100 Years of Graduate Orthodontics at the U-M School of Dentistry

100 Years of Graduate

Orthodontics at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry

100-Year History of University of Michigan Graduate Orthodontic Program

Credits:

This book was written by Mr. Geoff Larcom in fall 2022, based on interviews with former and current department chairs and faculty, and review of historical documents from the University of Michigan and other sources.

Graphic design: Ken Rieger

Copy editing and proofing: Lynn Monson, Ray Aldrich

Concept & final editing: Dr. Nan Hatch

Printed by University Lithoprinters, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Feedback and questions: dentistry.communications@umich.edu

Copyright 2023, Regents of the University of Michigan

“A Healing Science that Must Expand”: The Origin of the Michigan Orthodontic Program

This is a special year in the distinguished history of the University of Michigan, Graduate Orthodontic Program. 2023 marks 100 years since the program was established at Michigan, making it the first such graduate degree granting program in the United States. We take great pride in our program and its history.

Orthodontic training was available at the University of Michigan prior to the establishment of the Graduate Program, but the training was at the level of dental students and was limited in terms of its extent and focus.

William H. Dorance, a U-M faculty member in prosthetics and dental metallurgy from 1877-1902, was identified as the first faculty member to teach orthodontics at Michigan, doing so from 1883 to 1902. “Lectures in Orthodontia” were first mentioned in the 1893 U-M College of Dental Surgery Announcements. The description of the predoctoral dental course was as follows:

“Orthodontia” – This subject will be presented in a course of lectures on the principles of orthodontia, and a course of clinical lectures and demonstrations illustrated with patients, models and lantern slide, showing classes of malocclusion and their treatment. Cases will be treated in the clinical by students; each student must present one or more cases and treat them under the supervision of the instructors. Special lectures will also be given on the anatomy of the jaws and facial regions affected by malocclusion of the teeth. This course will extend from October 3rd to December 22nd, under the direction of Dr. Watson.

Three decades later came a galvanizing event for dental specialties. William J. Gies, a Columbia University Professor of Biochemistry who is widely credited as the founder of modern dental education, published The Gies Report, “Dental Education in the United States and Canada.” This landmark report was published in 1926 and established the importance of dentistry as a healing science, and as an essential component of higher education within the health professions.

The philosophy of Dr. Gies struck a chord with Dr. Marcus Llewellyn Ward, who was serving as Dean of the University of Michigan, School of Dentistry at that time.

In response, Dr. Ward decided that the School of Dentistry should have an orthodontic program at the graduate student level.

Dr. Ward had the reputation of being a tough taskmaster. He left a powerful legacy in terms of effort and money during his tenure as Dean from 1916 to 1934 and then as an emeritus faculty member until 1963. Dr. Ward named Dr. Leroy Johnson as the first “Chair of Orthodontia” to initiate the U-M Orthodontic Graduate Program in 1923. At its September meeting, the U-M Board of Regents authorized the “sum of $1,500 to provide equipment and quarters for the use of Dr. A. Leroy Johnson, Professor of Orthodontia in the College of Dental Surgery.”

The Graduate Degree, a Master of Science in Orthodontia, was first offered in the academic year 1923-24, requiring a minimum of 24 semester credit hours over one year for graduation. The following year, the requirements

were extended to 30 credit hours, for at least one year of attendance.

While Dr. Johnson quit after one year, in 1924, in part because he did not see eye to eye with Ward on some matters, the die had been cast. A Graduate Orthodon-

tic Program at the University of Michigan was born and a distinguished 100-year history was set in motion.

Drs. George Raymond Moore and Frank Salem Cartwright were granted the first M.S. degrees in Orthodontia in 1924.

Dr. George Raymond Moore Establishes the U-M Orthodontic Graduate Program

Dr. George Moore was hired to take over the U-M Orthodontic Program in 1924. He was named Chair of Orthodontia and served in that capacity until his death in 1952. His hiring, at a salary of $4,000, was approved by the Board of Regents at its September meeting, and encouraged Dr. Moore to gather data from other schools and teachers of orthodontia to optimize the University of Michigan Graduate Orthodontic Program. Dr. Moore is credited with getting the Program fully up and running, and well established. This was at a time when the University of Michigan stood nearly alone in offering specific dental specialty training to graduate dental students leading to an M.S. degree. Dr. Moore was chair of Orthodontia/Orthodontics for 28 years. George Moore is recognized as a “National Authority on Orthodontia” by the University of Michigan Faculty Legacy Project. It is clear that his strong leadership was essential for creating the fundamental tenets that still hold true to our program today, including a vision for excellence in education, patient care and research to create outstanding orthodontic thinkers, leaders and care givers.

Among the many milestones that occurred under Dr. Moore’s tenure:

• In 1928/29, the term “orthodontics” rather than “orthodontia” was first used in the University of Michigan, College of Dental Surgery Announcements.

• In 1929/30, the “University Elementary School” was established to provide, “…for a schedule of psychological and medical examinations, anatomical measurements, observations of behavior, selected items of medical and social history, dental and anatomical records…”

• 1932/33 marked the first time that a thesis requirement for an M.S. degree is mentioned, including availability of the University Elementary School growth study for analyses. The connection between the U-M Elementary School and the Graduate Orthodontic Program was facilitated by Dr. Barney Hughes, a faculty member in the program at that time.

• 1938-39 marked the first academic year in which specific dental courses were listed by the Orthodontic Department in the U-M Rackham School of Graduate Studies Announcement. These courses included “the diagnosis, treatment planning and treatment of assigned cases exhibiting the various classes and subclasses of dentofacial deformity, overseen by Professors Moore and Professor Waldo. First semester course 101, Orthodontics Clinic. Second semester course 102, Orthodontics Clinic. Hours and credit to be arranged (not to exceed a total of three each).”

• In 1940, the Kellogg Building is completed for graduate and postgraduate dental studies. By this time, the Orthodontic Graduate Program had been expanded to two academic years, with 24-30 hours of required credits and 15 or more assigned patients.

• In 1941, U-M Orthodontic faculty member Dr. Paul V. Ponitz received license “No. 1” from the Orthodontic Specialty Board of the State of Michigan.

• In 1945, designed to meet the varied impact of the end of World War II, the Kellogg Foundation Institute offers graduate dental instruction in three forms: 1) Full-time residence for a period of two academic years, 2) Full-time for one academic year and three days per week for a second year, and 3) Three days per week for a minimal period of three academic years.

• Dr. George Moore died in April of 1952. The School of Dentistry AlU-Mni Bulletin for April 1952 records his many accomplishments and honors as summarized in the following: “…Perhaps Dr. Moore’s greatest accomplishment was his organization of graduate teaching of orthodontics at this school.”

• In 1954/55, the George R. Moore Memorial Award in Orthodontics was established with an annual grant of $100 to the graduating student with the best overall undergraduate record in orthodontics. This honor is still conveyed upon one U-M undergraduate dental student each year.

The Broad Footprint of Dr. Robert Moyers

In 1953, after a one-year stint as interim Chair by Dr. Edward Cheney, who had run the undergraduate orthodontics program, U-M recruited Dr. Robert E. Moyers from the University of Toronto to chair the Department of Orthodontics at Michigan. Dr. Moyers had received his orthodontic training and a Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. He was a highly regarded faculty member at the University of Toronto, where he was the founding Chair of Orthodontics in 1949, the first such program available in Canada. Among his many other accomplishments in Toronto, he established the Burlington Growth Center in a town 30 miles from Toronto, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Clinic at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. These activities stemmed from and enhanced and strong interest in the understanding of craniofacial growth and development

Dr. Moyers carried that developmental perspective to the University of Michigan, where he brought the U-M Center for Human Growth and Development to fruition in 1964. This center was established as a university-wide interdisciplinary unit to better understand childhood growth and development, including many aspects of dental and craniofacial growth. Under Moyers’ charismatic leadership, the Center drew distinguished scholars from all over the world and gained international prominence for research in areas such as craniofacial biology, morphometrics and anthropology. In 1956 the School of Dentistry received a research grant from the National Institute of Dental Research entitled, “A serial Analysis of some Phases of Dental and Occlusal Development.”

The project was based upon the University of Michigan Elementary School growth data and the principal investigator on this grant was Dr. Robert E. Moyers. The Center for Human Growth and Development remained active as a university-wide interdisciplinary unit until 2021. Numerous orthodontic graduate students performed their thesis research projects in the growth center and under the mentorship of Dr. Moyers.

Dr. Moyers, who served as the U-M Chair of Orthodontics until 1966 and directed the Center for Human Growth and Development until 1980, brought an assertive presence to the program and university, a trait he had demonstrated in his prior World War II service. After dental school, Moyers went into WWII service behind enemy lines in Greece. He joined the British Medical Corps, and then went into General Bill Donovan’s OSS (later to become the CIA), doing medical work by day and espionage work at night, such as blowing up trains in tunnels. As if that wasn’t enough, Moyers helped facilitate negotiations in the Greek Civil War. He left the military at age 26 as one of the most decorated dentists in the service during WWII.

In his time, Dr. Moyers wrote numerous books, monographs, chapters, and over 60 scientific articles. His book, A Handbook of Orthodontics (1958) went to 4 editions and was translated into three languages. The memory of Moyers, who died in 1996, resounds today at the University of Michigan Orthodontic Program during the annual Moyers Symposium. This symposium began in 1974 in his honor and is now in its 50th year. (More about the symposium later.)

The Dr. James Harris Years, 1966-1981

The appointment of Dr. James Harris as Chair of Orthodontics in 1966 began an extended run in which the program strongly focused on offering the residents excellence in clinical patient-centered training in addition to research. Dr. Harris came steeped in the U-M experience, having graduated from its dental school in 1954 and having also earned his M.S. degree in Genetics followed by his M.S. degree in Orthodontics at U-M in 1963. He was assisted by Dr. Robert G. Aldrich, who functioned as the Co-Chair to oversee the clinical teaching program.

Despite the fact he had a research focused background, “I wanted the Department to emphasize the clinical aspects of orthodontics,” Dr. Harris said during a recent interview at his longtime home in Ann Arbor. To achieve this goal, he went to the Dean of the School of Dentistry at the time, Dr. William Mann, and together they put together a program aimed at hiring the best orthodontic practitioners they could find in Michigan to become faculty members. Inclusion of this group brought greater capacity than they had in the past, and enabled increased time for clinical teaching and patient care at the university.

“I wanted (external faculty) to have half a day to prepare their lectures, so that when they were at our school, they gave seminars in the morning, and then went over cases with patients in the clinic during the afternoon,” Dr. Harris said. Thus, each faculty member from the clinical practice realm spent a whole day with the graduate students, teaching the challenging aspects of Tweed orthodontics, that is, the bending of wires, a process Dr. Harris labels the “grandfather of orthodontics.”

Along with establishing “a very organized, disciplined clinical program,” Harris said he sought to develop a broader understanding of the variations between patient groups. To that end, he brought a full-time professor of anthropology, Dr. Mel Baer, from the University of Chicago, to the department. Dr. Harris came to deeply respect and admire the perspective and contributions of this new full-time faculty member, which reflected Dr. Harris’ deep appreciation for the fact that, in addition to working with teeth, orthodontists are dealing with skulls, growth and development, and human variability and diversity. “The big thing was to look at each individual as an individual, and not as a mean, on a curve of a population,” Dr. Harris said. “That was a major thrust (of his time as chair), because I’m one of the few dentists who also has a degree in human genetics.” In 1966, the School of Dentistry received a research grant from the National Institute of Dental Research with Dr. Harris as the Principal Investigator entitled, “Craniofacial Variation and Malocclusion in Families” to support human craniofacial anthropological research in the department. Dr. Harris’ anthropological interests drove him to develop a distinctive aspect of his research that occurred in, of all places, Egypt. Dr. Harris had read published reports that workers were digging up skulls around the planned construction of the high Aswan dam, as the area would be flooded when the dam was built. The opportunity to research such skulls and various evolutionary aspects of human craniofacial development greatly intrigued him. Dr. Harris worked with U-M’s Kelsey Museum, which directed him to officials at the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University, leading ultimately to an invi-

tation to study the skulls.

“We thought it would be a great opportunity to look at microevolution because we can look at people over (at least) a 500-year period,” Dr. Harris said.

Dr. Harris’ first trip to Egypt was in 1965, when he traveled to ancient Nubia, an area that included southern Egypt, with a Co-Principal Investigator. Dr. Paul Ponitz. Over the next decade, Dr. Harris made a number of trips to the Nubian region in Egypt, to radiograph the skulls of children, from ages

In the November 1965 U-M School of Dentistry Alumni Bulletin, this photo accompanied an article about Dr. James Harris and his team who traveled to Egypt to research dental features in the skeletal remains of ancient Nubians who lived along the Nile River. The caption notes that Harris is “adjusting a skull in a Weymer headpositioner.”

6 to 18 years, much as the researchers did with children at the University of Michigan Elementary School. Dr. Harris said he did much of the work over Christmas and spring breaks, so as not to interfere with his regular administrative duties as Chair and faculty. So pleased were the Egyptian officials with the work that they subsequently offered him the chance to radiograph skulls of the royal mummies as well.

Dr. Harris identified the mother of King Tut, Queen TiYE. A later Chair of the Department, Dr. Lysle Johnston, recalled seeing an interesting looking cephalogram at Dr. Harris’ house during a cocktail party, and finding out it was of the ancient King Ramses.

Harris credits Dr. Baer with helping this work, along with biostaticians, Drs. Charles Kowalski and Geoffrey Walker, who developed a computerized system for analyzing cephalograms, including views of the head that enabled

the quantitative evaluation of hard (bones and teeth) and soft tissue structures.

Drs. Walker and Kowalski became well known to orthodontics students for their statistical help with research projects and cephalometrics in general. “They were way ahead of their time,” Dr. Harris said.

Any mention of Dr. Harris’ time as chair has to note a situation that can arise in higher academia, which is the development of a rivalry or competition between departments. This

type of situation arose between the Orthodontic Department led by Dr. Harris and the Center for Human Growth and Development led by Dr. Moyers. Dr. Harris and other leaders of the program over the years readily acknowledge the rivalry. Dr. Harris emphasizes his focus at that time to preserve the independence of the Graduate Orthodontic Program and keep it separate and distinct from the human growth center’s work.

In recalling his time as chair, Dr. Harris fondly notes that he sought to build strong connections with the residents, making them feel comfortable in a social and networking sense as well. He hosted numerous parties at his home in Ann Arbor’s Burns Park neighborhood. When renowned speakers in the field visited campus, Dr. Harris would host cocktail parties afterwards, so students could meet, talk with them and further benefit from their expertise. “I saw all students as my friends,” Dr. Harris said, when recalling those gatherings.

Dr. Harris’ 16-year leadership as the Chair of Orthodontics emphasized the importance of excellence in orthodontic clinical patient care in a supportive environment for students, the understanding that each patient must receive individualized diagnosis and treatment, and the great value of research in craniofacial biology and growth for the advancement of the orthodontic profession.

Among the many milestones that occurred under Dr. Harris’ tenure:

• In 1969, remodeling of the Orthodontic Department in the Kellogg building was completed.

• In 1969, the number of orthodontic graduate students increased to 10.

• In 1970, the length of the Graduate Orthodontic Program increased to 23 months and included a new coursed in Biomechanics.

• In 1971, the U-M Orthodontic Alumni Association President, Dr. George Harris, proposed that a special program be presented to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Orthodontic Department.

• In 1973, – In September, the Department Chair Committee of the Great Lakes Society of Orthodontists meets on the University of Michigan Campus to recognize the 50th anniversary.

– In October, the Orthodontic Department presented a table clinic recording its history and its clinical and research activities, at the annual meeting of the Great Lakes Society of Orthodontists.

– On November 1-3, an official program of the University of Michigan Orthodontic Alumni Association recognized the 50th anniversary of the first university orthodontic program offering an M.S. degree.

The Next Leaders: Drs. Surender Nanda and Peter Vig

Following the extended tenure of Dr. James Harris came two shorter stints as Chair. Dr. Surender Kumar Nanda served as the acting Orthodontic Chair from 1981-82. This was in addition to his serving as the Orthodontic Clinic Director from 1974-86. He was followed by Dr. Peter Vig, who served as the Chair of Orthodontics from 1983-87.

Dr. Nanda received his D.D.S. degree from Lucknow University in India in 1960, his certificate in orthodontics and M.Sc. degree from The Ohio State University in 1963, and his D.M.D. degree from the University of Pittsburgh in 1973. He joined the U-M Orthodontics Department as a Professor in 1974, after having served as an Instructor and Associ-

Dr. Peter Vig Dr. Surender Nanda

ate Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University and The University of Pittsburgh. In 1974, Dr. Nanda moved to U-M as a Professor in the Department of Orthodontics, and remained there until his retirement. Throughout his nearly 30-year teaching career, Dr. Nanda helped to provide stability for the orthodontic program during various transitions in leadership.

Dr. Nanda was often named Instructor of the Year in Orthodontics. He enjoyed special rapport with his students, who grew fond of him because of his thoughtful mentoring and good sense of humor. Although he had expertise in many areas, his special passions were for facial growth and occlusal development. Dr. Nanda died in 2003 at the age of 66.

Dr. Vig was born in Austria, educated in Australia and was a world-class swimmer who at one time was married to one of Australia’s top female movie stars. After this phase of his life, he moved to England, where he received his orthodontic training and a Ph.D. before entering orthodontic academia. Dr. Vig taught at the University of North Carolina prior to his recruitment to the University of Michigan. Dr. Vig’s research interests were in breathing, respiration and its impact on orofacial form, including the measurement of airway resistance. Under Dr. Vig’s leadership as Chair of the Orthodontic Department at U-M, the curriculum content was further standardized, and the department continued to grow. Dr. Vig stepped down in 1987 when the Dental School underwent a sweeping reorganization (more about that to come), after which he went on to attend law school.

Dr. James McNamara: A Long and Varied Association with University of Michigan Orthodontics

Dr. Richard Christiansen served as dean of the U-M School of Dentistry from 1982 to 1987. Arriving from the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR, a predecessor of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research) in Bethesda, Maryland, he oversaw the school during an economic downturn which required significant changes in the structure and scope of the school. By the time he stepped down in 1987, the school was better positioned financially and he continued to serve as an orthodontic faculty member until his retirement in 2000.

Dr. James McNamara has long been a key fixture in the University of Michigan Orthodontics Program, having played myriad roles, including interim chair, faculty member, long-time local practitioner, and co-organizer for two of the program’s marquee events: the Moyers Symposium and the Graduate Orthodontic Resident Program (GORP). Throughout his 50-plus year association with U-M, colleagues say McNamara has retained a powerful enthusiasm for the U-M Orthodontic Program, his private practice in Ann Arbor and for the education and profession of orthodontics. After a long period serving as the Graber Endowed Professor in Orthodontics, he is now a Professor Emeritus of Dentistry, Professor Emeritus of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Research Professor Emeritus of the Center for Human Growth and Development.

Dr. McNamara was educated in California, earning his Dental and Orthodontic degrees at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF). He earned his Ph.D. in anatomy from the University of Michigan in 1972.

Dr. McNamara began teaching in the U-M Orthodontics Program as Professor in 1984. In the decade prior he had conducted jaw research in the Center for Human Growth and Development, while also offering courses and lectures on orthodontics in dozens of countries, and teaching histology and embryology to dental and medical students.

Since 1971, Dr. McNamara maintained a practice in Ann Arbor, which he now shares with his daughter, Dr. Laurie McNamara McClatchey. “Being able to move seamlessly between the university laboratory and clinical prac-

tice has been a hallmark of his career,” wrote a colleague, Rolf Behrents, in an article announcing his being honored as with the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) Lifetime Achievement Award for Orthodontic Research. Dr. McNamara has contributed to the strong reputation of the U-M Orthodontic Graduate program in many ways.

Dr. McNamara has published extensively and received numerous awards including the Milo Hellman Research Award given by the American Association of Orthodontists in 1973, the E. Sheldon Friel Memorial Lecturer of the European Orthodontic Society in 1979, the James E Brophy Award, the highest award given by the American Association of Orthodontists in 2001, The Albert H. Ketcham Memorial Award, the highest award given by the American Board of Orthodontics in 2008 and, as mentioned above, the Lifetime Achievement Award for Orthodontic Research, given by the American Association of Orthodontists in 2021. He has lectured nationally and internationally, given courses in 46 countries, and authored over 325 publications. He also has written, edited, or contributed to 82 books on orthodontics and craniofacial biology.

Among other roles, Dr. McNamara served for over 25 years as the Director of the School’s Interdisciplinary Program, bringing together residents from orthodontics, periodontics, restorative dentistry, prosthodontics and oral/maxillofacial surgery to to discuss the management of patients with complex restorative and/or surgical needs. He continues to serve as the the curator of the University of Michigan Growth Study, our longitudinal collection of

dental and craniofacial records of normal children as they matured into adulthood.

Dr. McNamara is considered an innovator in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment, with expertise in expanding the upper jaw and in other protocols aimed at changing the way the face grows. His research has focused on a variety of topics, including normal and experimental alteration of craniofacial growth in the rhesus monkey and normal craniofacial growth in humans. In addition, his research group has considered a variety of orthopedic appliances and outcomes.

Perhaps the pinnacle of Dr. McNamara’s efforts to extend the reach of the U-M Orthodontic Program can be found in a unique event, the Graduate Orthodontic Residents Program, otherwise known as GORP. As Dr. McNamara recalls it, he and two residents, Drs. Pat Nolan and Gary Starr, got to talking about such an event after an excellent holiday departmental gathering involving faculty, residents and staff. In 1989, the results of this discussion led to a program that now draws residents from the United States and Canada for a long weekend of

networking, professional education and fun every year. GORP is hosted by orthodontic residents for orthodontics residents and held in Ann Arbor, MI every other year. It is a huge undertaking for the involved hosting orthodontic residents and faculty advisors. The budget for the event has grown substantially since its start, propelled by donations from businesses and a substantial gift from the American Association of Orthodontists and the AAO Foundation. Read more about GORP later in this history.

Dr. Lysle Johnston’s Tenure as Department Chair, 1991-2004

Dr. Lysle Johnston, who served more than a dozen years as Chair of the Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry at the University of Michigan, doesn’t parse words in evaluating how he’d fair as a chair nowadays. “I wouldn’t last 30 seconds today,” he said crisply in an interview, speaking on the phone from his gracious northern Michigan summer cottage. “I was eccentric in a way that would not be allowed today.”

That said, the record shows that Dr. Johnston was a man for the times when he served. He was a strong leader who focused on managing and successfully running a department whose graduates excelled in both research and in patient care. “Running an orthodontics department was like a game,” Dr. Johnston said. “The ways you can tell you have won include good research, good faculty and good clinicians. We built a clinical faculty that was absolutely fabulous.”

Dr. Johnston grew up in the small town of East Jordan, Michigan, in Charlevoix County. He entered the University of Michigan School of Dentistry in 1957. After graduation he worked at Queen’s University of Belfast in Ireland from 1961-62 applying cephalometric methods to the study of prenatal growth, for which he won a research award from the American Association of Orthodontists in 1964, the same year her received his M.S. in Orthodontics at U-M. He also worked tracing serial cephalograms as part of the University of Michigan Elementary Growth Study. Dr. Johnston then received a Career Development Award from the National Institute of Dental Research and moved to Cleveland, where he received a Ph.D. in Anatomy from Case Western Reserve University in 1970, transitioned to faculty and ultimately became Chair of the Orthodontic

Department there. He was then recruited to St. Louis University to serve a long tenure there as Department Chair. In 1991 he was recruited to Michigan where he was appointed as the Robert W. Browne Professor of Dentistry and Chair of the U-M Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, serving until his retirement. Overall, he served 33 years as a Department Chair and the Graduate Orthodontic Programs under his direction produced over 300 orthodontists. He and his students received numerous awards over his career. His students won four Milo Hellman Awards, six Harry Sicher First Research Awards, and 13 Awards of Special Merit from the American Association of Orthodontists. Dr. Johnston received the B.F and Helen E. Dewel Award for the year’s best clinical paper published in the American Journal of Orthodontists and Dentofacial Orthopedics and the Italian Society of Orthodontists prize for the best paper in the orthodontic literature in 1995. He was elected to the Royal College of Surgeons in England and the American and International College of Dentists. He was invited to present at the annual meeting of the American Association of Orthodontists over 20 times, including providing the 1990 Mershon Lecture, and the 1998 Salzmann Lecture. He received the 2001 Albert H. Ketcham Award from the American Board of Orthodontists and the 2008 Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Association of Orthodontists. Needless to say, this is a striking number of honors and awards for one individual to achieve and is representative of his impact on field of orthodontics.

Dr. James McNamara delivers the Moyers Memorial Lecture at the Moyers Symposium in 2013.

Dr. McNamara with hundreds or boxes containing research models from the Center for Human Growth and Development, established in 1964.

As quoted by Dr. James McNamara, “Whether as a department chair, mentor, lecturer, or researcher, his focus never has strayed much beyond the day-to-day concerns of the clinician. He has served as a key spokesman who has questioned, scolded, asked for data, and generally served as resident skeptic when new (and often unproved) techniques and protocols had been advocated. Lysle Johnston has served our profession and our specialty well, not only in providing leadership and direction in the context

of a graduate orthodontic program, but also through his lectures and published research. His work has made and continues to make a difference to orthodontics, to craniofacial biology, and to dentistry.”

In 2003, during a concluding lecture in a class he taught on the history of orthodontics for many years, Dr. Johnston offered residents some perspective on department chairs. He noted how at a major league university such as the University of Michigan, students can look widely about the campus in terms of original and significant research topics. “It’s one of the reasons orthodontics is taught at universities and not in the back of somebody’s office,” he told the students.

“What history teaches us about (new department leaders) is that they will have different values and emphasize different things”, Johnston told the class. “So don’t say, ‘That’s not the way things used to be, or how we used to do it.’ What (new leaders) want is your assistance in getting going, in doing something worthwhile for the program, and doing something worthwhile for yourself … Don’t cheat yourself out of a warm feeling for this evolution here … We all have something to say and something to do in this transition, the next part of the history of orthodontics.” In typical style, Dr. Johnston ended the class simply, saying: “I hope this class told you something about your place in the flow of ideas. Good luck.”

For more than 35 years, Dr. Richard Johnson (DDS, 1967, MS 1973) served as a faculty member at the SChool of Dentistry. He served as Director of the Graduate Orthodontics Clinic and the orthodontics program for pediatric dentistry residents, Program Director of predoctoral orthodontics and coordinator of the Graduate Orthodontics Clinic instructor teaching program, as well as discipline coordinator for the vertically integrated clinics. Beloved by students for his approachability, encouragement and support, he left a deep contribution to orthodontics and education at the school.

Dr. Johnson passed away on June 28, 2020, at the age of 78.

The dental school’s $13 million renovation of the Kellogg Building, completed in 2000, included a major expansion of the Orthodontics Department. The renovated space was named the Robert W. Browne Orthodontics Wing for the alumnus (DDS 1952, MS 1959) whose $1.5 million gift led the funding for the project. It featured 34 chairs in an open clinic setting; complete x-ray facilities; new offices, conference rooms and patient waiting room; a resident research facility; and modern records storage space.

Dr. Johnston reviews plans for the orthodontic clinic renovation during a construction site visit in 1999.

Drs. Johnston and Behnan working in the newly-renovated clinic.

Dr. Johnston lecturing on the history of orthodontics.

Dr. Sunil Kapila, Department Chair from 2004-2014

Following the extended service of Dr. Lysle Johnston came another sizable run as Chair of the Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Department, with Sunil Kapila serving in the leadership role for a decade.

Dr. Kapila was educated as a dentist at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. He received his M.S. degree in orthodontics from the University of Oklahoma, funded in part by a competitive Fulbright-Hayes Scholarship. This federal scholarship is one of a variety of U.S. Cultural Exchange Programs with the goal of improving intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy and intercultural competence. Dr. Kapila went on to receive his Ph.D. in Oral Biology from the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), after which he joined the faculty and later became the Eugene E. West Endowed Chair of Orthodontics at UCSF.

In addition to his leadership as U-M Department Chair, Dr. Kapila performed research focused on the hormonal basis of TMJ degeneration and periodontal bone biology. He published many peer-reviewed papers, chapters and proceedings on these topics, and on orthodontic biomaterials, biomechanics and 3D imaging. He also published two textbooks.

Dr. Kapila has received several awards over his career including the American Association for Dental Research’s Hatton Award, the American Association of Orthodontist’s Milo Hellman Award, and the B.F. Dewel Research Award from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation. He was also recognized for his contributions to orthodontics by being selected by the American Association of Orthodontists to present the Salzmann Lecture at their Annual Meeting in 2013 and the Edward H. Angle Lecture at the American Association of Orthodontists annual meeting in 2022.

Among his accomplishments as Chair at Michigan, he supported growth in the area of education in the treatment of patients with craniofacial anomalies such as cleft lip/palate. In collaboration with Dr. Katherine Kelly, and through a generous patient family donation, an endowed fellowship in Craniofacial Orthodontics was also created. The University of Michigan Orthodontic Graduate Program is now well known as providing comprehensive education to residents and fellows in the orthodontic care of this challenging patient population within the school’s orthodontic clinic.

Dr. Kapila was successful in recruiting full time faculty to the U-M Orthodontic Program and Department. He recruited Dr. Nan Hatch, who started her career at Michigan as a research fellow, then tenured faculty member and now Chair of the Department. He recruited Dr. Scott Conley, who served as the Orthodontic Clinic Director for ten years and then as interim Chair before leaving the university. He recruited Dr. Lucia Cevidanes as tenured faculty from the University of North Carolina. He recruited Dr. Hera Kim-Berman who currently serves as the U-M Graduate Orthodontic Program Director. He also recruited Drs. Noriaki and Wanida Ono as research track faculty. All of these faculty members are still in orthodontic academia and more information is provided below for those that remain at the University of Michigan today.

After a few years as Division Head of Orthodontics at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) School of Dentistry, Dr. Kapila became Professor and Chair of Orthodontics at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Dentistry in 2022.

Nan Hatch, Current Department Chair, 2016-Present

Upon Dr. Kapila’s departure, two interim chairs (Dr. Scott Conley in 2014, and Dr. Jan Hu in 2015) served for a year each before Dr. Nan Hatch, the current Chair of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, assumed the position. Notably, Dr. Hu was subsequently named Chair of the Department of Biologics and Material Sciences and Prosthodontics, and is now serving as the interim Dean of the School of Dentistry, succeeding Dr. Laurie McCauley, who is now the University of Michigan’s Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs.

The Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry got a permanent Chair when Dr. Hatch took over in 2016. Dr. Hatch was chosen after the Dean’s office and School of Dentistry conducted a competitive search to fill the position. Dr. Hatch had been at the university for more than ten years before becoming Chair. She was first recruited to the Department as a postdoctoral research fellow, transitioning into full-time orthodontic faculty position and then achieving tenure. During this time, Dr. Hatch initiated the Orthodontic Faculty Practice within the orthodontic clinic, treated patients in the faculty practice, taught predoctoral dental students and orthodontic residents in clinical and didactic arenas, served as the Orthodontic Research Director, developing a course and specific milestones to promote successful achievement of M.S. research projects by the orthodontic residents, ran her research lab and provided service to the program, department and school. As a result, Dr. Hatch knew the Orthodontic Program and School of Dentistry well, both the strengths and the elements that could be improved upon.

Dr. Hatch, originally from Massachusetts, received her D.M.D from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine with honors in research. She then moved across the country to pursue clinical orthodontic training in combination with research training at the University of Washington in Seattle. After completing her Ph.D. in Cell and Molecular Biology in 2005, she was recruited to the University of Michigan as a research fellow with plans for transition to full-time faculty.

Dr. Hatch hadn’t planned on becoming Department Chair, but her determination to maintain U-M’s reputation as being the one of the world’s best Orthodontic Programs was strong. So, as the search for a new Chair developed, she was encouraged by a colleague to throw her hat in the ring. “I just wanted to make sure that we had a chair who really was going to put their heart into it,” Dr. Hatch said in an interview in her office in the Kellogg Building. “To put their head into it, yes, but also their heart …This is very much a leadership position. This isn’t just about clinical practice or your particular expertise in the field. You’ve got to lead.”

Overall, Dr. Hatch’s leadership philosophy springs from her various experiences as a research scientist, orthodontic practitioner and educator, in addition to her prior leadership and service experiences in both scientific and orthodontic realms. While her research in craniofacial skeletal development and the biology of tooth movement are basic and translational, as a clinician-scientist Dr. Hatch’s work is heavily influenced by the needs of patients and practitioners. Under her mentorship, two of her students won first and second place in the Char-

ley Schultz Award in the Basic Science Category, three students won the Milo Hellman Award, one student won the Harry Sicher Award, and 2 students won the Thomas Graber Award of Special Merit from the American Association of Orthodontists.

Dr. Hatch said that she set out with five clear initial goals as Department Chair:

1) Improve morale of department and program, accomplishing this through role modeling and an emphasis on mutual respect, compassion and an appreciation for what everyone brings to the table.

“I’ve really tried to foster the feeling of a family-style community or just a deep tie among us,” Dr. Hatch said. “The idea that we are strong as a group. That our gestalt is much greater than our parts. It’s the benefit of teamwork. You get several people working in isolation, you get less than if you have several people working as a team.” It’s not an instant process, Dr. Hatch added, but rather requires consistently reinforcing and modeling the message that “We all have value and no matter who you are or what role you play, we’re going to treat you with kindness and respect. Everybody has to do their job, but we don’t have

to be disrespectful.” Dr. Hatch has also sought to increase diversity in the program, in an effort to promote it in the overall specialty of orthodontics. She appreciates having many different perspectives at the table.

2) Incorporate new clinical technologies balanced with traditional techniques to create well rounded and highly versed orthodontic residents ready to become master clinicians.

Dr. Hatch said she knew that the Graduate Orthodontic Program had long been known for its strength in the traditional method of orthodontics known as Tweed, that is, the bending of wire and use of nonprescription brackets, during which residents gain a highly comprehensive knowledge and practice of the method that provides essential skills for practice. And she recognized that Michigan has a very strong group of Adjunct Clinical Faculty members who provide a broad array of orthodontic treatment philosophies and mechanics to the residents. But Dr. Hatch also said that she recognized that the Department was a bit behind the curve in terms of technology.

“And so, one of my goals as Chair was to incorporate the newer technologies like intra oral scanners, clear aligners, and digital software for diagnosis and diagnostic set ups” she said. “Our students are going to be treating with clear aligners, and they’re going to be using intra oral scanners and digital software to visualize and manipulate those scans, so they need to learn those skills.” Most recently and with the assistance of the newest full-time orthodontic faculty member, Dr. Aron Alliaga, 3D printers to print models and clear aligners will be incorporated into the Graduate Orthodontic Program, likely within the winter/ spring of 2023.

3) Provide strong support of faculty and resident research.

Dr. Hatch is determined that the faculty are successful in their respective research pursuits. She supports this by helping to protect time, providing department resources and providing direct research mentorship when needed.

“Faculty must be supported in pursuing their own area of interest. It is that passion that drives faculty research to enable advancement of knowledge and the orthodontic profession.” The University of Michigan and the School of Dentistry are fertile ground for collaboration and advancement of research.

To support orthodontic resident research, Dr. Hatch developed a formal course and developed a scheduled list of milestones that must be achieved as residents work to develop, conduct and write up their M.S. research projects.

The goal is to help residents link up with mentors, come up with project ideas of interest that are hypothesis driven, and ultimately contribute to the broader knowledge base.

“There is no expectation that orthodontic residents will become researchers, but successful completion of an M.S. project provides critical thinking skills that will enable

them to distinguish real data from opinion that will be useful throughout their orthodontic careers as new orthodontic techniques and philosophies continue to arise,” said Dr. Hatch.

Graduate Orthodontic Program Director Dr. Hera Kim-Berman, whom Dr. Hatch cites as a vital figure in the current program, outlines the dynamics of this important resident area of emphasis thusly: “All the faculty are mentors, primary mentors, for our graduate students. And typically, all of our full-time faculty have one or two students that they take into their lab or under their supervision. We all do our share. Part of it is really engaging the student in our areas of interest or in our areas of expertise. So, it is symbiotic too, in that they are helping with furthering the research of the faculty, doing a lot of the work, asking the research questions together, and then coming through with a project which is answering that question, and then going to the next project, which might be linked.” “It goes both ways,” Dr. Kim-Berman says. “The most important thing is that the student should be interested in the question and is interested in doing the research and performing that. That makes it a lot easier and enjoyable.”

4) Clearly articulate and support an orthodontic philosophy that is patient-centric, with custom diagnosis driven treatment plans and mechanics.

Dr. Hatch cites what she calls the “Michigan knowledge base,” as a strong understanding of diagnosis, treatment planning and mechanics. “Not everybody is taught the way these residents are taught,” she said. “I’m not saying that we’re the only good program, but when alumna go teach at another orthodontic program, they’ll be teaching from their Michigan knowledge base, which is deep and comprehensive.”

Dr. Hatch was named the Dr. Lysle Johnston Professor of Orthodontics on (DATE) (with Dr. Johnston at the installation event).

Dr. Hatch at work in her research lab in 2007.

“The orthodontic residents gain a deep and wide knowledge base on a variety of orthodontic philosophies provided by dedicated full- and part-time faculty. It can be hard on the residents in the beginning, because we like having faculty who treat patients in different ways using different treatment philosophies which can be confusing to a novice. But in the end, that means the residents get to choose from a variety of options to use in their practice after residency. This enables highly skilled, customized and patient-centered treatment.”

5) Emphasize the importance of service to the profession, to the community, and to orthodontic education, making use of the excellent role models within the Orthodontic Program’s full- and part-time faculty.

It’s a staple of the program. Dr. Hatch and other faculty emphasize to the graduates that, given their own good fortune and circumstances, they should provide service

after they leave the program. “Whether it’s in volunteering for the professional orthodontic associations, whether it’s teaching part-time in whatever orthodontic program they end up living near, whether it’s giving service back to the community, or supporting humanitarian efforts, whatever it is,” Dr. Hatch said, “The reality is that these people are going to be much more fortunate than many others in their community. And they’re highly capable, highly skilled, highly intelligent, typically with good people skills. And we just really want them to remember how fortunate they are and that it’s important to give back and also to spread the Michigan knowledge.”

Dr. Kim-Berman put it this way: “We have the reputation of developing not only clinicians, but leaders within the profession, leaders that give back all those things. And it’s a credit to all of the faculty and their hard work that they put in every day. Nothing happens without wrench time.”

Dr. Katherine Kelly and growth of the U-M Craniofacial Orthodontic Program and Fellowship

A key aspect of the evolution of the U-M Graduate Orthodontic Program is how residents now receive training in a wide variety of areas, including working with patients with craniofacial birth defects. Dr. Katherine Kelly initiated this educational and treatment experience for residents in the program. Dr. Kelly received her dental and orthodontic training at the University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry and Ph.D. at the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine. She was recruited to the University of Michigan as a full-time faculty member in 2000. One of her jobs was to serve in the U-M Children’s

Hospital as a member of the craniofacial team, which evaluates children born with birth defects that affect their face and skulls. In this capacity, Kelly would oversee orthodontic residents in the process of seeing how craniofacial care is done at a hospital setting.

At the start, much of the actual orthodontic care for the children was done in private practice, including by Drs. James McNamara, Katherine Kelly and others. In addition, Drs. Maria Pinzon and Rich Johnson, provided care for some children in the orthodontic faculty practice. But that was only a handful compared

to how many patients the U-M team sees annually now, Dr. Kelly said.

Dr. Kelly began to push for having University of Michigan orthodontic residents provide the orthodontic portion of craniofacial patient care, and thus created the Craniofacial Orthodontic Clinic, which just celebrated its 20th anniversary. Started in 2002 with only third-year residents. Dr. Kelly continued to push for expansion of the program, and eventually received strong support from then-Chair, Sunil Kapila and then Dean of the School of Dentistry, Peter Polverini.

“They met with me and said, in effect ‘This is really, really important work. And we want it to be sustainable,’” Kelly said in an interview in her Saline practice office. “This was a great opportunity for translational research, because we have a lot of basic science research going on in our department that pertains to children with craniofacial anomalies. And it’s a great educational opportunity for our residents. Why should they not be exposed to the most challenging cases we have? They’re the best and the brightest residents we could attract.”

So, the clinic continued to grow, and in 2009, the American Dental Association recognized craniofacial orthodontics as a subspecialty that deserved an accreditation process. With Kapila’s urging and Polverini’s guidance, Dr. Kelly sought a way to endow an Orthodontic Craniofacial Fellowship. Such a program would take a person who’s already an orthodontist and give the doctor a

one-year immersive experience caring for children with craniofacial anomalies.

Dr. Kelly knew a family of means whose daughter had been seen by the U-M craniofacial team and in her own private practice. Kelly approached them, and they generously endowed a U-M Craniofacial Orthodontics Fellowship, which began in 2012. “That is a big deal,” Kelly said. “We graduate seven residents a year, and one or two historically will affiliate with a craniofacial team when they’re in private practice, and why shouldn’t they be able to treat the most challenging patients out there? And if we can train one fellow a year who will go and dedicate their career to being on a team and training more people, it’s just that exponential effect.” Dr. Kelly calls the craniofacial clinic and fellowship “the most robust experience (of its kind) for residents and fellows in the country.”

Full-time faculty members, Dr. Kim-Berman and Dr. Marilla Yatabe, a former U-M Craniofacial Fellow who was then hired on as a full-time faculty member specializing in Craniofacial Orthodontics, serve as faculty members in this area. Dr. Yatabe now oversees operations of the Craniofacial Clinic for the orthodontic residents. This work is also supported by committed part-time faculty members, Drs. Steven Lash and Ronald Hathaway.

Department Chair Nan Hatch, whom Dr. Kelly credits for her support as well, also emphasizes the importance of such work. “There just aren’t enough people out there,” Hatch said. “You know, if you live somewhere and you try

Debbie’s Day event in 2010. Named for the late clinic staffer Debbie Stambaugh who was instrumental in establishing the craniofacial clinic.

to bring your craniofacial kid to your local orthodontist, the orthodontist is not always comfortable treating that patient. Our goal is both to train fellows who will then go out to work on and/or start craniofacial teams, and also to train our orthodontic residents to have enough knowledge that when somebody comes in with a kid, they’re comfortable treating them so that the family doesn’t have to drive several hours to a craniofacial team center. Because teams aren’t everywhere; they’re usually at big hospitals in big cities. If you don’t live near one, you can be out of luck. We want to change that.”

Dr. Kelly notes the work of two former fellows, Dr. Heather Hendricks, who started an Orthodontic Craniofacial Clinic in Kansas City, and Dr. Kaitrin Kramer, who works at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. “And then we have other fellows who’ve gone back to their hospitals where they were at before, but it gave them an opportunity to expand their expertise and take it back to their centers,” oftentimes in countries that previously lacked this expertise.

The overall craniofacial team, under the direction of surgeon Dr. Christian Vercler, meets Wednesdays at Mott Children’s Hospital. The craniofacial orthodontic clinic operates on Fridays, with second- and third-year orthodontic residents plus the Craniofacial Fellow treating patients under the supervision of faculty.

Kelly notes that almost all of the children have multiple surgeries, either with Oral Maxillofacial Surgery or within the Pediatric Plastic Surgery Department. “We work with surgeons in both departments,” she said. “And we have to work very closely to plan how we’re going to move their teeth and how the surgery is going to happen. We’re not just planning for that surgery, but we’re also keeping in mind that they’re going to have future surgeries.

“It’s like building a house, right? You have to set the foundation first. And that foundation has to be good and strong, knowing that in the future, you’ve got to put a roof on it. So, we work closely with the surgeons. And having more advanced imaging technology has really given us more tools to sit down and share information together to come up with better plans for the kids.”

And it’s not just the doctors who play a central role in the clinic’s success. Dr. Kelly has high praise another key figure in building the orthodontic clinic, the late Debbie Stambaugh. Ms. Stambuagh was a member of the orthodontic clinic staff who worked extremely hard to help everyone involved understand the necessary state paperwork to file for Medicaid insurance for the children. “If it weren’t for Debbie Stambaugh, we probably would not have had an orthodontic craniofacial clinic that survived financially,” Kelly said. Thus, a memorial fund was set up in Stambaugh’s honor to help support children in this clinic.

Hera Kim-Berman, Current U-M Graduate Orthodontics Program Director

Kim-Berman is the current Graduate Orthodontic Program Director, overseeing program operations since 2015. She served as interim Program Director in 2015 and was named to the permanent position the following year. She came to the University of Michigan in March of 2014, achieving a long-term desire to return to orthodontic education.

After receiving her M.M.Sc. degree in Orthodontics from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Dr. Kim-Berman fulfilled a strong interest in teaching, serving as full-time orthodontic faculty at West Virginia University for a few years. She then went to New York City to concentrate on clinical practice, working as a solo practitioner for 15 years. During this time, she served as the Director of Orthodontics at Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York and Long Island Jewish Medical Center from 2004-2014, where she treated craniofacial patients. But her interest in teaching still remained. “I really wanted to get back to my original intent, before detouring into clinical practice, and I came back to teaching in a full-time academic position.” Kim-Berman said in an interview in her office in the Kellogg Building.

Dr. Kim-Berman liked the University of Michigan Graduate Orthodontic Program’s emphasis on the trifecta of education, research and patient care, and was eager to conduct research regarding cleft lip and palate patients. But she also noticed that the department could advance its use of technology such as 3D printing. “It’s exponential in all

of our lives,” she said of technology’s many rapidly developing realms.

Given that interest, Dr. Kim-Berman went to the Duderstadt Center on the University of Michigan’s North Campus. Opened in 1996, The Duderstadt Center offers a variety of special spaces for U-M faculty, students and others to engage, collaborate and create using advanced technologies. Dr. Kim-Berman visited the center’s virtual reality facility, where she was able to see a virtual skull in 3D. “I thought, ‘This is a really good visual way to teach.” “In virtual reality, there’s no lab time,” Kim-Berman said. “You just go in there, you move the parts, you look at the cases and you diagnose them. It’s really an easier way, using more advanced visualization and manipulation when using this VR technology.”

She worked with the Duderstadt Center to develop a jaw surgery model to simulate jaw surgery. That led her to the University of Michigan School of Business, which put her in touch with enterprise partners. Thus, Dr. Kim-Berman’s research began in “developing virtual reality-based jaw surgery simulation for educational purposes and perhaps ultimately for clinical care.” She subsequently worked with collaborators to create a virtual 3D dental anatomy library for the School of Dentistry and is currently working on creating a virtual simulation for mandibular block injection technique, in addition to continuing work on virtual reality-based education for diagnosis and treatment planning of orthognathic patients.

Craniofacial faculty Drs. Steve Lash, Hera Kim-Berman, Marilia Yatabe and Katherine Kelly.

While the chair helps guide the future of the program and serves as the liaison to the dean and other chairs along with the umbrella for faculty, Dr. Kim-Berman sees her role as managing the operational part of the program and serving as a primary advocate and support for the residents.

A vital part of this is the program’s adjunct faculty. “I don’t think this school can exist without adjunct faculty,” Dr. Kim-Berman said. “Because they bring a clinical experience - real world experience - that the students and everybody else value very much. Their role is vital to the survival of any dental school, but especially here in orthodontics, as many of our faculty stay for such a long time. They really appreciate the interaction with the students; many of them are graduates of the program, and they want to give back. These are high performing individuals. And I think that they really need something else, something more than just clinical practice. They need different feedback from different students, new technology, continuing education – they need all of that to be fulfilled. And hopefully we provide a very positive environment for our adjunct faculty.”

Along with faculty, Kim-Berman sees the whole university as a distinct asset to the residents’ development. “It’s a positive environment that’s very conducive to learning and being around multiple institutions,” she said. “They have access to the hospital, medical students and all the facilities here. They can easily interact with many of the other professional schools. And when I came here, I interacted with the U-M College of Engineering.

Along with such benefits come the high expectations of the program, a point of pride for Dr. Kim-Berman. Yet with such demands comes stress and the chance for her and other leaders to offer perspective and a helping hand. “Because we have such high expectations, sometimes there is a danger of burnout,” Kim-Berman said. “So, we are trying to create a culture of support, and becoming more aware of the social climate. These really high performing young people don’t need to be reminded each and every time. What we’re trying to do here at Michigan is to be a little bit more democratic and understanding in how to find a balance with our residents, their workload, their family life, all those things.” she said.

In overseeing the clinical operation, Kim-Berman has also gained an acute appreciation of the staff members who make the department function each day, and never more than during the COVID pandemic. “The senior administrative assistants that help out provide the backbone of the program,” she said. “During COVID, when everybody basically was shut down and at home, those staff were here answering the phone calls of patients, assisting faculty with converting in-person classes to virtual classes, creating all of those virtual sessions. None of it really would work without having those core people in here doing their jobs. And then for our clinical staff to come in and restart the entire process of making everything safe. It’s not just about faculty, it’s not just about the deans or chairs. It’s really about the groundwork, the really grassroots level –these are the individuals that show up every day, who keep the machine going.”

She sums up her role thusly: “I’m really trying to maintain the high standards that were set before me, and maybe innovate along the way. My focus is making

sure that the residents get what they need. And that they go out there as good ambassadors for the program and for the university.”

Dr. Chris Roberts: A Driving Faculty Force from Findlay, Ohio

Any discussion of the singular energy and experience of the U-M Graduate Orthodontic Program must touch on the role of the many devoted adjunct faculty members, who take time out from their successful private practices to instruct the residents in pre-clinic, clinic and class. Please see the list of orthodontic faculty dating back to 1973 on the U-M Orthodontic Alumni Centennial Website, and at the end of this book, for a more complete accounting of these highly skilled and dedicated individuals. These deeply committed individuals bring much needed clinical expertise that raises the level of excellence in our educational program. Each and every one deserves enormous accolades.

An ultimate road warrior and example in this special effort is Dr. Chris Roberts, 65, who commutes to Ann Arbor every other week from his home in Findlay Ohio, about 100 miles from Ann Arbor. And there’s more to this fun mix. Roberts earned his undergraduate and dental degrees from the Ohio State University. He did his residency at Rochester, in New York, and practiced for several years before returning to be nearer to his wife’s family in Findlay, OH, “A great place to live and practice,” said Dr. Roberts, who sold his practice in 2017 after practicing for 30 years in Findlay.

Throughout that time, Dr. Roberts also knew he wanted to teach, to expand his own mentorship and to learn as well. He wrote to Dr. James McNamara, then interim Department Chair at U-M. The University of Michigan

was Dr. Roberts’ first choice of where he wanted to teach and he joined the faculty in 1990. He taught Thursdays for many years, and has switched to Mondays and Tuesdays. He now drives up to Ann Arbor on Sunday night, then teaches Monday and Tuesday every other week, staying in a condominium on Main Street in downtown Ann Arbor.

“I wanted to give something back,” Roberts said of teaching at U-M. “I had an outstanding mentor I’d felt fortunate to be involved with. Practicing in a smaller community, it’s easy to become isolated. Clinically, (the Michigan students) get my point of view, and they benefit from a different way of thinking (including someone from out of state).” “The students keep me young and keep me going and involved,” Dr. Roberts said. “They challenge me, often noting how others do things. They are so smart and eager to learn. When I walk into the clinic or classroom, they are there and just want to absorb everything, and that keeps you on your toes.”

In addition to clinical oversight, Roberts runs a practice management course for the U-M residents, explaining the various challenges in what amounts to operating a small business - negotiating contracts, finding a good location, accounting and legal aspects. “I give them a business education, a bit of education I did not have when I started,” Roberts said during an interview for this history. This mandatory course is now year-long and begins during the middle of the orthodontic residents’ second year. As part of resident experience, they visit seven different offic-

In 2019, Dr. Hera Kim-Berman discusses the current and future opportunities of virtual reality in dentistry during a presentation at the Moyers Symposium

es during the summer, ranging from boutique practices to those that handle a lot of patients daily.

Colleagues note how Dr. Roberts sets an exceptional example of professional service. He served as president of the American Association of Orthodontists in 2020, confronting the tremendous challenge of doing the work for both an in-person meeting and a virtual annual meeting. Dr. Roberts also now works with Dr. McNamara and the residents in organizing and hosting the Graduate Orthodontic Resident Program (GORP), held every other

year during the summer at U-M. “He’s a great role model for any resident who’s interested in that kind of professional service,” Dr. Hatch said. “We have this tradition where any resident who is interested in professional service can get help in getting involved early in their careers.”

Dr. Roberts has spent 33 years teaching at Michigan after having attended Ohio State for 8 years and living most of his life plus practicing in Ohio. But his loyalty is clear. He roots for the University of Michigan.

Jewel of the U-M Orthodontic Program: the Moyers Symposium

The Moyers Symposium remains a very bright star in the constellation of the Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, drawing hundreds of attendees from all over the world every year. The Symposium honors Dr. Robert E. Moyers.

The Moyers Symposium began in 1974 with a budget of $2,400. A dental student mentee of Dr. Moyers, Dr. Verne Primack (DDS, 1956), with his wife Naomi, initially established and sponsored the first event. Dr. McNamara working with chairs, faculty and colleagues has served as a co-organizer and host of the Symposium for many decades.

The three-day, annual event, hosted by the Department, is held during early spring in Ann Arbor. The Symposium brings in speakers from around the nation and the world. The audience is a mixture of general dentists, private practice orthodontists and orthodontic academics. “It’s a very special thing,” Dr. Hatch said. “It is now held at the

beginning of March because we try not to conflict with all the other meetings. It can be the worst (weather) time of year, but a great time to come in and absorb professional advances and perspectives, as well as to network with colleagues and meet up with friends.”

Organizers deliberately limit the program size to one speaker at a time – not multiple speakers in the same time slot – in order to build in and encourage active participation and discussion between the attendees and the speakers. “Orthodontics still has a lot of controversial topics, and so we really try to provide the latest evidence and get people to discuss things that they may not agree on,” Dr. Hatch said.

Each year, the material provided by the speakers makes up individual chapters to create a book. One of Dr. Hatch’s efforts as chair was to get a copy of every such book for the Department Chair’s office. She says she obtained almost

all, but not all of them. This motivated her to work with the University of Michigan Library to create a digital version of the entire book series so that it was not lost over time, and to make it available online to all orthodontists worldwide. “So now you can go back to read something that was actually written by Bob Moyers, along with more recent speakers,” Dr. Hatch says. It is a great resource, including both dental and craniofacial atlases derived from early growth studies. Dr. Hatch enjoys comparing the older with the newer books, noting that multiple potentially controversial orthodontic topics repeat themselves over time.

“It’s very interesting to compare the older with the newer perspectives on the same topic”, said Dr. Hatch.

Any discussion of continuing education courses given by the UM Orthodontic Program would be remiss without mention of the Jarabak Lecture. Each year, the program invites a master clinician to serve as an invited Jarabak Lecturer, and provide a continuing education course for residents, faculty, alumni and practitioners. After many years of in person courses, in 2021 the Jarabak Lecture changed to a Webinar format, allowing for more worldwide and on demand viewing for attendees. Dr. KimBerman has served as the Director of the Jarabak Lecture for the past several years.

GORP, the Graduate Orthodontic Resident Program

Leaders of the U-M Orthodontics Program underscore the Orthodontic Program’s commitment to all facets of their residents’ careers, which includes their professional outreach, engagement in community service and personal satisfaction in practice.

The Graduate Orthodontic Resident Program, or GORP, as it’s affectionately known, is held annually, rotating between the University of Michigan and a different site each year, including St. Louis in 2021. Fun Ann Arbor activities include social gatherings, a visit to Michigan Stadium, outdoor activities, lectures provided by national orthodontic leaders, and much more. This free event is sponsored jointly by the AAO, the AAO Foundation, and by more than 50 corporate sponsors.

Dr. Chris Roberts, adjunct faculty member from Findlay, Ohio, now oversees the event, along with GORP’s longtime founding director, Dr. Jim McNamara. “There’s nothing like it in dentistry,” McNamara says. “It’s put together for residents by residents.” The event started out with about 175 attendees, Dr. McNamara said, and now has more than 500 participants, who gain a profound appreciation for the broad range of perspectives and career focuses of their future colleagues.

“It’s just a joy to see these students and see them interact at GORP,” Dr. Roberts says, adding that several residents met their future spouses at the event. “These will be the colleagues they have throughout their career.”

Dr. McNamara on stage at the Rackham auditorium during the 40th Annivesary Moyers Symposium.

The fist Graduate Orthodontic Resident Program in 1989.

A Shining Example of Orthodontic Faculty Research: Dr. Lucia Cevidanes

The research reach of the University of Michigan Orthodontic Program’s faculty extends around the world. A prime example of this is the work of Dr. Lucia Cevidanes, who was recruited as fulltime faculty in July of 2011 from the Department of Orthodontics at the University of North Carolina. Dr. Cevidanes was later appointed to the Thomas and Doris Graber Endowed Professor of Dentistry in the Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, and was most recently promoted to full professor with tenure.

Dr. Cevidanes’ research interests include developing and using 3D imaging and data science to solve difficult clinical problems, with particular interest in health and disease of the temporomandibular joints. She currently studies biomarkers of TMJ arthritis and treatment approaches. In addition, she uses 3D imaging to investigate treatment outcomes of aligner therapy as well as orthopedic and surgical treatments for complex craniofacial anomalies and dentofacial deformities.

In addition to her research, Dr. Cevidanes has both predoctoral and graduate teaching responsibilities. She also treats patients in the orthodontic faculty practice. Her graduate teaching includes serving as a clinical instructor for patient care on Friday afternoons and leading the graduate courses in Cephalometrics and 3D imaging. She has published more than 140 scientific papers on 3D imag-

Final words: It’s the People that Make the Orthodontics Program Special

ing and data science. Her work has been funded by the National Institutes of Health, along with Faculty Development and Biomedical Research awards received from the American Association of Orthodontics Foundation.

Dr. Katherine Kelly recalls the joy in the program when Dr. Cevidanes was hired. “She really is that huge internationally in terms of her research; I’m not exaggerating. So, to have these people with their expertise, not just their clinical expertise but their research expertise, and how they’re able to improve our treatments for patients – it’s just exciting to be in one building with those people.”, said Dr. Kelly.

Said Dr. McNamara: “She’s one of the world’s experts on three-dimensional imaging of the face. Her reach in this area is wonderful. if you talk about why Michigan’s famous it’s not just one thing or two things or three things, it’s the whole thing, and Lucia these days contributes so much.”

Dr. Hatch appreciates that Dr. Cevidanes’ work developing advanced techniques for 3D analyses is open source. “Dr. Cevidanes has created a worldwide network of people who work together to innovate in this field. Dr. Hatch also values Dr. Cevidanes’ broad research reach, noting that Dr. Cevidanes continually recruits scholars to her laboratory to both contribute and learn, and forms national and international research collaborations to advance the work.

Dr. Hatch has noted how graduates, who don’t always show their appreciation right upon leaving the program, can come to a greater understanding after they’ve been gone for a while. “A year or so later, alumna will come up at meetings and say things like: “Oh, my goodness, I knew we were good,” Dr. Hatch says, paraphrasing. “But I didn’t realize how much I learned here compared to my peers until I got out and started talking to my friends who went to other programs.” Dr. Hatch notes that this is evidence of the dedication that all members of the program, be it faculty, staff, alumni and residents, put in. “As Chair, my primary objective is to maintain the excellence and innovation that is known to be University of Michigan Orthodontics, such that our alumni will continue to bleed maize and blue.”

Dr. Kim-Berman makes a key distinction: It’s the people, not the facilities, that make the U-M Orthodontics Program exceptional and burnishes its worldwide reputation. She tells the story of when student applicants visit the program, they often say, “Hey, could we see your clinic?” They want to see where the knowledge is created, where the “magic” happens. And the U-M residents will reply with words to the effect of: “Well, it’s just the clinic. It’s just dental chairs. In a relative sense, there’s really nothing to see.”

And, indeed, it’s really not the facility, Dr. KimBerman says. “It’s the interaction of the people, the back and forth, and all the hard work that people put in at all levels here. Many people who came right out of this program are giants in their field. And I think that really creates this aura of excellence.”

In conclusion, Dr. Hatch notes that the Michigan Orthodontic Program’s strength is also provided by deeply committed and proud alumni. Alumni contribute generously to the department to support resident travel to courses and meetings, resident research, incorporation of advanced technology into the clinic, faculty endowments that both entice and support the orthodontic faculty and, more recently, orthodontic resident scholarships. Our orthodontic alumni network is large and strong. They are an essential support for maintaining programmatic excellence.

A Centennial of Orthodontics at the University of Michigan is based upon many, many individuals. It is hoped that each and every one of you will recognize the role that you played in this important history. After 100 years, here at Michigan we continue to stand strong and proud. And we look forward to another 100 years of excellence.

Orthodontic and Pediatric Department offsite event in 2019.

Dr. Lucia Cevidanes in the lab.

Classes through the years...

Orthodontic Faculty From the Last 50 Years

1973-1974

Baer, Melvin

Baru, Howard D.

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Cheney, Edward A.

Gebeck, Thomas

Greschaw, Charles R.

Haller, Earl

Harris, James E.*

Johnson, Richard

Kane, Edward G.

Kotyk, Donna

Moyers, Robert E.

Pontiz, Paul V.

Reese, James W.

Smith, Stanley W.

Thompson, Will

Vedder, James

Walker, Geoffrey

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1974-1975

Baer, Melvin

Baru, Howard D.

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Cheney, Edward A.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Haller, Earl

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard

Moyers, Robert E.

Pontiz, Paul V.

Reese, James W.

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1975-1976

Baer, Melvin

Baru, Howard D.

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Cheney, Edward A.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Haller, Earl

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard

Kowalski, Chuck

Moyers, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Pontiz, Paul V.

Reeses, James W.

Warren, Philip C.

Watnick, Sheldon

Winshall, Arnold

1976-1977

Baer, Melvin

Baru, Howard D.

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Cheney, Edward A.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Haller, Earl

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard

Moyers, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Pontiz, Paul V.

Walker, Geoff

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1977-1978

Baer, Melvin

Baru, Howard D.

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Cheney, Edward A.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Haller, Earl

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard

Moyers, Robert E. Nanda, Surender

Pontiz, Paul V.

Walker, Geoff Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

Witski, Pete

1978-1979

Baru, Howard D.

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Cheney, Edward A. Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Haller, Earl

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N. Johnson, Richard Johnson, Robert

Moyers, Robert E. Nanda, Surender

Pontiz, Paul V.

Walker, Geoff Warren, Philip C. Winshall, Arnold

Witski, Pete

1979-1980

Baru, Howard D.

Berger, Eli V. Buatti, Eugene J.

Cheney, Edward A.

Gebeck, Thomas Gunn, Sondra Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N. Johnson, Richard Johnson, Robert

Moyers, Robert E. Nanda, Surender

1982-1983

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Pontiz, Paul V.

Walker, Geoff

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold Witski, Pete

1980-1981

Berger, Eli V. Buatti, Eugene J.

Cheney, Edward A.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard

Moyers, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Pontiz, Paul V.

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1981-1982

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard A.

Moyers, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1985-1986

Gunn, Sondra

Hersey, Stephen

Hood, Herbert N.

1989-1990

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Johnson, Richard A.

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.**

*Chair **Interim Chair

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard A.

Moyers, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1983-1984

Berger, Eli V.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard A.

McNamara, James A.

Moyers, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1984-1985

Berger, Eli V.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard A.

McNamara, James A.

Moyers, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Van Dyken, Charles

Berger, Eli V.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard A.

McNamara, James A.

Moyers, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Van Dyken, Charles

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1986-1987

Berger, Eli V.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Harris, James E.*

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard A.

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Moyers, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Van Dyken, Charles

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1987-1988

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Carlson, David S.

Gebeck, Thomas

Johnson, Richard A.

Mayers, Colin A

McNamara, James A.**

Molley, William E.

Moyer, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Spalding, Peter

Van Dyken, Charles

Vig Drylan, Katherine

Vig, Peter S.

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1988-1989

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Carlson, David S.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Hersey, Stephen

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard A.

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.**

Molley, William E.

Moyer, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Spalding, Peter

Van Dyken, Charles

Vig

Drylan, Katherine

Vig, Peter S.

Warren, Philip C.

Winshall, Arnold

Carlson, David S.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Easton, Jeffrey W.

Frydenlund, Samuel J.

Gebeck, Thomas

Gunn, Sondra

Hersey, Stephen

Hood, Herbert N. Johnson, Richard A.

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.**

Molley, William E.

Moyer, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Spaulding, Peter

Timm, Terry A.

Van Dyken, Charles

Vig Drylan, Katherine

Vig, Peter S.

Warren, Philip C. Winshall, Arnold

1990-1991

Berger, Eli V.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Carlson, David S.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Easton, Jeffrey W.

Frydenlund, Samuel J.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gunn, Sondra

Hersey, Stephen

Hood, Herbert N.

Molley, William E.

Moyer, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Roberts, Christopher A.

Timm, Terry A.

Trotman, Carroll-Ann

Van Dyken, Charles

Vig Drylan, Katherine

Vig, Peter S.

Warren, Philip C Wilmont, Janice

Winshall, Arnold

1991-1992

Berger, Eli V.

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Carlson, David S.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gunn, Sondra

Hood, Herbert N.

Johnson, Richard A. Johnston, Lysle E.*

McNamara, James A.

Moyer, Robert E. Nanda, Surender

Roberts, Christopher A.

Timm, Terry A.

Trotman, Carroll-Ann

Van Dyken, Charles

Warren, Phillip C.

Wilmont, Janice

Winshall, Arnold

*Chair **Interim Chair

1992-1993

Basyouni, Ahmed

Berger, Eli V.

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Carlson, David S.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gunn, Sondra

Hood, Herbert N.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.*

McNamara, James A.

Moyer, Robert E.

Nanda, Surender

Perillo, Letizia

Roberts, Christopher A.

Timm, Terry A.

Trotman, Carroll-Ann

Vaden, James L.

Warren, Phillip C.

Van Dyken, Charles

Winshall, Arnold

1993-1994

Berger, Eli V.

Berkowitz, Jackie

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gunn, Sondra

Hood, Herbert N.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.*

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Nanda, Surender K.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Timm, Terry A.

Trotman, Carroll-Ann

Vaden, James L.

Van Dyken, Charles

Walton, Mary H. G.

Warren, Phillip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1994-1995

Berger, Eli V.

Berkowitz, Jackie

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gong, Siew-Ging

Gunn, Sondra

Hood, Herbert N.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.*

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Nanda, Surender K.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Timm, Terry A.

Tingling, Howard L.

Trotman, Carroll-Ann

Vaden, James L.

Walton, Mary H. G.

Van Dyken, Charles

Warren, Phillip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1995-1996

Berkowitz, Jackie

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Fee Gur-Arie, Cynthia L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gong, Siew-Ging

Gunn, Sondra

Hood, Herbert N.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.*

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Nanda, Surender K.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Timm, Terry A.

Tingling, Howard L.

Trotman, Carroll-Ann

Vaden, James L.

Walton, Mary H. G.

Van Dyken, Charles

Warren, Phillip C.

Winshall, Arnold

1996-1997

Adams, David

Anderson, Ross W.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkowitz, Jackie

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Fee Gur-Arie, Cynthia L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gong, Siew-Ging

Gunn, Sondra

Hood, Herbert N.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.*

Kim, H. Ludia

Komolpis, Ruangrat

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Moenssen, Mary E.

Nanda, Surender K.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Timm, Terry A.

Tingling, Howard L.

Trotman, Carroll A.

Vaden, James L.

Van Dyken, Charles

Walton, Mary H. G.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

1997-1998

Adams, David

Anderson, Ross W.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkowitz, Jackie

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Fee Gur-Arie, Cynthia L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gong, Siew-Ging

Gunn, Sondra

Hood, Herbert N.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.*

Kim, H. Ludia

Komolpis, Ruangrat

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Moenssen, Mary E.

Nanda, Surender K.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Smith, Stanley A.

Timm, Terry A.

Tingling, Howard L.

Trotman, Carroll A.

Vaden, James L.

Van Dyken, Charles

Weeden, Josephine C.

Walton, Mary H. G.

West, Kristine

1998-1999

Adams, David

Behnan, Michael G

Berkowitz, Jackie

Bookwalter, Roger L

Buatti, Eugene J.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gong, Siew-Ging

Gunn, Sondra

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.*

*Chair **Interim Chair

Kelly, Katherine A.

Komolpis, Ruangrat

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Smith, Stanley A.

Tingling, Howard L.

Vaden, James L.

Van Dyken, Charles

Walton, Mary H. G.

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

1999-2000

Adams, David

Behnan, Michael G

Berkowitz, Jackie

Bookwalter, Roger L

Buatti, Eugene J.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gong, Siew-Ging

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.*

Kelly, Katherine A.

Kim, H. Ludia

Komolpis, Ruangrat

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Smith, Stanley A.

Tingling, Howard L.

Van Dyken, Charles

Walton, Mary H. G.

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2000-2001

Adams, David

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkowitz, Jackie

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Christiansen, Richard L.

Fee Gur-Arie, Cynthia L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gong, Siew-Ging

Hood, Herbert N.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.*

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Komolpis, Ruangrat

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Moenssen, Mary E.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Scheider, Monica P.

Smith, Stanley A.

Van Dyken, Charles

Walton, Mary H. G.

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2001-2002

Adams, David

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkowitz, Jackie

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Fee Gur-Arie, Cynthia L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gong, Siew-Ging

Hood, Herbert N.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.*

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Komolpis, Ruangrat

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Moenssen, Mary E.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Scheider, Monica P.

Smith, Stanley A

Van Dyken, Charles

Walton, Mary H. G.

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2002-2003

Adams, David

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Berkowitz, Jackie

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gong, Siew-Ging

Hood, Herbert N.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.*

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Kim, Yu-Kyung

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Moenssen, Mary E.

Nolan, Patrick

O’Grady, Paul

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Sarment, Sylvie

Scheider, Monica P.

Skinner, Barbara Smith, Stanley A.

Van Dyken, Charles Vasquez, Manual

Warren, Phillip C. Weeden, Josephine C. West, Kristine

2003-2004

Adams, David Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O. Behnan, Michael G. Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L. Buatti, Eugene J.

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Dunn, Courtney A. Edwards, Laura J.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gong, Siew-Ging

Hale, Kevin J.

Hood, Herbert N.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A. Johnston, Lysle E.*

Kapila, Sunil

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Lash, Steven M. Mayers, Colin A. McNamara, James A. Moenssen, Mary E.

Nolan, Patrick O’Grady, Paul

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E. Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

*Chair **Interim Chair

Sarment, Sylvie

Scheider, Monica P.

Skinner, Barbara

Smith, Stanley A.

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2004-2005

Adams, David

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bettie, Marsha L.

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Cramer, David

Dunn, Courtney A.

Edwards, Laura J.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gong, Siew-Ging

Hale, Kevin J.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kapila, Sunil *

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Scheider, Monica P.

Smith, Stanley A.

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2005-2006

Adams, David

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bettie, Marsha L.

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Cramer, David

Crouse, Ulla

Dunn, Courtney A.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gu, Yan

Haerian, Andre

Hatch, Nan E.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kapila, Sunil *

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shapiro, Lanie

Smith, Stanley A.

Stahl, Franka

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2006-2007

Adams, David

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Conley, Scott

Cramer, David

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Gribel, Bruno

Haerian, Andre

Hatch, Nan E.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kapila, Sunil *

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shapiro, Lanie

Smith, Stanley A.

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2007-2008

Adams, David

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Conley, Scott

Cramer, David

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Haerian, Andre

Hatch, Nan E.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kapila, Sunil *

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Lash, Steven M.

Malta, Lucianna

Mayers, Colin A.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shapiro, Lanie

Smith, Stanley A.

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2008-2009

Adams, David

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Conley, Scott

Cramer, David Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Haerian, Andre

Hatch, Nan E.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kapila, Sunil *

*Chair **Interim Chair

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shapiro, Lanie

Smith, Stanley A.

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2009-2010

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Conley, Scott

Cramer, David

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Haerian, Andre

Hatch, Nan E.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kapila, Sunil *

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shapiro, Lanie

Smith, Stanley A.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2010-2011

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J.

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Conley, Scott

Cramer, David

Crouse, Ulla

Fee Gur-Arie, Cynthia L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Haerian, Andre

Hatch, Nan E.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Richard A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kapila, Sunil *

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nervina, Jeanne

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shapiro, Lanie

Smith, Stanley A.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2011-2012

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Alzoubi, Sara

Anderson, Ross W.

Angelieri, Fernanda

Arruda, Airton O.

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Buatti, Eugene J

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Conley, Scott

Cramer, David

Crouse, Ulla

Fee Gur-Arie, Cynthia L.

Fernandez, Maria Jose

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Haerian, Andre

Hatch, Nan E.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kapila, Sunil *

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Lash, Steven M

Mayers, Colin A

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A

Nervina, Jeanne

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L

Priestap, Deborah E

Roberts, Christopher A

Robinston, Thomas J

Sarment, Sylvie

Shapiro, Lanie

Smith, Stanley A

Weeden, Josephine C

West, Kristine

2012-2013

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Burkhardt, Donald R.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Conley, Scott

Cramer, David

Crouse, Ulla

Fee Gur-Arie, Cynthia L.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Haerian, Andre

Hatch, Nan E.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Joel

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kagler, Darnell

Kapila, Sunil *

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nervina, Jeanne

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shapiro, Lanie

Smith, Stanley A.

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

2013-2014

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Anderson, Ross W

Arruda, Airton O.

*Chair **Interim Chair

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Conley, Scott

Cramer, David

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Haerian, Andre

Hannapel, Eric D.

Hatch, Nan E.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Joel

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kapila, Sunil *

Kelly, Katherine

Kim, H. Ludia

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shapiro, Lanie

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2014-2015

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Anderson, Ross W.

Arruda, Airton O.

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Conley, Scott

Cramer, David

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Haerian, Andre

Hannapel, Eric D.

Hatch, Nan E.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Joel

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kapila, Sunil *

Kelly, Katherine

Lash, Steven M.

Mayers, Colin A.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Ono, Noriaki

Ono, Wanida

Pinzon, Maria L.

Priestap, Deborah E.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shapiro, Lanie

Warren, Phillip C.

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2015-2016

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Arruda, Airton O.

Beattie, Marsha L.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Conley, Scott

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck Jr., Thomas R.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Haerian, Andre

Hannapel, Eric D.

Hatch, Nan E.

Hu, Jan**

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Joel

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kapila, Sunil *

Kelly, Katherine

Kim-Berman, Hera

Lash, Steven M.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Mishina, Yuji

Nolan, Patrick

Ono, Noriaki

Ono, Wanida

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2016-2017

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Arruda, Airton O.

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck Jr., Thomas R.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Haerian, Andre

Hannapel, Eric D.

Hatch, Nan E. *

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Joel

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kelly, Katherine

Kim-Berman, Hera

Kwon, Edwin

Lash, Steven M.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Ono, Noriaki

Ono, Wanida

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Weeden, Josephine C.

West, Kristine

2017-2018

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Arruda, Airton O.

Barkley, Mary

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck Jr., Thomas R.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Hannapel, Eric D.

Hatch, Nan E. *

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Joel

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kelly, Katherine

Kim-Berman, Hera

Kwon, Edwin

Lash, Steven M.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Ono, Noriaki

Ono, Wanida

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Ruellas, Antonio

Sarment, Sylvie

Weeden, Josephine C.

Yatabe, Marilia

2018-2019

Adams, David Ahmed, Fatima

Arruda, Airton O.

Barkley, Mary

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck Jr., Thomas R.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Hannapel, Eric D.

Hatch, Nan E. *

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnson, Joel

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kelly, Katherine

Kim-Berman, Hera

Kwon, Edwin

Lash, Steven M.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Ono, Noriaki

Ono, Wanida

Pinzon, Maria L.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Ruellas, Antonio

Sarment, Sylvie

Shoukri, Brandon S.

Weeden, Josephine C.

Yatabe, Marilia

2019-2020

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Arruda, Airton O.

Barkley, Mary

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck Jr., Thomas R.

Gebeck, Thomas R.

Hannapel, Eric D.

Hatch, Nan E. *

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Johnson, Joel

Kelly, Katherine

Kim-Berman, Hera

Kwon, Edwin

Lash, Steven M.

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Ono, Noriaki

Ono, Wanida

Pinzon, Maria L.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Ruellas, Antonio

Sarment, Sylvie

Shoukri, Brandon S.

Weeden, Josephine C.

Yatabe, Marilia

2020-2021

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Barkley, Mary

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck Jr., Thomas R.

Hannapel, Eric D.

Hatch, Nan E. *

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kelly, Katherine

Kim-Berman, Hera

Kwon, Edwin

Lash, Steven M.

Li, Yina

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Ono, Noriaki

Ono, Wanida

Pinzon, Maria L.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shoukri, Brandon S.

Weeden, Josephine C.

Yatabe, Marilia

2021-2022

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Barkley, Mary

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck Jr., Thomas R.

Gurgel, Marcela

Hannapel, Eric D.

Hatch, Nan E. *

Hathaway, Ronald R.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kelly, Katherine

Kim-Berman, Hera

Kwon, Edwin

Lash, Steven M.

Li, Yina

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Pinzon, Maria L.

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shoukri, Brandon S.

Weeden, Josephine C.

Yatabe, Marilia

2022-2023

Adams, David

Ahmed, Fatima

Aliaga del Castillo, Aron

Anderson, Margaret

Barkley, Mary

Behnan, Michael G.

Berkman, Mark

Bookwalter, Roger L.

Cevidanes, Lucia

Crouse, Ulla

Gebeck Jr., Thomas R.

Gurgel, Marcela

Hatch, Nan E. *

Hathaway, Ronald R.

Hummon, Gregory A.

Johnston, Lysle E.

Kelly, Katherine

Kim-Berman, Hera

Kwon, Edwin

Lash, Steven M

Li, Yina

McClatchey, Laurie

McNamara, James A.

Nolan, Patrick

Roberts, Christopher A.

Robinston, Thomas J.

Salman, Dina O.

Sarment, Sylvie

Shirey, Nicholas

Shoukri, Brandon S.

Weeden, Josephine C.

Yatabe, Marilia

*Chair **Interim Chair

*Chair **Interim Chair