

EDWARDS PLATEAU UPLIFT

1990 or 2000 1970 or 1980 1950 or 1960 1930 or 1940 1900 to 1920 1890 or earlier Regions Plains Geographic Boundary Route 281

Census Year of Maximum Population by County Source: Population Dynamics of the Great Plains: 1950 to 2007

Plains County Boundary

Dwindling Population Through a quick scowering using Google Earth along Route 281 one can find countless towns similar to Corsica, South Dakota (pictured left). Corsica is a prime example of the dwindling population of towns surrounded by a sea of farmland. Corsica has a population of 592 people (2010 Census) and while this population is tiny, there is still economical room for a thriving farm equipment business (left).

Notebloom Implement Corsica, South Dakota Noteboom Implement is a business located in Corsica South Dakota which provides farm equipment for the tiny population of Corsica. Source: Google Earth Screenshot

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1958

2014

805m

4.6km Farm Size Evolution Source: Farm size and the organization of US Crop Farming, 2013 (USDA)

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All 129,772 miles shown here are local roads.

ROADS Kansas is a prime example of the effects the combination of a decreasing population and an increasing mechanization of local farmland can have on the local infrastructure. Because â&#x20AC;&#x153;local roadsâ&#x20AC;? fall under the local jurisdiction (typically townships) and not under the cities or counties the underpopulated and economically strangled township cannot afford to maintain their local roads. This, combined with the fact that these roads are being used by large machinery to access farms located East- West of Route 281 creates an unsustainable and uncertain future for the local infrastructure.

Local Roads in Kansas Source: The Local Road Network: Kansas Long Range Transportation Plan

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“Rural local roads today are carrying heavier agricultural loads than they once did – and in many cases, much heavier than they were designed for” Kansas Long Range Transportation Plan

Local Roads in Kansas Source: The Local Road Network: Kansas Long Range Transportation Plan Image courtesy of: Bradley Kraushaar

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People/Square Mile

Decreasing US Farm Population Density vs Rapid Adoption of Mechanization in the US

Number of Tractors

Decreasing US Farm Population Density Source: USDA Census of Agriculture 2012

Rapid Adoption of Mechanization in the US Source: Biswagner, 1984 Information courtesy of: Bradley Kraushaar

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Increasing Horsepower and Scale in Agriculture

1730mm

Horse <1880s 1hp

2580mm

Fendt F15 Dieselross 1952 15hp

6157mm

Fendt Vario 1050 2014 500hp

PRECISION AGRICULTURE - MACHINERY

Increasing Horsepower and Scale in Agriculture Source: Fendt.com (2016) Images courtesy of: Bradley Kraushaar

Beginning in the post-war period the ever-increasing scale and power of the machinery found on the farm shows no signs of slowing down. Increasing machinery, efficiency, and power has given the individual farmer the abilitiy to maintain a field infinetly larger than that of his ancestors. This has resulted in the decrease of manual labor on the farm in the last decades and this decrease will likely continue as the equipment autonomy becomes more prevelant.

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FARMER The farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s responsibilities on the farm have been simplified to planting the crop during the planting season. In many cases the farmer outsources the harvesting or fertilizing of his field. On the flip side a farmer may also provide his services to private owners of land for a share of the yield profit.

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OWN

While it is typical fo land he is cultivatin population that doe entirely. In fact a far of the land he farms the farmer, with a se times there are seve piece of land who e

NER

or a farmer to own the ng there is a growing es not own the land rmer may not own all s, quite often he is just eparate landlord. Many eral owners of a single each share the profits.

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HARVESTER While some farmers lease equipment from dealerships to harvest their own land many who cannot afford the expensive equipment resort to hiring a Harvester to arrive during harvesting season and cultivate their land. Using roads like Route 281 the custom harvester begins his journey in Texas in May and works his way up to North Dakota in October.

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US Route 281 - “Custom Cutter Alley”

US Route 281 - “Custom Cutter Alley” Source: Canine, Craig - Dream Reaper (1995) Image courtesy of: Bradley Kraushaar

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Dream Reaper p. 112 Source: Canine, Craig - Dream Reaper (1995) Image courtesy of: Bradley Kraushaar

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Grain Harvesting Source: Binswagner, 1984 Image courtesy of Bradley Kraushaar

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GRAIN HARVESTING As with the tractor, the evolution and mechanization of grain harvesting has resulted in the invention of the diesel combine in the mid-20th century. Modern day combines have the ability to harvest over 100 ha/day, something that took three farm workers 100 days to do in the 19th century. The development of the combine has also resulted in the birth of a new industry, the Custom Harvester. While some farmers lease equipment from dealerships to harvest their own land many who cannot afford the expensive equipment resort to hiring a Harvester to arrive during harvesting season and cultivate their land. Using roads like Route 281 the custom harvester begins his journey in Texas in May and works his way up to North Dakota in October.

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Carter, Montana Source: Image courtesy of Bradley Kraushaar

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SCALE It’s incredible the size and her of the stuff we’re working with, just heavy, strong, oversized stuff that most people don’t ever interact with. the size, weights, etc are just all incredible. -Bradley Kraushaar

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Clinton, Oklahoma Source: Image courtesy of Bradley Kraushaar

Carter, Montana Source: Image courtesy of Bradley Kraushaar

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ENTOURAGE Grain trucks John Deere S690 Combine caravans Mobile housing Full mechanic shop on pick-up truck Harvester transporter (18-Wheeler) ROADS The East-West extent of the wheat is much wider than what’s accessible from only Route 281. You need roads that are big, wide, with good shoulders to allow trucks to easily pass the combines when they’re being hauled, but not the traffic and prominence of the interstate, so you want big, new state highways. Harvesters travel on many different north-south roads, they generally stay away from interstates, the road is not the central character I’d thought it would be. But towns (very small towns) are perhaps filling that role as these are little farming outposts in the vastness of the Midwest, and groups of harvesters will gather, briefly, in one little town for a few days to a couple weeks, inject life into the town, make it their own, and then move on the next one, maybe seeing the same harvesters again, maybe not Custom harvesters are exempt from a ton of federal and state transportation laws, such as overall length of trailers, widths, license requirements, etc. because if they weren’t exempted, harvest might not happen, or more precisely, it could require a significant change to how it happens, in terms of transportation. If this exemption stuff is interesting, I can do more research on this at a later date, it’s in all of the state DOT regulations, tests, manuals.” -Bradley Kraushaar

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Cabin of Combine Source: Image courtesy of Bradley Kraushaar

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CONTROL All of the controls are electronic, there are no cables or direct physical linkages between the cab and the rest of the machine, in that sense everything is through â&#x20AC;&#x153;the screenâ&#x20AC;?. We move the hydrostat (roughly the throttle), the steering wheel and buttons to move the header, start/stop the separator, etc., but all of these are like buttons on a video game controller. -Bradley Kraushaar

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Above: Why American Farmers are Hacking Their Tractors With Ukranian Firmware Source: www.motherboard.com Jason Koebler (2017)

CNH Industrial Fully Autonomous Tractor Source: CNH Industrial

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IN PROGRESS

Landsat 7 Image Source: NASA Landsat

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The modern day farmer has access to an immense amount of resources at the touch of their fingertips. The infrastructure, technology, and innovation surrounding the life of a farmer is growing every day. Tractor technology is rapidly evolving to become more autonomous, efficient, and accurate. Imaging technology is becoming more and more accurate, accessible, and frequent. These developments are all created with one goal in mind, to create more food with less. In an ever growing world population advancements in these technologies are much needed. At the center of the resources used by farmers is the image. Humans have devoted an immense amount of money, resources, technology and time to advance the varying processes with which we observe our planet. The images produced by these processes are filled with imense amounts of information used by the farmer to improve the seasonal harvest.

Chapter 02: REMOTE IMAGERY

1) Space for footnotes

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First photo from space The first images from space were taken on the sub-orbital V-2 rocket flight launched by the U.S. on October 24, 1946. Source: US Army

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COUNTRYSIDE FROM SPACE “Managing NASA Earth observing data is the responsibility of the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) According to EOSDIS metrics for 2014, the EOSDIS manages more than 9 petabytes (PB) of data. The EOSDIS adds about 6.4 TB of data to its archives and distributes almost 28 TB worth of data to an average of 11,000 unique users around the world every day.” - Josh Blumenfeld, EOSDIS Science Writer

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Satellites in Geostationary orbit Satellites in geostationary orbit are located 36,000km away from earth. Source: NASA

Autonomous Aerial Vehicles (planes, drones) eBee Ag Drone Source: eBee

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Crop Trial Tes â&#x20AC;&#x153;Dr Shane Rot Source: Lanca

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METHODS While the end result is typically the same there are several methods a farmer could use to learn more about their land. Satellite The satellite is the most common resource for remote imagery. While it is not the most accurate it is easily the efficient. The vast amounts of satellites orbiting earth and gathering information every second is unchallanged. The most beneficial aspect of satellite remote imagery is the speed, satellites used for agricultural imagery typically orbit close to Earth (200-500km) and can create imaging of any portion of the Earth every 8-24 days. The information is typically accessed by farmers or researchers via GIS software and is typically publicly accessible. Autonomous Aerieal Vehicles (planes, drones) A young and growing industry is the drone industry. This relatively young technology is becoming more and more common and accessible to the farmer. The benefits of the drone is mainly the increase in accuracy and anytime use. A farmer can use a drone at any time and get information about the land within an incredibly short period of time. The downside of the drone is the price, current accessibility, and the amount of time it will take to scan a large piece of land. Crop Trial Tests The most accurate method is a crop trial or field test. These are typically done by an individual and gather the most accurate information about the land and vegatation. However, the process is extremely slow and takes a lot of man hours.

sts thwell carrying out crop trialsâ&#x20AC;? aster University

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Electromagnetic Spectrum The visible region of the spectrum ranges from about .4um to .7um Source: North Dakota State Universtiy

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Spectral Signatures of Crops and Soil Spectral Signatures of Crops and Soil Source: North Dakota State University

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Historical US Corn Grain Yields 1866 to date

First EO SAT 1964 Fertilizer 1960

Center Pivot Irrigation Invented 1940

200

First ISSAC Image  June 11, 2011

180

160

Grain Yield (bu/ac)

140

120

2012

100

Historical US Corn Grain Yields  1866 to date Source: USDA-NASS

Historical US Corn Grain Yields 1866 to date Source: USDA-NASS

North Dakota Wheat Yields 1900-2016 Source: USDA-NASS

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20 20

10 20

00 20

90 19

80 19

70 19

60 19

50 19

40 19

30 19

20 19

10 19

00 19

90 18

80 18

70 18

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North Dakota Wheat Yields 1900-2016

First EO SAT 1964 Fetilizer 1960

Center Pivot Irrigation

First ISSAC Imageâ&#x20AC;¨ June 11, 2011

Bushels/Acre

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

North Dakota Wheat Yields 1900-2016 Source: USDA-NASS

SIGNIFICANT MOMENTS While there is no individual invention, innovation, or event that can be attributed with the immense increase in crop production in the US, there are several key events that occursed within several years of each other that have had a significant impact on the production capabilities of farmland in the US.

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Shown in the two graphs above, the key moments span several areas related to agriculture, ranging from the collection of Remote Imagery to the invention of Center Pivot Irrigation. Due to these innovations and their combination the productivity of the American farm grue exponentially.

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Panchromatic Imagery - Landsat 8 Panchromatic image of Saint Johh, Kansas Source: Esri ArcGIS Landsat App

Natural color imagery - Landsat 8 Natural Color image of Saint Johh, Kansas Source: Esri ArcGIS Landsat App

Agricultural Im Healthy crop in Source: Esri Arc

Infared Imagery - Landsat 8 Infared image of Saint Johh, Kansas Source: Esri ArcGIS Landsat App

Begitation Index Lmagery - Landsat 8 Vegitation Index image of Saint Johh, Kansas. Healthy vegitation is in dark green. Source: Esri ArcGIS Landsat App

Moisture Index Moisture Index Moisture-rich so Source: Esri Arc

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magery - Landsat 8 n green. Saint Johh, Kansas cGIS Landsat App

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SPECTRUMS We begin with the image. The advancement in imaging technology has allowed humans to see the invisible. The most common form of imaging is via satellite. A satellite has the ability to observe our entire planet in a short period of time. LANDSAT The Landsat spacecraft series of NASA represents the longest continuous Earth imaging program in history, starting with the launch of Landsat-1 in 1972 through Landsat-8 in 2013. Shown on the left are the various images produced by the Landsat-8 satellite ranging from the Panchromatic image, used typically because it provides the highest resolution, to a Moisture Index image. The Landsat-8 satellite orbits the Earth every 98 minutes and creates a full scan of the entire globe every 16 days.

x Imagery - Landsat 8 image of Saint Johh, Kansas. oil is in blue. cGIS Landsat App

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NDVI Imagery - Landsat 8 Natural Difference Vegitation Index Imagery Source: NASA Landsat

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NATURAL COLOR Color satellite images are composed of multiple, individual channels of data, each corresponding to a specific range of wavelengths. A natural or â&#x20AC;&#x153;true-colorâ&#x20AC;? image combines actual measurements of red, green, and blue light. The result looks like the world as humans see it.

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NDVI Imagery - Landsat 8 Natural Difference Vegitation Index Imagery Source: NASA Landsat

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NDVI IMAGERY NDVI is a common measure in remote sensing for agriculture â&#x20AC;&#x201D; capturing how much more near infrared light is reflected compared to visible red. It helps differentiate bare soil from grass or forest, detect plants under stress, and differentiate between crops and crop stages.

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Infrared Imagery - Landsat 8 InfrWvared Imagery Source: NASA Landsat

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INFRARED IMAGERY Infrared Imagery is another form of imagery used in agricultural purposes. At the infrared spectrum of light plants have a higher emmitance and healthy and unhealthy plants are easier to distinguish. Another significant imaging use is the near-infrared light spectrum. At the threshold between green and infrared is the near-infrared, it is important because a plant that is sick could be overlooked by both the infared and the NDVI light spectrums, however at the near-infrared spectrum this plant will show in what is called the â&#x20AC;&#x153;red-edgeâ&#x20AC;? detection.

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Precision Agriculture Image of ESRI - ArcGIS software showing the process of analyzing imagery and using it to establish Management Zones for fertilizing. Source: ESRI - ArcGIS

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SOFTWARE 1.Observation The primary source of information is a yield map (typically from the previous harvest) or a remotely sensed image (typically from a satellite). Other sources of information, such as remote sensed imagery, digital elevation model, high resolution soil mapping (eg EMI-Electro Magnetic Induction, Gamma Radiometry, GPR-Ground Penetrating Radar) are also available. 2.Evaluate and Interpret Depending on the satellite and imagery the images can be available to the user within 3-5 hours of their capture. The data is typically evaluated, interpreted and converted using GIS Software. 3.Targeted Management Plan Establishing of management zones. Using the observed data, the evaluation and interpretation, the GIS software management zones are created for the farmer. Within these zones the farmer controls the application of fertilizer, irrigation water, agrochemicals, soil ameliorates or crop ripeners and even control selective harvesting. 4.Execution Once the management zones have been established the information is transfered (typically via memory stick) to the tractor. Once the information is in the tractor it adjusts the amount of fertilizer or water to give each zone of the map. Modern day tractors are driven autonomously using GPS software that is accurate in some cases down to 2cm. This accuracy is key to avoiding overuse of resources.

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GIS - Geographic Information Systems Varying spectral images. These images are interpreted by a GIS software in order to establish different zones. Source: NASA - Earth Observatory

GPS - Global Positioning System Positioning system (e.g. GPS receivers that use satellite signals to precisely determine a position on the globe. Recent developments allow for precision within a 2cm error margin. Source: Image courtesy of Bradley Kraushaar

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Farming Equip Variable-rate fa combine harve Source: Image

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COMMUNICATION The machine accuracy is only as good as the information it recieves. The first layer of information a tractor receives is the management zones created by a GIS software which uses images and data collected by remote sensing satellites or other technologies (planes, drones, etc.) Using these management zones the farmer has the ability to adjust the amount of seed, pesticide, fertilizer, and water that each zone of his field should receive in order to maximize the harvest.

1) Space for footnotes

pment arming equipment (seeder, spreader, sprayer, ester). e courtesy of Bradley Kraushaar

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Above: Automated feed control Graphic showing the benefits of automated feed control. Source: NASA

Below: Guidance Photos showing the various equipment used to guide the tractor across the field. Source: Image courtesy of Bradley Kraushaar

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GPS Accuracy The increasing autonomy of the tractor is the final layer of infrastructure. Using GPS technology the tractor drives itself, to an accuracy of 2cm, while the farmer sits in the cabin overseeing the entire process. The accuracy of the GPS is incredibly important both for efficiency and economy. A human driven tractor typically has an overlap of 10-15% when seeding/fertilizing, this results in a shorter execution as well as an increase in resources used.

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IN PROGRESS

Sputnik-1 The first artificial satellite to orbit Earth, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957 Source: NASA

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Sputnik-1 or “Elementary Satellite 1” was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennae to broadcast radio pulses. It was visible all around the Earth and its radio pulses were detectable. This surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. Tracking and studying Sputnik 1 from Earth provided scientists with valuable information, even though the satellite itself wasn’t equipped with sensors. The density of the upper atmosphere could be deduced from its drag on the orbit, and the propagation of its radio signals gave information about the ionosphere.

Chapter 03: SATELLITES

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Orbital Launches Per Year

Orbital Launches Per Year Graph showing the total orbital launches for each year from 1957-2014. Source: Space Launch Report

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LAUNCHES Since the beginning of the space race there have been over 5,000 man-made objects launched into space. The amount of EO (Earth Observing) satellites orbiting the earth varies based on source but is believed to be 479 including satellites that are no longer active. The graphic on the left represents the orbital laounches per year beginning with the first man-made object launched successfully into orbit in 1957.

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0km - sea level 37.6km - Self Propelled Aircraft 215km - Sputnik 1 340km - International Space Station 600-800km - Sun-Synchronous Satellites 800-1700km - Polar Orbiting Satellites

LEO Low Earth Orbit

MEO Medium Earth Orbit

GEO Geo Synchronous Orbit

180-2,000 km

2,000-35,780 km

> 35,780 km

EO (Earth Observing Satellites)

GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites

COMM (Communication Satellites)

Orbital Altitudes of many significant satellites of Earth Source: NASA Earth Observatory

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ORBIT DISTANCES The majority of Earth Ebserving satellites are located in what is called the Low Earth Orbit zone. This zone is 2002000km away from the surface of the Earth. At this level the satellites maintain a velocity of about 27,000 km/h. The location of the EO satellites in this region is crucial because of the accuracy and speed with which they can capture images of the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. At Low Eath Orbit satellites typically complete one orbit in about 90-100 minutes and has a repetition cycle ranging from 8-30 days. This is crucial for Precision agriculture as it allows the farmer access to vast amounts of data about their land in a short period of time.

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Lissajous Orbit Orbit type of the DSCOVR (Deep Space Climate Observatory) satellite. Source: NASA/NOAA

Eccentric Orbit A circular orbit has an eccentricity of 0, while a highly eccentric orbit is closer to (but always less than) 1. A satellite in an eccentric orbit moves around one of the ellipseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focal points, not the center. Russian communication satellite and Sirius radio satellite use this type of orbit. Source: NASA illustration by Robert Simmon

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Circular Orbit Most Earth obs Earth. Source: NASA

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ORBIT GEOMETRIES The majority of Earth Ebserving satellites are located in what is called the Low Earth Orbit zone. This zone is 2002000km away from the surface of the Earth. At this level the satellites maintain a velocity of about 27,000 km/h. The location of the EO satellites in this region is crucial because of the accuracy and speed with which they can capture images of the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. At Low Eath Orbit satellites typically complete one orbit in about 90-100 minutes and has a repetition cycle ranging from 8-30 days. This is crucial for Precision agriculture as it allows the farmer access to vast amounts of data about their land in a short period of time.

t serving satellites maintain a circular orbit around

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Above: Sun-synchronous orbit path Sun-synchronous orbiting satellites orbit with the sun and always have a sunlit view of the Earth. Source: NASA

Below: TMM satellite path Image showing the swath of the TMM satellite as it moves across the Earth. Source: NASA

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Right: TMM satellite path Orbital inclination is the angle between the plane of an orbit and the equator. Source: NASA

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SUN SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT Many of the satellites in NASAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Earth Observing System have a nearly polar orbit. In this highly inclined orbit, the satellite moves around the Earth from pole to pole, taking about 99 minutes to complete an orbit. During one half of the orbit, the satellite views the daytime side of the Earth. At the pole, satellite crosses over to the nighttime side of Earth The Sun-synchronous orbit is necessary for science because it keeps the angle of sunlight on the surface of the Earth as consistent as possible, though the angle will change from season to season. This consistency means that scientists can compare images from the same season over several years without worrying too much about extreme changes in shadows and lighting, which can create illusions of change. Without a Sun-synchronous orbit, it would be very difficult to track change over time. It would be impossible to collect the kind of consistent information required to study climate change. Tpyical orbital period of LOE Sun Synchronous satellite 90-100 min. Typical repeat period of LOE Sun Synchronous satellite 8-24 days.

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IAI 1/ISRAEL

ESA European Space Agency EUROPE (22 countries)

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration USA

CNES Centre National Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Etudes Spatiales FRANCE

USGS United States Geological Survey USA

IN PROGRESS

CSA Canadian Space Agency CANADA

Digital Globe Digital Globe PUBLICLY TRADED COMPANY

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NASA National Aeronotics and Space Administration USA

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AGENCIES There have been 479 Earth Observing satellite missions. The missions have largely been done by NASA but other space agenicies perform their own missions as well. Due to political circumstances countries like Russia and China have their own Earth observing satellites, creating a duplication of similar missions and a lack of information sharing. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Spaceborn missions covered such topics as: Atmosphere/Radiation/Aeronomy Missions Commercial Imaging Satellites Data Collection (Messaging) Systems Earth Observation/Monitoring Missions Geodynamic/Earth-System Missions Meteorology - GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit) Missions Meteorology - LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Missions Satellite Radionavigation Systems Satellite Emergency Services & Environmental Monitoring Shuttle - Selected Missions and Payloads Space Science/Solar-Terrestrial Missions Space Stations Technology Missions University/Student-Developed Satellites & Payloadsâ&#x20AC;? -eoPortal Director

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Low Earth Orbit Density Low Earth Orbit Density In progress list 72/98 Source: AGI Analytic Graphics

In any given 4,000,000 sq km area there is 1 operational Earth Observing satellite gathering data.

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Active EO Satellite Density: 1/4,000,000 sq. km. Junk Density: 13/1,000,000 sq. km.

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Low Earth Orbit Density Low Earth Orbit Density Source: AGI Analytic Graphics

In any given 1,000,000 sq km area there is an average of 13 manmade non-operational objects orbiting the Earth.

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Active EO Satellite Density: 1/4,000,000 sq. km. Junk Density: 13/1,000,000 sq. km.

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Metal ball falls from space onto farm Theodore Solomons sits next to the metal ball that he saw fall from the sky on a farm close to Worcester, about 150 kilometres outside of Cape Town, south Africa in April 2000. A second metal ball dropped out of the sky the following day on a farm approximately 50 kilometres outside of Cape Town. Astronomers said the balls, which were white-hot when they landed, could be parts of a decaying satellite Source: Enver Essop/EPA

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JUNK While exact numbers vary based on source (15,00020,000) there is an ever growing amount of man-made objects orbiting Earth. Of these, the vast majority are nonoperational and have been dubbed â&#x20AC;&#x153;junkâ&#x20AC;?. The

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Satellites Orbiting Earth Source: ESRI Satellite Map

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PAGE 83

Satellite Bodies 3,912

Debris 11,689

ACTIVE/INACTIVE

Satellites Orbiting Earth Source: ESRI Satellite Map

While exact numbers vary based on source (15,000-20,000) there is an ever growing amount of man-made satellites orbiting Earth. It is estimated that there are over 500,000 man made objects in orbit that are down to a centimeter in size.

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Junk in Space Orbiting the earth are nearly 12,000 pieces of junk. Source: ESRI - Satellite Map

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Growth of Satellite Population Orbiting the earth are nearly 12,000 pieces of junk. Source: ESRI - Satellite Map

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Junk in Space Orbiting the earth are nearly 12,000 pieces of junk. Source: ESRI - Satellite Map

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PAGE 87

IMPACT Despite the low chances there have been several cases of objects colliding while in orbit. As a protocol NASA maneuvers the International Space Station to safety if there is a 1 in 100,000 chance of a collision with a piece of debris of any size.

Orbital Debris Image of star showing streaks of orbital debris crossing view. Source: NASA - Orbital debris program

Impact 27,000km/h Debris impact crator in a solid cube of aluminum. Debris is 2cm wide Source: NASA - Orbital debris program

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Junk and Satellites per Country Source: ESRI - Satellite Map

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COUNTRIES The graph on the left shows the number of satellites orbiting Earth per country. These numbers include all active and inactive satellites, as well as any debris. The smallest size of trackable satellites is roughly 10cm or the size of a baseball. CAUSES Russia and China are the primary culprits of the junk orbiting our planet. Through the testing of anti-satellite missiles both countries are responsible for the creation of thousands of pieces of debris.

Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Anti-Satellite Test: Worrisome Debris Cloud Circles Earth (2007) by Leonard David Source: Space.com

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Cobra Dane radar Shemya Island, AK This phased array radar can detect and track objects as small as 5 cm Source: NASA

Eglin FPS-85 radar Ft. Walton Beach, FL This phased array radar is a dedicated sensor to the U.S. satellite catalog Source: NASA

Kiernan Reentry Measurement Site (KREMS) Kwajalein Atoll Four radars are visible: ALCOR (ARPA-Lincoln C-band Observables Radar), TRADEX (Target Resolution and Discrimination EXperiment), MMW (MilliMeter Wave), and ALTAIR (ARPA Long-range Tracking and and Instrumentation Radar) Source: NASA

Haystack and HAX radars Tyngsboro, MA These radars collect 600 hrs of orbital debris data each per year. They are NASAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s primary source of data on centimeter sized orbital debris Source: NASA

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70m Goldstone When operated is capable of de below 1,000 km Source: NASA

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TRACKING NASA scientists continue to develop and upgrade orbital debris models to describe and characterize the current and future debris environment. Engineering models, such as ORDEM 3.0, can be used for debris impact risk assessments for spacecraft and satellites, including the International Space Station and the Space Shuttle. Whereas, evolutionary models, such as LEGEND, are designed to predict the future debris environment. They are reliable tools to study how the future debris environment reacts to various mitigation practices.

e antenna Barstow, CA d as a bi-static radar, Goldstone etecting 2 mm debris at altitudes m

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Geo Synchronous Satellites Source: NASA

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PAGE 93

‘Sputnik-1 or “Elementary Satellite 1” was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennae to broadcast radio pulses. It was visible all around the Earth and its radio pulses were detectable. This surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. Tracking and studying Sputnik 1 from Earth provided scientists with valuable information, even though the satellite itself wasn’t equipped with sensors. The density of the upper atmosphere could be deduced from its drag on the orbit, and the propagation of its radio signals gave information about the ionosphere.’ [1]

Chapter 04: EARTH OBSERVING

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PAGE 95

EARTH OBSERVING MISSIONS The first Earth Observing satellites became active in 1964. This began a revolution in the way we learn about our planet. To date there have been nearly 500 documented Earth Observing satellite missions. Of those 500 there are 98 currently active satellites. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Managing NASA Earth observing data is the responsibility of the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) According to EOSDIS metrics for 2014, the EOSDIS manages more than 9 petabytes (PB) of data. The EOSDIS adds about 6.4 TB of data to its archives and distributes almost 28 TB worth of data to an average of 11,000 unique users around the world every day.â&#x20AC;? - Josh Blumenfeld, EOSDIS Science Writer

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Photo

PAGE 96 96

Name

TERRA

Status

Active

Dimensio ns

3m x 6m

Agency

NASA/ Canada/ Governme nt of Japan

Missio Orbit n Date Distance

1990 705km

Orbit Type

Orbital Period (in minutes)

Repeat Interval

Spatial Resolutio n 15-90m

SunDaily; Synchrono equator at us ~10h30 (local time)

Swath Width

Devices

60km

ASTERAdvanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reﬂectance Radiometer

B1: µm B2: µm B3: µm B4: µm

ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus)

B1: 0.45 (30 B2: 0.52 (30 B3: (30

TRMM

Active

3.5m x 5.5m

NASA

1997

ISSActive Internation al Space Station Landsat 7 Active

70m x 110m

Multiple

1998 400km

96 minutes SunSynchrono us

2.7m x 4m NASA/ USGS

1999 705km

Sun98 minutes Synchrono us

EROS A

1.2m x 2.3m

2000 523km

Retrograd e

Active

IAI (Israel Aircraft Industries)

95 minutes

8d 15m 16 days 15m-30m- 183km 60m

26d 1.2m

Earth Active Observing1 AQUA Active

1.4m x NASA 1.4m x 2m

2001 700km

4.8m x 16.7m x 8m

2002 705km

98 minutes 16d SunSynchrono us Sun99 minutes Daily; Synchrono Equator at us ~10h30 and 13h30 (local time)

GRACE-1 Active

1.9m x 3m NASA and German Space 1.9m x 3m NASA and German Space 4.6m x NASA 17m x 6.8m

2002 500km

Polar

91 minutes

30d

2002 500km

Polar

91 minutes

30d

2004 705km

98 minutes Daily; SunSynchrono Equator at us 13h45 (local time)

500km

NASA & CNES (France)

2006 705km

Sun1km 98 minutes Daily; Synchrono Equator at us 13h30 (local time)

64km

2.5m x 2m NASA/ x 5m Canada

2006 710km

36km

CPR - Cloud Proﬁling Radar

WorldView Inactive -1

2.5m x 3.6m

DigitalGlob e

2007

Sun98 minutes Daily; Synchrono Equator at us 13h30 (local time)

DSCOVR - Active Deep Space Climate

3m x 6m

NASA/ NOAA

2015 1,500,000k Lissajous m Orbit

Full earth pictures

NISTAR - Nist Advanced Radiometer

GRACE-2 Active AURA

Active

CALIPSO

Active

CloudSat

Active

2.5m x 1.5m x 9.7m

NASA

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

15m-30m60m 250m (B1- 2330km B2) 500m (B3-B7) 1000m (B8-B36)

ALI - Advanced Land Imager  Hyperion Hyperspectral MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiomet er

Full earth pictures  25km/pixel

B1: B2: B3: B4: B5: B6: B7: B8:

HIRDLS- High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder

MLS-Microwave WFC - Wide Field Camera   IIR - Imaging Infrared Radiometer

WF nm

IIR ban µm IIR ban µm IIR ban µm

317 388 680 and

Spectral Coverage

Data Transmiss ion

: 0.520–0.600 (15 m) : 0.630–0.690 (15 m) : 0.760–0.860 (15 m) : 0.760–0.860 (15 m

: 532 5-0.515 µm images/ day m) : 25-0.605 µm m) : 0.63-0.69 µm m)

: 620 - 670 nm : 841 - 876 nm : 459 - 479 nm : 545 - 565 nm : 1230 - 1250 nm : 1628 - 1652 nm : 2105 - 2155 nm : 405 - 420 nm

FC - 620-670

Access and Restrictions

Data needs to be purchased for commercial purposes; Educational use and NASAsupported research permitted

Free access, use and redistribution,

Data Use General

Data Use Detailed

General Description

Agriculture  vegetation, ecosystem Forestry  dynamics, hazard and disaster monitoring, change detection, earth science, land cover analysis

Agriculture  Agriculture  Forestry   Forestry   Mining  Mining  Water  Water  Agriculture oceanography, aerosols, , bathymetry, vegetation Deforestati types, peak vegetation, on, Mining,   biomass content analysis, moisture analysis, thermal Water mapping, mineral deposit identiﬁcation

The satellite can Agriculture  be temporarily Forestry  controlled by a Mining   customer when it passes over the areas of interest. This is used to allow

Free access, use and redistribution

LINK/SOURCE

Carries ﬁve instruments to observe the state of the atmosphere, land, and oceans, as well as their interactions with solar radiation and with one another

carries give instruments which uses radar and sensors of visible infrared light to closely monitor precipitation.

constellation is composed of two very-highresolution optical Earth-imaging satellites. Pléiades-HR 1A and Pléiades-HR 1B provide the coverage of Earth’s surface with a repeat cycle of 26 days.

carrying land-imaging technology, used to demonstrate new instruments and spacecraft systems for future missions Carries six instruments to observe interactions among the four sphere’s for earth’s systems: oceans, land, atmosphere, and biosphere

Climate  Cloud Coverage

aerosols, land and cloud boundaries and properties, ocean biology, biogeochemistry, atm. water vapour, sea surface and atmospheric temperature, cloud analysis

Gravity

Measures differences in Earth’s gravitational ﬁeld

Gravity

Measures differences in Earth’s gravitational ﬁeld

Climate  Water

Ozone radiaton, water vapor, methane and nitrogen compounds, chlorine, water vapor, carbon monoxide

Climate

Aerosols, cloud thickness, air pollution

studies thickness of clouds and aerosols for understanding of how much air pollution is present and changes in compositions in the atmosphere.

https:// directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellitemissions/c-missions/ calipso

Climate

Monitors the altitudede and properties of clouds

Monitors the state of earth's atmosphere and weather through radar, which can be used to predict which clouds produce rain, observe snowfall, andismonitor the moisture content of The camera a panchromatic imaging system featuring half-meter resolution imagery. With an average revisit time of 1.7 days, WorldView-1 is capable of collecting up to 750,000 square To study the Sun-lit side of Earth from the L1 Lagrange point

https:// directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellitemissions/c-missions/

Two identical satellites and orbits, Grace 1 is 200km ahead Grace 2. They observe and measure earth's gravitational ﬁeld, which may Two identical satellites and orbits, Grace 1 is 200km ahead Grace 2. They observe and measure earth's gravitational ﬁeld, which may studies earth's ozone, air quality, and climate though observation of composition, chemistry, and dynamics of the atmosphere.

- 8.7 µm, ndwidth: 0.9

- 10.5 µm, ndwidth: 0.6

- 12.05 µm, ndwidth: 1.0

7, 325, 340, 8, 443, 552, 0, 688, 764 d 779 nm

AGRICULTURE2

https:// directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellitemissions/d/dscovr

PAGE 97

PAGE 98 98

Photo

Name

Status

SMAP

Active

HyspIRI ICESat-2

Agency

Missio Orbit n Date Distance

Orbit Type

Orbital Period (in minutes)

Repeat Interval

Spatial Resolutio n

2015 670km

Sun98 minutes Synchrono us

8d 3km

Planned

1m x 1.5m NASA x 6m(antenn a) NASA

2016

19d 60m

Planned

2m x 2m

NASA

2017 500km

SunSynchrono us Near-polar 91 minutes

1.8m x 1.6m x 18.5m 2.9m x 8.4m x 9.1m

ESA/ JAXA/ NICT NOAA

2018 393km

EarthCAR Planned E GOES-S

Dimensio ns

Planned

15m

Sun92 minutes Synchrono us 2018 35,790km Captures Geostation and sends ary data at various intervals; up to 8 per hour in the Continenta l98 USminutes 2018 592.7km

25d 500m

Swath Width

Devices

1000km

6km 150km

1km-4km- Paciﬁc 8km Ocean, Americas and Atlantic (160*E to 20*W)

ATmospheric LIDar CPR - Cloud

RADARSA Planned T Constellati on

1.3m x 4m CSA (Canadian Space Agency)

NOAA-06 (A) TIROS N

Inactive

7.4m x 1.9m 7.4m x 1.9m

NASA/ NOAA NASA/ NOAA

1978-1 870km 981 1978-1 870km 981

NOAA-07 (B) NOAA-08 (C) NOAA-09 (E)

Inactive

7.4m x 1.9m 7.4m x 1.9m 7.4m x 1.9m

NASA/ NOAA NASA/ NOAA NASA/ NOAA

1980-1 870km 986 1983-1 870km 986 1984-1 870km 999

Landsat 5 Inactive TM (Guiness World record for longestSPOT1Inactive Satellite pour l’Observati on de la Terre

2m x 4m

NASA/ USGS

1984-2 705km 013

Sun98 minutes Synchrono us

16d 30m-120m 185km

EADS Astrium

1986-

Sun101 minutes Synchrono us

26d 2.5m-5m-1 60km 0m-20m

NOAA-10 (F)

Inactive

7.4m x 1.9m

NASA/ NOAA

1986-2 870km 001

SunSynchrono us

Twice daily; entire planet

1090m

833km

AVHRR/3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer  HIRS/3

NOAA-11 (G)

Inactive

7.4m x 1.9m

NASA/ NOAA

1988-2 870km 004

SunSynchrono us

Twice daily; entire planet

1090m

833km

AVHRR/3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer  HIRS/3

Inactive

Inactive Inactive

694km

SunSynchrono us SunSynchrono us SunSynchrono us SunSynchrono us SunSynchrono us

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

24d 3x1m-100x 5-500km 100m

Hyperspectral Imager   Thermal Infared ScannerATLAS Advanced Topographic Laser ATLIDAltimeter -

Twice daily; entire planet

1090m

833km

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

AVHRR/3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer  HIRS/3

Multi-Spectral Scanner  TM - Thematic Mapper

3 to (Ima 380 nm 532

B1 km) B2 (4 k B3 km 12/1 B4 (4 k Syn Ape (SA

B1: µm B2: µm B3A µm B3B µm B1: (30 B2: (30 B3: (30 B/W 0.45 R: 0 µm G: 0 µm B: 0 µm NiR µm

B1: µm B2: µm B3A µm B3B B1: µm B2: µm B3A µm B3B µm

Spectral Coverage

Data Transmiss ion

Access and Restrictions

: 0.58 - 0.68 (1.09 km) : 0.725 - 1.00 (1.09 km) A: 1.58 - 1.64 (1.09 km) B: 3.55 - 3.93 (1.09 km) : 0.45-0.52 µm >2.5 m) million : 0.52-0.60 µm images m) : 0.63-0.69 µm m) W: 50-0.745 µm 0.625-0.695

R: 0.760-0.890

: 0.58 - 0.68 (1.09 km) : 0.725 - 1.00 (1.09 km) A: 1.58 - 1.64 (1.09 km) B: 3.55 - 3.93 : 0.58 - 0.68 (1.09 km) : 0.725 - 1.00 (1.09 km) A: 1.58 - 1.64 (1.09 km) B: 3.55 - 3.93 (1.09 km)

General Description

Data on vegetation types and deforestation

Climate

Monitor cloud properties and aerosols

Free access, use and redistribution

Weather Tracking  Water  Atmospher e

weather tracking, water vapour analysis, meteorology and atmospheric science

Data needs to be purchased from MDA for commercial purposes; available for research

Agriculture  Forestry  Climate  Water

environmental monitoring, ice monitoring, marine surveillance, disaster management, hydrology, mapping, geology, agriculture and forestry

Free access, use and redistribution

Climate  Cloud Coverage  Water

Free access, use and redistribution

Agriculture oceanography, aerosols, Landsat 5 was a low Earth orbit satellite , bathymetry, vegetation launched on March 1, 1984 to collect imagery of Deforestati types, peak vegetation, the surface of Earth. on, Mining,   biomass content analysis, moisture analysis, thermal Water mapping, mineral deposit Agriculture  mapping, change detection, Mining  planning (engineering, Climate  natural resources, urban, Urban infrastructure), land-use, Infrastruct EIA, tourism, military, crop ure management, environmental monitoring

Data needs to be purchased from EADS Astrium; if imagery is not available in archive, special request can be made

Sea ice, topography and vegetation characteristics

LINK/SOURCE

Measures soil moisture and its freeze/thaw state, which enhance understanding of processes that link water, energy, and carbon cycles to extend the capabilities of weather and climate models. Monitors land surface composition for agriculture and mineral characterization for ecosystem health. planned satellite mission for measuring ice sheet elevation, sea ice freeboard as well as land topography and vegetation characteristics.

Agriculture  Forestry  Mining Agriculture  Water 150 mbit/s download

(Visible) (1 ) (Shortwave) km) (Moisture) (8 (4 km GOES 13/14/15)) (Longwave 1) km) nthetic erture Radar AR)

0.450-0.520

Data Use Detailed

Soil Moisture

o 12 um ager)  0 nm - 2500 2(Scanner) nm

0.530-0.590

Data Use General

The main goal of the mission is the observation and characterization of clouds and aerosols as well as measuring the reﬂected solar radiation and the infrared radiation emitted from Earth's

https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/ satellite-missions/n/noaa-poes-series-5thgeneration#spacecraft https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/ satellite-missions/n/noaa-poes-series-5thgeneration#spacecraft https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/ satellite-missions/n/noaa-poes-series-5thgeneration#spacecraft https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/ satellite-missions/n/noaa-poes-series-5thgeneration#spacecraft cloud and surface mapping, https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/ land-water bounds, satellite-missions/n/noaa-poes-series-5threcognition of snow and ice, generation#spacecraft sea surface temperatures and cloud cover analysis at night

Free access, use and redistribution

Climate  Cloud Coverage  Water

cloud and surface mapping, https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/ land-water bounds, satellite-missions/n/noaa-poes-series-5threcognition of snow and ice, generation#spacecraft sea surface temperatures and cloud cover analysis at night

Free access, use and redistribution

Climate  Cloud Coverage  Water

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https:// directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellitemissions/e/earthcare https:// directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellitemissions/g/goes-r

PAGE 99

100 100 PAGE

Photo

Name

Status

Dimensio ns

Agency

Missio Orbit n Date Distance

Orbit Type

SunSynchrono us

Orbital Period (in minutes)

Repeat Interval

NOAA-12 (D)

Inactive

7.4m x 1.9m

NASA/ NOAA

1991-2 870km 004

GOES-I

Inactive

4.9m x 5.9m x 26.9m

NOAA

1994-2 35,790km 004 Geostation ary

NOAA-14 (J)

Inactive

7.4m x 1.9m

NASA/ NOAA

1994-2 870km 004

GOES-J

Inactive

4.9m x 5.9m x 26.9m

NOAA

1995-1 35,790km 998 Geostation ary

RADARSA Inactive T-1

1.3m x 3.7m

CSA 1995-2 793-821k (Canadian 013 m Space Agency)

100 minutes

GOES-K

Inactive

4.9m x 5.9m x 26.9m

NOAA

1997-2 35,790km 009 Geostation ary

Captures and sends data at various intervals; up to 8 per hour in the Continenta l US

NOAA-15 (K)

Active

7.4m x 1.9m

NASA/ NOAA

1998-

870km

Twice daily; entire planet

Captures and sends data at various intervals; up to 8 per hour in the Continenta l US SunSynchrono us

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

1090m

Swath Width 833km

Devices

AVHRR/3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer  HIRS/3

1km-4km- Paciﬁc 8km Ocean, Americas and Atlantic (160*E to 20*W)

Twice daily; entire planet

Captures and sends data at various intervals; up to 8 per hour in the Continenta l US

SunSynchrono us

Spatial Resolutio n

1090m

833km

AVHRR/3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer  HIRS/3

1km-4km- Paciﬁc 8km Ocean, Americas and Atlantic (160*E to 20*W) 24d 8-100m

45-500km

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

1km-4km- Paciﬁc 8km Ocean, Americas and Atlantic (160*E to 20*W)

Twice daily; entire planet

1090m

833km

AVHRR/3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer  HIRS/3

B1: µm B2: µm B3A µm B3B µm B4: µm B5: µm

B1 km) B2 (4 k B3 km 12/1 B4 (4 k B5 B1: µm B2: µm B3A µm B3B µm B4: µm B5: µm

B1 km) B2 (4 k B3 km 12/1 B4 (4 k B5 Syn Ape (SA

B1 km) B2 (4 k B3 km 12/1 B4 (4 k B5 (Lon B1: µm B2: µm B3A µm B3B µm B4: µm B5: µm

Spectral Coverage

Data Transmiss ion

Access and Restrictions

Data Use General

Data Use Detailed

General Description

: 0.58 - 0.68 (1.09 km) : 0.725 - 1.00 (1.09 km) A: 1.58 - 1.64 (1.09 km) B: 3.55 - 3.93 (1.09 km) : 10.30 - 11.30 (1.09 km) : 11.50 - 12.50 (1.09 km)

Free access, use and redistribution

Climate  Cloud Coverage  Water

(Visible) (1 ) (Shortwave) km) (Moisture) (8 (4 km GOES 13/14/15)) (Longwave 1) km) and 6 : 0.58 - 0.68 (1.09 km) : 0.725 - 1.00 (1.09 km) A: 1.58 - 1.64 (1.09 km) B: 3.55 - 3.93 (1.09 km) : 10.30 - 11.30 (1.09 km) : 11.50 - 12.50 (1.09 km)

Free access, use and redistribution

Weather Tracking  Water  Atmospher e

weather tracking, water vapour analysis, meteorology and atmospheric science

Free access, use and redistribution

Climate  Cloud Coverage  Water

(Visible) (1 ) (Shortwave) km) (Moisture) (8 (4 km GOES 13/14/15)) (Longwave 1) km) and 6 nthetic erture Radar AR)

Free access, use and redistribution

Weather Tracking  Water  Atmospher e

weather tracking, water vapour analysis, meteorology and atmospheric science

Data needs to be purchased from MDA for commercial purposes; available for research through the SOAR partnership from MDA and the Government of Canada

Agriculture  Forestry  Climate  Water

environmental monitoring, ice monitoring, marine surveillance, disaster management, hydrology, mapping, geology, agriculture and forestry

(Visible) (1 ) (Shortwave) km) (Moisture) (8 (4 km GOES 13/14/15)) (Longwave 1) km) and 6 ngwave 2) (4 : 0.58 - 0.68 (1.09 km) : 0.725 - 1.00 (1.09 km) A: 1.58 - 1.64 (1.09 km) B: 3.55 - 3.93 (1.09 km) : 10.30 - 11.30 (1.09 km) : 11.50 - 12.50 (1.09 km)

Free access, use and redistribution

Weather Tracking  Water  Atmospher e

weather tracking, water vapour analysis, meteorology and atmospheric science

Free access, use and redistribution

Climate  Cloud Coverage  Water

LINK/SOURCE

https:// directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellitemissions/g/goes-r

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Photo

Name

Status

Dimensio ns

Agency

Missio Orbit n Date Distance

Orbit Type

Orbital Period (in minutes)

1999-2 683km x 014 724km

Sun98 minutes Synchrono us nearcircular orbit,

ACRIMSA Inactive T

1.8m x 1.8m

NASA

IKONOS

Inactive

1.8m x 1.57m

DigitalGlob 1999-2 681km e 015

97 minutes SunSynchrono us

NOAA-16 (L)

Inactive

7.4m x 1.9m

NASA/ NOAA

2000-

SunSynchrono us

GOES-L

Inactive

NOAA

2000-2 35,790km 010 Geostation ary

870km

Repeat Interval

Swath Width

Daily: Equator at ~10h00 (local time) 3d 80cm B/W   11.3km 3.2m RBGiR

Twice daily; entire planet

Captures and sends data at various intervals; up to 8 per hour in the Continenta l US

Spatial Resolutio n

1090m

833km

Devices

ACRIM 3 - Active 0.2Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Cassegrain Reﬂector

B/W nm B: 4 G: 5 R: 6 NiR

AVHRR/3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer  HIRS/3

B1: µm B2: µm B3A µm B3B µm B4: µm B5: µm

1km-4km- Paciﬁc 8km Ocean, Americas and Atlantic (160*E to 20*W)

B1 km) B2 (4 k B3 km 12/1 B4 (4 k B5 (Lon km)

GO rem equ dete wea GOES-M

Inactive

4.9m x 5.9m x 26.9m

NOAA

QuickBird

Inactive

1.6m x 3m Digital Globe

2001-2 35,790km 013 Geostation ary

2001-2 482km 015

Captures and sends data at various intervals; up to 8 per hour in the Continenta l US Sun93 minutes Synchrono us

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

1km-4km- Paciﬁc 8km Ocean, Americas and Atlantic (160*E to 20*W)

4d 65cm B/W 16.8km   2.62m 18km RGBir   61cm B/W  2.44m RGBiR

NADIR

B1 km) B2 (4 k B3 km 12/1 B4 (4 k B5 B/W nm R: 4 G: 4 B: 5 NIR nm

Spectral Coverage

Data Transmiss ion

-2000 nm

Download: 3.6, 28.8, 57.6 or 115.2 kbit/ s

Data Use Detailed

General Description

Climate  Water  Energy

Solar Irradiance, Climate Variability and Change, Weather Water and Energy Cycle

AcrimSat, mission spent 14 years in orbit monitoring Earth's main energy source, radiation from the sun, and its impacts on our planet.

Data needs to be purchased from DigitalGlobe or a commercial reseller; if imagery is not available in archive, special request can be made

Agriculture  Mining  Climate  Urban Infrastruct ure

mapping, change detection, planning (engineering, natural resources, urban, infrastructure), land-use, EIA, tourism, military, crop management, environmental monitoring

commercial Earth observation satellite, and was the ﬁrst to collect publicly available highresolution imagery at 1- and 4-meter resolution. It offers multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (PAN) imagery.

: 0.58 - 0.68 (1.09 km) : 0.725 - 1.00 (1.09 km) A: 1.58 - 1.64 (1.09 km) B: 3.55 - 3.93 (1.09 km) : 10.30 - 11.30 (1.09 km) : 11.50 - 12.50 (1.09 km)

Free access, use and redistribution

Climate  Cloud Coverage  Water

(Visible) (1 ) (Shortwave) km) (Moisture) (8 (4 km GOES 13/14/15)) (Longwave 1) km) and 6 ngwave 2) (4 )

Free access, use and redistribution

Weather Tracking  Water  Atmospher e

weather tracking, water vapour analysis, meteorology and atmospheric science

https:// directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellitemissions/g/goes-r

Free access, use and redistribution

Weather Tracking  Water  Atmospher e

weather tracking, water vapour analysis, meteorology and atmospheric science

https:// directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellitemissions/g/goes-r

Data needs to be purchased from DigitalGlobe or a commercial reseller; if imagery is not available in archive, special request can be made

Agriculture  Mining  Climate  Urban Infrastruct ure

mapping, change detection, planning (engineering, natural resources, urban, infrastructure), land-use, EIA, tourism, military, crop management, environmental monitoring

W: 445-900

445-516 nm 506-595 nm 632-698 nm R: 757-853 nm

Access and Restrictions

Data Use General

LINK/SOURCE

OES also has mote sensing uipment to ect space ather.

(Visible) (1 ) (Shortwave) km) (Moisture) (8 (4 km GOES 13/14/15)) (Longwave 1) km) and 6 W: 405-1053 128 Gigabit 430 - 545 nm capacity 466 - 620 nm 590 - 710 nm R: 715 - 918

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Photo

Name

Status

Dimensio ns

Agency

Missio Orbit n Date Distance

Orbit Type

SunSynchrono us

NOAA-17 (M)

Inactive

7.4m x 1.9m

NASA/ NOAA

2002-

ICESat

Inactive

2m x 2m

NASA

2003-2 586km 010

Near-polar 96 minutes

NOAA-18 (N)

Active

7.4m x 1.9m

NASA/ NOAA

2005-

870km

SunSynchrono us

RADARSA Active T-2

1.3m x 3.7m

2007CSA (Canadian Space Agency)

798km

GOES-N

2.9m x 8.4m x 9.1m

NOAA

Active

870km

Orbital Period (in minutes)

2008- 35,790km presen Geostation t ary

Repeat Interval Twice daily; entire planet

1090m

91d 70m Twice daily; entire planet

100 minutes

Captures and sends data at various intervals; up to 8 per hour in the Continenta l US

Spatial Resolutio n

1090m

Swath Width

Devices

833km

AVHRR/3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer  HIRS/3

B1: µm B2: µm B3A µm B3B µm B4: µm B5: µm

6km

GLAS Geoscience Laser Altimeter System AVHRR/3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer  HIRS/3

106 nm

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

Syn Ape (SA

833km

24d 3x1m-100x 18-500km 100m

1km-4km- Paciﬁc 8km Ocean, Americas and Atlantic (160*E to 20*W)

B1: µm B2: µm B3A µm B3B µm B4: µm B5: µm

B1 km) B2 (4 k B3 km 12/1 B4 (4 k B5 (Lon km)

GO rem equ dete wea GOES-O

Active

2.9m x 8.4m x 9.1m

NOAA

2009- 35,790km presen Geostation t ary

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

Captures and sends data at various intervals; up to 8 per hour in the Continenta l US

1km-4km- Paciﬁc 8km Ocean, Americas and Atlantic (160*E to 20*W)

B1 km) B2 (4 k B3 km 12/1 B4 (4 k B5 (Lon km)

GO rem equ dete wea

Spectral Coverage

: 0.58 - 0.68 (1.09 km) : 0.725 - 1.00 (1.09 km) A: 1.58 - 1.64 (1.09 km) B: 3.55 - 3.93 (1.09 km) : 10.30 - 11.30 (1.09 km) : 11.50 - 12.50 (1.09 km)

Data Transmiss ion

Access and Restrictions Free access, use and redistribution

64 and 532

Data Use General

Data Use Detailed

General Description

Climate  Cloud Coverage  Water

Water

Tracks earth’s ice sheets

LINK/SOURCE

keeps track of size and thickness of earth's ice sheets.

: 0.58 - 0.68 (1.09 km) : 0.725 - 1.00 (1.09 km) A: 1.58 - 1.64 (1.09 km) B: 3.55 - 3.93 (1.09 km) : 10.30 - 11.30 (1.09 km) : 11.50 - 12.50 (1.09 km)

Free access, use and redistribution

Climate  Cloud Coverage  Water

nthetic erture Radar AR)

Data needs to be purchased from MDA for commercial purposes; available for research through the SOAR partnership from MDA and the Government of Canada

Agriculture  Forestry  Climate  Water

environmental monitoring, ice monitoring, marine surveillance, disaster management, hydrology, mapping, geology, agriculture and forestry

(Visible) (1 ) (Shortwave) km) (Moisture) (8 (4 km GOES 13/14/15)) (Longwave 1) km) and 6 ngwave 2) (4 )

Free access, use and redistribution

Weather Tracking  Water  Atmospher e

weather tracking, water vapour analysis, meteorology and atmospheric science

https:// directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellitemissions/g/goes-r

Free access, use and redistribution

Weather Tracking  Water  Atmospher e

weather tracking, water vapour analysis, meteorology and atmospheric science

https:// directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellitemissions/g/goes-r

OES also has mote sensing uipment to ect space ather.

(Visible) (1 ) (Shortwave) km) (Moisture) (8 (4 km GOES 13/14/15)) (Longwave 1) km) and 6 ngwave 2) (4 )

OES also has mote sensing uipment to ect space ather.

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Photo

Name

Status

AQUARIU Inactive S - SAC-D GOES-P

Active

Dimensio ns

Agency

2.7m x 5m NASA & Space Agency of 2.9m x NOAA 8.4m x 9.1m

Missio Orbit n Date Distance

Orbit Type

Orbital Period (in minutes)

2010-2 650km 015

Sun98 minutes Synchrono us 2010- 35,790km Captures presen Geostation and sends t ary data at various intervals; up to 8 per hour in the Continenta l US

Repeat Interval 7d

Spatial Resolutio n

Swath Width 150km

1km-4km- Paciﬁc 8km Ocean, Americas and Atlantic (160*E to 20*W)

Devices

AQUARIUS

B1 km) B2 (4 k B3 km 12/1 B4 (4 k B5 (Lon km)

GO rem equ dete wea PleiadesHR 1A

Active

1.7m x 3.9 CNES

Active SPOT6Satellite pour l’Observati on de la Terre

1.5m x 2.7m

PleiadesHR 1B

Active

1.7m x 3.9 CNES

Landsat 8   Active

2.7m x 4m NASA/ USGS

GPMActive Global Precipitati GOES-R Active

5m x 6.5m NASA/ JAXA 2.9m x 8.4m x 9.1m

EADS Astrium

NOAA

98 minutes 2011- 694km Sunpresen Synchrono t us every 1-3 2012- 694km days Sunsynchrono us

26d .5m B/W  20km 2m RGBir

2012- 694km presen t 2013- 705km presen t

98 minutes SunSynchrono us 98 minutes SunSynchrono us

26d .5m B/W  20km 2m RGBir

2014presen t 2016presen t

Geo Centric

407km 35,790km Geostation ary

93 minutes Captures and sends data at various intervals; up to 8 per hour in the Continenta l US

2.5m-5m-1 60km 0m-20m

16 days 15m-30m- 185km 60m-100m

885km 1km-4km- Paciﬁc 8km Ocean, Americas and Atlantic (160*E to 20*W)

B/W 0.45 R: 0 µm G: 0 µm B: 0 µm NiR µm

OLI (B1-B9) B1: (Operation Land µm Imager)  B2:   µm TIRS (B10-B11) B3: (Thermal µm InfaRed Sensor) B4: µm B5: µm B6: µm B7: DPR - DualFrequency Precipitation B1 km) B2 (4 k B3 km 12/1 B4 (4 k B5 (Lon km)

GO rem equ dete wea SWOT

Planned

5m x 10m

NASA

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

Spectral Coverage

(Visible) (1 ) (Shortwave) km) (Moisture) (8 (4 km GOES 13/14/15)) (Longwave 1) km) and 6 ngwave 2) (4 )

Data Transmiss ion

Access and Restrictions

Free access, use and redistribution

Data Use General

Data Use Detailed

General Description

LINK/SOURCE

Water

mapped ocean pattern and salinity

Weather Tracking  Water  Atmospher e

weather tracking, water vapour analysis, meteorology and atmospheric science

mapped the salinity (the concentration of dissolved salt) at the ocean surface, information critical to improving our understanding of two

https://www.nasa.gov/ mission_pages/ aquarius/images/ https:// directory.eoportal.org/ web/eoportal/satellitemissions/g/goes-r

Agriculture   Forestry  Hydrology Agriculture  Mining  Climate  Urban Infrastruct ure

Took Multispectral Imaging. Constellation is composed of two very-high-resolution optical Earth-imaging satellites. Pléiades-HR 1A and mapping, change detection, Pléiades-HR 1B provide the coverage of Earth’s planning (engineering, natural resources, urban, infrastructure), land-use, EIA, tourism, military, crop management, environmental monitoring

Agriculture   Forestry  Hydrology Agriculture  Forestry   Mining  Water  Soil Moisture

Took Multispectral Imaging. Constellation is composed of two very-high-resolution optical Earth-imaging satellites. Pléiades-HR 1A and Pléiades-HR 1B provide the coverage of Earth’s

OES also has mote sensing uipment to ect space ather.

W: 50-0.745 µm 0.625-0.695

0.530-0.590

0.450-0.520

R: 0.760-0.890

Data needs to be purchased from EADS Astrium; if imagery is not available in archive, special request can be made

: 0.433–0.453 (30 m) : 0.450–0.515 (30 m) : 0.525–0.600 (30 m) : 0.630–0.680 (30 m) : 0.845–0.885 (30 m) : 1.560–1.660 (60 m) : 2.100–2.300

Free access, use and redistribution

(Visible) (1 ) (Shortwave) km) (Moisture) (8 (4 km GOES 13/14/15)) (Longwave 1) km) and 6 ngwave 2) (4 )

Free access, use and redistribution

oceanography, aerosols, bathymetry, vegetation types, peak vegetation, biomass content analysis, moisture analysis, cloud cover analysis, thermal mapping, soil moisture estimation

Precipitatio Global precipitation n Weather Tracking  Water  Atmospher e

weather tracking, water vapour analysis, meteorology and atmospheric science

The project provides global precipitation maps to assist researchers in improving the forecasting of extreme events, studying global climate, and

OES also has mote sensing uipment to ect space ather. Climate  Water

Tracks ocean, lake, river levels.

AGRICULTURE2

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FORESTRY

MINING

Panchromatic Imagery - Landsat 8 Panchromatic image of Saint Johh, Kansas Source: Esri ArcGIS Landsat App

Natural color imagery - Landsat 8 Natural Color image of Saint Johh, Kansas Source: Esri ArcGIS Landsat App

CLIMATE AGRICULTURE Infared Imagery - Landsat 8 Infared image of Saint Johh, Kansas Source: Esri ArcGIS Landsat App

AGR

Agricultural Im Healthy crop in Source: Esri Arc

AGRICULTURE Begitation Index Lmagery - Landsat 8 Vegitation Index image of Saint Johh, Kansas. Healthy vegitation is in dark green. Source: Esri ArcGIS Landsat App

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

Moisture Index Moisture Index Moisture-rich so Source: Esri Arc

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RICULTURE

magery - Landsat 8 n green. Saint Johh, Kansas cGIS Landsat App

SOIL WATER

x Imagery - Landsat 8 image of Saint Johh, Kansas. oil is in blue. cGIS Landsat App

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Earth Observing Satellite Taxonomy IN PROGRESS LIST 58/479 (source: eoPortal Directory)

Sources NASA - National Aeronotics and Space Administration ESA - European Space Agency NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration RFSA - Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities (Russian) IAI - Israel Aeropsace Industries CNES -Centre National Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Etudes Spatiales USGS - United States Geological Survey CSA - Canada Space Agency DG - Digital Globe EADS - Astrium

Legend

Red Mask - Inactive

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

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International Space Station Source: NASA

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PAGE 113

ISSAC - ISS â&#x20AC;&#x153;From onboard the International Space Station, the International Space Station Agricultural Camera (ISSAC) will take frequent images in support of farmers, ranchers, foresters, natural resource managers, and tribal officials of the region to help improve their environmental stewardship of the land for which they are responsible.â&#x20AC;? UMAC

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ISS-ISSAC Path Image showing the path above the continental US that the ISS travels. Source: NASA ISS

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

PAGE 115

ISSAC ISS ISSAC was introduced to the ISS in 2011 as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;partial gap fillerâ&#x20AC;? for Landsat 5. ISSAC, for the mission period, provided similar imagery to the Landsat program but at a much faster rate. Because the ISS orbits at a lower altitude it allows for a repeat period of 8 days. This is a significant improvement to the great plains as they have a shorter growing season and imaging is frequently obstructed by cloud cover. ISSAC allowed for farmers, researchers, and educators located in the Upper Midwest / Great Plains region to request imagery directly.

1) Space for footnotes

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ISSAC - North Dakota Imageery of North Dakota as taken by ISSAC, Route 281 highlighted in red. Source: NASA

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

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ISSAC ISS When passing above the Northern Great Plains ISSAC iss passing above what is the longest continuous 3 digit highway in the continental US. US Route 281 is significant to agriculture because it cuts through the midwest United States and passes the most vast stretches of agricultural land in the country.

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Landsat 8 Satellite Source: NASA Landsat

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LANDSAT Landsat represents the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s longest continuously acquired collection of space-based moderate-resolution land remote sensing data. Landsat 8 is the most recent satellite to be added to the Landsat mission. It was launched in 2013 and provides a global scan of the Earth every 16 days at a resolution of 15100m.

Landsat Timeline Source: USGS

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Landsat 8 first year Composite image of the first year of images taken by the Landsat 8 satellite. Source: NASA Landsat

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LANDSAT

The three key missions of the Landsat 8 satellite are:

â&#x20AC;&#x153;1. Collect and archive medium resolution (30-meter spatial resolution) multispectral image data affording seasonal coverage of the global landmasses for a period of no less than 5 years; 2. Ensure that Landsat 8 data are sufficiently consistent with data from the earlier Landsat missions in terms of acquisition geometry, calibration, coverage characteristics, spectral characteristics, output product quality, and data availability to permit studies of landcover and land-use change over time; 3. Distribute Landsat 8 data products to the general public on a nondiscriminatory basis at no cost to the user.â&#x20AC;? USGS

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Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve peaked in life; the rest is just downhill. Through a series of events that have played out like a Jersey-Shore-meets-farming reality show, I was thrust into a combine today. So, check, I have now driven a John Deere S670 combine. -Bradley Kraushaar Route 281: Harvard to Harvest

Chapter 05: ON THE GROUND

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Because weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re so spread-out, weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re all in our own loud vehicles, there is very short, abbreviated, punctual communications. And this happens from very early in the morning until 11pm. The availability of meals, the quality and quantity of wheat, the timing of loading and unloading vehicles in the field, etc., is all communicated via radio. -Bradley Kraushaar

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We don’t interact with locals, except those we do so for business. There’s always the local farmer, who more or less accompanies the crew(s) during their stay in his (no “hers” yet) area. -Bradley Kraushaar

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In terms of interactions really is the harvester and the farmer who are talking one on one, the rest of the crew has very little interaction with the farmer. -Bradley Kraushaar

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Perhaps, though, the food you see in restaurants and grocery stores is a perfect reflection of the adjacent agriculture in that itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s highly manipulated, mono-cultural, synthetic, and pretty low in nutrients. Food desert doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t begin to describe this place -Bradley Kraushaar

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It’s incredible the size and her of the stuff we’re working with, just heavy, strong, oversized stuff that most people don’t ever interact with. the size, weights, etc are just all incredible. -Bradley Kraushaar

COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

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Harvesters travel on many different northsouth roads, they generally stay away from interstates, the road is not the central character Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d thought it would be. But towns (very small towns) are perhaps filling that role as these are little farming outposts in the vastness of the Midwest, and groups of harvesters will gather, briefly, in one little town for a few days to a couple weeks, inject life into the town, make it their own, and then move on the next one, maybe seeing the same harvesters again, maybe not -Bradley Kraushaar COUNTRYSIDE: CARTESIAN

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Custom harvesters are exempt from a ton of federal and state transportation laws, such as overall length of trailers, widths, license requirements, etc. because if they werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t exempted, harvest might not happen, or more precisely, it could require a significant change to how it happens, in terms of transportation. -Bradley Kraushaar

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“Grain goes up and down, usually up by augers and down by gravity, many times over the course of its travels. Up in the combine, down into the grain cart, up in the grain cart, down into grain truck, up in the grain truck, down into the elevator, up in the elevator, down into a rail car. there’s the constant fighting and using of gravity.” -Bradley Kraushaar

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I canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t overemphasize how culturally, socially, educationally, politically, economically different cities and the countryside are. It feels like Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m in a different country or on a different planet. -Bradley Kraushaar

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