2017
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CONTENT
INTRODUCTION PART A : CONCEPTUALISATION PART B : CRITERIA DESIGN PART C : DETAILED DESIGN
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i, my name is Deon Cham, a thrid year undergraduate environments student, majoring in Architecture at the University of Melbourne. I was born and grew up in Malaysia, a beautiful place filled multicultural heritage buildings. From an early age, I have been intrigued by the creativity of great minds that gave colours to the world with Architecture. Having utmost interest in sketching as well as model making, I told myself that Architecture is what I have to pursue. My passion for Architecture was further driven by the thought of building a cottage house for my beloved mother as it was a dream that she hoped to fulfill in life. Hopefully, by the end of this studio, my knowledge of software and Architecture could go deeper thus a step closer to my goal and dream.
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1. Submissive Concept, Digital, Design and Fabrication, 2017 2. Admonere, Studio Water, 2016 3. Amicitia, Studio Earth, 2017
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PART A
A.1. DESIGNING FUTURING
... 7-12
A.2. DESIGN COMPUTATION
... 13-18
A.3. COMPOSITION /GENERATION A.4. CONCLUSION
... 19-24
... 25-26
A.5. LEARNING OUTCOMES
... 27-28
A.6. APPENDIX : ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES
...29-32
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A.I
design futuring A
ccording to Anthony and Fiona, design is commonly known for just solving problems to achieve a better future.1Nonetheless, with the ongoing anthropocentric view of humans, our future cannot continue to be determined by the way designs are practised today as the resources on Earth are finite.2 Due to excessive focus on the aesthetic value and in denial of problems, designers have mistreated architecture, which then leads to defuturing of the world. Thus, the positive growth of design plays an important role as a decisive factor for a better tomorrow. Having the uncertainty of the future in mind, design, needs to be redefined and analyse ideas critically that instigate challenges as well as a possible sustainable future.
1 Anthony Dune & Fiona Raby, Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press, 2013), pp. 1-9, 33-45 2 Tony Fry, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2008), pp. 1-16 Image source: http://wallpapercave.com/wp/hMwO9WT.jpg
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CASE STUDY 1
CENTRE POMPIDOU - METZ SHIGERU BAN ARCHITECTS
A
s mentioned by Anthony and Fiona, futures are not a destination or something to be strived for but a medium to aid imaginative thoughts.3 The fact that human values and needs change actively over time due to anthropocentric way of living, designers should reflect critically on their design practices to prevent more defuturing events from happening. Fry asserted that not only the design process should be changed, but also the ideology of the entire mindset in order to achieve sustainability.4 By redirecting towards advancement of the design process, it would provide more potentials and possibilities on the design.
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2010
O
ne good example of design futuring would be the Centre Pompidou-Metz in terms of generating complex forms and experience. There is a continuation of interior and exterior spaces, which then forms a sequence of spaces that accommodate the programs.5 However, the curved roof structure that encloses the entire building defines the circulation space. It was quite a radical project at that time, resulted from the use of sophisticated programming techniques that allowed more design possibilities. This project definitely delivered some contributions architecturally and also to the inhabitants. Using only timer as material for the roof structure, the building displays strong collaboration between the natural and artificial. With the roof functioning as an extension of the surrounding park, it becomes more approachable to the inhabitants, hence encourages them to cross-pollinate.
3 Anthony Dune & Fiona Raby, Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press, 2013), pp. 1-9, 33-45 4 Tony Fry, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2008), pp. 1-16 5 Archdaily, Centre Pompidou-Metz/ Shigeru Ban Architects < http://www.archdaily.com/490141/centre-pompidou-metz-shigeru-ban-architects> [accessed 9 August 2017] Image source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/70/bf/73/70bf731e9af56390a08685f69a76d54f.jpg http://www.huftonandcrow.com/images/uploads/Arup_Pompidou_Metz_013.jpg
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CASE STUDY 2
ORGANIC SKYSCRAPER THOMAS CORBASSON
A
ccording to Fry, inhabitants should have a much greater power in deciding the form of the environments they wish to live, and that this way of life should enhance the environment.6 Nevertheless, democratic design should also be practised first, assuring all good decisions are critically informed.7 While the anthropocentric lifestyle continues depleting resources, us inhabitants should bare in mind that, as a part of the ecological system, we can also afford to disrupt the equilibrium of other species. Hence, designers and architects need to start changing their values and beliefs first, redefining their perception on design, followed by spreading of awareness through their products.
a. Facade panel
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2014
U
nbuilt conceptual design such as this Organic Skyscraper is a great example to demonstrate the effectiveness of designers on promising a more sustainable lifestyle to the inhabitants. Inspired by the bamboo scaffolding technique found in most Asian countries, this project can grow according to the waste from its residents as demand for floors increases.8(b) All residents will participate in building the skyscraper since their waste will be processed into the floor and facade panel of the building.(a) Although this project have not been built yet, it was considered as a revolutionary and radical project at that time. Currently, it was not inspired by any projects but the theory engaged in it will definitely expand future possibilities. Most vertical building or skyscrapers today focus on growing greeneries on facade panels. However, this project recycles the waste and use them to create more vegetation. Furthermore, residents are somehow programmed to accomplish the task that will soon turn into a sustainable habit.
b. Growing process
6 Tony Fry, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2008), pp. 1-16 7 Tony Fry, pp. 1-16 8 Connor Walker, Organic London Skyscraper Grows as Residents Recycle <http://www.archdaily.com/524225/organic-london-skyscraper-grows-as-residents-recycle > [accessed 9 August 2017] Image source: http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/53b6/d8cd/c07a/80a3/4300/0203/large_jpg/globaboostl.jpg?1404491956 http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/53b6/d903/c07a/8005/ce00/01d4/large_jpg/1_2_3.jpg?1404491980 http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/53b6/d850/c07a/8005/ce00/01d2/large_jpg/coupe_chantier.jpg?1404491762
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A.2
design computation
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n the early ages, building techniques were derived through sketches on grids, mathematical calculations, estimations with physical objects and more. These traditional methods have made humans more intelligent but limited by time and design possibilities. After the evolution of digital technologies, things changed. Design becomes the thinking of architectural generation through the logic of the algorithm.9 Parametric design has made a huge impact on architecture by developing as a new form of style or design logic. Through simulation, designs are now more time-efficient, cost-effective and capable of testing a broader range of variation. Therefore, the rise of computation in Architecture have taken the upper hand of the endless geometrical possibilities, higher efficiency in fabrication, as well as performance.
8 Rivka Oxman and Robert Oxman, eds. Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge, 2014), pp. 1-10 Image source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/b3/0a/cd/b30acd14c2fd4d1bb812679b14682c24--dope-wallpapers.jpg
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CASE STUDY 1
DONGDAEMUN DESIGN PLAZA ZAHA HADID ARCHITECTS
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nly parametricism can adequately organise and articulate contemporary social assemblages at the level of complexity called for today.9 Parametric design has become a new architectural style, a style that is very difficult to surpass due to its endless possibilities and capabilities in the design world. However, Oxman asserted that while the digital in architecture does support the emergence of certain distinctive geometric preferences and aesthetic effects it cannot be said to be deterministic with respect to architectural form.10 The Dongdaemun Design Plaza will demonstrate the advantages of parametric application and how it can be accepted as an architectural form.
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2013
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hrough parametric design, the digital design model could be refined at any time throughout the design and construction.11 Thus, this assures more control of the design and details, with much greater precision than a conventional construction process. Next, by applying parametric design methods, the cladding system of over 45000 panels were made possible by the use of parametric modelling with an advanced metal-forming and fabrication process to develop a mass-customization system.12 Also, Parametric modelling enabled the cladding system to be designed and engineered with much greater cost and quality control.13 The completed façade incorporates a field of pixilation and perforation patterns, which creates dynamic visual effect depending on the lighting conditions and seasonal changes.14 Hence, it can be concluded that parametric design will soon replace other design technique and can be accepted as an architectural form.
9 Patrik Schumacher (2016), Special Issue: Parametricism 2.0: Rethinking Architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Agenda for the 21st Century, 86: pp. 16 10 Rivka Oxman and Robert Oxman, eds. Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge, 2014), pp. 1-10 11 Archdaily, Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Zaha Hadid Architects< http://www.archdaily.com/489604/dongdaemun-design-plaza-zaha-hadid-architects> [accessed 9 August 2017] 12 Archdaily, Dongdaemun Design Plaza 13 Archdaily, Dongdaemun Design Plaza 14 Archdaily, Dongdaemun Design Plaza Image source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_7Vt66UxO7os/TROz2uBL6UI/AAAAAAAAAaM/MLIQoFxgTmE/s1600/panelization.jpg http://static.thousandwonders.net/Dongdaemun.Design.Plaza.original.16326.jpg
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CASE STUDY 2
ICD/ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION ACHIM MENGES & JAN KNIPPERS
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hrough design computation, architecture can now have a high level of structural performance and novel tectonic opportunities.15 This is well demonstrated through the design process of this Research Pavilion. The ICD and ITKE have managed to gain a deeper understanding of the characteristics of fibre-reinforced composite materials by experimenting a range of computational materials over a series of pavilions. With the aid of robotic computation, the fibres were winded onto the scaffold based on the applied algorithm, forming a self-supportive composite shell.16 Therefore, computation design instigates architects to design in a more formative way.
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2012
B
eing knowledgeable about the properties and characteristics of materials is essential as they challenge the design process especially during fabrication. Materials often limit our design geometries, structural stability, constructibility and sometimes alter the initial concept of our design. However, through computational design practises, it not only allow us to fabricate our design quickly, but also testing the materials used by adjustment of dimension, thickness, weight and more. Research pavilion has been an excellent example for illustrating the potential of the computation practices and reaching new heights in form complexity that is impossible for traditional design method to achieve.
15 University of Stuttgart : ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2012 < http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=8807> [accessed 9 August 2017] 16 University of Stuttgart : ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2012 Image source: http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5136/a950/b3fc/4ba6/6300/022d/large_jpg/ICD-ITKE_RP12_Image11.jpg?1362536768 http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5136/aa04/b3fc/4b82/8e00/0238/large_jpg/ICD-ITKE_RP12_Image21.jpg?1362536950
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composition / generation A
s computation enters the realm of architectural practice, the transition from designing composition to generation becomes evident. Although majority of the design population practice computerisation immensely, but I strongly believe that computation would be practised widely in the near future as this method has more pros than cons in terms of architecture. For instance, according to Brady, through computation, the digital architectural design environment has both the ability to construct complex models of buildings and give performance feedback on these models.17
17 Brady Peters (2013), Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp. 8-15 Image source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/75/c1/ff/75c1ff01440ef8c0b8aecc175f31353e.jpg
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CASE STUDY 1
LA SAGRADA FAMILIA ANTONI GAUDI
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1882 - ONGOING
ased on common architectural practice, a design process usually start of from conceptual sketches then into structural defined form. Nonetheless, even without measurements and calculations, the sketches would still show some sense of constructibility. Similarly, computation provokes capabilities for designers to solve sophisticated issues.
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n the process of constructing La Sagrada Familia, Antoni Gaudi demonstrated the importance of parametric thinking and generative concepts through his plaster models of Sagrada Familia and hanging model of the Colonia Guell chapel.18 However, testing and modelling out these different outcomes would be a waste of time and energy due to the lack of technological advancement. Regardless, with his knowledge and commitment of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s materials and structure, he embraced computation by extending parametric variables beyond the scope of the current context.19 Hence, the existing scripting and digital modelling tools present today would allow us to achieve better results. From this, we can conclude that computation practises allow designers to push their limits in terms of algorithmic thinking to greater heights and have more effective feedbacks.
18 Mark Burry, Antoni Gaudi and Frei Otto: Essential Precursors To The Parametricism Manifesto, Architectural Design, 86.2 (2016), pp. 30-35 19 Mark Burry, pp. 30-35 Image source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Sagrada_Familia_nave_roof_detail.jpg https://www.designboom.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/losttime02.jpg http://dataphys.org/list/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/DSC00764.jpg
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CASE STUDY 2
DAL CANOPY DESIGN DIGITAL ARCHITECTURAL LAB
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rady mentioned that computation makes possible the experience and the creation of meaning.20 There is no doubt that computation not only introduced form-finding techniques that is revolutionary, but also brings design to life. Even though starting a design process with computation can come with lots of uncertainties. However, it improves architects in many different aspects, such as thinking abilities, algorithmic skills, material understanding and so on.
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2011
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enerative designing can be seen in the DAL Canopy Design in a way that biomimetic form was explored with the help of algorithms. The Canopy started from a flat surface and gradually adjusted to best fit that offers a shaded area and a seating bench underneath.21 The organic growth of the canopy suggests that computation has given life to a design. The hexagonal panels generated seems to have a high capacity to generate complex form and order but the algorithmic sequences and joints should be understood clearly in order to attain its function and the opportunity for more explorations of possible permutation. Hence, by involving in computation within a design process, one could understand its importance towards a better design outcome.
20 Brady Peters (2013), Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp. 8-15 21 Archdaily, DAL Canopy Design/ Digital Architectural Lab < http://www.archdaily.com/165298/dal-canopy-design-digital-architectural-lab>[accessed 9 August 2017] Image source: http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5015/8a0d/28ba/0d5a/4b00/0157/large_jpg/stringio.jpg?1414414776 http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5015/89ee/28ba/0d5a/4b00/014f/large_jpg/stringio.jpg?1414414806 http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5015/89f5/28ba/0d5a/4b00/0151/large_jpg/stringio.jpg?1414414803
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conclusion I
n week one, design futuring has been an ongoing topic that questioned our views on common design practices and taking a step towards a more sustainable future. Architects and designers are the representation of our future. They hold the responsibility to deliver positive values and shape society to construct a better future for the people through their manipulative design. Therefore, understanding the ethical implications of and issues of designing is extremely important so that designers can be critical of their design and work towards sustainability.
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he rise of digital technologies such as computation have put to a stop in traditional design methods. This certainly has open up more potential and possibilities in terms of materiality and complex geometrical forms. Computation have not only overcome the limitations faced by conventional design approach, but also go beyond the intelligence of human and rules of parametric. The design world slowly move towards a new form of style and logic. Hence, computation have raised the standards in Architecture as it offers limitless possibilities of design outcomes. In the third week, computation and computerisation are critically analysed in terms of their contribution and effectiveness in design. There have been noticeable shifts from composition and generation since computation was introduced. Generation design approach is exceptionally beneficial to architectural practice. However, designers need a certain level of skills and knowledge in the parametric field in order to make full use of this approach. Looking at how generation has been practiced today, I personally believe that our cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future would be shaped entirely by parametric design.
Image source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/a6/c4/3d/a6c43debe10175996652f2133ecd4839--albert-einstein-mc.jpg
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A.5
learning outcomes
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A
fter three weeks of study and research, I realised that there are still so much more to learn about digital design. These methods have definitely affected how architects and designers design and think in the current era. Part A gave me the opportunity to have a better understanding of the theoretical background and general concept of digital design. I was exposed to concepts and ideas such as design democracy, computation, generation and more. I used to practice immensely with conventional design methods due to the lack of knowledge in computation. Now that I have understood the basic techniques on computation design approach, I start to think about the possibilities of my design. Learning digital design softwares have been a challenge for me but I believe that parametric tools would be really useful and efficient for me in the present and future.
Image source: http://68.media.tumblr.com/138852790c40e28c0e9728ed93827bd0/tumblr_ncgyq5J7ie1tgqvsio2_r1_1280.jpg
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appendix
Image source: http://yesale.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/2-35.jpg
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Archdaily, Centre Pompidou-Metz/ Shigeru Ban Architects < http://www.archdaily.com/490141/ centre-pompidou-metz-shigeru-ban-architects> Archdaily, DAL Canopy Design/ Digital Architectural Lab < http://www.archdaily.com/165298/ dal-canopy-design-digital-architectural-lab> Archdaily, Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Zaha Hadid Architects< http://www.archdaily. com/489604/dongdaemun-design-plaza-zaha-hadid-architects> Burry, Mark, “Antoni Gaudi and Frei Otto: Essential Precursors To The Parametricism Manifesto”, Architectural Design, 86.2 (2016), pp. 30-35 Dune, Anthony& Raby, Fiona, Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press, 2013), pp. 1-9, 33-45 Fry, Tony, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2008), pp. 1-16 Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds. Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge, 2014), pp. 1-10 Peters, Brady, “Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought, Architectural Design, 83, 2 (2013), pp. 8-15 Schumacher, Patrik, “Special Issue: Parametricism 2.0: Rethinking Architecture’s Agenda for the 21st Century”, 86(2016), pp. 16 University of Stuttgart, ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2012 < http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=8807> Walker, Connor, Organic London Skyscraper Grows as Residents Recycle <http://www.archdaily. com/524225/organic-london-skyscraper-grows-as-residents-recycle>
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