Inguino-scrotal swellings in newborn and children- Inguinal Hernia (Reducible/strangulated), Communicating Hydrocele, Encysted Hydrocele of the cord, Testicular Torsion, Torsion of Undescended testis), Amyands Hernia, Ovarian Torsion (Female Hernia), Epididymo- Orchistis Spleno-gonadal fusion Mass per vagina in children-Imperforate Hymen, Paraurethral cyst, Prolapsed ureterocele Rhabdomyosarcoma, Yolk Sac Tumor, Hemangioma, Hydrocolpus Bleeding Per rectum-Necrotising Enetrocolitis (Sick Preterm), Intussusception (Chubby infant), Anal fissure (Painful Constipation) , Rectal Polyp (grape per rectum),Rectal Prolapse (Mass per rectum),Meckel’s Diverticulum Duplication cyst, Angiomas Urinary incontinence in children rule out Primary Neurogenic Bladder, Meningomyelocele, Ectopic Ureter A toddler with hematuria- R/o Wilms tumor (kidney) Male newborn with difficulty in passing urine r/o Posterior Urethral Valves (or consider Neurogenic Bladder, look for spina bifida occulta) Surgical Causes of Recurrent UTI in Newborns and children Prepucial Adhesions-Prepucial DIaltaion, Phimosis-CIrcumcision,
KIDNEY
RENAL SCARS
Posterior Urethral Valves-Fulguration Bladder
CALCULI
PYELONEPHRITIS
diverticuli- Excision
RENAL CYSTS
Vesical calculus-Cystolithotomy RMS-Rhabdomyosarcoma-Excvision PUJO RENAL/PELVIC DUPLICATION
RETROCAVAL URETER
WILMS TUMOR URITERAL STRICTURE/WEB
Ureterocele,- Perforation,Excision Neurogenic Bladder,-NB-Treat Cause PUJO-Pelviureteric Obstruction)- Pyeloplasty Best treatment for Primary Vesico Ureteric
DIVIRTCULI
URETETIC CALCULI
HB
OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY PATENT URACHUS URETHRAL DUPLICATION
RMS
Reflux (VUR) is SDING Duplex System –Excision of Nonfunctioning
VUR
System
URETEROCELE PUV ECTOPIC KIDNEY/URETER
URETHRITIS SMEGMAL CYST PREPUCIAL ADHESIOHS.PHIMOSIS
HYPOSPADIAS/EPISPADIA
Wilms Tumor- Nephrectomy Hypospadias -Urethroplasty
Cleft palate- Always rule out associated cardiac defects. In Meningomyelocele (Spinal dysraphism) always look for Neurogenic Bladder (Incontinence or retention), Neurogenic bowel (Incontinence/Constipation), Paraparesis and hydrocephalus (The vice versa is also true).