PRESENTATION: Running Out of Wild

RUNNING OUT OF WILD

Mitigating the effects of Transport Systems on Wildlife Movement and Ecosystem Connectivity A study of Nairobi National Park and the Standard Gauge Railway Bitran, 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS I) INTRODUCTION & METHODOLOGY Methodology Location II) BACKGROUND CONTEXT National Park Functions Standard Gauge Railway Law & Policy Statements

III) ISSUES & QUERIES Pre-existing Problems Steinitz Framework S.W.O.T IV) STRATEGY: BIO CULTURAL DIVERSITY APPROACH Objectives Management Activities Education, Film & Corridor Surveillance Sanctuary Expansion and Tree Planting V) CONCLUSIONS & SUPPLEMENTARY RECOMMENDATIONS Potential Impacts Funding and Stakeholders Implementation Timescale REFERENCES

VISION A healthy bio culturally diverse park in which people can feel satisfied with its status and that of the wildlife. &

MISSION Enhance Nairobi Natural Park’s wildlife corridors and promote its engagement and value to all people, helping them connect with the wildlife in the park.

I) INTRODUCTION & METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY DETERMINATION OF KEY REGULATORY AND MAINTENANCE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

SERVICE INDICATORS

Predation

Movement Patterns

Predator count Prey Count

MAPPING OF SGR CONTACTED NATURAL CAPITAL NOTE AVAILABLE NATURAL CAPITAL DELEVERING SERVICES

SUPPLEMENTARY CONSIDERATIONS Public Engagement Activity Habitat Control

Cultural Identity Predator Control

INTEGRATION Corridor Zoning and Surveillance

Sanctuary Expansion

Sanctuary Expansion

Subsidiary Strategy Proposals

Map Suggestions CORE HABITATS KEY SPECIES/ FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Open Grassland Savannah

Large

Endangered

Riverine Forest

Mammals

Highland Dry Foresrt

CONECTIVITY ANALYSIS

MAPPING OF SGR CONTACTED WILDLIFE CORRIDORS

DETERMINATION OF SUPPLEMENTARY CONSIDERATIONS

South of Park Athi Basin Dam and Mbagathi River

Provisional Shelters

Central Grassland

Application of general methodology in Nairobi National Park case study, adopted from (Liquete et al., 2015)

RANKING Core Strategy Proposals

Corridor Surveillance

Animal Orphanage for Wildlife Rehabilitation

Elephant & Rhino Sanctuary Sheldrick Wildlife Trust

Historical Site Ivory Burning Site

NAIROBI NATIONAL PARK

Predominantly urban

The only protected National Park located in a City “Bora ya Mavuno” “The Cream of the Crop”

LOCATION

II)METHODOLOGY BACKGROUND CONTEXT

Nairobi National Park Functions

© Berg, 2018

© Jeffrey Wu Photography

ENVIRONMENTAL ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

Vital carbon sink for the city Wildlife conservatory Water Source; Rivers and Dams Indigenous Species Habitat Migration Route and Grazing Land

De Souza, 2016

ECONOMIC • • • •

Revenue towards the tourism industry Employment in the tourism sector Research, education and film Special events venue: weddings, camping

SOCIO-CULTURAL • • • •

Nature-based tourism Historical Monument Ivory burning site Unique Urban National Park Big 5 Game Site

wildlifedirect.org Marchant, 2019

THE STANDARD GAUGE RAILWAY A controversial design that brings many hidden questions “Ndovu Chumbani” “The Elephant in the Room” Out of the seven proposed routes, Option 4 was the successful pick. It is made up of a series of Viaducts that allow passage and view between the east and west side of the park without hampering aircraft movements. The SGR has been acknowledged with thus having the capability of changing the movement and general behaviour of wildlife in the park.

Kenya Railway Corporations, 2016 ,p.244

Policy Protection ▪ Park listed as a Critical Endangered Ecosystem ▪ Lion Conservation Unit: National endangered specie ▪ Black Rhino Sanctuary: National critically endangered specie

Wildlife Act, 2013, sc6, p.64-65 Wildlife Act, 2013, sc11, p.78

Law/ Policy

Statement

(1) Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act. 2013 revised 2018 P39. Establishment of a Sanctuary

As the park is government property, permission is required to establish a wildlife Sanctuary. Such was the case with the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, which can use The application of this strategy in addition to this term enriches the definition by stating: Wildlife corridors are defined by the effective coherence and connection of their features of conservation value to the wider landscape. Species movement and behaviour across the landscape are not severely constrained by linear or areal features such as the SGR. Adopted from (Benson & Roe, 2007) Following the SGR development it is recommended & is suitable for: -Frequent monitoring of the SGR activity to be undertaken -Identification and management of habitats & species.

-The provision of zones & management objectives for each zone

(2) Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act. 2013 revised 2018 “corridor” means an area used by wild animals when migrating from one part of the ecosystem to another periodically.

(3) Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act. 2013 revised 2018 Fifth Schedule PART II (2) In the case of development and proposed activities

(4) Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act. 2013 revised 2018 PART V – ESTABLISHMENT OF WILDLIFE ENDOWMENT FUND Section 23 (4)

(5) Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act. 2013 revised 2018 PART XI – OFFENCES AND PENALTIES

Applicable financial criteria from Wildlife Conservation Trust Fund : - protect endangered species, habitats & ecosystems.

- develop wildlife conservation initiatives.

-manage & restore protected areas & conservancies.

-support wildlife security operations.

-facilitate community-based wildlife initiatives.

Liable mitigation and rectification responsibility from SGR development in case of: -pollution of wildlife habitat and ecosystem.

-Discharge hazardous substances or waste or oil.

METHODOLOGY III) ISSUES AND QUERIES

Pre-existing problems ▪ Poaching and illegal hunting

▪ Urbanisation: Infrastructure & Development ▪ Human-wildlife conflict ▪ Urban Waste and pollution ▪ Wildebeest migration collapse and further migration blockage ▪ Climate Change: Increased Droughts ▪ Habitat Destruction: Illegal logging ▪ Wildlife decline National Environmental Policy, 2013,p.20 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 2017, p122-123 Global Challenges Facing Wildlife | Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, 2020

Gredler, 2017

ISSUES: STEINITZ FRAMWORK QUESTIONS ARISING: Representation

How should the national park be described? What land-use exists? What is the value of the national park, the SGR, and wildlife?

Process

What SGR processes and wildlife processes need to be described and quantified? Is there enough data and understanding to model processes? What ecosystem services are provided by wildlife and/or by the SGR?

Evaluation

How do we know that the natural park is healthy? What indicators should be used? How should monitoring programmes be designed? How are the associated wildlife assets (land and water) affected by management and land use of the national park and SGR?

Change

What could be changed? What are the drivers of change?

Impact

What benefits or impacts would the changes cause?

Decision

What should be changed?

SGR IMPACT ON WILDLIFE STRENGTHS •

•

Increased tourist flow, external financial sources to park from KWS Reduced highway/road kills due to decreased travelling on roads

WEAKNESSES •

• •

Immediate vegetation loss due to construction Dispossession/ Loss of landscape and sense of place Visual and noise pollution/ Loss of landscape- aesthetic degradation

OPPORTUNITIES • • •

THREATS

Quell public cultural concerns Monitoring SGR changes to wildlife that have been caused by the introduction of underpasses Creation of a regenerative area for declining species

• • • • • •

Local species extinction Big 5 significance cultural loss Large scale rail accident Urban waste and SGR emissions into park environment Risk of introducing invasive species Expected likelihood of oil spillage

Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 2017, p122-123, 139

Flickr, 2016

KEY ISSUES EXISTING ISSUES

POTENTIAL ISSUES

▪ Aesthetic Degradation – Noise, vibration and visual impact to park.

▪ Large scale accidents by infrastructure

▪ Dispossession – Loss of sense of place, local landscape identity.

▪ Biodiversity Loss - Immediately caused encroachment into the park by clearance for construction of the SGR. Vegetation lost, sacrificed.

▪ Change of animal movement and behaviourcaused by noise, vibrations night-time linear light, and viaducts placement.

▪ Involuntary community resettlement, displacement due to animal movements

▪ Increased human-animal conflict ▪ Increased urban waste into national park. Oil, passenger waste, emissions.

Kenya Railway Corporations, 2016

METHODOLOGY IV) STRATEGY

OBJECTIVES 1. Provide a new narrative of Nairobi National Park: Redefine the identity and its purpose 2. To provide enhancement of the wildlife corridors within Nairobi Natural Park SUBSIDIARY STRATEGY

CORE STRATEGY

Phase 1

Phase 2

Corridor Surveillance and Zoning

Sanctuary Expansion

PHASE 1: CORRIDOR SURVEILLANCE AND ZONING The unusual pairing of development in a Natural Protected Site “Samaki nje ya maji” “A fish out of water” ▪

▪

Step 1: Monitor wildlife activity along the SGR, by creating surveillance hotspots Step 2: Research and Education Filming as an activity to engage communities: Case Study Safari Live

Adapted from Mutu, 2019

PROPOSED SURVEILLANCE

CORRIDORS High Lands Riverside Systems

Main Gate

Open Grass & Woodland

Surveillance Cameras along SGR SGR Safari Surveillance Key Points Existing Entrance Gates Physical Monitoring

Proposed Core Corridors

Adopted from Google Maps 2020

PROPOSED SAFARI ROUTES FILM

CORRIDORS High Lands Riverside Systems

Main Gate

Open Grass & Woodland

Terrain too steep for a path

Proposed Tracks For Filming and Camera Checks Existing Main Roads Surveillance Cameras along SGR SGR Safari Surveillance Key Points/High Frequency Existing Entrance Gates Physical Monitoring Proposed Core Corridors

Adopted from Google Maps 2020

PHASE 2: SANCTUARY EXPANSION AND TREE PLANTING Success depends on the alertness and awareness to this new circumstance “Ndege wa mapema hushika minyoo” “The early bird catches the worm” ▪ ▪ ▪

Step 1: Expansion of sanctuary to allow for wildlife tree nurseries Step 2: Visitor experience enhancement: volunteering opportunities for tree planting Step 3: To plant trees along SGR areas to blend with the environment and minimise visual impact

Adapted from Mutu, 2019

TREE PLANTING

CORRIDORS High Lands Riverside Systems Tree Nursery Nairobi Animal Orphanage Proposed Dedicated Vegetation Plantation

Tree Nursery Giraffe Centre

Open Grass & Woodland A B Opportunity Area for Tree Planting

Tree Nursery Sheldrick Wildlife Trust

Entrance Gates, transplanting feasibility

Adapted from Brody, 2010

B A

Potential Tree Nurseries New Establishments Visual Impression , Key to Area

A, B Paredes, 2015

Adopted from Google Maps 2020

MBG, 2006

V) CONCLUSIONS & SUPPLEMENTARY METHODOLOGY RECOMMENDATIONS

POTENTIAL IMPACTS

ENVIRONMENTAL Positive

Negative

▪More security over poaching ▪Improved monitoring of large mammals and migratory species ▪Monitor fire rends thus forewarn staff ▪Improved inspection of sensitive site with little interference

▪ Minimal disturbance due to setting up of cameras, and maintenance changing footage

SOCIAL Positive ▪Improved inspection on cases of humanwildlife conflict South of the park

ENVIRONMENTAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

SOCIAL

SOCIAL

Negative

Positive

Negative

Positive

Negative

Positive

Negative

Positive

▪ Risk of conflict with pastoralists and privacy concerns

▪Habitat Regeneration Reduction in visual and noise pollution ▪Air quality and Carbon absorption functions, dust dispersion reduced

▪Climate change increase: Trees in droughts, fire hazard ▪ Disturbance expected during construction phase ▪Loss of land for construction

▪Sustainable use of unfit & surplus trees as fuel for pastoralists ▪Added Value of Park in enabling greater education and engagement ▪Ecotourism activity, park tourism value & increased community conservation support ▪Employment opportunities

▪ Reduce visual animal cover for tourism game drives

▪Increased research and knowledge gained on park-Critically Endangered Status ▪More security, & discouragement over poaching ▪Improved monitoring of large mammals and migratory species ▪Ecotourism activity, online expeditions

▪Vehicular emission from game drives ▪Vehicles presence can cause disturbance in behaviour of animals

▪Added Value of Park in enabling greater and regular education and engagement on a global scale ▪Improved inspection and dialogue on cases of human-wildlife conflict South of the park ▪Employment opportunities

RECOMMENDATIONS - Keep records of variable activity on camera(monthly, quarterly, annually) - Hold public consultations and workshops on privacy concerns - Install/Replace cameras during low-peak activity

RECOMMENDATIONS - Opportunity to engage local schools, universities, and corporations in catchment area - Assessments on tree densities in cases of burning.

- Land assessments before construction

Negative ▪ Risk of conflict with pastoralists and privacy concerns ▪Rangers risk at greater risk of animal attack

RECOMMENDATIONS - Risk Analysis on filming feasibility, health and safety check on the rangers - Establish running communication methods, radios.

Funding

FUNDING & STAKEHOLDERS

TYPE OF FUNDING

KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND PARTNERS

GRANT STREAM (Restricted stream to be spent on a specification)

Government Grant: Wildlife Conservation Trust Fund To be approved and adjusted by Kenya Wildlife Service Board of Trustees

Partnership Conservation Grants Care for the Wild International, International Fund for Animal Welfare, Worldwide Fund for Nature

Available Conservation Grants Kenya Wildlife Trust

DIRECT FINANCIAL STREAM (Direct stream for flexible use within purpose of project)

Television Revenue from Filming of Park and Online Expeditions EQUITY STREAM With Liabilities Attached

PRIMARY REVENUE

Competitions and Debates on Park Proposals (Entrance Fees) -Catchment Higher Secondary School Competitions and Debates/ Entrance Fee -Competitions for Catchment Universities (8) students and Researches Entrance Fee Local Pastoralist, Tree Maintenance equity of sustainable charcoal provision

Early educational Teaching Programmes NNP Staff involvement: on tree planting, wildlife history, contemporary park matters.

LOAN (Stream expected to be repaid in future with interest) VOLUNTARY (None-monetary Contributions)

Corporate Responsibility Incentive Establish partnerships with companies to improve corporate image

Corporate Advertising Incentive Equipment and services for surveillance, product advertising

Volunteers catchment schools and universities for Tree planting: Diamond Junior, Bellevue, Hillcrest, Brookhouse, Banda (18 in walking distance)

SECONDARY REVENUE

SUBSIDIARY REVENUE

Corporate Responsibility Volunteering Resources / Services

Early Fundraising Boxes withing Park Ecotourism

IMPLIMENTATION TIME SCALE “Uwe na safari njema” “Have a good journey” Time Period (By Wet & Dry Seasons) Overall

5 months Government Briefing Assignment

1 year

1.5 years

Team Training

Training Ranger Guides and Community Volunteers Tree Planting

Stakeholder Engagement

Construction & expansion for tree Nursery areas Health & Safety Breadth Viability Studies

Workshops with responsive Schools & Universities

Nearby School & University Visits Newspapers Public Consultation

Tree Planting with Volunteers

Live Safari Staff Examination

3.5 years

4 years

AGM

Future

AGM

Stakeholder Drop Ins

Transplant trees

Tree Weeding

Focus Group with pastoralists

Volunteer Advertising

Small scale TV Interview

Web Developers Live Safari Local & Youtube Launch

Tree Hardiness off site building site Cost Analysis Failed trees community charcoal reuse

Equipment Purchase Combined Focus Groups

Feedback Report

Nursery & Primary Schools

Local Television Broadcasting Networks Fundraising

Live Safari Cast Selection

Open Dedicated Tree Building Site

Stakeholder Workshops

InterEducational Focus Groups

Other

3 years

Annual General Meetings and Annual Surveillance Report

Steering Group

Reaching Out

2.5 years

AGM

On-Going

Depth

2 years

Public Drop In-s

Transplanting 1st trees to SGR

Live Broadcasting Sectioning

Investor Lobby

Question feed

Website Launch Upgrade Surveillance Equipment

Kids programme

State of the park broadcasting

24 Hour Running

Invite Local Researchers

Invite Global Researchers

Active broadcastings, and social media engagement Children’s Competition

Wider Broadcasting

Dedicate Website Research Competitions

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