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Desislava Kushelieva BA(Hons) Architecture International. Year 3 University of Huddersfield School of Art, Design and Architecture
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CONTENTS SITE ANALYSIS
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History and Culture Views and Vistas Building Typology and Site Measurements Materiality Transport Noise Pollution Climate Hierarchy
PRECEDENTS
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Arthouse Square, Liverpool, UK Thermae Spa, Bath, UK Thermal Vals, Vals, Switzerland TschuggenBergoase, Arosa, Switzerland Pratt Myrtle Hall, NY SIEB, Beijing
BRIEF Theoretical Agendas Schedule of Accomodation
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT S.W.O.T. Site Appraisal Early Sketches Schedule Development Technology and Environmental Aspects
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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SITE ANALYSIS
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HISTORY AND CULTURE Liv e rpo o l
Fig. 1
Figure ground of the study area
Liverpool is one of the major cosmopolitan cities in UK. Between the 16th and 19th a connection was established with Africa and America due to the triangular trade around this period. This is one of the factors contributing to the cultural diversity of the city. Liverpool’s seaport played even bigger role in the Second World War in the 20th century. The city was heavily bombed so that all supply lines across the Atlantic. Ropewalks Ropewalks is an area with rich historic background. The area was a thriving industrious dockside district. The key characteristic of the area is long, narrow streets-once used to bind rope. The area has transformed a lot since then. The historic fabrics are now turned into galleries, recording studios, performance venues, bars, restaurants, hotels, student accommodations and residential houses. The site I’ve decided to develop is on the corner of Duke Street and Kent Street.
Fig. 2. Image obtained from Google maps. The content in not to scale
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With its rich historical background, years development of music, literature, museums, art galleries and performing arts, Liverpool has become to be a desirable tourist destination. In 2008 the city was pronounced for a European Capital of Culture. The years of great depression have left the town damages such as poverty, destruction buildings of great importance and with architectural value. Although, being in hardship, this period is considered to be a period of creativity and fast recovery pace. Having immigrants from all over the globe, like Chinese, German, Nigerian, Swedish, Jamaican, Greek, Kenyan, Irish, Pakistani and Ukrainian people enriches Liverpool’s identity, makes it an important multicultural centre with various architecture styles and events. Having a wellness centre within walking distance of the city centre can only benefit the local infrastructure by attracting more tourists.
Fig.4 Ropewalks, Liverpool, 1800. Diagram obrained from Group Study Report. Fig.3 Ropewalks, Liverpool, 1760. Diagram obrained from Group Study Report.
Fig.5 Ropewalks, Liverpool, 1836. Diagram obrained from Group Study Report.
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Fig.6 Ropewalks, Liverpool, 1883. Diagram obrained from Group Study Report.
Fig.7 Ropewalks, Liverpool, 1890. Diagram obrained from Group Study Report.
Fig.8 Ropewalks, Liverpool, 1925. Diagram obrained from Group Study Report.
Fig.9 Ropewalks, Liverpool, 2009. Diagram obrained from Group Study Report.
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VIEWS AND VISTAS
View A
View B
View C
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View B View C
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BUILDING TYPOLOGY AND SITE MEASUREMENTS Fig.10 Map obrained from Group Study Report.
Residential Shops at Groung Floor and Offices at upper floor Empty site Educational Shops at ground floor and residential at upper floor areas Vacant Bar/Pub/Club at ground floor and residential upper floors. 10
Fig.11 Map obrained from Bing Group Study Report.
The majority of the buildings in the area are between three and five storey high buildings. The graph above shows the average height of the buildings in the study area. Horizontality is one of the main characteristics of the built fabric of the area and the city. Most of the buildings in the area have repetitive patterns(regular spacing between doors, windows and same type of construction). All that repetition creates even stronger identity of the area.
Fig.12 Image obrained from Study Report.
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MATERIAL AND DETAIL
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The character of the area is derived from the materials ant the simple detailing that is used in many of the area’s original buildings. The traditional materials in the area are generally of robust quality like brick, stone and steel. Materials such as timber rarely feature on elevations of old or historic buildings. This reflects the quality of the architectural language of the area with enclosed corners, crossroads, back of pavement and lack of significant landmarks. Variations in the palette mark important or new buildings in the area like the Reading Room on Duke Street (made out of stone). The level of detailing is also related to the street hierarchy.
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DETAILS OF THE SITE
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TRADITIONAL AND NEW CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS
Fig.14 The Radio Merseyside, Hanover St-School Ln
Fig.15 Warehouse building, 1860, Hanover Str. Fig.16 Merchant’s house, Hanover Str.
Residential building, Henry Str- Kent Str
from 1860. It is 4 storeys and basement construction that is covered with red bricks and has a slate roof. Ground Floor has round-arched openings with sloping basement windows and ground floor window with coved bases.
The Cinema Gallery: Residential building, Henry str-Suffolk Str
Liverpool is a city that combine traditional with modern architecture. It has over 2,500 listed buildings of which 27 are Grade I and 85 Grade II listed and is comes 3rd for number of listed buildings in England after Bristol and London Warehouse Building: An example of traditional building dating back
Is an example of new construction building with metallic structure and contempopary insulated technology and cladding aluminium sheets. It is four storeys high.
Cinnamon Building, Henry Str
The Radio Merseyside:
Is example of a building with contemporary construction that incorporates metal structure and double glazing.
Fig.17 The Cinema Gallery, Wood Str-Back-Colquit Str
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TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Bus Routes Bus Stops Underground Trains Liverpool Lime Station Liverpool Central Station Train Line Fig.18 Public transport links diagram (obtained from the group study presentation)
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PERSONAL TRANSPORT
Low Traffic Density Pedestrian Only High Traffic Density Building Within Site
Fig.19 Traffic Circulation diagram (obtained from the group study
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NOISE POLLUTION
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CLIMATE Average Temperature (°c) Graph for Liverpool 25
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Temperature (°c)
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10 7
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February
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January
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20
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10 8
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7 5 3
December
Average Low Temp (°c)
November
October
August
September
Average High Temp (°c)
July
June
May
April
March
0
Fig.20
Average Rainfall (mm Graph for Liverpool) 125
75
50
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December
November
Average Rainfall Days
October
August
September
Precipitation (mm)
July
June
May
April
March
February
0 January
Precipitation (mm)
100
Average Rainfall Days
Weather Overview for Liverpool Liverpool, birthplace of The Beatles, is one of the largest cities in northern England and lies upon the River Mersey where it meets the Irish Sea. The UK receives a temperate maritime climate and Liverpool is no exception. There are four distinct seasons but no extremes of temperature. Liverpool’s coastal location and relatively high elevation (230 ft above sea level) means that it can experience significant rainfall. Rainfall is consistent year round: quite high in frequency and volume for a UK location. The weather is pretty changeable from day to day and even hour to hour. Beyond the urban area is the beautiful countryside which includes over 35,000 hectares of nature conservation sites and over 30 miles of beaches and coastline. Liverpool lies upon the Mersey Waterfront Regional Park which stretches for approximately 135 km along the Merseyside coast, taking in the elegant Victorian promenade of Southport. Liverpool is also home to some of the most naturally challenging golf courses in the world, which in 2006 and played host to the Open Championship.
Fig.21
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HIERARCHY OF SPACES
Massing model of the site
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PRECEDENTS Fig.22, 23, 24, 25, 26
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LOCAL PRECEDENTS One Arthouse Square, Austin-Smith:Lord This project is an excellent example of how a post industrial building can be transformed. The renewal of the warehouse are made with consideration to the need for a lively adjacent civic space. Some of the elements of the original construction were replaced or renewed in order to create dynamic new frontage and a public space in this rather clustered part of the city.
Traffic Circulation diagram (obtained from the group study presentation)
Fig.27
Identical to fig.25 One Arthouse Square, Austin-Smith:Lord
Fig.28
Fig.29
Fig.30
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THERMAE SPA BATH Bath, UK
Fig.31
The image is identical to Fig.22
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Fig.32
Fig.33
Fig.34
Fig.35
Thermae Bath Spa by Grimshaw is said to be marking the revitalization of the city spa’s quarter. It comprises a new building and sensitive restoration of five listed buildings including the Cross Bath, the Hot Bath and the Hetling Pump Room. The building is defined by simple geometric forms and combination of both traditional and contemporary materials which give the New Royal Bath its character. High performance glazing, stainless steel, concrete and golden Bath stone. A delicately designed glazed outer envelope follows the street line. Inside, a freestanding stone cube raised on columns contains the new spa facilities. The existing difference in the levels between the buildings has been resolved using split-level planning and the articulation of the connecting spaces with transparent bridges that open up vistas throughout the complex. Grimshaw’s extensive use of frameless glazing has a cohesive effect, creating a counterpoint between the old and new buildings. At the moment Thermae Spa is the only functioning natural spa with hot spring water in UK.
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THERME BATH VALS, SWITZERLAND BY PETER ZUMBHOR
Peter Zumthor’s Therme Vals is regarded as an architectural masterwork. The building has strong relationship to the local topograpy and it is celebrating the act of bathing with play of natural light and with profound understanding of materials. What attracts my interest the most is the use of strategy of dimly liit enclosures which makes for an intimate atmosphere that contributes to the act of unique bathing. Peter Zumthor’s Therme Vals is designed to have a strong relationship with its environment. This is achieved through the modulation of the volumes inside, which resemble the surrounding landscape, as well as, through the use of vernacular materials (stone is extracted from the mountain it is situaed in). The “natural” look of the interior is completed by the naural lighting strategy that Zumthor has used. The concrete roof slabs are arranged in a way that they don’t strech enough to reach each other and create thin gaps in between. These are skylights which create the characteristic lighting of the baths. The attention to details like the latter is what makes the Therme Vals building a celebration of the act of bathing.
Fig.36
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The image is identical to Fig.23
FLOOR PLAN A
Fig.38
SECTION B
FLOOR PLAN B
Fig.39
SECTION C
SECTION A
Fig.40
CIRCULATION TO USE
Fig.41
Fig.42
NATURAL SUNLIGHT
Fig.43
REPETITIVE TO UNIQUE
Fig.37
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TSCHUGGEN BERGOASE AROSA, SWITZERLAND BY MARIO BOTTA
The image is identical to Fig.24
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PLAN A
Fig.45
NATURAL LIGHT
Set into a slope, the building is attached to the Tschuggen Grand Hotel. The most prominent features of this design are undoubtedly, the giant external vaults with curved hoods welcoming in light from the southwest in contrast contrast with the stone-clad wall facing the existing hotel, to which PLAN B the new buildig is connected by a glass bridge. In this wellness centre the swimming pool is the centrepiece in a collection of sensual treats. What visitors can experiese is wonderful materials, spectacular mountain views and to be able to swin outside in the winter withing touching distance of the snow.
Fig.46
CIRCULATION TO USE
Fig.44
SECTION A
Fig.47
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PRATT MYRTLE HALL BROOKLYN, NY BY WASA/Studio A
Pratt is a mixed-use academic building adjacent to Pratt Institute’s historic campus with a high-performance envelope. The design of Myrtle Hall involves two side-specific wall types- a glass curtain wall and a paneled masonry wall that relates to the surrounding brick structures that are found along Myrtle Avenue while maintaining a contemporary look. The two wall systems are connected by a four-story atrium with views into and through the building from both sides. This atrium is the most prominent feature of the building and it serves as a gallery. It also symbolizes transparency and connection of Myrtle Avenue to the campus and illustrates Pratt’s openness to the community. MATERIALS • Insulating Glass Units • Low-e Glass • Ceramic Frit TECHNOLOGIES • Point-Supported Glazing System • Exterior Sunshading System • Thermally Broken Enclosure System
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Fig.48
Fig.49
Design features of the building include photovoltaic array, green roofs, landscaping with native plants, on-site stormwater detention systems, and a high performance faรงade with architectural sunshading. Cycle validated the design features of the building through detailed energy modeling, solar shading analysis. In addition, Cycle provided design criteria for the faรงade, stormwater detention system, solar electric system, and other components of the project.
Fig.50
Fig.51
Fig.54
Fig.52
Fig.55
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Fig.56
Fig.57
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SIEB
DESIGNER : Mario Cucinella SIEEB project is the result of cooperation between the Ministry for Environment and Territory of the Republic of Italy and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China and is also regarded as a platform to develop the bilateral long-term cooperation in the environment and energy fields and a model case for showing the CO2 emission reduction potential in the building sector in China. This building is realized in the Tsinghua University Campus in Beijing and has been designed by arch. Mario Cucinella and Politecninco of Milano. It is a 20.000 m2 building, 40 m high and it will host a Sino-Italy education, training and research centre for environment protection and energy conservation. The SIEEB project is the result of a collaborative experience among consultants, researchers and architects. This integrated design process is a most distinctive part of the project and a key issue for green buildings.
Fig.60
Fig.58
Fig.59
Fig.61
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Double skin facade U=1,4 W/m2K
Rainwater Collection
Planting protects the building from cold winter winds
Passive solar design provides solar gains in winter Photovoltaic panels placed above the south facade provid an overhanging surface which shades the glazed wall from sun radiation
North Facade U=1,4 W/m2K FS=43%
Deciduous planting allows solar gains and daylight in winter Power Electricity
Water Recovery Rainwater Unit Tank
Cogenerator
Absorption Heat Pump
A BMS manages active and passice strategies in order to minimise energy consumption.
Fig.62
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As part of the environmental strategy, the building plays envelope differs from the orientations of the building offering different solutions. The building is designed as a protective shell that opens to the north instead of south towards the sun. The north facade, which serves as a main entrance, is highly insulated to protect the building from cold winter winds. The facades on the south are almost transparent. They are shaded by floors and cantilevered structures. The east and west of facades of the building are covered with a “double skin� consisting of a simple curtain wall with a game of transparent modules and a silkscreen facade outside. Simple horizontal lines silkscreened in various densities give the building a vibration and elegant at the same time contribute to the environmental control of space. To the east and west facades, due to their critical exposure to solar radiation, were introduced special components such as reflective horizontal elements internal / external and internal blinds to control glare and maximize the spread of daylight.
Fig.63
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BRIEF 37
BRIEF AGENDAS
Rope Walks is an area rich in maritime history. The area has retained much of its historic charm, but instead of factories and warehouses, the maritime buildings have turned into boutique hotels, bars, restaurants, apartments, galleries and offices. There is a mix of building uses in the area make Ropewalks a special place. There are number of art galleries, recording studios, performance venues, independent shops, cafes,bars, restaurants and office buildings. Duke street is one of the streets with a potential for further development. There are several parcels with undergoing projects on them. This transformation can turn Duke Street into a thriving city street linking Liverpool ONE and the Waterfront to the Anglican Cathedral. The site I’ve chosen to design is situated on the corner of Kent Street and Duke Street. It is a 15m by 35 m area which is currently being used as a parking. However further down Duke street there is another bigger parking. The proposed building typology is spa centre as almost all of the spa places are part of hotels. By building a separate place for wellness, the quality of living in the area will improve. Near the chosen site, situated on the southern edge of the city centre is Chinatown, home of the oldest Chinese community in Europe and a visitor destination. The area has number of office buildings • to create a place that attracts both working people and tourists in the area and contribute to the local infrastructure and helps the area to continue prosper. • to develop architectural language that is both contemporary and in the same time remains its connection with the surroundings, and offers the chance to feel isolated from the outside world when entered. • The design should ne envinmentally responsive to the climatic issues 38
The proposal will contain some of the following activities and • • • • • •
Leisure pools and Jacuzzis mud wraps turkish bath experience hammam experience steam rooms terrace garden
Basement level Ground Floor First Floor Second Floor Third Floor Rooftop In Total
723 sqm 636,6 sqm 707,2 sqm 647 sqm 597 sqm 584,6 sqm 3895,4 sqm
SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION
Leisure pool, Kids Pool (basement) & Rooftop Pool Pool Store Shop/Bar (basement, first flor & second floor) Plant Room Reception Lobby Office Trement rooms(Ground Floor) Staff Room Gym Yoga Treatment Rooms(saunas)(Second Floor)
117,8 + 31,7 + 75 224,5 22,5 9,7 + 20 +14,4 44,1 42,6 19,7 25,7 24,3 2x12,6 + 4x14 81 22,5 55,8 65,2 8x9,2
Warm Room Hot Room, Second Hot Room Hot Air Tanks Massage Cooling Room Cafe Terraces(First Floor,Second Floor & Third Floor) Toilets (all floors) Changing Rooms (all floors)
31,7 28 +28,2 10,7 26,8 30,38 40,5 40,5 + 71,5 + 56 4x40,6 + 2x45 5x40 + 30,6
56,2
168 252,4 230,6
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Fig.64,65, 66 and 67
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STRENGHTS • The area can benefit from having a wellness centre. It will attract more people and help the infrastructure. • Nice location. Duke street is very important linkage between Liverpool ONE and Anglican Cathedral as well as being very close to the city centre. • Not many separate buildings with the same typology • Easy access. Site is on crossroads.
OPPORTUNITIES • To use the adjacent buildind on Duke Street so that the Ropewalks spa will be more spacious. • At the moment the site is used as parking so it offers number of opportunities.
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WEAKNESSES • The plan for the development includes having pools on basement level as well as on the top floor which will make the construction heavy. • The site was too small so extra space was needed.
THREATS • On south of the site a tall 9 storey building is situated blocking most of the sunlight coming. • Heating the pools in the spa can be a challenge. • Duke street is said to have several new projects upcoming which can affect the rhythm of the site elevation. • Heavy Pools
SITE APPRAISAL
North facade will be more traditional and fitting with surroundings.
Since the study area is only 15 by 25, taking the space of the adjacent house next door can help the design proposal feel more spacious and welcoming. The space gained will be set core with all the changing rooms, toilets and both staircases.
South-west winds
Residential Building. 9 storey high. Blocking sunlight. The spa proposal will be sloped on the south facade to maximize solar gains.
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Fig.68
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The liver bird is the most recognisable symbol of the city of Liverpool. Two of them are standing on the top of the Royal Liver Building. The use of a bird to represent the city dates to the medieval era, but the idea that the “liver bird� is a mythical creature specific to Liverpool evolved in the 20th century. According to popular legend, they are a male and female pair, the female looking out to sea, watching for the seamen to return safely home. Watching from above and observing pedestrian movement is trade of the design of the spa and wellness centre. Having a rooftop pool on the 4th storey overhanging can give visitors another perspective. The liver bird is what inspired me to provide the visitors with the experience of feeling completely relaxed and still not isolated from the outside world.
Ropewalks is clustered area with very few open spaces and green areas and while interviewing local people, I found that this is exactly what people claim to have been missing . That is why one of the design derivatives was to create a building that has vegetation on it. It will be beneficial for both citizens living there and for visitors. Creating more comfort for visitors of the spa by creating series of terraces to go to after the treatment sessions and just relax.
View from Kent Street.
Sketch idea of how outside appearance of the Spa Cenre. This is a view from Duke Street.
Duke Street is very important pedestrian route in Ropewalks. It connects Liverpool ONE and the Waterfront to the Anglican Cathedral. It main characteristics are long narrow streets. That’s why having building that is more contempopary and green can bring more dynamics and contribute to the overall aestetics on the street.
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Steam Bath Rooms
Turkish Bath Experience
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SCHEDULTE DEVELOPMENT
WARM ROOM
HOT ROOM 2ND HOT ROOM
COOLING ROOM
COLD POOL MASSAGE
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TECHNOLOGY ASPECTS
The spa and wellness centre is a steel frame building with 5 by 5 grid. However, the basement level is constructed entirely of concrete since there are two pools situated there. Deep columns are placed below the pools on basement level and the one on the rooftop to support all of the weight. In order to achieve longer span, I’ve used deep beams (1m). The beams with less load are 300mm deep. To achieve look that is both modern and yet fitting with the surroundings I’ve used double skin facade. Another reason to use this technology is its noise insulating and thermal insulating abilities. The north facade which is overlooking to Duke street uses ceramic cladding that imitates bricks. The building is sloped on the south part to maximise solar gain. Louvers are placed externally to protect the building from overheating. Natural ventilation can be easily achieved in this building since most of the windows of the curtain walling system can be opened. The building has a water harvesting system which is very suitable given the climatic conditions.
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Rooftop view of the Ropewalks Spa
5 x 5 grit
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Environmental strategy of the Urban Detox, San Fransico
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BIBLIOGRAPHY “The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor” 11 Feb 2009. ArchDaily. Accessed 08 Apr 2014. <http://www.archdaily.com/?p=13358> Cano, E. (2008). Wellness centre ‘Tschuggen Bergoase’. Retrieved from http://www.architonic.com/aisht/wellness-centre-tschuggen-bergoase-mario-botta-architetto/5100643 Andrews Fasteners Ltd (2009, April). Steel provides architect’s vision [online report]. Retrieved from http://www.andrewsfasteners.co.uk/pdf/Project%20Articles/Steel%20provides%20architect’s%20vision.pdf ArchiSnap (2013, November 5). 12 Hanover st [photograph]. Retrieved from http://http://www.archisnapapp.co.uk/?page_id=83 D, N. (n.d.). Pratt Institute Myrtle Hall. Retrieved from http://www.heintges.com/project.php?id=pratt-myrtle-hall Domenicali, D. (2007, September 27). SIEEB. Retrieved from http://www.sinoitaenvironment.org/ReadNewsex1.asp?NewsID=1930 Group study report (2014). Ropewalks Urban Study. HuddersfieldUniversity. Guy, P. (2014, January 7). Liverpool named number 3 in top cities in world to visit in 2014 [photographs]. Retrieved from http://http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/ news/liverpool-news/liverpool-named-number-3-top-6475968 The International Aluminium Institute. (2011, July). Sino-Italian Ecological & Energy Efficient Building (SIEEB), Beijing, China [photographs]. Retrieved from http://www.ropewalksportfolio.co.uk/properties/investment/?error=nologin&requestedDoc=Planning_Brief.pdf Liverpool study group (2014). Liverpool Urban Study Area. University of Huddersfield. N, A. (n.d.). Royal Liver Building [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.royalliverbuilding.com/default.aspx N, A. (2009). Sino-Italian Environment & Energy Building. Retrieved from https://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/presentazione-aste.pdf One Arthouse Square [photograph]. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.deonduplessis.com/projects.html ONEDAY ONETRAVEL (2011, November 16). Bosco Verticale: The World First Vertical Forest in Milan, Italy grows. Retrieved from http://www.onedayonetravel.com/bosco-verticale-la-premiere-foret-verticale-du-monde-pousse-a-milan-en-italie/ Pratt (n.d.). Pratt Opens First LEED-Gold Certified Higher Education Building in Brooklyn. Retrieved from http://www.architonic.com/aisht/wellness-centre-tschuggen-bergoase-mario-botta-architetto/5100643 UK Grid Network Monitoring (2005, February 19). UK e-Science Centres [diagram]. Retrieved from http://http://rtlin1.dl.ac.uk/gridmon/ Worldweatheronline (n.d.). Average Rainfall for Liverpool, United Kingdom [graph]. Retrieved from http://http://www.worldweatheronline.com/football/Liverpool-weather-averages/GB.aspx Xia, C. (2006, July 6). myrtle hall. Retrieved from http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/235199-Kokaistudios-Jiaotong-University-of-Law
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LIST OF FIGURES Fig.1 UK Grid Network Monitoring (2005, February 19). UK e-Science Centres [diagram]. Retrieved from http://http://rtlin1.dl.ac.uk/gridmon/ fig 2-14 Liverpool study group (2014). Liverpool Urban Study Area. University of Huddersfield. fig 15 ArchiSnap (2013, November 5). 12 Hanover st [photograph]. Retrieved from http://http://www.archisnapapp.co.uk/?page_id=83 fig 16 -fig 17 Guy, P. (2014, January 7). Liverpool named number 3 in top cities in world to visit in 2014 [photographs]. Retrieved from http://http://www.liverpoolecho. co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-named-number-3-top-6475968 fig 18 r fig 19 r fig 20 Worldweatheronline (n.d.). Average High/Low Temperature for Liverpool, United Kingdom [graph]. Retrieved from http://http://www.worldweatheronline.com/football/Liverpool-weather-averages/GB.aspx fig 21 Worldweatheronline (n.d.). Average Rainfall for Liverpool, United Kingdom [graph]. Retrieved from http://http://www.worldweatheronline.com/football/ Liverpool-weather-averages/GB.aspx fig 22 One Arthouse Square [photograph]. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.deonduplessis.com/projects.html fig 23 D, N. (2009, April 13). Peter Zumthor’s Therme Vals [photographs]. Retrieved from http://www.pinterest.com/pin/34128909647819609/ fig 24 D, N. (2010, April). Wellness Center: Berg Oase [photographs]. Retrieved from http://architizer.com/projects/wellness-center-berg-oase fig 25 One Arthouse Square [photograph]. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.deonduplessis.com/projects.html fig 26 The International Aluminium Institute. (2011, July). Sino-Italian Ecological & Energy Efficient Building (SIEEB), Beijing, China [photographs]. Retrieved from http://www.world-aluminium.org/images/building/?page=7 fig 27 D, N. (n.d.). RopeWalks Portfolio [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.ropewalksportfolio.co.uk/properties/investment/?error=nologin&requestedDoc=Planning_Brief.pdf fig 28 One Arthouse Square inside [photograph]. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.deonduplessis.com/projects.html fig 29 D, N. (2005). RopeWalks Portfolio [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.deonduple2005 fig 30 D, N. (n.d.). Commercial: Shortlisted: + One Arthouse Square, Austin-Smith:Lord [photograph]. Retrieved from http://kineticfacade.blogspot.co.uk/ Fig 31 Thermae Bath Spa (n.d.). Open-air Rooftop Pool [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.thermaebathspa.com/ fig 32 D, N. (n.d.). Hetling Pump Room, Hot Bath Street [photograph]. Retrieved from http://visitbath.co.uk/things-to-do/thermae-bath-spa-p26231 fig 33 D, N. (n.d.). floor plans [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.bdonline.co.uk/thermae-bath-spa-by-grimshaw-architects/3071693.article fig 34 D, N. (n.d.). floor plans 2 [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.bdonline.co.uk/thermae-bath-spa-by-grimshaw-architects/3071693.article fig 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 ,41, 42 and 43 “The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor” 11 Feb 2009. ArchDaily. Accessed 08 Apr 2014. <http://www.archdaily. com/?p=13358> 53
fig 44, 46 and 47 Cano, E. (2008). Wellness centre ‘Tschuggen Bergoase’ [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.architonic.com/aisht/wellness-centre-tschuggen-bergoase-mario-botta-architetto/5100643 fig 48, 49 and 51 Pratt (n.d.). Pratt Opens First LEED-Gold Certified Higher Education Building in Brooklyn. Retrieved from http://www.architonic.com/aisht/ wellness-centre-tschuggen-bergoase-mario-botta-architetto/5100643 fig53, 54,55 D, N. (n.d.). Pratt Institute Myrtle Hall. [photograph]Retrieved from http://www.heintges.com/project.php?id=pratt-myrtle-hall fig56 and 57 Xia, C. (2006, July 6). myrtle hall [photograph]. Retrieved from http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/235199-Kokaistudios-Jiaotong-University-of-Law fig58, 59, 60 and 61 Domenicali, D. (2007, September 27). SIEEB [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.sinoitaenvironment.org/ReadNewsex1.asp?NewsID=1930 fig 62 and 63 N, A. (2009). Sino-Italian Environment & Energy Building [photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/presentazione-aste.pd fig 64 and 67 Andrews Fasteners Ltd (2009, April). Steel provides architect’s vision [online report]. Retrieved from http://www.andrewsfasteners.co.uk/pdf/Project%20Articles/Steel%20provides%20architect’s%20vision.pdf fig 65 and 66 ONEDAY ONETRAVEL (2011, November 16). Bosco Verticale: The World First Vertical Forest in Milan, Italy grows [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.onedayonetravel.com/bosco-verticale-la-premiere-foret-verticale-du-monde-pousse-a-milan-en-italie/ fig 67 N, A. (n.d.). Royal Liver Building [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.royalliverbuilding.com/default.aspx
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