Tópicos Atuais em Gramados III

Tópicos Atuais em Gramados III

FEPAF - Fundação de Estudos e Pesquisas Agrícolas e Florestais

Organizadores Clarice Backes Leandro José Grava de Godoy Caroline de Moura D’Andréa Mateus Alessandro José Marques Santos Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas Mauricio Roberto de Oliveira

Tópicos Atuais em Gramados III

FEPAF - Fundação de Estudos e Pesquisas Agrícolas e Florestais

Tópicos atuais em gramados III

Copyright © Tópicos Atuais em Gramados III 1ª edição 2012 Tiragem: 400 exemplares

Capa Colorau Comunicação e Design

Projeto gráfico e diagramação Diagrama Editorial

FEPAF

Fundação de Estudos e Pesquisas Agrícolas e Florestais Unesp Campus de Botucatu Lageado.

Fazenda Experimental Lageado s/nº 18.603-970 Botucatu SP Brasil Tel.: (14) 3882-7373 fepaf@fca.unesp.br www.fepaf.org.br

Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela seção técnica de aquisição e tratamento da informação, serviço técnico de biblioteca e documentação. Unesp - fca, botucatu, lageado (sp).

S612t

Simpósio sobre Gramados (6. : 2012 : Botucatu) Tópicos Atuais em Gramados III, Botucatu, 15 e 16 de

maio de 2012 / organizadores: Clarice Backes ... [et al.], ;

Fundação de Estudos e Pesquisas Agrícolas e Florestais.

Botucatu : FEPAF ; UNESP/FCA, 2012

208 p. : il. color., gráfs., tabs.

Inclui bibliografia

Textos em português, textos em inglês ISSN 2177-5583

1. Gramíneas. 2. Gramados. 3. Plantas – Reguladores. 4.

Gramíneas – Adubos e fertilizantes. 5. Gramíneas – Doenças e

pragas. 6. Campos de futebol. 7. Gramíneas – Solos. 8. Erva

daninha – Controle. I. Backes, Clarice. II. Godoy, Leandro José

Grava de. III. Mateus, Caroline de Moura D’Andréa. IV. Santos,

Alessandro José Marques. V. Villas Bôas, Roberto Lyra. VI.

Oliveira, Mauricio Roberto de. VII. Fundação de Estudos e

Pesquisas Agrícolas e Florestais. VIII. Universidade Estadual

Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Campus de Botucatu). Faculdade

de Ciências Agronômicas. IX. Tópicos Atuais em Gramados (3 :

2012 : Botucatu) X. VI SIGRA. CDD 23.ed. (633.2) (635.9647)

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Sumário

Apresentação 7 Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization of turfgrasses Elizabeth Guertal and Kevin Frank

8

Adubação nitrogenada, fosfatada e potássica para gramas Elizabeth Guertal and Kevin Frank

39

Growth regulators and weed control on lawns Scott McElroy

64

Reguladores de crescimento e controle de plantas em gramados Scott McElroy

71

Balanço do projeto Grama Legal Paula Arigoni

80

Soccer fields for the World Cup 2014 Maristela Kuhn and Richard Hayden

91

Campos de futebol para a Copa do Mundo de 2014 Maristela Kuhn

95

Implementos para descompactação do solo na produção de gramas 100 Alessandro José Marques Santos, Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas, Clarice Backes e Carlos Antonio Gamero Pragas em gramados: cupim, paquinha, formigas e cochonilhas de raiz 111 Luiz Carlos Forti e Nádia Caldato 5

Tópicos atuais em gramados III

Tendência mundial do mercado de gramas: manejo e uso das espécies 133 Roberto Guerra Amaral Gurgel

6

Repensando a adubação para greens de campo de golfe Caroline de Moura D’Andréa Mateus, Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas e Leandro José Grava de Godoy

148

Controle de “Mini-Ring” em Grama Bermuda Fábio do Nascimento Silva

164

Composição e uso de campos esportivos Philipe Carvalho Ferreira Aldahir

175

Irrigação em gramados ornamentais Luiz Vitor Crepaldi Sanches

185

Manutenção em gramados ornamentais Haroldo Andrade Sampaio

192

Uso de gramados no paisagismo Gustaaf Winters

201

Apresentação

Em 2003, incentivado por profissionais do setor, professores e alunos da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – UNESP, organizou-se o I SIGRA – Simpósio Sobre Gramados. Nove anos se passaram e chega-se a 6ª edição.

A continuidade deste evento pode ser atribuída ao crescimento da cadeia produtiva de grama e a necessidade de informações técnicas e científicas ligadas aos seus diversos segmentos.

Nesta edição, o SIGRA edita o livro Tópicos Atuais em Gramados III, que traz a memória das palestras apresentadas, como forma de deixar registradas as informações que são grande relevância.

Alguns capítulos envolvem o conhecimento gerado no Brasil por pesquisadores e profissionais que atuam no setor e, em função da pouca literatura nacional existente, os autores descrevem no texto, muito dos conhecimentos pessoais adquiridos ao longo do tempo de trabalho e/ou em pesquisas, o que enriqueceu o conteúdo do livro.

Entre os tópicos apresentados, estão descritas as ações do Projeto Grama Legal no combate ao uso de grama sem origem e procedência no Brasil, mais do que isso, demonstram a maturidade e a seriedade que este grupo de produtores tem conduzido este trabalho, que vem produzindo frutos na cadeia produtiva de grama no país.

O conteúdo dos quatro capítulos escritos por pesquisadores e profissionais americanos, além de trazer muita informação aplicável às condições brasileiras, enfocam as tendências mundiais na área de gramados.

Um capitulo específico foi reservado para a discussão da preparação dos campos para a Copa do Mundo do Brasil de 2014. Nele será apresentado o projeto “Brasil 2014”, abordando as etapas a serem seguidas para a construção dos campos.

Por esta publicação a UNESP dá sua contribuição e reafirma a preocupação com o ensino, pesquisa e a divulgação da cadeia produtiva de grama no Brasil.

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T贸picos atuais em gramados III

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization of turfgrasses Elizabeth Guertal Professor Agronomy & Soils Auburn University Kevin Frank Associate Professor Crop and Soil Science Michigan State University

Nitrogen-Introduction Nitrogen is critical to proper establishment and management of turfgrass. Among all the essential plant nutrients that are applied, nitrogen is required in the greatest amount. Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, nucleotides, nucleic acids, hormones, and chlorophyll (MARSCHNER, 1995). Nitrogen fertilization is required to maintain a dense, persistent, and aesthetic turfgrass stand capable of withstanding numerous pest and environmental stresses (CHRISTIANS, 2004). Nitrogen fertilization affects numerous turfgrass responses including: turfgrass color; shoot density; root, rhizome, and stolon growth; high and low temperature stress; wear tolerance and recuperative ability; thatch accumulation; and carbohydrate reserves (CARROW et al., 2001). Since N is the macronutrient most routinely applied to turfgrass, there have been environmental concerns over the fate of applied N. In most cases, when N is applied judiciously and irrigation and or rainfall amounts are not excessive, N losses are minimal. Nitrogen is by far the most researched nutrient applied to turfgrass and this paper will summarize significant research findings for N and turfgrass management in the past 20 years. Later sections in this paper will discuss the other two major nutrients, P and K.

Turfgrasses and nitrogen Turfgrass species 8

Prior research determined optimal fertility requirements for commonly used turfgrass species (BEARD, 1973; WADDINGTON et al., 1992). Since

1992 researchers have evaluated nitrogen responses and refined recommendations for underutilized turfgrass species and cultivars with improved turfgrass characteristics. Nitrogen rate recommendations have been based on turfgrass performance, and environmental and economic considerations.

As defined by Carrow et al. (2001) “the fertilizer requirement for a turfgrass area is the amount of nutrient elements needed in addition to the amount supplied by the soil to provide the desired level of growth, color, or other components of turfgrass quality”. The underutilized species or species with improved turfgrass characteristics that have been researched include: Poa supina Schrad., hybrid Bluegrass (P. arachnifera Torr. X P. pratensis L.), Velvet Bentgrass (Agrostis canina L.), Buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides Nutt.

Engelm), Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), bermudagrass, zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), and Creeping Bentgrass.

Hybrid Bluegrass cultivars ‘Dura Blue’ and ‘Thermal Blue’ have been selected for heat and drought tolerance. Hybrid Bluegrass may be used as alternatives to Kentucky Bluegrass and tall fescue in warm, humid climates such as the transition zone of the United States. Teuton et al. (2007) found that 150 kg N ha-1 yr-1 was required to achieve optimum turfgrass color and quality for Dura Blue and Thermal Blue hybrid Bluegrass. Nitrogen rates higher than 150 kg ha-1 yr-1 increased turf quality in April but decreased quality in October (TEUTON et al., 2009).

Velvet Bentgrass is a very fine textured cool-season grass that was commonly used prior to Creeping Bentgrass and produced high quality putting green surfaces (MONTEITH; WELTON, 1932). Primarily used cool, moderate climates, velvet Bentgrass cultivars with improved disease resistance, drought tolerance, and wear tolerance have increased interest in this species. When velvet Bentgrass was mowed at higher mowing heights of 1.9 and 3.8 cm, N application rate of 49 kg ha-1 yr-1 produced acceptable turfgrass quality (RINEHART et al., 2005). When maintained as a putting green, ‘Vesper’ velvet Bentgrass had the best turfgrass quality, spring green-up, and greater shoot density than ‘Penncross’ or ‘L-93’ Creeping Bentgrass at 146 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (KOERITZ; STIER, 2009).

Seashore paspalum is a warm-season grass that has excellent salt and drought tolerance. As monthly N rates increased from 8.1 to 33.3 kg ha-1 Adalayd and Futurf Seashore paspalum quality improved (HENRY ­ et al.,1979). Beard et al. (1991) found that Adalayd had little response to N rates ranging from 12 to 73 kg ha-1 mo-1. Trenholm et al. (2001) evaluated

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Tópicos atuais em gramados III

the effect of 196 or 392 kg N ha-1 during a 4-mo period on two ecotypes of Seashore paspalum. The high N rate improved turf quality, color, density, and wear tolerance but had no affect on shoot growth. Kopec et al. (2007) found that SeaIsle 2000 seashore paspalum shoot counts and root weights were not influenced by N rate but leaf tissue N increased in response to increasing N rates. For SeaIsle 2000 grown in hot, arid climates managed as a putting green, tissue N concentrations of 28.5 to 29.0 g kg-1 are recommended for optimum overall turfgrass performance (KOPEC et al., 2007).

Buffalograss is a warm-season grass native to the subhumid and semiarid regions of the Great Plains (BEARD, 1973). Interest in Buffalograss is due to exceptional drought tolerance and characterization as a minimal maintenance turfgrass with reduced irrigation, fertilization, and mowing requirements. Nitrogen recommendations for Buffalograss range from 0 to 98 kg ha-1 yr-1 (DeSHAZER et al., 1991; LEUTHOLD et al., 1991). It has been reported that excessive or frequent fertilizer applications should be avoided because they encourage weed interference and have little, if any, positive effect on Buffalograss quality (DeSHAZER et al., 1991; LEUTHOLD et al., 1991; HARIVANDI; WU, 1995). Frank et al. (2004) evaluated five different N rates for their effect on Buffalograss quality, color, density, and clipping yield over a 3-yr research period. The 98 kg N ha-1 yr-1 rate sustained turfgrass quality, color, and density. The highest N rate, 195 kg ha-1 yr-1, had the highest turfgrass quality but also had the highest clipping yield (FRANK et al., 2004). Similar to the recommended N rate for Buffalograss, the warmseason utility turfgrass common carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis Chase) had acceptable turfgrass quality at 98 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (BUSH et al., 2000).

N sources

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There have been considerable research efforts to compare slow release N sources. In the turfgrass fertilizer industry the terms ‘controlled release’ and ‘slow release’ are often used interchangeably to indicate a fertilizer that releases its nutrients over time. Slow or controlled-release materials may be slow release due to their chemical manufacture, such as methylene ureas, or they may be controlled release because of a physical coating, such as with resin-coated urea products. Natural organic fertilizers, such as those made from biosolids or chicken litter are slow release because mineralization must proceed for some portion of the N to become plant available.