NJASK 321 Review

NJASK 321 Review Earth Structure Overview 3 Things I Learned • Earth has a very narrow temperature range and an atmosphere of mostly nitrogen • Surface is made of tectonic plates • Flowing metal creates a magnetic field that protects us from radiation 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Earth is the only planet where conditions are suitable for life • The mantle is mainly liquid The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Earth’s structure allows life to exist Earth Composition 3 Things I Learned • The Earth was formed when atoms clumped together based on their densities • The mantle is made up of the upper and inner layer • The core is made up of the outer and inner layer 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Core is made up of mostly iron • Outer core is responsible for the magnetic field Earth has The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• The inner Earth can be separated into either the mantle and core Earth Structure 3 Things I Learned • Earth is made up of layers • Crust is divided into upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, inner core • Density going from outside to inside increases 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Most of the Earth is water • The mantle is 2/3 of the Earth’s mass The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• The Earth is made up of layers, just like the atmosphere Rock Types 3 Things I Learned • Igneous rocks come from the center of the Earth • Metamorphic rocks are created with heat and pressure • Sedimentary rocks are created with compressed sediment 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Rocks are combinations of mixtures • Meteorites are “space rocks” The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• The Earth is made up of different kinds of rocks Tectonics 3 Things I Learned • 8 major plates on Earth’s surface

• The plates that make the upper layer of the Earth is called the lithosphere • Under that layer is the asthenosphere 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • If you fit all the Earth’s continents together, you’d form Pangaea • Fossils on different continents were identical The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• The Earth is made of plates that are constantly moving Earthquakes 3 Things I Learned • Earthquakes are happening very frequently • Earthquakes release seismic waves • Focus is the exact point an earthquake started in 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • The San Andreas fault looks like a big scar • Skyscrapers don’t break because they are built to sway a little The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Earthquakes are caused because tectonic plates are moving Volcanoes 3 Things I Learned • Two main kinds; shield and composite • Shield found in middle of tectonic plates • Composite volcanoes are found in subduction zones and are shaped like cones 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Diaper passages are formed when magma flows up vents • A caldera is formed when a volcano gets hollow and collapses on itself The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Volcanoes are formed by flowing lava Atmosphere Overview 3 Things I Learned • Atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that surround the Earth • Mostly composed of nitrogen • The circulation of gases in the atmosphere is responsible for climate 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • If the Earth were larger, it would have a denser and bigger atmosphere • Without an atmosphere, our world would be barren The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• The atmosphere is composed of gases and influences our lives in many ways Atmosphere Composition 3 Things I Learned • Made of oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide • Ozone layer protects Earth from radiation • Troposphere is only layer that can sustain life 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Mesosphere is the coldest layer • Most pollution collects in troposphere

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• Atmosphere is composed of many gases Atmosphere Temperature I 3 Things I Learned • Temperature of air is caused by a combination of air, water and land together • Temperature varies with time of day, season, and year • When weather people talk about temperatures, they are talking about the mean 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Land absorbs more heat than water • El Nino brings warm Pacific water to the western coast of the USA The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Many factors affect temperature, and the world is interconnected Motion 3 Things I Learned • The physics of motion is all about forces • Velocity is the speed of an object and its direction • Acceleration is a change in rate of motion (distance over time) 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Examples of complex movements are curved The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Motion is the change in a stationary object’s position Forces 3 Things I Learned • Force exerted by ground is called normal force • Unit of force is Newton • Force vector describes an amount of force applied on a certain direction 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Small masses exert small forces • F=ma The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Forces are everywhere and are fundamentals of physics Vectors 3 Things I Learned • A vector is a quantity with magnitude (direction) and size • Scalars have values but need no direction. E.g temperature, mass, energy • A force vector describes a specific amount of force and its direction 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Vectors are drawn as arrows • The resultant vector is the final line drawn from the starting to end point The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Vectors describe magnitude (direction) and size and are important in physics Laws of Motion 3 Things I Learned • First law says objects in rest tend to stay in rest, objects in motion tend to stay in motion with same direction and speed

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Second law says that acceleration of an object produced by a net (total) force is directly related to the magnitude (size) of the force. F=ma • Third law says that for every reaction, there is an opposite and equal reaction 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Example of 3rd law; when a cannonball fires, an equal and opposite force pushes the cannon backwards • In space, you could stay stationary forever until something pushed or pulled you The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Newton’s Laws of Motion are 3 fundamental laws about the motion of matter Energy of Motion 3 Things I Learned • Kinetic energy is energy of motion • Potential energy is stored energy because of position and arrangement of object • Anything that is elastic can store energy 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Energy has no direction • Potential and kinetic energy can be applied to save lives The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• If you apply force to an object, you may change its energy Velocity & Acceleration 3 Things I Learned • Velocity is rate of motion in a specific direction • Acceleration is a change in rate of motion • Instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a specific point in time 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Gravity has a constant acceleration on Earth • Speed alone is not a useful piece of information The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Velocity is a vector, speed isn’t Momentum 3 Things I Learned • Momentum is conserved in a closed system • Momentum=mass * velocity • In an inelastic collision, some energy will be lost as heat, sound or light 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Small objects can have a lot of momentum • If velocity is zero, so is momentum The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Momentum is another vector measurement Friction 3 Things I Learned • Only solid objects experience friction, but liquids and gases do provide friction • Liquids get less viscous when they are heated • Coefficient of friction measures how easily one object moves in relation to other 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting

• There is less friction in your joints than in Teflon • Cars hydroplane when they go too fast on puddles of water The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Friction is a force that holds back the movement of a sliding object Gravity 3 Things I Learned • Every object with mass exerts a gravitational force on every other object • Although gravity is constant, air resistance can slow a free falling object • Gravity and inertia keeps planets in orbit 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Two different objects would fall at the same rate in a vacuum • Moon has the same gravitational pull regardless of phase The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Gravitational forces are forces of attraction Work 3 Things I Learned • W=f * d • Work transfers energy from one object to another • When scientists measure the work done in a system by gases, they look at the system in the beginning and end 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Looking at a computer screen is not work b/c nothing is moving • If you compress a balloon, you do work and transfer energy to inside of balloon The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Work is done when a force applied to an object causes it to move Electricity and Magnetism Overview 3 Things I Learned • Protons have positive charge, electrons have negative charge • Batteries form direct currents (constant stream of charges in one direction) • Household electricity forms alternating currents (charges move in one direction for very short time and reverse direction) 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Lightning is mainly electrons • There are three kinds of lightning The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Electricity is related to charges Charges 3 Things I Learned • Friction is one way to separate charges • Static electricity is charges that stay put • The study of electricity where charges aren’t moving is called electrostatics 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Static charges build up into clouds until they can’t hole more (lightning occurs) • A Van DeGraff generator spins and deposits positive charges

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• The movement and distribution of electrons is the fundamental of charges Conductors 3 Things I Learned • Ionic conductors have a lot of floating ions (charged atoms) • A flow of electrons is called a current • Electric forces describe attractions and repulsions 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Carbon is a good non-metallic conductor • The greater the charge, the greater the electric force The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Conductors are materials that allow electricity to flow more easily Electric Fields 3 Things I Learned • A normal field is a vector represented by arrows • Things are more complicated in electric fields; some particles repel and attract • Any charge that enters the field will feel something (Newton’s 3rd Law) 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • Physicists decided they would always use positive charges to determine direction • A field vector shows the direction of the effect of the object entering the field The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• An electric field describes the funky area near any electrically-charged object Magnetic Fields 3 Things I Learned • • • 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • • The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Current 3 Things I Learned • • • 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • • The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Resistance 3 Things I Learned •

• • 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • • The Big Idea About My Topic is..

• Magnets 3 Things I Learned • • • 2 Things I Thought Were Interesting • • The Big Idea About My Topic is..

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