Studio Air Journal Part C - Dev Golding

STUDIO AIR Semester 2, 2018. Tutor: Isabelle Jooste DEV G O L DI NG | 5 8 8 1 4 2

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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION PART A CONCEPTUALISATION 8 A.1. Design Futuring Case Study 1: Barangaroo Headland Reserve 11 A.1. Design Futuring Case Study 2 : Walking City 12 A.2. Design Computation Case Study 1: International Terminal Waterloo, London, UK 14 A.2. Design Computation Case Study 2: 14 Elytra Filament Pavilion 16 A.3. Composition/ Generation Case Study 1: National Library of Israel 18 A.3. Composition/ Generation Case Study 2: Serpentine Summer House 2016 20 A.4. Conclusion 20 A.5. Learning outcomes 22 A.6. Appendix Algorithmic Sketches

INTRODUCTION

Coming into this semester I am now starting the final year of my undergraduate degree with a double major in architecture and construction. Completing my degree part time has lead me along a different path than most students. I have now been in the construction industry for 6 years and have been completing my degree concurrently while working full time as a project manager for a specialist metalworker. My work has seen me be involved in some of Victoria’s most significant projects including the construction of Terminal 4 and Pier G at Melbourne Airport, redeveloping RMIT’s academic precinct, construction of two of the recent MPavilions, (one for Sean Godsell and one for Rem Koolhaas and his studio OMA), and most recently completing the extension to Victoria’s parliament house.

Although working in the construction field, ultimately i would like to move towards sustainable architecture. My interest is primarily focussed around the craft of building and the environmental systems that impact the built environment.

As a result, i have limited digital design experience with my only real explorations being with Auto-cad. With this being said, I look forward to exploring the opportunities that computational design opens as well as gaining a broader understanding into its growing role in sustainable design.

The course so far has opened my eyes to the changing paradigm of passive and sustainable design. I look forward to learning about the field of computational design and it’s role within architectural discourse

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FIG.1: DESIGNING ENVIRONMENTS, SEMESTER 1, 2016

FIG.2: DESIGN STUDIO EARTH, SEMESTER 1, 2017

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PAR CONCEPTU

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A.1. Design Futuring Case Study 1 Barangaroo Headland Reserve PWP Landscape Architecture, in association with Johnson Pilton Walker (JPW) (Fry, 2009) suggests that “it is essential for humanity to consider both the present state of the world and the notion of design, revamping both concepts and ultimately combining them. Design has to be tuned in an attempt to address the dialectic sustainment” Barangaroo Headland Reserve is a physical manifestation of these ideas and signals a realisation in Australian architectural thought. The project reflects on the process of colonisation and acknowledges that the design theory of twentieth century in the local area was inherently flawed.

Barangaroo was opened in 2015 and is the first stage of the renewal project for Sydney’s CBD. Originally a hunting ground for the Aboriginal Cadigal people, the site had progressively been developed since 1830 with the original sandstone ridges gradually being cut back and replaced by sheets of concrete as the area was turned into a ship yard.

As Sydney’s harbour continued to evolve and commercial liners grew in size, the docking yards were relocated and the site became less relevant until in 2003 the New South Wales Government earmarked the site for redevelopment.

FIG3: AERIAL VIEW OF BARANGAROO COMPARING THE SITE PRE AND POST SITE THE SITE PRE AND POST DEVELOPMENT

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FIG.4: AERIAL VIEW OF THE BARANGAROO HEADLAND RESERVE

FIG.5: AERIAL VIEW OF THE SANDSTONE FORESHORE

Accepting that the present state of design was flawed, the project transcends the capitalist notions that had plagued the area over the past century and expands architectural thought within Australia. Radical shifts in socio-political attitudes are embodied within the design, with considered responses to indigenous heritage a prominent design feature. Barangaroo ties together political sentiments of indigenous respect, socio-cultural attitudes of inclusion, and blends these with technological advancements in design and construction to instigate change.

FIG.6: DIAGRAM OF SANDSTONE BLOCK PLACEMENT

is its construction. To move past the realm of ideation and have the concept fabricated in concrete reality signals the first significant step in realigning architectural thought in Australia. The project will continue to inform surrounding developments and enrich the local area but ultimately its value lies in its discourse from architectural convention.

1. Fry, T. (2009). Design futuring : sustainability, ethics and new practice. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.

The project was radical in its proposal, but its significance CONCEPTUALISATION 9

FIG.7: ARCHIGRAM, WALKING CITY, 1964

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A.1. Design Futuring Case Study 2 Walking City Archigram (Ron Herron) Speculative everything contends that design can be used as “a tool to create not only things but ideas, it speculates about possible futures”1. No architectural firm of the twentieth century stimulated this theory in their work better than Archigram.

Although Archigram’s key works such as walking city were never built, they provoked important debates surrounding architecture, society and technology. Walking city contributed to the field of architectural though by questioning modernity’s role in altering societal values, transportation and its effect on urbanism.

Their radical works presented fantasies about potential futures that stemmed from abstract mediums and offered alternatives to the rigid dogma of traditional thinking. In contrast to Barangaroo, Walking City was never built however the significance of the theory driven ideas that it presented still hold their place in history. As such, walking city is still regarded today as a key project of the twentieth century for its divergence from the glamour of modernity and its influence in Metabolist works is clear. Walking city would demonstrate that the subjective nature of design can evolve and explore unforeseen fantasies. Archigram could see past the superficial influence of modernism and return architecture to an outcome driven medium. Ultimately, Archigram would both correct and broaden the path of architectural theory which would open new horizons for designers. By breaking down conventional ideas expanding architectural thought, walking city would instigate change.

1. Dunne, A. (2013). Speculative everything : design, fiction, and social dreaming . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

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A.2. Design Computation Case Study 1 International Terminal Waterloo, London, UK Grimshaw architects Grimshaw’s work on the international terminal at Waterloo station in London clearly demonstrates the benefits of embracing design computation within the conceptual development of a project. Due to the restrictions of the project, the building form ad to be contoured to respond to difficult geometry of the site. The roof structure was complex and constructed from a series of 36 different arches. Each arch was configured the same way however each arch was geometrically different as they become contoured around the restrictions of the site.

To counter this, parametric modelling tools were used to insert underlying design logic that would respond to these restrictions and generate the lofted form. Grimshaw were able to take the developed logic and apply it to other building elements such as the structure and cladding. Adopting parametric modelling tools allowed iterative refinement during the design process that would provide Grimshaw with the power to choreograph several highly complex interdependencies. It was this approach that profoundly afforded Grimshaw the opportunity to explore an infinite amount of design options that otherwise would not have proven possible through traditional media.

Grimshaw have demonstrated the way in which computation has affected their design practices with the studio since extending its influence internationally on the back of other computational projects such as Southern Cross Station in Melbourne and Pulkovo Airport St. Petersburg, Russia. The firm has embraced the incoming technologies such as laser cutting, CNC routing, and robotics in their designs but importantly have expanded their architectural language to explore organic and curvilinear geometries. This is coupled with the evidence and performancebased solutions that were tested on Waterloo to establish what is now an integral part of Grimshaw’s design systems.

FIG.9: INTERIOR VIEW OF THE COMPLEX ROOF TRUSS

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FIG.11: BUILDING SECTION SHOWING THE GEOMETRY OF THE ROOF TRUSS

FIG.12: ISOMETRIC DRAWING HIGHLIGHTING THE CURVE IN THE BUILDINGS FORM

FIG.8: (SCALE MODEL OF THE INTERNATIONAL TERMINAL WATERLOO, LONDON

FIG.10: THE BUILDING FORM WAS GENERATED TO RESPOND TO THE CONTOURS OF THE SITE

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A.2. Design Computation Case Study 2 Elytra Filament Pavilion Achim Menges Expanding on performance-based research, The Elytra Filament Pavilion demonstrates the way in which design and technology have been fused to redefine the design process.

Constructed from 40 hexagonal cells and densely wound fibres, the project was conceived to showcase the potential for robotic based fabrication, algorithmic modelling and material exploration. The structure is the result of modelling intersecting construction technology, science and design.

The Elytra Filament pavilion shows a small sample size of the range of conceivable geometries that are achievable through algorithmic modelling but deliberately shows restraint in the building form to highlight the material exploration of the project.

Perhaps the most significant development of the project the its symbolic return to fabrication and material driven thinking.

It is this process and systems thinking that can re-define practice by supporting a new logics in architectural theory.

The project embraces the incoming technologies of robotics and digital fabrication and used this as the base for the works proposal. Experimentation with materials is also a key driver for the project and possibly most important is the fusion of all three fields of thought – design, fabrication and materials thinking.

FIG.13: ROBOTS WERE USED TO FABRICATE THE STRUCTURES CELLS

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FIG.14: THE ELYTRA FILAMENT PAVILION

FIG.15: THE HEXAGONAL STRUCTURE IS ENCASE WITH MECHANICALLY PLACED FIBRES

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A.3. Composition/Generation Case Study 1 National Library of Israel Herzog & de Meuron The weeks lecture introduced the concepts of composition and generation and their role within design. Traditional examples of formal compositions were explored and their ties to building typology were made apparent. In particular, the formal compositional language of institutional buildings was covered and their link to balanced and symmetrical design were highlighted. The national library of Israel by Herzog & de Meuron (HDM) continues this language, but through computational design they have allowed the language to evolve. Respectfully developing the design, HDM kept the traditional framework of simple yet symmetrical geometries and combined this with parametric modelling to progress the idiom into the twenty-first century. The curvilinear form, central oculus, and tessellated façade all speak coherently as design elements for the building and neatly bring together a series of conceptual ideas that on their own aren’t ground breaking, but together, speak volumes to parametric modellings value in altering the discourse of modern design. Not all parametric designs need to shatter what architecture is thought to be, but It is through these simple explorations that the true value of algorithmic thinking can begin to be broadly understood.

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FIG.16: TESSELLATED PATTERN OF THE FACADE COMPLIMENTS TO THE CURVILINEAR FORM OF THE BUILDING

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A.3. Composition/Generation Case Study 2 Serpentine Summer House 2016 Barkow Leibinger In complete contrast to the formal composition of the National Library of Israel is the fluid form of the summer house pavilion of 2016 by Barkow Leibinger (B&L). The project was conceived as a formal exploration that investigates the possibilities of self-generating, free form ribbons. B&L used a combination of traditional form generating methods and computational methods to explore the distinct qualities of a relatively untried geometry. Conceptualising was completed intuitively with hand drawings being completed with the pencil continuously moving across the sketchpad without being lifted but form generation would occur via algorithmic sketches. Matrices were constructed that allowed exploratory comparisons to be made where the interactions between elements and complex interrelationships could be evaluated. Computational design removed the traditional barrier of representation and enabled a greater breadth of sophisticated design options to be explored.

The resulting design is a testament to the distinct qualities that algorithmic modelling is capable of opening up to the designer.

In this instance, computational design not only supplemented the intuitive design of the architect but developed it into reality.

FIG.18: EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC SHOWING THE FORMAL COMPONENTS OF THE PAVILION

FIG.17: INITIAL EXPLORATIONS ADOPTED TRADITIONAL MEDIA TO EXPLORE FORM

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FIG.19: ITERATIONS WERE EXPLORED VIA ALGORITHMIC MODELLING

FIG.20 : SERPENTINE SUMMER HOUSE 2016

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A.4. Conclusion

A.5. Learning outcomes

Part A of studio air explored the emergence of parametric design and its role within architectural discourse. Through the analysis of the precedents in can be concluded that algorithmic modelling is becoming a prominent part of design thinking in the field of architectural theory, and it will continue to influence design methods moving forward.

The research completed to this point has highlighted a number of key elements that were completely new to me and will continue to be explored throughout the semester. In particular I will continue to develop my grasshopper skills, and I hope that as I become more confident with the program I can fully embrace the breadth of design options that algorithmic modelling opens up.

Case study research highlighted the advantages in algorithmic modelling such as accelerated work-flows, process driven thinking, and improved problem solving capabilities.

Generative design has transformed the architect’s role in solutions thinking, and allowed a greater breadth of options to be explored and considered. It is important to note that the intuitive whim of the architect still lies at the heart of problem solving and building composition but it cannot be ignored that parametric design has removed the conventional barriers of graphic representation and made a significant step toward shifting architectural thinking in the modern age.

Use of algorithmic modelling for my designing environments project could have proved invaluable. My early explorations for the subject involved trying to simulate randomness with physical models. The use of matchsticks was adopted as a form finding exploration and upon reflection, this greatly reduced my ability to generate a broader range of outcomes. Not only could generative design have accelerated the exploration process and removed the barrier of media representation but it could have improved the assembly process which at the time, was purely whimsical and not systematic in any way.

Through its implementation, the global community will continue to benefit from enhanced, tailored and distinct outcomes that algorithmic modelling has opened up to the field of architecture.

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EXPLORATION OF CURVE INTERSECTIONS

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A.6. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches The introduction to computational design has been stimulating and having this paired with the case study research has highlighted to me how parametric design is being adopted in contemporary practices. The research has extended the technical applications of the tutorials and demonstrated the breadth in which designers have applied computational design to their projects, whether it be in ideation, rationalisation, systems thinking or materials prototyping.

INITIAL EXPLORATION INTO BOX MORPH

The sketches that have been completed to date already demonstrate some of the benefits of computational design such as: •

The work-flow process for ideation has been accelerated with multiple iterations of species easily generated and compared via state capture tools

•

Generative methods of composition have been used to explore unforeseen and unexpected outcomes

•

Systems and fabrication thinking have been explored through explorations into intersections and mesh geometries

INCREASED DENSITY VIA SURFACE DIVIDE TOOL

Although the learning curve has been steep, the tutorials really placed an emphasis on progression rather than outcomes which was helpful in evaluating the course content and aided the exploration of the software. The technical knowledge that is being obtained through the tutorials has already opened new fields of possibilities for design that I had never explored before.

After establishing this base insight, I’m excited to continue to develop my knowledge throughout the semester and look forward to continuing to investigate further opportunities.

THIS ITERATION EXPLORES THE MODIFICATION TO THE BOX GEOMETRY WITH BOTH DENSITY AND PROJECTIONS INCREASED TO EXAGGERATE BOTH THE TACTILE SURFACE AND CURVILINEAR FORM

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FIG.1: (EXPLAIN HERE & REFERENCE AT THE END OF YOUR DOCUMENT)

EXPLORATION INTO VORONOI TOOL

FIG.1: (EXPLAIN HERE & REFERENCE AT THE END OF YOUR DOCUMENT)

SUBTRACTIVE EXPLORATION INTO VORONOI

FIG.1: (EXPLAIN HERE & REFERENCE AT THE END OF YOUR DOCUMENT)

DECAY IS MAXIMISED

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References Dunne, A. (2013). Speculative everything : design, fiction, and social dreaming . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

Fry, T. (2009). Design futuring : sustainability, ethics and new practice. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.

Kalay, Y. E. (2004). Architecture’s new media : principles, theories, and methods of computer-aided design. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Kestelier, B. P. (2013). Computation works : the building of algorithmic thought. Chichester : John Wiley & Sons.

Kolarevic, B. (2003). Architecture in the digital age : design and manufacturing . New York, NY: Spon Press.

Landscape Architecture Magazine. (2016, November). Retrieved August 9th, 2018, from HTTPS:// www.barangaroo.com/see-and-do/the-stories/sandstone-spectacular/ Oxman, R. O. (2014). Theories of the digital in architecture. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York: Routledge.

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Image Credits Figure 1: Golding D, Designing Environments Final Presentation, 2016.

Figure 2: Golding D, Design Studio Earth Final Presentation, 2017.

Figures 3-6: Landscape Architecture Magazine. (2016, November). Retrieved August 9th, 2018, from HTTPS://www.barangaroo.com/see-and-do/the-stories/sandstone-spectacular/ Figure 7 : Archigram, Walking City. 1964. Retrieved August 3rd, 2018 from http:// www.archigram.net/projects_pages/walking_city_5.html Figures 8-13 : International Terminal Waterloo. Grimshaw Global. Retrieved August 4th, 2018 from HTTPS://grimshaw.global/projects/gallery/?i=227&p=93001_N149 Figures 13-15 : Elytra Filament Pavilion, Achim Menges. Retrieved August 3rd, 2018 from http://www.achimmenges.net/?p=19693 Figure 16 : National Library of Israel, Herzog De Meuron. Retrieved August 5th, 2018 from HTTPS://www. herzogdemeuron.com/index/projects/complete-works/426-450/426-national-library-of-israel/image.html Figures 17-20 : Serpentine Summer House 2016, Barkow Leibinger. Retrieved August 5th, 2018 from HTTPS://www.archdaily.com/790032/serpentine-summer-house-barkow-leibinger/576 a8629e58ecec7870000d7-serpentine-summer-house-barkow-leibinger-concept

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PAR CRITERIA

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Table of Contents Part B. Criteria Design B.1. Research Field B.2. Case Study 1.0 B.3. Case Study 2.0 B.4. Technique: Development B.5. Technique: Prototypes B.6. Technique: Proposal B.7. Learning Objectives and Outcomes B.8. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches

B.1 Research Field - Biomimicry To look toward nature for inspiration is not a new concept in architecture, however the development of computational design has revolutionized designer’s ability to truly investigate the intrinsic relationships of the natural world. Biomimetic design is not concerned with the mere imitation of nature, rather it is concerned with the analysis and development of architectural systems that are informed by biological principles. (Göran Pohl, 2015) outlines that biomimicry is about discovering of the wealth of experience of nature to be utilized for man-made products .

Following the completion of the conceptual investigations through part A of the report and moving forward to develop the criteria design, the use of biomimicry in combination with algorithmic modelling appears to offer opportunities in generative composition methods and iterative design development.

The complex forms of biomimetic structures such as Aranda Lasch’s Morning Line or Skylar Tibbits Volta Dome appear to present issues with the development of jointing methods for panellised surfaces however the initial explorations into grasshopper’s capabilities appear to offer countless solutions to such issues. Such issues will aim to be explored and rationalized through the prototyping process

1. A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ALREADY EXISTS. BIOMIMICRY INSTITUTE 2018. ACCESSED AUGUST 15TH, 2018 FROM HTTPS://BIOMIMICRY.ORG/WHAT-IS-BIOMIMICRY 2. POHL, G., & NACHTIGALL, W. (2015). BIOMIMETICS FOR ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN : NATURE--ANALOGIES--TECHNOLOGY. CHAM : SPRINGER, 2015.

>FIGURE 1. VOLTADOM BY SKYLAR TIBBITS

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“You could look at nature as being like a catalogue of products, and all of those have benefited from a 3.8 billion year research and development period. And given that level of investment, it makes sense to use it. �

-Michael Pawlyn

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B.2 Case Study 1.0 The Morning Line- Aranda Lasch Lasch developed the morning line between 2008 and 2013 after exploring the principle of fractal growth. A base block is grown by a fixed ratio in three dimensions to produce the structure and geometry of the final piece. The explorations of this case study will aim to build upon this theory and use generative techniques to inform geometries. Variations will first be explored of the base geometry and how it can be manipulated before exploring the massing effects of the fractal growth pattern

FIGURE 2: (OPPOSITE SPREAD) THE MORNING LINE BY ARANDA LASCH FRACTAL ARRANGEMENT FIGURE 3: THE MORNING LINE BY ARANDA LASCH FRACTAL ARRANGEMENT

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Matrix 1.0

Species #1

Species #1

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Truncated tetrahedron

Polygon side count: 3 Truncation scale: 0.25

Species #2

Species #2

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Truncation scale: 0.33

Polygon side count: 3 Truncation scale: 0.4

Species #3

Species #3

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Truncation scale: 0.33

Polygon side count: 3 Truncation scale: 0.5

Species #4

Species #4

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Truncation scale: 0.33

Polygon side count: 3 Truncation scale: 0.75

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Species #1

Species #1

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Polygon side count: 4

Polygon side count: 5

Truncation scale: 0.25

Truncation scale: 0.25

Species #2

Species #2

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Polygon side count: 4

Polygon side count: 5

Truncation scale: 0.4

Truncation scale: 0.4

Species #3

Species #3

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Polygon side count: 4

Polygon side count: 5

Truncation scale: 0.5

Truncation scale: 0.5

Species #4

Species #4

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Polygon side count: 4

Polygon side count: 5

Truncation scale: 0.75

Truncation scale: 0.75

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Matrix 1.0

Species #5, Iteration #1

Species #5, Iteration #2

Truncated tetrahedron, scale: 0.33

Truncated tetrahedron, scale: 0.33

Pattern factor:1

Pattern factor: 0.5

Jitter count: 1

Jitter count: 0.5

Parameters

Species #6

Species #6

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Trim Solid

Trim Solid

Factor: 0.1

Factor: 0.25

Initial explorations into The Morning Line algorithm chiefly investigated the way in which the base module of the algorithm could be modified.

Varying levels of truncation, scale, patterning and subtraction were explored before moving onto the generation of massing compositions.

Species 4 was the conclusion of the exploration into the effects of truncation scale. Iterations within this species were characterized by a closed facade and bases that had varying levels of jagged projections.

Species 1 established the base level explorations where the polygon face count was incrementally altered, starting from 3 and finishing with 5 before the algorithm broke.

Using the basic explorations from species 1, species 2 evolved by altering the levels of truncation that would either open or close the geometry depending on the scale to which the alteration was completed Species 3 was the continuation of species 2 but was distinguished by greater levels of opacity across its surface because of the tessellation that was occurring. Jagged base projections also differentiated species 3

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Species 5 explored the patterning effects unto the 3-sided polygon from species 1. Patterns were constructed as planar surfaces to try and emphasize the resultant pattern. This species was characterized by high levels of transparency and dynamic composition.

Species 6 returned to the initial truncated tetrahedron and explored the effects of trimming the polygonal form. This resulted in simple, patterned surfaces and formal compositions.

Species 6 would be used for further investigations into grouped geometries given its ability to be easily reproduced. Although species 5 was visually the most dynamic, it would prove difficult to develop in chained geometries. Further exploration into the surface pattern could have been productive however I was not able to modify the algorithm any further to achieve this.

Species #5, Iteration #3

Species #5, Iteration #4

Truncated tetrahedron, scale: 0.33

Truncated tetrahedron, scale: 0.75

Pattern factor:0.25

Pattern factor:1

Jitter count: 0.25

Jitter count: 1

Species #6

Species #6

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Trim Solid (reversed)

Trim Solid (reversed)

Factor: 0.33

Factor: 0.5

Selection Criteria Fabrication potential - ability for the iteration to be fabricated using Laser cutting technology, CNC mill, 3D printing or VR Tactility - potential for undulation in surface to facilitate kingfisher grip Adaptability to site - ability for the proposal to be integrated within the natural landscape of Merri Creek Branching Potential - ability for iteration to provide the kingfisher a perch Hollow Potential - ability for the iteration to provide a nesting hollow for the kingfisher

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Matrix 1.0

Species #7

Species #7

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Tip to tail configuration

Tip to tail configuration

Species #8

Species #8

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Branching configuration

Branching method

Species #9 Species #9 Iteration #2 Iteration #1 Recursive configuration Recursive configuration

Species #10

Species #10

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Clustered configuration

Clustered configuration

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Species #7

Species #7

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Tip to tail configuration

Tip to tail configuration

Species #8

Species #8

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Branching method

Branching method

Species #9

Species #9

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Recursive configuration

Recursive configuration

Species #10

Species #10

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Clustered configuration

Clustered configuration

CRITERIA DESIGN

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Species #8

Species #10

Iteration #4

Iteration #4

This iterations greatest strength was its ability to offer branching potential. Given the daytime activity of the kingfisher largely consists of perching upon elevated branches to hunt for prey away from predators, this iteration offers greater potential to satisfy the broader needs of he kingfisher

This iteration differs from others as it explores a clustered form that could be integrated either on a river bank or elevated in a tree once on site.

Fabrication potential: 4/5

Fabrication potential: 4/5

Tactility: 2/5

Tactility: 2/5

Adaptability to site: 3/5

Adaptability to site: 4.5/5

Branching Potential: 4/5

Branching Potential: 2.5/5

Hollow Potential: 3/5

Hollow Potential: 3/5

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Species #7

Species #9

Iteration #4

Iteration #3

This iteration could effectively be integrated in a number of ways, namely either as an individual trunk formation or otherwise as a branching formation. Consideration would need to be given to how protection from predators is affected when the iteration is used as a trunk. The slender form however does limit the potential for hollowing compared to other geometries that could offer larger interior spaces

This iteration is effective through its ability to be hung from existing tress. Other iterations may rely on engineered connection details that could limit their potential. Simplifying that principle removes the restraints that other iterations hold and would facilitate further experimentation to be completed

Fabrication potential: 4/5

Fabrication potential: 4.5/5

Tactility: 2/5

Tactility: 2/5

Adaptability to site: 4/5

Adaptability to site: 3.5/5

Branching Potential:3.5/5

Branching Potential: 2.5/5

Hollow Potential: 2.5/5

Hollow Potential: 2.5/5 CRITERIA DESIGN

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Speculation Each of the four iterations that were chosen because each one offers different advantages in the way they can be integrated within the site. With this being said, they do not offer any great advantages over one another and their suitability to the projects needs seem limited. Although each iteration could be fabricated with relative ease (via unfolding and laser cutting) none of the proposals offer great levels of tactility. Further iterations could be explored that implement varying levels of scale that allow the kingfisher to individually grip each module or otherwise demonstrate greater levels of subtraction in the base geometry to provide foot hold. Either way, it is clear there is potential for further development but at this stage other scripts will be investigated before prototyping commences.

FIGURE 4: THE MORNING LINE BY ARANDA LASCH FRACTAL ARRANGEMENT

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Technique Development The analysis of the four successful iterations from B.3 has highlighted the fact that none of the iterations offered distinct advantages compared to one another and their suitability to the projects needs seem limited. Although each iteration could be fabricated with relative ease (via unfolding and laser cutting) none of the proposals offer great levels of tactility or variation.

The following iterations aim to address this by implementing varying levels of abstraction to generate design options that are distinctly different to those generated in B3. The forms of B.3 were used to generate input and curve charges in the hope that untapped potential could be discovered.

These techniques specifically look at the puffer-fish twisted box morph component and 3D meta-ball

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TIP TO TAIL FRACTAL EXPLORATION FROM B1

ABSTRACTED CURVE FORM FROM EXERCISE B1

BOX MORPH EXPLORATION OF ABSTRACTED CURVE FROM B1

META-BALL EXPLORATION CHARGE CALCULATED FROM ABSTRACTED CURVE FROM B1

BRANCHING FRACTAL EXPLORATION FROM B1

ABSTRACTED CURVE FORM FROM EXERCISE B1

BOX MORPH EXPLORATION OF ABSTRACTED CURVE FROM B1

META-BALL EXPLORATION CHARGE CALCULATED FROM ABSTRACTED CURVE FROM B1

RECURSIVE FRACTAL EXPLORATION FROM B1

ABSTRACTED CURVE FORM FROM EXERCISE B1

BOX MORPH EXPLORATION OF ABSTRACTED CURVE FROM B1

META-BALL EXPLORATION CHARGE CALCULATED FROM ABSTRACTED CURVE FROM B1

CRITERIA DESIGN

CRITERIA DESIGN

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B.3 Case Study 2.0 Edithvale Seaford Wetlands Discovery Centre Located amidst the Edithvale wetlands, the discovery centre was built to compliment and mirror the ecology of the Carrum Carrum swamp. The centre encourages engagement with the wetland to enable visitors to gain an understanding of the role wetlands play in the urban environment and how the water-cycle is integral to the wetlands existence.

The building form was inspired by the perching habit of a pelican and is raised above ground to protect it from flood waters and windows were deliberately raked to minimize direct reflectivity to protect birds from disorientation. Placed at the termination of a meandering board-walk, the centre allow visitors to engage with the flora and fauna of the wetlands and the patterned facade reflects the surface typology and character of the site.

FIGURE 5: (OPPOSITE SPREAD) EDITHVALE SEAFORD WETLANDS DISCOVERY CENTRE FIGURE 6: (ABOVE): EDITHVALE SEAFORD WETLANDS DISCOVERY CENTRE

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Design Process Diagram

Extrusion cutt Plane

Rectangle

Boundary Surfa

Rectangle Hieght

Distan

Rectangle Width

Surface

Input geometry

U count

V count

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Divide Surf

ters

aces

nce

Extrude surface

Solid Difference

Direction

face

Sphere

output scale

Reference Image

Scale factor

Image sampler

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B.3 Case Study 2.0 Edithvale Seaford Wetlands Discovery Centre The following exploration will aim to identify the methods used for composition of the building facade t the Edithvale Seaford wetlands discovery centre. For simplicity, the process has been extrapolated into five steps

FIGURE 7: EDITHVALE SEAFORD WETLANDS DISCOVERY CENTRE

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STEP 1

STEP 3

Create input points and poly-lines

Divide surface and input U and V values

STEP 2

STEP 4

Reference input lines into grasshopper to create surface

Extrude surface and apply image sampler.

Define output as a 3D volume [i.e. spheres]

STEP 5 Cut into extrusion using 3D volumes to establish image. Refine resolution by altering U and V counts

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I found it difficult to fully replicate the case study to an effective level as higher U and V counts caused Grasshopper to crash.

I would have liked to see how closely I could have gotten to fully replicating the project using this definition if higher levels of resolution could have been utilised but still, I was satisfied that I could generate an algorithm that somewhat resembled the case study after only having used the software for a short period of time.

I hope to continue exploring different surface finishes in the following sections of the Journal as this was a large shortcoming of the B1 case study. I feel that tactility will be a key component of the outcome and I hope that combining the form finding techniques of B2 with the material explorations of B3 will lead to some unexpected and effective outcomes

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FIGURE 8: EDITHVALE SEAFORD WETLANDS DISCOVERY CENTRE PRE-CAST PANEL BEING ERECTED

FIGURE 9: REVERSED ENGINEERED PRODUCT

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B.4. Technique: Development Matrix 2.0 Species #1

Species #1

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Species #2

Species #2

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Species #3 Species #3 Iteration #2 Iteration #1

Species #4

Species #4

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

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Species #1

Species #1

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Species #2

Species #2

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Species #3

Species #3

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Species #4

Species #4

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

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Matrix 2.0

Species #5

Species #5

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Species #6

Species #6

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Species #7 Species #7 Iteration #2 Iteration #1

Species #8

Species #8

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

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Species #5

Species #5

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Species #6

Species #6

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Species #7

Species #7

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Species #8

Species #8

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

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Matrix 2.0

Species #9

Species #9

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Species #10

Species #10

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

Species #11 Species #11 Iteration #2 Iteration #1

Species #12

Species #12

Iteration #1

Iteration #2

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Species #9

Species #9

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Species #10

Species #10

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Species #11

Species #11

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

Species #12

Species #12

Iteration #3

Iteration #4

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Species #5

Species #10

Iteration #4

Iteration #3

This iterations performs fairly well across all selection criteria with the main fall back being the potential for the geometry to provide a hollow for nesting. The iteration could potentially be developed further with this in mind to better satisfy the brief

The strength of this iteration is its ability yo either be hung from a tree or grounded on a flat patch of earth. With this being said the uniform mass of the spheres does not perform well as a hollow and the floating natures of the geometries restrict the ability for fabrication

Fabrication potential: 3/5

Fabrication potential: 2/5

Tactility: 3.5/5

Tactility: 3.5/5

Adaptability to site: 3/5

Adaptability to site: 4.5/5

Branching Potential: 4/5

Branching Potential: 2/5

Hollow Potential: 2/5

Hollow Potential: 1/5

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Species #11

Species #2

Iteration #2

Iteration #4

This iteration offers similar benefits to the previous iteration however it is distinguished through solid masses of spheres that are interconnected that facilitate fabrication methods and enhance tactility. It is restricted to ground plane use and does not offer much potential for the kingfisher to safely perch.

One of the earlier iterations, this geometry does provide some interesting differences to the other explorations. Pipes could be extruded to a more extreme level to facilitate perching and it inherently offers good hollowing potential. However its adaptability to site does seem to be limited to the ground plane and fabrication could be difficult

Fabrication potential: 3/5

Fabrication potential: 2.5/5

Tactility: 4/5

Tactility: 3/5

Adaptability to site: 3/5

Adaptability to site: 2/5

Branching Potential: 2.5/5

Branching Potential: 3/5

Hollow Potential: 2.5/5

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Technique Development of Successful Species Exploration of the image sampling techniques used on the Edithvale wetlands centre proved difficult. I found that the image sampler can create striking visual patterns and offers the user a host of options to customize and refine their design. However, it is incredibly difficult to harness the image sampler as a form forming mechanism on its own. The most successful iterations embraced the use of offset planes to generative alternative form of geometry that would provide the platform for the image sampler to be applied.

Another limitation of the image sampler when used in this way is that it can result in floating geometries that will prove impractical when evaluating the fabrication process. It is for this reason that the follow iterations will explore a mesh typology that will both aid the fabrication technique and better serve the functional requirements of the client

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Material: Polystyrene Fabrication method: CNC milling Algorithmic technique: Image sampling Prototype successes: Cost efficient, surface texture, lightweight Prototype failures: Not suitable for use in external areas i.e. Kingfishers natural habitat, low durability

Material: Plywood Fabrication method: CNC milling Algorithmic technique: Image sampling Prototype successes: Ability for use externally, visual qualities Prototype failures: Application limited to 2D form without laminating wood products together, expensive

Material: True white filament Fabrication method: 3D printing Algorithmic technique: Voronoi Prototype successes: Ability to achieve complex 3D geometries in a cost-efficient manner Prototype failures: Complex form results in generation of support material that increases costs, material may not be well received by the public or client in the natural environment

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B.5. Prototypes Several materials and fabrication methods were tested to evaluate their suitability for the project. Initially the intention was to adopt CNC milling however as the design developed it was realized that 3D printing would be more suitable. Although CNC milling could produce textured and patterned finishes which were desirable given the brief, there were restrictions on material thickness when using the CNC mill. Without having the ability to laminate timber sections together it would prove ore effective to have the parts 3D printed. In addition to this, the cost of CNC milling was far greater than 3D printing which only solidified its suitability for the project.

3D PRINTED MASSING MODEL

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B.5. Technique: Prototypes Fabrication and Assembly The intention for fabrication and assembly is that the model can be produced in manageable cells that are lightweight and easy to handle. Each voronoi cell is to be 3D printed to a maximum of 300mm in length to accommodate the ideal nesting hollow for the kingfisher. Each cell will then be bolted together with corrosion resistant, stainless steel bolts an barrel nuts. Barrel nuts are used to prevent any sharp or overhanging edges that may result if traditional bolt assemblies were to be used. Neoprene spacers are sandwiched between the modules to minimise deterioration that may occur due to movement and prevent water pooling in between cells.

EXPLODED ASSEMBLY DETAILS (OPPOSITE SPREAD) BOLT DETAIL BETWEEN CELLS AND STAINLESS STEEL FIXINGS (ABOVE):

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The Sacred Kingfisher and establishing the problem

The sacred Kingfisher is a striking, medium sized, Australian native bird that is found throughout coastal regions of mainland Australia and some parts of Tasmania. They are considered to be a species of least concern according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and known to be found through many parts of Victoria. The sacred kingfisher can grow to a length of 20–23cm and have a typical wingspan between 29–33cm. The birds are typically solitary animals but will pair during the breeding season which occurs between September to march, in which they will lay a clutch of five eggs. The Incubation Period for the eggs is typically 18 days, and the fledging period is roughly 24 days. The sacred kingfisher will typically roost in hollowed out termite mounds, hollow branches or in river banks. The nesting chamber is unlined and can be positioned anywhere from 1m up to 20m above the ground.

The Sacred kingfisher is commonly found in eucalyptus forests, woodlands, river alleys and creeks. Although it is a member of the kingfisher family, the Sacred Kingfishers rarely eat fish and only occasionally captures its prey in the water. Instead, they hunt terrestrial prey such as insects, crustaceans, reptiles, insects and their larvae. In particular, the birds feed on termites and hollow out their mounds for their roost as mentioned above. Throughout the day, the Sacred kingfisher will commonly birds perch on low exposed branches in the search for prey. Once identified, the kingfisher will swoop down to the ground to capture its prey then return to its perch away from danger to consume the food.

Although the sacred kingfisher is not currently endangered, it is part of a large group of Australian native animals that rely on hollowed out trees to accommodate their roost. Natural tree hollows are a scarce resource in the natural landscape and can take up to 150 years to occur organically. While attempts are being made to provide nesting boxes through community programmes, the problem still remains that the formation process of hollows is not able to keep up with the demands of the Australian fauna.

FIGURE 10 : SACRED KINGFISHER (OPPOSITE) FIGURE 11: SACRED KINGFISHER LEAVING ITS TREE HOLLOW

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B.6. Technique: Proposal The technique proposal that was developed aims to reintegrate parts of the site within nature by linking the pedestrian corridor and the sacred kingfishers nesting hollow. The proposal has been designed to be multifaceted and allow connection to any of the bridges that are present along the Merri Creek trail. The design creates an alternative nesting roost for the sacred kingfisher but also facilitates the kingfishers need for safe perching areas that will allow it to scan its surrounding area and forage. The lightweight voronoi cells are designed to be easily assembled and can house up to 5 juvenile birds. Once assembled, the proposal has the potential to house multiple hollow dwelling fauna

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Mid Semester Review and Feedback The main areas of concern centred around the generation of ideas to reflect the client. Although current proposals explored a broad variety of concepts and the level of detail in the proposal seemed to be well developed, the design did not demonstrate an in depth understanding of the clients needs and as such the proposal lacked depth. Key points that could be explored further are summarized below: 1. Develop client research and demonstrate an understanding of the unique characteristics of the sacred kingfisher 2. Try and utilize the bridge structure as a design element rather than simply as a fixing point 3. Can alternative fabrication methods result in better outcomes 4. Early image sampling iterations demonstrated a more programmatic alignment to the kingfishers needs - could this be explored further?

5. Current proposal does not offer shelter due to the size and quantity of openings - can these openings be controlled and can a logic be embedded into their location? Are they needed at all?

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B.7. Learning Objectives and Outcomes Part B of the Journal has taught me a lot and immensely helped develop my grasshopper skills. Expanding on the theoretical framework that was explored in part A, Part B has helped to tie together the conceptual ideas that were identified in the first portion of the course and encouraged exploration into unfamiliar techniques. This has allowed me to extrapolate new ideas and become self-sufficient in the practice of parametric modelling.

The research completed for Merri creek has assisted my ability to integrate a brief. It has highlighted the importance of completing an in-depth analysis of the functional requirements of the client during the early stages of the project in addition to emphasizing the need to clearly identify, summarize and communicate the key elements of the proposal. This is critical to the generation of effective design solutions and will help to guide the design process toward successful outcomes In addition to this, the design task has without a doubt, improved my algorithmic modelling skills. Through critical analysis the project has helped to identify and explore the formal ideas that contemporary practices have implemented in real life and this allowed me to not only uncover but explore several unexpected design tools. This significantly progressed my knowledge of computational design and allowed me to generate a variety of design possibilities by becoming familiar with an array of components, their inputs, parameters and the resulting geometries.

Although the workload proved difficult at times, ultimately it was rewarding. The use of parametric tools has allowed me to explore a greater range of design possibilities and solutions as can be seen in the matrices of part B and the algorithmic sketchbook. I would like to continue exploring the potential for algorithmic modelling and I hope to improve my knowledge of digital fabrication techniques going into part C. Although I still feel as if I am only scratching the surface of the potential for algorithmic modelling, I hope to continue to develop and refine a personalized repertoire of techniques moving forward into part C and I look forward to developing the proposal by implementing the feedback from the interim presentation

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B.8. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches The following iterations explore a select few of the algorithmic tools that were experimented with during part B of the Journal. The coursework introduced theories in controlling data structures, demonstrating controllers, samplers and fields, methods for patterning and ornamentation,ways to encapsulate algorithms and provided a brief introduction into the embedded material logic capabilities of the kangaroo physics add-on. All of the coursework examples were valuable in establishing the base framework of knowledge and was helpful when used in combination with additional tutorials.

Additional exploration were completed to try and continue the fundamental growth of logic that the early parts of the course have established. Common algorithmic design tasks were approached such as the generation of a parametric bench and different add-ons were installed to start to explore the true capabilities of grasshopper. These add-ons included puffer fish, weaverbird, lunch box, kangaroo 2 and heteroptera.

EXPLORATION OF PUFFERFISH ADD-ON

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GRAPH MULTIPLIER VALUE: -5

GRAPH MULTIPLIER VALUE: -2.5

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GRAPH MULTIPLIER VALUE: +5

GRAPH TYPE: CONIC

GRAPH TYPE: GAUSSIAN

GRAPH TYPE: BEZIER

GRAPH TYPE: PARABOLA

GRAPH TYPE: PERLIN

GRAPH TYPE: SINC

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PARAMETRIC BENCH EXPLORATION

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HETEROPTERA EXPLORATION

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References A sustainable world already exists. Biomimicry institute 2018. Accessed august 15th, 2018 from https://biomimicry.org/what-isbiomimicry Edithvale Seaford Wetlands Discovery Centre, 2018. Accessed August 29th from https://www.mvsarchitects.com.au/doku. php?id=home:projects:edithvale_wetlands_centre Pohl, g., & nachtigall, w. (2015). Biomimetics for architecture & design : nature--analogies--technology. Cham : springer, 2015.

Sacred Kingfisher, Birds in backyards 2018. Accessed August 22nd from http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Todiramphussanctus The Morning Line, Aranda Lasch 2018. Accessed August 22nd from http://arandalasch.com/works/the-morning-line/

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Image Credits Figure 1: Volta Dome by Skylar Tibbits. Voltadom by Skylar TibbitsAccessed August 15th, 2018 from https://www.arch2o.com/voltadom-by-skylar-tibbits-skylar-tibbits/ Figures 2, 3 & 4: The Morning Line- Aranda Lasch. arandalasch.com. Accessed August 15th, 2018 from http://arandalasch.com/works/the-morning-line/ Figures 5, 6, & 7: Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands Discovery Centre by Minifie van Schaik Architects.

Accessed August 31st, 2018 from: https://architectureau.com/articles/with-all-the-views/ Figure 8: Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands Discovery Centre facade panel. Access August 31st, 2018 from: https://fabulouslyfabricated.wordpress.com/2011/05/04/panel-stop-ends/ Figure 9: D. Golding, 2018, Reverse Engineered Product Figure 10: Sacred Kingfisher (January 2016). Retrieved August 31st from https://www.barraimaging.com.au/BIRD-FAMILIESOF-THE-WORLD/Tinamous-To-Parrots/Kingfishers-Family-Alcedinidae/Sacred-Kingfisher-Todiramphus-/i-p5qhVGt/A Figure 11: Sacred Kingfisher Forum, Birds in backyards, accessed July 31, 2018. http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/ forum/Sacred-KingfisherSingle-mum-single-chick Figures 3-6: Landscape Architecture Magazine. (2016, November).

Retrieved August 9th, 2018, from https://www.barangaroo.com/see-and-do/the-stories/sandstone-spectacular/

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RT C

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C.1 Design Criteria

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Table of Contents Part C. Detailed Design C.1. Design Concept C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes C.3. Final Detail Model C.4. Learning Objectives and Outcomes Image Credits References

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Addressing Feedback from Interim Presentations

Feedback from the mid semester review was valuable and will shape the direction of our design moving forward into part C. The work in part C will aim to address the feedback by developing the client and site research to identify programmatic needs and unique features of the kingfisher as well as unearthing the inherent qualities of the site.

Focus will be placed upon the connection detail to the bridge in an attempt to seamlessly integrate the proposal within its environment. Alternative fabrication techniques to filament 3D printing will be explored to reflect and compliment the design idea The image sampling script that was developed during part B will be used as the key driver behind the conceptual idea of the proposal with a separate script aiming to address the programmatic needs of the kingfisher In addition to this, care has been taken to re-format the journal following advice recieved regarding layouts and general arrangement.

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Client – The Sacred Kingfisher

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T H E S E S HY, Y E T GL A MO RO U S , BIR DS C A N BE FO U ND A RO UND O U R R IV E R S , COA S T S A ND FO R E S T S , A ND INDIC AT E A HE A LT HY E CO S YS T E M. -AU S T R A L IA N GE O GR A PHIC

FIGURE 1: SACRED KINGFISHER, LAURIE ROSS 2018, RETRIEVED OCTOBER 5TH FROM: HTTP:// LAURIEROSS.COM.AU/BORDER_GALLERIES/KINGFISHERS-TREE-KINGFISHERS/# PROJECT PROPOSAL

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Client analysis:

DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT

Anatomy

The Sacred Kingfisher is medium sized bird that is endemic to the coastal and mainland areas of Australia. It can be found throughout Australia although is less common in the cooler climates of Tasmania. Typically, the sacred kingfisher inhabits woodlands, mangroves, paper-bark forests, tall open eucalyptus forest and melaleuca forest. After breeding, the sacred kingfisher will migrate from higher altitudes to coastal areas or forests. Particularly in the winter they will seek warmer regions within their range, often journeying to the north of their range then later retuning at the change of seasons BEHAVIOUR The sacred kingfisher is considered territorial and aggressive.

They will divert intruders away from their nests with their loud song and by flashing their striking colours. If required, the kingfisher will leave its perch and chase away invasive threats.

The kingfisher is a solitary animal for most of the yer but will pair for the breeding season.

WINGSPAN: 29–33CM

LENGTH: 20 - 23CM

SMALL FEE T & WE AK LEGS

STRONG BE AK

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FEEDING Although it is a species of kingfisher, the Sacred Kingfishers seldom eat fish.

They prefer to forage on land and hunt terrestrial prey.

Their diet minly consists of insects, but they also eat a variety of other small animals such as lizards, crustaceans or larvae. The kingfisher will

hunt by perching on low braches to survey and identify their prey. Once identifed, the kingfisher will swoop down and use its strong beak to capture the food. They will then return to their perch to eat and break any large prey down into more managable pieces using its bill

BREEDING The sacred kingfisher will pair when breeding bares two clutches of eggs per season.

Clutches typically contail between 3-6 eggs and are incubated for approximately 18 days. The young will leave the nest after 24 days and will become independant at roughly 8 weeks of age.

FIGURE 2: KINGFISHER IN FLIGHT, FLICKRIVER. 2018.

RETRIEVED OCTOBER 1ST FROM: HTTP://WWW. FLICKRIVER.COM/PHOTOS/IANRMC/369550702/

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HATCHLINGS

INCUBATION

YOUNGLINGS

A clutch of 3-6 eggs will typically be laid. After an incubation period of 18 days, the chicks will hatch but will not yet have an feathers or have proper vision

The females will primarily care for the young however the male will incubate the young as well. The pair work together and try and feed the younglings at least one every 20 minutes.

Whilst the parents are out hunting the younglings will huddle together for warmth.

PROJECT PROPOSAL

FLEDGLINGS

JUVENILE

ADULT SACRED KINGFISHER

After 26 days the younglings venture out of the nest for the first time.

After 8 weeks the fledglings will start to become independent.

The adult sacred kingfisher will grow to between 19 - 24cm and will weigh on average 45 grams. They live for typically 7 years however have been known to live to 17 years. The bird reaches sexual maturity at 1 year of age.

FROM LEFT TOT RIGHT: FIGURES 3 - 7: THE STORY BEHIND MY TV KINGFISHER FILM, ROBERT E FULLER 2018.

FIGURE 8: SACRED KINGFISHER, BARRA IMAGING 2018. RETRIVED OCTOBER 6TH

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Client Analysis - Nesting Conditions

TREE HOLLOWS The sacred kingfisher is one of many native animals that relies on tree hollows to provide nesting shelter.

As mentioned earlier in the report, this competition, together with the destruction of their natural habitat, is one of the greatest threats to the kingfisher existence.

However, it is this destruction that has lead to the Kingfisher to develop alternative nesting strategies that have enabled it to survive and prosper across a broad range of habitats. These strategies include nesting in riverbanks, tree branches and termite mounds.

RIVER BANKS Living nearby or adjacent to riverbanks due to the prosperity of food, the kingfisher has been able to adapt to its surrounds and create burrows within the river bank edges. This has

enabled them to adapt to their surroundings and make the nest independent of the availability of tree hollows.

Although it is common for kingfishers to adopt the riverbank as a nesting roost, it is equally as common for them to seek higher nesting hollows for better security and warmth.

TREE BRANCHES Similar to the river bank, the sacred kingfisher commonly takes advantage of its strong beak to create a nesting hollow rather than relying on the natural formation process to take lace. Eucalyptus trees invariably drop limbs, and when the tree sheds a branch it presents the sacred kingfisher with the opportunity to hollow out the newly exposed edge.

Often the limb needs to age for a period of time before the wood is brittle enough for the kingfisher to adequate

hollow out the branch, however this process is much faster than the 150 years that the hollowing process can take TERMITE MOUNDS The most common nesting method for the sacred kingfisher is the termite mound. A similar excavation process is undertaken to form the nesting hollow, however the termite mound provides the kingfisher with a source of food, better insulation and is much easier to burrow into compared to the river bank or tree branch. The relationship with the termite mound will be explored further in subsequent parts of this report.

FROM TOP LEFT CLOCKWISE: FIGURE 9: SACRED KINGFISHER, TODIRAMPHUS SANCTUS, AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, ACCESSED JULY 31, 2018.

FIGURE 10: SACRED KINGFISHER, BIRDS IN BACKYARDS, ACCESSED JULY 31, 2018 FIGURE 11: SACRED KINGFISHER FORUM, BIRDS IN BACKYARDS, ACCESSED JULY 31, 2018.

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Client analysis: Behaviour

EATING The Sacred Kingfishers prefer to hunt terrestrial prey with their diet mainly consisting of insects, lizards, crustaceans or larvae. The kingfisher will hunt by perching on low branches to survey and identify their prey and will swoop down to capture it.

They return to their perch to consume the prey

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BORING INTO A TREE WITH ITS BEAK Kingfishers take advantage of their strong beak using it to excavate tree branches, river banks and termite hollows to create nesting roosts

TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR The sacred kingfisher is considered territorial and aggressive. They will divert intruders away from their nests with their loud song and by flashing their striking colours. If required, the kingfisher will leave its perch and chase away invasive threats.

LANDING APPROACH

FEEDING THE YOUNGLINGS

DIVING

Although the scared kingfisher has a strong beak, by comparison they have relatively weak legs. They rely on tactility to provide grip on vertical surfaces as demonstrated on the termite mound above

The parents will return to the nest roughly every 20 minutes to feed the younglings after they have hatched.

Often both parents will hunt concurrently

Common to the kingfisher family is an inherent relationship with water.

Although the sacred kingfisher prefers to forage on land, it is still capable of diving into shallow waters to capture prey and will commonly bath to cool off in warmer climates FROM LEFT TO RIGHT: FIGURE 12: SACRED KINGFISHER DISPLAYING ITS FOOD, FLICKR 2018.

FIGURE 13: SACRED KINGFISHER, FLICKR 2018.

FIGURE 14: BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA: THE SACRED KINGFISHER, NO-AWARD 2018.

FIGURE 15: THE SACRED KINGFISHER CALLS A TERMITE MOUND HOME, MAITLAND MERCURY. FIGURE 16: SACRED KINGFISHER FEEDING YOUNG AT THEIR NEST, BUSHPEA 2018.

FIGURE 17: SACRED KINGFISHER – I’M OUT OF HERE, DPREVIEW.COM PROJECT PROPOSAL

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Client analysis: The Sacred Kingfisher and Termite Mounds FOLLOW THE TRAIL. As mentioned earlier, termite mounds are typically used by the sacred kingfisher as a nesting hollow given they are are easier to excavate in comparison to a riverbank or tree branch and are more readily avaiable than tree hollows. In addition to this, the termite mound inherenly provides better insulation and a food source Termites create a distinctive trail when boring through timber which is a decisive factor in the kingfishers ability to find and identify the termite mound.

Idnetifyngthe termite trail is the first step to locating the termites nest.

Kingfishers have good sight and are observant. noticing the termite trail will often lead them to the mounds and ultimatel to a suitable nest FROM LEFT TOT RIGHT: FIGURE 18: SACRED KINGFISHER, WHATWHEN-HOW, ACCESSED JULY 31, 2018.

FIGURE 19: (OPPOSITE SPREAD): TERMITE TRAILS, TERMITERIGOKERU 2018. RETRIEVED OCOTBER 7TH

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

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Client Analysis: Outcomes

The sacred kingfisher has many unique characteristics and the following list aims to summarise the key points discovered during the client analysis phase. All items discussed will be taken into account during the development of the design however the following points will b considered at large with the revised concept to be built upon the unique features of the client, site and fabrication method.

Based on the information gathered during the client analysis, the key factor that need to be considered in the development and refinement of the project proposal are: [01]

The requirement for a hollow to provide shelter and a nesting roost

[02]

The kingfisher has relatively weak feet however has a strong beak. The use of its beak is unique and this could be used to create personalised solutions

[03]

The mutual relationship between the sacred kingfisher and termite mound should be explored either through form, material texture or other qualitative methods.

[04]

The hollow must be able to accommodate the kingfisher plus up to 6 fledglings.

[05]

The proposal should consider ways in which it can facilitate perching spots to improve the kingfishers hunting ability FIGURE 20 (OPPOSITE SPREAD): SACRED KINGFISHER, BARRA IMAGING 2018. RETRIVED OCTOBER 6TH FROM: HTTPS://WWW. BARRAIMAGING.COM.AU/BIRD-FAMILIESOF-THE-WORLD/TINAMOUS-TO-PARROTS/ KINGFISHERS-FAMILY-ALCEDINIDAE/SACREDKINGFISHER-TODIRAMPHUS-/I-P5QHVGT/A

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Site Research: Merri Creek

Merri creek is located within Victoria and winds its way south from Wallan for 70km until flows into the Yarra river at Dights Falls. During the twentieth century, the site was largely used for quarrying, landfill and became degraded from the run-off of adjacent factories. Initiatives from local government in recent decades has seen the ecology of the site become regenerated however there are still signs of the past pollutants.

FLORA AND FAUNA As a result of the regeneration projects, native species of fauna including kookaburras, frogs, echidnas and kingfishers have returned to the area and plant specie such as the river red gum are prominent along the creek edge PENTRIDGE PRISON One of th eprominent landmarks along Merri Creek is the old Pentridge Prison. The prison lies along the southern bank of Merri creek at Murray Road, in Coburg. The prison would be significant for its role in establishing regeneration programmes and for the constrution of the Murray road bridge.

BRIDGES A Number of footbridge are located along the merri creek trail varying in their shae and strucutre. The bridges include a suspension bridge located at harding street, the signle span bluestone bridge at Murray road and a newly installed steel framed bridge that is adjacent to the De Chene Reserve in Coburg

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FIGURE 21: MERRI CREEK LOCATEDAT JACKSONS RESERVE, COBURG, VIC. PHOTOGRAPHED

BY D. GOLDING, SEPTEMBER 26TH, 2018

PROJECT PROPOSAL

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

Murray Road Bridge The Merri Creek Bridge was built by Pentridge Prison labour for the Coburg District Road Board. It was commissioned in 1870 and completed in 1871. Bluestone for the large single span bridge was extracted by prisoners from a quarry situated within the penal reserve but outside the walls of the prison. The bridge was constructed during the short administration of Claude Farie, the fourth Inspector General of Prison Establishments, and formerly Sheriff of Melbourne. Farie died in August 1870 before the bridge was completed, and his name is memorialised on the foundation stone. In 1962 the bridge was doubled in width on the north side by the Country Roads Board.

The Merri Creek Bridge is historically significant for its association with Victoria’s Pentridge Prison. It was built

during a phase in Victoria’s penal history when prisoners were employed outside the prison walls on quarrying and construction works around Melbourne. It is one of the few public structures built by Pentridge Prison labour that is known to survive. The bridge is also of historical significance for its association with the short administration of the fourth Inspection General of Prison Establishments, Claude Farie (c.1817-70), whose name is carved into the foundation stone of the inside north parapet wall. The bridge is architecturally and scientifically significant for its 25.9 metre single span, making it one of the largest, segmental, single arch stone bridges in Victoria, and the largest known bridge to be built by prison labour

CREDIT: BRIDGE OVER MERRI CREEK, VICTORIAN HERITAGE REGISTER. ACCESSED SEPTEMBER 23RD FROM: HTTP://VHD.HERITAGECOUNCIL.VIC. GOV.AU/PLACES/3733/DOWNLOAD-REPORT FIGURE 22: BRIDGE OVER MERRI CREEK, VICTORIAN HERITAGE REGISTER. ACCESSED SEPTEMBER 23RD FROM: HTTP:// VHD.HERITAGECOUNCIL.VIC.GOV.AU/ PLACES/3733/DOWNLOAD-REPORT

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The Problem:

DESTRUCTIVE FIXING METHODS

Destructive Fixings

Following analysis of the site and in particular the Murray road bridge, it has become clear that the strucutre holds an important place within the histoical context of the site and the community as a whole. Care must be taken in designing the cnnection detail to the existing bridge as common bolting methodsd are likely to damage the existing bluestone and should be avoided. Any fom of drilling should als be avoided as it has the potential to cause significant cracking and comprosie the integrity of the strucutre

PROJECT PROPOSAL

FIGURE 23: DESIGN FOR CRACKED CONCRETE, HILTI. ACCESSED SEPTEMBER 24TH FROM: HTTPS://WWW.HILTI.IN/CONTENT/HILTI/ A1/IN/EN/ENGINEERING/DESIGN-CENTER/ ANCHOR-SYSTEMS/DESIGN-GUIDELINES/ CRACKED-CONCRETE.HTML

COMMON BOLTING ME THODS ARE LIKELY TO DAMAGE THE E XISTING BLUESTONE AND SHOULD BE AVOIDED

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Conceptual Idea - Stone & Mortar Adhesion The conceptual idea for the proposal is to explore the potential for static adhesion between the design element and the existing bridge. In other words, the proposal shall be sculpted to slot within the existing blocks to eliminate the need for bolts or other destructive fixings systems that may cause damage to historical or culturally significant elements

GREY SCALE IMAGE OF MURRAY ROAD BRIDGE BLUE-STONE BLOCKS

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HEAT MAPPED IMAGE OF MURRAY R TO MAP THE TOPOGRAPHICAL FE

ROAD BRIDGE BLUE USED EATURES OF THE JOINTS

TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACE OF EXISTING BLUE-STONE GENERATED VIA IMAGE SAMPLING

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Further investigation into the problem - Nesting Box Invasion

HOME WRECKERS Upon further investigation into the problem, it was found that not only is there a natural shortage of tree hollows for nesting but that even when nesting boxes are provided, they can often become inhabited by invasive species such as the common starling. Even with the best intentions, the problem can often remain unaddressed when the target species is unable to roost due to invasion.

FIGURE 24 (OPPOSITE): COMMON STARLING, NEW ZEALAND BIRDS ONLINE, ACCESSED OCTOBER 5TH FROM HTTP://NZBIRDSONLINE.ORG. NZ/SPECIES/COMMON-STARLING FIGURE 25 (RIGHT): COMMON MYNA, BIRDS IN BACKYARDS. ACCESSED OCTOBER 5TH, 2018 FROM: HTTP:// WWW.BIRDSINBACKYARDS.NET/ SPECIES/STURNUS-TRISTIS FIGURE 26 (BOTTOM RIGHT): COMMON BLACKBIRD, FLICKR. ACCESSED OCTOBER 5TH FROM: HTTPS://WWW.FLICKR.COM/ PHOTOS/NOUKORAMA/7232309822

It is the aim of the design proposal to address the issue of home invasion by providing client specific safeguards to ensure the kingfisher is the primary beneficiary of the scheme

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Conceptual Idea - Access Panel In response to the issue of home invasion, we have developed the idea of adopting a image sampled access panel to safe to safeguard the nest from other species until the kingfisher takes up roost. Nests are rearely taken over oncce established by another animal so the intial safeguard is critical. The access panel would be perforated to a porosity leveel that would allow only the sacred kingfisher to enter the hollow by using ts beak as it would for a termite mound

DENSE IMAGE WAS SELECTED TO PROVIDE ENTRY POINT FOR THE SACRED KINGFISHER

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REFERENCE PLANE OF THE SAMPLING SC

E ENTRY DISCS PRIOR TO IMAGE CRIPT BEING APPLIED

IMAGE SAMPLER IS APPLIED TO CREATE WEAKNESSES IN THE MATERIAL AND ALLOW ONLY THE SACRED KINGFISHER TO ACCESS THE HOLLOW

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Technique Proposal 1 Pseudo Keystone The intention for proposal 1 is to generate a rationalized form of the initial proposal with greater emphasis focussed on the kingfishers programmatic needs. The Murray road bridge will be used a key driver in the form and aesthetic of the proposal and with the historical significance in mind, the design will aim to deliver an abstracted Pseudo Keystone .

The keystone will be a sculptural addition to the bridge that will aim to compliment the rustication and monumentality of the structure whilst providing a nesting hollow and perching ledge for the Sacred Kingfisher

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This iteration was chosen for its sculptural form. Simialr to species 3, iteration 4, the simplicity of the proposal is its strength and the basic form echoes the natural tendancy of the kingfisers form generation. Concerns do arise however with the long elogated forms that do not immediately offer direct advantages to the kingfsher unless they can be altered to provide a perch

A clumping type iteration, the form of this proposal is much denser than the other chosen iterations. if the internal planes can be removed to delineate the sace and provide easy entry into the differnet nodes there could be some potential for some intersting and constrasting internal niches

CRITERIA DESIGN

Species #3

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One of the more regulated iterations that was generated, this proposal provides a large, uniterupted internal space that will work well withthe kingfishers natural tendancy to hollow out internal spaces.

There is enough undulation in the form as well to provide a sturdy footing for the kingfisher

Distinctly different to the other iterations, this form is much more dynamic and eclectic than the other chosen iterations. Although its form holds unigque characteristics, its elogated form may present difficulties in housing the multiple younglings of the sacred kingfisher

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Intended Assembly Process The envisioned construction process involves breaking the proposals form down into panels for ease of assembly and having each panel CNC milled to allow surface qualities to be installed that echo the bluestone of the Murray road bridge. The diagram shown opposite demomstrates the way in which the form will be broken down into panels

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

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IMAGE SAMPLING IS USED TO CREATE A WEAK ENTRY PANEL THAT THE KINGFISHER CAN BREAK WITH ITS BEAK TO ALLOW ENTRY AND PREVENT OTHER HOLLOW DWELLING ANIMALS FROM ESTABLISHING THE INITIAL NEST

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Issues with Assembly Detailed investigation into the assembly of the proposal has revealed several potential issues that need to be considered prior to developing the design further. Firstly, the are hundreds of small parts within one of the simpler iterations that simply cannot be fabricated due to the scale. Further to this, the complex junctions will prove difficult to achieve due to the CNC 3 axis restriction.

Many mitres would be required to facilitate clean junctions however this would mean the application of the blue stone image sampler script to the external faces could not be implemented due to the restrictions on flip milling.

IMAGE SAMPLED ACCESS PANEL One positive to come out of this was the exploration of the idea that a image sampled access panel could be used to safeguard the nest from other species ntil the kingfisher takes up roost. THe access panel would be perforated to a degree that would allow only the sacred kingfisher to enter the hollow by using ts beak as it would for a termite mound

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Technique Proposal 2 - Jika Jika The term Jika Jika was the original named for division K in pentridge prison and is the traditional indigenous name for the Preston Area. The intention for the design is for it to abstract the form of a typical nesting box while providing maximum security to the Sacred kingfisher and ensuring foreign invaders do not populate the nest prior to the introduction of the kingfisher. The proposal will accommodate the kingfisher through the rich internal texture that replicates the natura conditions of a termite mound to provide familiarity whilst the external skin will visually assimilate into the existing bridge through the image sampling script previously developed. The backing panel will adopt the same image sampled backing panel that proposal 1 adopted to enable the proposal to be installed without destructive methods

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With larger undulations than species 1, iteration 3, this proposal also captures the balance of density and dispersion. The repetition however of the waves does result in the same left of variation that species 1, iteration 3 demonstrates which would be its main draw back

Demonstrating a much denser level of patterning than the rest of the iterations, those in species 4 provide an interesting visual element.

With this being said, the lack of depth in the waves will fail to alter the spatial arrangement of the internal form which is important for shelter and programmatic needs of the kingfisher

The early iteration that were demonstrated in species 1 demonstrated a good blend of density and dispersion.

It was difficult to reach a balance between these two elements however i feel that this iteration demonstrated this best. This is desirable as too far one way or the other and either functionality or program is affected

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Species #8

Species #12

Species #10

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In stark contrast to the dense for of species 4, iteration 1, this proposal scale the number of waves back as far as possible as projects 2 differing modules. These forms are possibly the most interesting in terms of their effect on the spatial arrangement of the internal form however they present the greatest challenge in terms of fabrication

Using the MD slider removed the rigid pattern based generation of the previous iterations and allowed for more organic forms to be explored. This was highly successful as it allowed the spatial alterations of species 8 to be blended with the flexibility of species 4 to produce a well rounded proposal

This proposal offered more undulations that of species 12, iteration 4. Again, many of the forms explored using the MD slider appeared to be fairly successful for use in the internal space but they must have the ability to work in and out of each to manipulate the space. The concern with iterations similar to this one is that the extra quantities of surface variation may cause clashes between geometries

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Combining Successful Iterations

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

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Technique Proposal 2 - Final Form

IMAGE SAMPLED BACKING PANEL FOR ADHESION

TERMITE TRAIL INTERNAL CONDITION

E X TERNAL ABSTRACTION OF FORM

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

PERFORATED ENTRY PANEL TO PREVENT INVASIVE SPECIES FROM ESTABLISHNG THE NEST

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Form Finding Design Process Diagram External Form XZ Plane Rectangle height

Rectangle

Boundary Surface

Divide surface

Rectangle width

Populate 3D

Pull point

Multiplication

Unit Y

Strength of waves Number of waves Seed count Depth of waves

Internal Form

Strength of dispersion

XZ Plane Rectangle

Boundary Surface

Point Evaluate surface

Rectangle height Rectangle width

Divide Surface

Number of surface points

Strength of dispersion

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Extrusion depth

Brep join

Move

Unit Y Move

Surface from points

Closest point

Distance

Brep edges

Scale

Join Curves

Line SDL Unit Y

Loft

Weave

End points

Point

Surface from Points

Graft Tree Division

Strength of division

PROJECT PROPOSAL

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Termite Trail Design Process Diagram

Curve

Boundary Surface

Mesh

On mesh

Multiplication factor

Curve

Divide Curve Length

List Item

Polyline

Explode

Strength of dispersion

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Multiplication

Merge

Multiplication

Sphere Collide

Interpolate

Pipe

Kangaroo Solver

Pipe radius Length [kangaroo]

Algorithm reset

Capped ends = round

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Image Sampling Design Process Diagram

Curve U count

Boundary Surface

Mesh Surface

Deconstruct Mesh

V count

Deconstruct

Bounds

Remap Numbers Construct point

Bounds

Remap Numbers

Image sampler Bounds

Panel

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Construct Mesh

Shift Pattern

Panel

Remap Numbers

Shift Pattern

Replace Nulls

Panel

Combine Data

Replace Nulls

Smaller than

Domain start Domain end

Bounds

Domain end

Negative

Amplitude

Move

Remap Numbers

Z

Amplitude

Move

Construct Domain

Bounds Domain start

Remap Numbers

Construct Domain

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Intended Assembly Process The envisioned construction process involves having the proposal constructed from a number of individually CNC milled panels largely due to the restrictions on flip milling meaning at least one side must be flat. Each panel will be CNC milled to allow surface qualities to be instilled that echo the blue-stone of the Murray road bridge and the termite trails that the kingfisher seeks out for food and nesting will be inscribed to the internal surface.

A final coat of paint will be applied over the timber to emulate the blue-stone. The diagram shown opposite demonstrates the way in which the form will be broken down and assembled as a series of panels

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C.2 Tectonic Elements & Prototypes

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CNC Milling & Material Selection Prior to undertaking the prototyping process, we attended a number of consultation sessions to become familiar with the opportunities and restrictions of CNC milling. As mentioned in the previous section, the largest restriction of using the CNC mill was the 3 axis restriction/ inability to flip mill. Our design largely evolved as a result of becoming familiar with the fabrication process and it became very apparent how important fabrication thinking is during the design to ensure a working solution is generated MATERIAL During the consultation sessions it was brought to our attention that the envisioned assembly process will need to be altered in order for the product to be CNC milled. The main area of concern was the depth of the sculpted forms exceeding what can reasonably be milled at the university. The largest material that can be milled is 200mm high however this would need to be manually laminated prior to milling, and the largest material being stocked being 100mm high . This lead us to change the scale of the model to 1:2 and replace the undulating surfaces from timber to XPS foam. The sides and backing panel used MDF as originally planned

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

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C.2 Prototypes & Tectonics : CNC Milled Backing Panel

After consulting with the fablab we submitted the backing panel as the first prototype for production.

We were told to scale back the level of the projections as the detail would largely be lost if it were to be milled as originally detailed. The end result is shown on the opposite spread.

Overall we were quite happy with the result of this prototype as we were concerned that no detail would be visible however it was pleasantly surprising to see a promising end result.

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We would later refine and increase the level of the projections as can be seen on the following page to try and achieve a better level of adhesion to the bluestone wall.

It is important to note that at full scale and in real life conditions, the level of projection will be dictated by the depth of mortar or any other recess in the base surface.

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Internal Condition - Termite Trail The inention for the internal surfaces of the prposal is to provide a rich internal environment that replicates the natural conditions of a termite mound but geometrically delineate the space. The delineation will not only create seperate zones for growth and rest but will also offer protetion from predators at the hollows entry. The terite script will provide familiarity and tactility providing tactility to aid the kingfishers weak legs

INSPIRATION FOR THE TERMITE SCRIPT

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DISCONTIUOUS CURVES ARE REPLPICATE THE TR

INTERPOLATE THEN PIPED TO RAIL OF A TERMITE

RENDERED TERMITE TRAIL GEOMETRY

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C.2 Prototypes & Tectonics : CNC Milled Internal Surface

The internal surface was developed using different tooling to the backing panel so it was interesting to compare and contrast the two prototypes. We had originally planned to have the trail piped and extruded over the base surface, however after speaking to the fab lab it became evident that there would be other methods that would result in a better finish. The outcome of these discussions was that a 4mm bull nose drill bit would be used to engrave the interpolated curve of the termite trail.

Overall we were very happy with the outcome of this as it created a more realistic recreation of a termites

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borehole so this would be what we would proceed with.

We chose to have an additional sample completed in MDF to determine whether it would be of more value to the adopt the termite trail on all internal surfaces at the expense of have the external faces milled however we decided against this in the end.

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C.2 Prototypes & Tectonics : Glue Lamination

Prior to undertaking the glue lamination tests we first chose to test the adhesives that we had at our disposal before we use it on our paid prototypes. This turned out to be a wise test to complete as half of the glues that were trialled proved to be destructive when used on XPS. The results showed that epoxy glues would not be suitable for use on XPS. This was valuable insight as it was marketed as having the best hold once cured. As shown in the image on the opposite spread, all of the epoxy glues ate through the XPS and must not be used for the final or any other project work. In contrast, the PVAs all performed well with the gorilla wood glue appearing

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to have the strongest hold but the bostik PVA drying clearer. One of these two will be used for lamination wok moving forward It is also work noting that the UHU glu stic was not destructive to the XPS but it did not have sufficient strength for this use

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C.2 Prototypes & Tectonics : Glue Lamination & Negative Moulds When developing the sculptural pieces it was a concern that it may be difficult to glue the irregular shapes together. this concern was reinforcced after consulting with the fab lab as they said the thin parts (namely the pieces that comprise the internal space) would bow after being milled. Not only woud this mean the parts would prove difficult to clamp together when being assembled, but that a significant ammount of force would be required to compensate for the bow in the material

IT WAS A CON CE RN TH AT IT MAY B E DIFFICU LT TO G LUE TH E IRRE G U L AR SH APE S TOG E TH E R. TH IS CON CE R N WAS RE INFORCCE D AF TE R CON SU LTIN G WITH TH E FA B L AB - TH E SOLU TION WAS TO CRE ATE NE G ATIVE M OU ULDS TO AL LOW CL AM PING

the concieved solution to this was to create negative moulds were the inverse mass of the sculted forms is milled to male and female assembly. The female piece of the negative mould would recieve the final piece and allow a solid bloc to be temporarily formed. this block could then be clamped and glue laminated. the intention for this solution is to remove the bow in the material and ensure sufficient bond is achieved between the feature pieces of the assembly

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THE DOUBLE SIDED CNC MILLED PANEL WILL PROVE DIFFICULT TO LAMINATE - TO COUNTER THIS, NEGATIVE MOULDING CAN BE IMPLEMENTED

PROJECT PROPOSAL

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Pre-lamination Prior to laminating the bow in the panels was quite evident and it was obvious something needed to be done to rectify the material

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Post-lamination Although the result post lamination was not perfect it resolved the major issue of the parts having little contact through the centre. The end result was sturdy overall was positive. Given the results, the negative moulds will again be used for the final model

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Prototype Analysis & Post-Prototype Adjustments Following the completion of the prototypes there were a number of successful outcomes that were achieved. The process highlighted a number of areas where improvements could be made and where mistakes could be avoided. These include identification of material restrictions which lead to the change to XPS foam, identification of suitable glue types for lamination, identifying material problems such as bowing, and developing methods to counter material problems through negative moulds. In addition to this, it also reinforced the design decisions for the image sampling and termite rail. Without the prototyping process the design would have been unresolved in multiple areas and potential

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C.3 Final Detail Model

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COMPONENTS Components are laid out for ease of identification and to identify the assembly process

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TOOLS Tools are organized for construction - these include 2No. F-clamps, gorilla wood glue, 80 grit sandpaper and 120 grit sandpaper

PROJECT PROPOSAL

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TRIMMING After milling, many of the edges were raw and needed to be cut back rior to sanding.

This was completed using a stanley knife

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SANDING After edges were trimmed, sanding was completed to ensure a neat and consistent finish is achieved once clad with the MDF

PROJECT PROPOSAL

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GLUE APPLICATION TO XPS Minor sanding was completed to the backing face of the XPS to ensure a good bond is achieved prior to glue being applied

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GLUE APPLICATION TO XPS Glue was applied at 25mm increments to ensure good coverage is achieved - care was taken to ensure overflow was controlled and managed (this can be a messy process)

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NEGATIVE MOULDS Negative moulds were put it place to laminate the pieces and ensure bowing is minimised

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SPACERS Spacers were used to elevate the blocks to allow excess glue to drip to the underside

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GLUE APPLICATION TO MDF Once the sculptural pieces are laminated, the external MDF panels can be applied. Care needs to be taken to ensure adequate glue is provided to the panel edges

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GLUE APPLICATION TO MDF In addition t applying Glue to the MDF panels edge, glue was priarily applied to the XPS

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ASSEMBLY OF MDF PANELS The sides are put in place first, followed by the bottom panel. For the purposes of inspection, the top panel will not be fixed

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C.4 Final Presentation Outcomes The following points contain a summary of the feedback received during the final presentation: 1. Research into the client, site and unique characteristics of the sacred kingfisher were well executed however the proposal appeared to be an amalgamation of too many algorithmic techniques – can it be simplified? Which strategies carried more weight and how can the most effective strategies be maximized? Can alternative programs to nesting be explored to free up explorations into different form?

2. Although the research into CNC milling was well thought out, it appears the fabrication method has impeded the development of the design concept and the result is essentially a box – can alternative fabrication methods result in better outcomes 3. The proposal to render or paint the external faces of the nesting hollow did not seem consistent with the intent for the project – this should be re-evaluated with and substituted with a more suitable system

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Responding to the feedback In response to the feebdack the following strategies will be put in place: 1. The image sampled entry disc will be removed from the design to focus on the conceptual idea of stone and mortar adhesion and the sacred kingfishers relationship to the termite.

2. The proposal will be fabricated using laser cut segments to allow the organic form of the sculptual pieces to establish the main geometry of the proposal 3. A programmatic focus will be placed up perching and hunting rather than roosting to explore different internal systems 4. The external system will adopt a charred finish in lieu of paint to provide greater assimilation within the environment

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Design Process Diagram

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Intended Assembly Process The intended assembly process for the revised proposal is to construct it from a series of laser cut segments to allow the organic form to be achieved.

The visible external edges of the proposal will be charred to blend within the bushland environment and provide natural contrast to the bluestone of the Murray road bridge.

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C.4 Learning Outcomes The design project considerably increased my knowledge of the theoretical field of algorithmic design and taught me a lot about the practice and implementation of parametric design within architectural discourse. Not only did I learn how to develop, implement and refine a brief that integrates parametric tools, but the explorations that were completed both in the design journal and algorithmic sketchbook allowed me to investigate the breadth of opportunities that digital design affords architects. The process of problem analysis, iterative exploration, and solution computing all helped to develop responses to the brief and consultation with the tutors helped to resolve the functionality of the design.

The work completed in both part B and Part C of the journal, combined with the weekly exercises and additional explorations that were collated in the sketchbook, allowed me to develop an ability to generate a broad variety of design iterations. Ultimately these exercises allowed me to explore a number of design options for the final project and refine the final outcome with these newly acquired skills.

These iterations helped me to develop my skills in three-dimensional media which, to be honest, were almost nonexistent prior to undertaking the subject. The design task and prototyping process also allowed me to become familiar with the fabrication tools that are available at the university and in the industry more broadly.

Importantly, the fabrication and prototyping process developed my understanding of how to translate a digital design into concrete reality. This highlighted how critical it is to know and understand the opportunities and restrictions of a chosen construction method when designing as this really restricted my early work in part C. The presentations and critiques supported my ability to think critically about design and refined my capacity to make a case for my proposals. The feedback from the interim submission significantly shaped our approach to the Part C design and it was the Iterative discussion of the design problems and feedback that allowed me to enhance and reinforce our design concepts. The scrutiny of the critiques, although hard to grapple at times, were valuable in developing a stronger proposal and pushed me outside of my comfort zone to explore unknown and more successful solutions The precedent studies completed in part A allowed me to develop a foundational knowledge of parametric design, algorithmic thinking and become familiar with the way in which computational geometry and programming is becoming integrated with modern practice. I found these studies fascinating and was exited to see the way in which design is being pushed forward with digital design.

Personally, I feel I have made significant strides in many areas this semester including digital design, fabrication knowledge and presentation skills. I have not only established a base level of understanding of grasshopper and algorithmic design, but I have started to refine my skills with other design software to better communicate my design ideas. This, in combination with the breadth of digital tools that were mentioned earlier, have expanded my knowledge in what I will consider one of the more challenging, but rewarding units I have completed.

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References - Part A Dunne, A. (2013). Speculative everything : design, fiction, and social dreaming . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

Fry, T. (2009). Design futuring : sustainability, ethics and new practice.

Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.

Kalay, Y. E. (2004). Architecture’s new media : principles, theories, and methods of computer-aided design. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Kestelier, B. P. (2013). Computation works : the building of algorithmic thought. Chichester : John Wiley & Sons.

Kolarevic, B. (2003). Architecture in the digital age : design and manufacturing . New York, NY: Spon Press.

Landscape Architecture Magazine. (2016, November). Retrieved August 9th, 2018, from HTTPS://www.barangaroo.com/see-and-do/the-stories/sandstone-spectacular/ Oxman, R. O. (2014). Theories of the digital in architecture. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York: Routledge.

References - Part B A sustainable world already exists. Biomimicry institute 2018. Accessed august 15th, 2018 from HTTPS://biomimicry. org/what-is-biomimicry Edithvale Seaford Wetlands Discovery Centre, 2018. Accessed August 29th from HTTPS://www.mvsarchitects.com. au/doku.php?id=home:projects:edithvale_wetlands_centre Pohl, g., & nachtigall, w. (2015). Biomimetics for architecture & design : nature--analogies--technology. Cham : springer, 2015.

Sacred Kingfisher, Birds in backyards 2018. Accessed August 22nd from http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/ Todiramphus-sanctus The Morning Line, Aranda Lasch 2018. Accessed August 22nd from http://arandalasch.com/works/the-morningline/

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References - Part C Kalay, Y. E. (2004). Architecture’s new media : principles, theories, and methods of computer-aided design. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Sacred Kingfisher, Birds in backyards 2018. Accessed August 22nd from http:// www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Todiramphus-sanctus

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Image Credits - Part A Figure 1: Golding D, Designing Environments Final Presentation, 2016.

Figure 2: Golding D, Design Studio Earth Final Presentation, 2017.

Figures 3-6: Landscape Architecture Magazine. (2016, November). Retrieved August 9th, 2018, from HTTPS://www. barangaroo.com/see-and-do/the-stories/sandstone-spectacular/ Figure 7 : Archigram, Walking City. 1964. Retrieved August 3rd, 2018 from http://www.archigram.net/projects_pages/ walking_city_5.html Figures 8-13 : International Terminal Waterloo. Grimshaw Global. Retrieved August 4th, 2018 from HTTPS://grimshaw. global/projects/gallery/?i=227&p=93001_N149 Figures 13-15 : Elytra Filament Pavilion, Achim Menges. Retrieved August 3rd, 2018 from http://www.achimmenges. net/?p=19693 Figure 16 : National Library of Israel, Herzog De Meuron. Retrieved August 5th, 2018 from HTTPS://www. herzogdemeuron.com/index/projects/complete-works/426-450/426-national-library-of-israel/image.html Figures 17-20 : Serpentine Summer House 2016, Barkow Leibinger. Retrieved August 5th, 2018 from HTTPS://www. archdaily.com/790032/serpentine-summer-house-barkow-leibinger/576a8629e58ecec7870000d7-serpentinesummer-house-barkow-leibinger-concept

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Image Credits - Part B Figure 1: Volta Dome by Skylar Tibbits. Voltadom by Skylar TibbitsAccessed August 15th, 2018 from HTTPS:// www.arch2o.com/voltadom-by-skylar-tibbits-skylar-tibbits/ Figures 2, 3 & 4: The Morning Line- Aranda Lasch. arandalasch.com. Accessed August 15th, 2018 from http:// arandalasch.com/works/the-morning-line/ Figures 5, 6, & 7: Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands Discovery Centre by Minifie van Schaik Architects. Accessed August 31st, 2018 from: HTTPS://architectureau.com/articles/with-all-the-views/ Figure 8: Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands Discovery Centre facade panel. Access August 31st, 2018 from: HTTPS:// fabulouslyfabricated.wordpress.com/2011/05/04/panel-stop-ends/ Figure 9: D. Golding, 2018, Reverse Engineered Product Figure 10: Sacred Kingfisher (January 2016). Retrieved August 31st from HTTPS://www.barraimaging.com.au/ BIRD-FAMILIES-OF-THE-WORLD/Tinamous-To-Parrots/Kingfishers-Family-Alcedinidae/Sacred-KingfisherTodiramphus-/i-p5qhVGt/A Figure 11: Sacred Kingfisher Forum, Birds in backyards, accessed July 31, 2018. http://www.birdsinbackyards. net/forum/Sacred-KingfisherSingle-mum-single-chick Figures 3-6: Landscape Architecture Magazine.

(2016, November). Retrieved August 9th, 2018, from HTTPS://www.barangaroo.com/see-and-do/the-stories/ sandstone-spectacular/

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Image Credits - Part C Figure 1: Sacred Kingfisher, Laurie Ross 2018, Retrieved October 5th from: Https://Laurieross.Com.Au/Border_ Galleries/Kingfishers-Tree-Kingfishers/# Figure 2: Kingfisher In Flight, Flickriver. 2018. Retrieved October 1st from: Https://Www.Flickriver.Com/Photos/ Ianrmc/369550702/ Figures 3 - 7: The Story Behind My Tv Kingfisher Film, Robert E Fuller 2018. Retrieved October 6th from: Figure 8: Sacred Kingfisher, Barra Imaging 2018. Retrieved October 6th From: Https://Www.Barraimaging.Com. Au/Bird-Families-Of-The-World/ Tinamous-To-Parrots/Kingfishers-Family-Alcedinidae/Sacred-KingfisherTodiramphus-/I-P5qhvgt/A Figure 9: Sacred Kingfisher, Todiramphus Sanctus, Australian Museum, Accessed July 31, 2018. From: Https:// Australianmuseum.Net.Au/Sacred-Kingfisher-Todiramphus-Sanctus Figure 10: Sacred Kingfisher, Birds In Backyards, Accessed July 31, 2018 From: Http://Www.Birdsinbackyards.Net/ Species/Todiramphus-Sanctus Figure 11: Sacred Kingfisher Forum, Birds In Backyards, Accessed July 31, 2018. From: Http://Www.Birdsinbackyards.

Net/Species/Todiramphus-Sanctus Figure 12: Sacred Kingfisher Displaying Its Food, Flickr 2018. Retrieved October 6th From: Https://Www.Flickr.Com/ Photos/Myeyespies/10815799946/In/Pool-1402983@N21 Figure 13: Sacred Kingfisher, Flickr 2018. Retrieved October 6th From: Https://Www.Flickr.Com/Photos/ Arris91/4113745912/In/Photostream/ Figure 14: Birds Of Australia: The Sacred Kingfisher, No-Award 2018. Retrieved October 6th From: Https://No-Award.

Net/2016/06/30/Birds-Of-Australia-The-Sacred-Kingfisher/ Figure 15: The Sacred Kingfisher Calls A Termite Mound Home, Maitland Mercury. Retrieved October 6th From: Https://Www.Maitlandmercury.Com.Au/Story/5257230/Very-Relaxed-Kingfisher/ Figure 16: Sacred Kingfisher Feeding Young At Their Nest, Bushpea 2018. Retrieved October 6th From: Http://Www. Bushpea.Com/Bd/Pg/All/S/Sacred%20kingfisher%2004.Html Figure 17: Sacred Kingfisher – I’m Out Of Here, Dpreview.Com Retrieved October 6th From: Https://Www.Dpreview.

Com/Forums/Thread/3699009 Figure 18: Sacred Kingfisher, What-When-How, Accessed July 31, 2018 From: Http://What-When-How.Com/Birds/ Sacred-Kingfisher-Birds/ Figure 19: ¬¬Termite Trails, Termiterigokeru 2018. Retrieved Ocotber 7th From: Http://Termiterigokeru.Blogspot.

Com/2017/08/Termite-Trails.Html

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Figure 20: Sacred Kingfisher, Barra Imaging 2018. Retrived October 6th From: Https://Www.Barraimaging.Com. Au/Bird-Families-Of-The-World/Tinamous-To-Parrots/Kingfishers-Family-Alcedinidae/Sacred-KingfisherTodiramphus-/I-P5qhvgt/A Figure 21: Merri Creek Locatedat Jacksons Reserve, Coburg, Vic. Photographed By D. Golding, September 26th, 2018 Figure 22: Bridge Over Merri Creek, Victorian Heritage Register. Accessed September 23rd from: Http://Vhd. Heritagecouncil.Vic.Gov.Au/Places/3733/Download-Report Figure 23: Bridge Over Merri Creek, Victorian Heritage Register. Accessed September 23rd from: Http://Vhd. Heritagecouncil.Vic.Gov.Au/Places/3733/Download-Report Figure 24: Common Starling, New Zealand Birds Online, Accessed October 5th from Http://Nzbirdsonline.Org.Nz/ Species/Common-Starling Figure 25: Common Myna, Birds In Backyards. Accessed October 5th, 2018 from: Http://Www.Birdsinbackyards.Net/ Species/Sturnus-Tristis Figure 26: Common Blackbird, Noukorama/7232309822

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