Mimarlik Magazine 1963-1972 by Didem Uyeturk

Abstract This booklet aims to make a detail analysis of Turkey’s longest-running architectural magazine, Mimarlık which means “architecture” in Turkish, between 1963 and 1972 in order to understand its importance and history. The research starts with the synthetic introduction as general and historical overviews of the magazine by highlighting the main aspects, the contributed protagonists and the most relevant changes during its publication. The structure and content analyses with the graphic demonstrations are following. Finally, the thematic analysis of the magazine is conducted upon Urbanism; which is the most debated topic in the magazine during the focused decade. In order to investigate the special attention of the magazine upon this subject, the behavior and attitude of the magazine is reviewed through analyzing the projections of the problems and criticisms, and proposals in Mimarlik; meanwhile interpreting graphic representations of the magazine and the different media tools that the editors used for expression.

School of Architecture Urban Planning and Construction Engineering History and Theory in Contemporary Architecture Academic Year 2019/2020 Prof. Gaia Caramellino Assistants: N. D. Togni, L. Vacirca, V. Casali Group 12 Tulay Seray, Uyeturk Didem, Vural Tuana

table of

contents

The DNA of the Magazine Introduction General Overview Historical Overview Historical Timeline Protagonists Relevant Figures Editorial Timeline Recurrent Authors International Figures Mentioned Structure Covers Page Layouts Type of Articles International Mentions Advertisements Fixed Sections Contents Project Typologies Recurrent Topics Article Layouts Keywords Geographical Distribution National National Field International

Thematic Analysis / The Interaction of Mimarlık with Urbanism

Introduction General Overview Historical Overview Mimarlık’s Demeanor Towards Urbanism Realizing Keywords Filtered Articles Chapter 1: Screening of the Existing Problem on the Threshold Industrialization Population Growth National Urban Strategies Unorganized Administration Social Housing Squatters’ House Chapter 2: Attempt to Enrich the Vision and Represent the Chamber aim: Constructive Suggestion aim: Criticism aim: Discourse Chapter 3: Satirical Narration via Covers viaComics via Press Conclusion The Domino Effect Effect on Mimarlık

Bibliography

102

114

The DNA of the Magazine

mimarlık

introduction

general overview

Mimarlık journal, published since 1963 by the Chamber of Architects Turkey. It is the country’s longest-running architectural journal mainly featuring news on architecture, urbanism, design and competitions. Continuity and consistency has been an important concept for the journal since the first issue, which is probably why ‘Mimarlık’ has the highest circulation in Turkey compared to other architectural journals. Mimarlık journal, which was published as 1 issue every month in the years it started, has reduced its number frequency to 6 issues per year since 1987 and is still continuing with that sequence. The number of pages vary between 20, 30 and 70 depending on the productivity throughout the decades. The journal still has a consistent approach with the initial purposes but with a wider reader profile. It appeals to the readers from professional practice, education and academic research of the profession such as architects, students and academicians. Having 1800 readers during its first act, the magazine reaches among 25.000 members of the chamber today. Mimarlık is a prominent source in the country for staying updated about the architecture sector. Starting from the beginning the magazine was free for the members of the chamber and covered its expenses with the advertisements received from companies related to the construction and architecture sector. Non-members are also able to buy the magazine with a reasonable price compared to its competitors. Mimarlık is published with a collaborative publication rationale, always has a welcoming approach for the writings of the chamber members and gives place in their issues. As mentioned in an editorial, “Mimarlık has set for itself the purpose of acting as a long-term guide and an information source to those practicing and/or studying architecture.” 1 According to an editorial of Mimarlık, the journal operated in two ways: It first represented and reflected architecture and second shaped and formed architecture. Therefore, alterations in architectural tendencies could be followed through Mimarlık. The editorial committee of volunteer architects from the chamber often consist of many influential famous Turkish architects such as Dogan Hasol, Cengiz Bektas, Bulent Ozer, Abdi Guzer, Suha Ozkan. Since the first publication, the purpose of the journal was determined to announce the voice, activities and competitions of the chamber of architects and to act as a platform for architects to express their perspectives. The topics mostly cover urbanism, education, design, structure, competitions, art. Significant worldwide projects, leading architectural approaches, informative articles and interviews, ongoing & upcoming competitions, deadlines and application procedures for national and international competitions can be reached through the magazine. The archive of magazine issues, which offers great extent of evidence among contemporary architecture in the 20th century, is easily accessed through an online platform.

Aslı Tuncer Madge, “Derginin Mutfagindan,” [From the Magazine’s Kitchen]. Mimarlik Dergisi, March-April, 2018

Publisher

chamber of architects of Turkey

Subscription

Mimarlık Journal which is Turkey’s longest-running architectural journal mainly featuring news on architecture, urbanism, design and competitions; published since 1963.

Between 1963 and 1966, Mimarlık Journal had 2 types of subscription as 6 months and annual. After 1966 till 1972, there was only annual subscription.

Director

Clients

Zafer Kocak in 1963. Levent Aksu starting from 1964 till middle of 1965. I.Hulusi Gungor from the middle of 1965 till 1966. Sedat Gurel between 1967 and middle of 1971. Maruf Onal starting from middle of 1971 till 1972.

Readers from professional practice, education and academic research of the profession such as architects, students and academicians.

Frequency

Price

Advertisements

Montly between 196572, relatively less than its regular frequency in 1963-64.

Price of journal has changed according to the years starting from 2.50 TL to 10 TL in Turkey and from 6 $ to 10 $ to abroad per issue. Mimarlık Journal is free for members.

Mimarlık Journal covered its expenses with the advertisements received from companies related to the construction and architecture sector.

Location

Executives

Uftade Street 1/3 Elmadag Istanbul between 1963-69, Gumussuyu 69-71/7 Taksim Istanbul between 1970-72.

I.Hulusi Gungor in 1963. Erol Kulaksizoglu starting from 1964 till middle of 1966. Dogan Hasol between 1965 and 1969. Onder Senyapili in 1970. Onder Kucukerman and Nihat Toydemir in 1971-72.

01 i n t r o d u c t i o n

About

mimarlık

introduction

historical overview

Early 1950s /The Marshall Plan After World War II, by continuous spread of science and technology, American impact has started to show itself dramatically in Turkey like other countries. The act of Marshall Plan initiated the ideology of imperialism and western movements. In 1956 urban transformation of Istanbul and massive urban demolitions started. Due to the current political regime some of the Ottoman remains in Istanbul were rapidly removed in sake of modernization. Turkish architects were interested in belonging to the international community, and their practices were influenced by international famous architects such as Mies Van Der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier. The period of populist modernism typically associated with the ills of rapid urbanization especially the onset of the much despised apartment boom and squatter developments. (Fig.1) The canonic Istanbul Hilton Hotel (1952-1955) (Fig.2) designed by SOM with local collaborator Sedad Hakkı Eldem, was an important milestone which initiated the modernism movement in Turkish Architecture. The distinctly American ideal found its expression in the regular grid of the buildings famous honeycomb facade. Design of the Hilton become the paradigm of Turkey’s mid-century modernism to be repeated in other hotels, offices and cooperative apartment housing. 1960s /The Military Coup The 1960 coup was one of the most important political acts in Turkey. An increasingly politicized and radicalized Chamber of Architects equated “Hiltonism”2 with cultural imperialism and argued that without addressing the ills of capitalist relations and urban land speculation through political struggle. The young generation embracing the emergent socialist views turned to define the clash in terms of class conflict. Despite the situation, in an interesting way, Turkey was productive in terms of cultural subjects and fine arts. (Fig.3) The first issue of Mimarlık was published in this decade, in 1963.

2 A prominent architect Sevki Vanli who coined the term ‘Hiltonism’ wrote in 1958:’this easy rationalist template, Cartesian honeycomb facade grid became a mainstream domestic typology to be repeated thousands of times.

01 i n t r o d u c t i o n Fig.1: Photograph of squatter area and comics about “loneliness of the individual city” shown in Mimarlık Journal

Fig.2: Istanbul Hilton Hotel

Fig.3: Issue 50, 1967 / cover, content, article pages

mimarlık

1970s /Uncontrolled Urbanization The post war period in Turkey witnessed a rapid urbanization that widely shaped the social and political environment during the 1960s and the 1970s. The industrial revolutions in construction technologies were mainly the demanding subject. (Fig.4) Due to the financial crisis in Chamber of Architects, problems occured about publishing of the journey. After 1968s actions, the alteration of the political view of the Chamber of Architects affected the contents of Mimarlık. The journal had started to produce mainly political contents. Current social and urban situations at the time were reflected through cartoons and photographs in the journal. 1980s - 90s /Attitude Shifts By Editorial Changes After the 1980 coup which was another important political act, Mimarlık paused and was getting a down-sized format. The journal had a significant communicative power between 1981 and 1989 when the number of architectural publications was limited in Turkey. During the late 80’s, a practical approach was followed which favoured publishing about architectural production in Turkey. Cover pages with drawings and abstract designs were replaced by the ones with images of projects from Turkey. (Fig.5) Publishing about architectural practice in Turkey became a policy and responsibility for the journal. Islamic architecture also became a widely discussed topic with the impact of the Aga Khan Architecture Awards initiated in 1980. In the 1990s there was an editorial change in the journal and the number of architectural magazines in Turkey significantly increased. 2000s /Digitalization In the early 2000s a part of the journal content has shifted into a new context, called digitalization in architecture which started in the mid 90s with the introduction of CAD tools in architecture. Today’s digital tools and how the architecture evolved with this new understanding can be traced through the articles and interviews in the journal. (Fig.6) After one of the most important and damaging earthquakes in Turkey, Mimarlık Journal focused on earthquake news for the following couple of years. As another damaging subject, in the mid 2000s, local and global terror attacks were hot topics. After these attacks, security of the buildings were discussed heavily in the journal.

01 i n t r o d u c t i o n Fig.4: Issue 109, 1972 / cover, content, article pages

Fig.5: Issue 222-223-224, 1987 / cover pages

Fig.6: Issue 300, 2001 / cover page // Issue 304, 2002 / cover and article pages

historical timeline improvements // special moments //

Issue 28 // Honorary European representative is added (Mustafa Gurbuz).

Issue 8 // Journal price has doubled. Issue 8 // Journal used as a tool to collect identity-information from the chamber members.

Issue 28 // First time of fine arts (painting).

Issue 9 // Attitude Change publication of journal. Instead of a publication based on the articles sent to the Editorial Committee, a publication will be made according to the topics that need to be addressed. On the other hand, the relation between the idea and the exercise that will be presented from outside the country to our own problems will be meticulously, so the first step will be taken in this field to prevent a dry imitation and a false orientation.

Issue authors w

Issue 35 // Format of content page was changed.

1964

1966

1963

1965

Issue 1 // First time being published letter.

Issue 19 // First time appearance of graphic arts in the cover and content.

Issue 5 // First time contents page and expression of publishing committee.

Issue 61 / Suscriber

Issue 29 // First time a survey receipt included to collect from the subscribers.

Issue 9 // First time cover with a photograph instead of a color.

"Since our Publication Branch does not have a large and continuous staff like journals established for income, it will not be easy for our magazine to be published in the same wealth every month. As such, some numbers are likely to be overpaged and some numbers to be less."

Issue 5 highly mention a

1967

Issue 44 // First time using colo photograph for advertisemen

Issue 21 // Call for participation and attention.

Issue 45 // Concern about the na projects that were designed in Eu

"Architecture magazine can only gain level and value to the extent of your interest. Our Editorial Committee does not find the way to publish a magazine in another direction, far from reflecting the opinion of your colleagues. Because of all this, our colleagues and members of the academic career, in the meantime, also have a large part in their duties. Mimarlik is yours, it needs your help and interest. With your help and interest, let us take it to a higher level that you deserve."

â&#x20AC;&#x153;We export technical staffs to Europe import services.â&#x20AC;?

Issue 22 // First time english and french text of the content description and summary.

News are shown in the content page (starting from the issue 9) Annual subscription was added (starting from the issue 11) 6 months subscription was added and removed (between 11th and 42nd issues)

Journal started to be

53 // Cover of graphic designs are y involved as a tool to reflect the ned topics in the issues in a critical and metaphorical attitude.

Issue 75 // Started to contain “Events and Echoes” section. Issue 81, 82 // Because of the financial difficulties, page numbers decreased and editorial board changed respectively.

// Layout of contents was changed. r card and request slip were added.

Issue 86 // First book of Mimarlık has been published.

62 // Publishing committee and were another page instead of being in content page.

orful nts.

ational urope.

e but we

Issue 99 // Criticism about payed education.

Issue 87 // Critical and political slogans or subtitles were used in the covers.

1968

1970

1972

1969

1971

Issue 65 // Single issue price has increased, discount for annual subscription for students.

Issue 87 // Journal price has increased.

Issue 66 // Column for architecture students was added according to decision of Chamber of Architects. Issue 67, 69, 72, 74 // Color of subscriber card and request slip were changed to green, blue, yellow, green respectively. Issue 72 // Started to contain “From the Journal” section which is found in almost all Western journals. This section contains a letter from the authors expressing their improvements, updates and inner-thoughts in order to bond a closer, friendlier relationship between the journal and readers.

Issue 94 // Section of “Hold on to Our Own Strength” added. Chamber was supporting the national architects to solve the dramatic economic and social issues in the country. “We should hold on to our own strength and that westernization should be taken under control.” Issue 94 // Criticism about employing foreigner architects instead of national ones.

Social and political issues were adressed

Private schools and architectural education were main topics of the year

e sold to abroad (starting from the issue 48) Section of graphic designer added (starting from the issue 52) Focusing on subjects that are more important in architectural practice Started to include second titles on the cover (starting from the issue 87) Use of comics increased to express ideas of the architects mostly as an alternative way of criticism

mimarlık

protagonists relevant figures

Sedat Gurel (1925-1987) Turkish architect and lecturer. He won the Aga Khan Architecture Award, which is considered one of the most important awards in the field of architecture, in 1989. Sedat Gurel was also a professor at Mimar Sinan University, designed the architectural history of Turkey in the 1970s as one of the most significant accepted practices and values Sadat located in Çanakkale Assos Gurel Houses. After his death with this project, he was awarded the Aga Khan Architecture Award. In addition to his position at the publishing committee in Mimarlik Journal, he also held the owner position between the years 1967 and 1971.

Cengiz Bektas (1934-2020) studied at Academy of Fine Arts, Interior Architecture, Architecture, and graduated from Munich Technical University, Architecture Department in 1959. In 1960 he followed the German Academy of Urbanism courses in Munich between 1959-62. He led an office jointly created by Fred Angerer and Alexander Baron von Branca. He worked as a Freelance Architect. He was called to Middle East Technical University as a lecturer in 1962. There he directed the Civil Works Architecture Office. In Mimarlık Journal he contributed as a writer and delegate. He was an important local professional and academic person at the time and his opinion and knowledge affected the journal’s attitude in different ways.

Dogan Hasol was born in 1937. In 1961 he joined the community that published the Mimarlik Journal. In addition to his assistant duty at Technical University, he worked as the chief editor in the journal. He was one of the most important figures during the first decade of the journal. He had contributed the journal in various ways and worked in different positions. In addition to his duty as chief editor and publishing manager he also produced plenty of articles which played an unique role to build the journal’s attitude. He also held various positions at the Chamber of Architects. In 1968, together with a group of friends, he founded the Yapi-Endustri Merkezi, an information center in the field of building. He was elected as the president of the International Building Centers Association (UICB) twice and then as a Honorary Member.

01 p r o t a g o n i s t s Maruf Onal (1918-2010) state Academy of Fine Arts graduated from the Department of Architecture in 1943. He worked as an assistant between 1943 and 1946 at the State Academy of Fine Arts, where he graduated. Since 1958, he became a lecturer at Yıldız Technical School. He served as the Head of Architecture Department between 19601963 and 1966-1969 at the same university. In 1971 he received the title of professor. He became the owner of the Mimarlik magazine in 1971 in addition to his part at the publishing committee. He had played an important role in terms of initiating the change in the attitude in the journal. With his leadership and the complexed political environment in Turkey journal started to become more political and national.

Bulent Ozer was a very important and relevant figure in the journal. With Hulusi Gungor their effort for initiating the publishing of the journal was their first step of contribution. Between years 1964 and 1966 he worked as a chief editor in the journal. In addition to his work he produced many articles for the journal in the fields of arts and architecture. Ozer who was a well known architectural historian received his bachelor’s degree from ITU Faculty of Architecture and gave his PhD there. Ozer ‘Regionalism, universalism and An Essay on Contemporary Architecture Our’ doctoral dissertation was one of the cornerstones of Turkey’s architectural history. Ozer was awarded with many international engagements, including First Class Science and Art by the Austrian Presidency, First Class Merit by the Federal German Presidency, Legion d’Honneur by the French Presidency, Cavaliere Ufficiale by the Italian Presidency.

I. Hulusi Gungor can be considered as the founder of the Mimarlik Journal. He was the first publishing manager and was one of the first writers of the journal. He was writing a column named ‘Basyazi’ which was an introduction part for the issues. In the archive documents it shows that Hulusi Gungor and Bulent Ozer were the leading names for the journal to come out, making the most effort and taking courage despite many obstacles at the time. In addition to his contribution to Mimarlık Journal he has written many well-known books in architecture and art field.

editorial timeline OWNERS Zafer Kocak Levent Aksut I. Hulusi Gungor Sedat Gurel Maruf Onal

CHIEF EDITORS Dogan Hasol Bulent Ozer Necati Sen Onder Kucukerman Nihat Toydemir Demirtas Ceyhun Selcuk Batur Somer Ural

PUBLISHING MANAGERS I. Hulusi Gungor Erol Kulaksizoglu Dogan Hasol Onder Senyapili Onder Kucukerman Nihat Toydemir

1963 1

1964 5

1965

1966

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

196

39 40 41 42 43 44 4

45 46 47 48 49 50

1968

1969

1970

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

1971 87

89 90-91 92-93 94 95-96 97

1972 98

99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

1963

PUBLISHING COMMITTEE I. Hulusi Gungor Zafer Kocak Perran Dogranci Firuzan Baytop Tekin Aydin Levent Aksut Eren Boran Gungor Kaftancioglu Erol Kulaksizoglu Erdem Talu Dogan Hasol Turhan Uyaroglu Bulent Ozer Abdurrahman Hanci Sedat Gurel Demirtas Ceyhun Dogan Kuban Ahmet Keskin Altan Oke Onder Senyapili Afife Batur Selcuk Batur Omur Candas Hasan Cakir Mete Goktug Engin Omacan Maruf Onal Kayhan SahinbeyoÄ&#x;lu Arif Sentek Ersen Gursel Somer Ural

1964 5

1965

1966

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

196

39 40 41 42 43 44 4

45 46 47 48 49 50

1968

1969

1970

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

1971 87

89 90-91 92-93 94 95-96 97

1972 98

99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

mimarlık

protagonists

recurrent authors 1963

Ercumend Kalmik Erol Kulaksizoglu Ertugrul Mentese I.Hulusi Gungor Levent Aksut Necati Sen Polat Sokmen Tevfik Saglam Turhan Uyaroglu

1964

1965

Altan Oke Aydin Boysan Arman Guran Arslan Terzioglu Atilla Yucel Bulent Ozer Dogan Hasol Erol Kulaksizoglu Ertem Ertunga Ertugrul Mentese Firuzan Baytop Gungor Kabakcioglu Haluk Baysal Haydar Kazgan I.Hulusi Gungor Levent Aksut Nihat Toydemir Orhan Gocer Sevki Vanli Tekin Aydin Tulu Baytin Yildiz Sey

Aligul Ayverdi Altug Cinici Arman Guran Arslan Terzioglu Behruz Cinici Bulent Ozer Cengiz Bektas Dogan Hasol Dogan Kuban Dogan Tekeli Erol Kulaksizoglu Firuzan Baytop Gungor Kaftanci Haydar Kazgan I.Hulusi Gungor Metin Hepguler Mehmet Cubuk Nevzat Erol Orhan Cakmakcioglu Orhan Gocer Orhan Guner Orhan Erdenen Orhan Sahinler Sami Sisa Sazi Sirel Sedat Hakki Eldem Sevki Vanli Tan Oral Turhan Uyaroglu Utarit Izgi

1966

Atilla Yucel Arslan Terzioglu Arman Guran Bulent Ozer Dogan Hasol Dogan Kuban Dogan Tekeli Erol Kulaksizoglu Firuzan Baytop Gungor Kabakcioglu Haluk Baysal Haydar Kazgan I.Hulusi Gungor Kemal A.Aru Maruf Onal Metin Hepguler Necati Sen Nevzat Erol Onder Kucukerman Orhan Erdenen Orhan Gocer Orhan Guner Orhan Sahinler Ruhi Kafescioglu Dr. Rusen Keles Sami Sisa Sevki Vanli Tekin Aydın Tulu Baytin Turgut Cansever Turhan Uyaroglu Yildiz Sey

1967

Aligul Ayverdi Altug Cinici Atilla Yucel Behruz Cinici Bulent Ozer Dogan Hasol Dogan Kuban Ertugrul Mentese Haydar Kazgan Kemal A . Aru Levent Aksut Maruf Onal Onder Kucukerman Ruhî Kafescioglu Sevki Vanli Tekin Aydın Utarit Izgi

Altan Oke Atilla Yucel Bulent Ozer Cengiz Bektas Dogan Kuban Dogan Tekeli Haluk Baysal Haydar Kazgan Levent Aksut Mehmet Cubuk Metin Hepguler Nigan Bayazit Onder Senyapili Orhan Gocer Polat Sokmen Ruhi Kafescioglu Sami Sisa Sedat Gurel Sevki Vanli Turgut Cansever Utarit Izgi Vedat Dalokay

1969

Abdullah Kuran Atilla Yucel Aligul Ayverdi Bulent Ozer Cengiz Bektas Dogan Hasol Dogan Kuban Dogan Tekeli Erol Kulaksizoglu Gazenfer Erim Gungor Kaftanci Gurol Gurkan Haydar Kazgan Ilhan Tekeli Levent Aksut Onder Kucukerman Onder Senyapili Orhan Gocer Orhan Guner Polat Sokmen Sazi Sirel Sedat Gurel Turgut Cansever Yildiz Sey

1970

Abdullah Kuran Afife Batur Ahmet Hasim Altan Oke Aydın Boysan Aziz Nesin Bulent Ozer Cengiz Bektas Dogan Tekeli Enis Kortan Gungor Kabakcioglu Gungor Kaftancı Ilhan Tekeli Nigan Beyazit Nihat Toydemir Orhan Gocer Onder Kucukerman Orhan Sahinler Onder Senyapili Kemal Ahmet Aru Ruhi Kafescioglu Sami Sisa Sazi Sirel Sedat Gurel Yildiz Sey

1971

Afife Batur Arslan Terzioglu Aziz Nesin Bulent Ozer Cengiz Bektas Hasan Oncuoglu Ilhan Tekeli Maruf Onal Mehmet Cubuk Neset Arolat Dr. Rusen Keles Saziment Arolat Sedat Gurel Tan Oral

01 p r o t a g o n i s t s

1968

1972

Atilla Yucel Aydın Boysan Dogan Tekeli Ertur Yener Ilhan Tekeli Maruf Onal Mehmet Cubuk Niyazi Duranay Orhan Sahinler Onder Kucukerman Dr. Rusen Keles Sami Sisa Suha Ozkan Tan Oral Yildiz Sey

mimarlık

protagonists

international figures mentioned 1963

Alvar Aalto Eero Saarinen Kunio Maekavva Louis I. Kahn Marcel Breuer Mies van der Rohe Paul Rudolph Philip Johnson Pier Luigi Nervi Richard Neutra Welton Becket

architects other professions organizations

1964

Adolf Loos Aldo Van Eyck Alvar Aalto Frank Lloyd Wright Louis Sullivan Henry R. Hitchcock Hendrik P. Berlage Jean - Pierre Vouga Le Corbusier Mies van der Rohe Paul Rudolph Philip Johnson Walter Gropius

1965

Adolf Loos Alvar Aalto Antonio Gaudi Bruno Taut CIAM Frank Lloyd Wright Gio Ponti Jurgen Joedicke Jorn Utzon Kenzo Tange Le Corbusier Louis I. Kahn Lucio Costa Mies van der Rohe Nikolaus Pevsner Oscar Niemeyer Paul Rudolph Peter Collins Pier Luigi Nervi Sune Lindström Walter Gropius

1966

Auguste Perret Andy Warhol Bauhaus CIAM Edward D. Stone Eero Searinen Ernest L. Ransome Eugéne Freyssinet Frank Lloyd Wright Friedrich Schinkel George Candilis Giovanni Michelucci Heikki Siren Henry R.Hitchcock John Johansen Jorn Utzon Karl Schwanzer Kunio Mayekawa Le Corbusier Louis I. Kahn Luigi Moretti Lynn Chadwick Marcel Lods Mies van der Rohe Miguel Fisac Oscar Niemeyer Paul Rudolph Philip Johnson Pier Luigi Nervi Ricardo Porro Theo Crosby Walter Gropius

1967

Aldo Van Eyck Alison - Peter Smithson Bruno Taut Chen Kuen Lee Craig Ellwood Dennis Crompton Eckhard Schulze-Fielitz Hans Zwimpfer Ionel Schein Ivor Smith Jack Lynn Jacques Coulon Le Corbusier Louis I. Kahn Michelangelo Mies Van Der Rohe Moshe Safdie Paul Ritter Peter Cook Philip Johnson Raffaello Rolf & Otto Walter Förderer Warren Chalk

1969

Bruno Zevi Chen Kuen Lee Dennis Lennon Frank Lloyd Wright Henri Lefebvre Hermann Finsterlin Mies Van Der Rohe Walter Gropius

1970

Alvar Aalto Architect Jonas Architect Gabriel Castro Mello Hans George Rauch Le Corbusier Lucio Costa Oscar Niemeyer Percival & Paul Charles Goodman Pierre Jeannerret Friedrich Steinberg Walter Gropius William Dunkel

1971

1972

Le Corbusier Tony Garnier

Paolo Soleri

01 p r o t a g o n i s t s

1968

DECREASE IN THE INTERNATIONAL REFERENCES During late 60’s the magazines attitude has begun to be criticized by its readers for being unconcerned of the society and for being careless about the real architectural problems in Turkey. Within these years, the issues of the journal started to come up by focusing on the subjects that are more specific and important in our national architectural practice. Relatively, commonly discussed issue in the country during the late 60’s and early 70’s was employment of foreign architects in Turkey instead of national architects. Hereby, the magazine included a new fixed section called ‘‘we should hold on to our own strength” and supported the idea that westernization should be taken under control.

mimarlık

structure covers

DIDACTIC SEASON

Dialogue for education and knowledge

The cover design of Mimarlik Journal has changed many times over the years due to the changing of the publication committee, design team, contents of the journal, economic situation and political factors. In addition, the number of issues has changed throughout the years, the year of its first publication (1963) the frequency of the issues was twice a month. The number of issues per year gradually increased. In 1964 there were 8 issues. Starting from 1965 until 1972 apart from the exceptional situations, the journal had started to be published monthly. The images used on the cover are considered according to the theme of the issues. In the first 8 issues, the design of the covers were quite plain, only a single colored background and a small text or photo added on the foreground. Starting from the 9th issue, with the aim of enhancing attention towards the content’s subject, the covers had started to contain graphical illustrations such as photography, paintings, compositions, collages, technical drawings of both national and international artists. In 1968/Issue 52, graphic designer Yildiz E. Aydemir joined the journal and starting from this issue, some covers were designed by her. However, in the analyzed decade, there was no specific person who was responsible for the cover design. From the 53rd issue, the graphic designs are highly involved as a tool. These illustrations on the cover, generally reflect the mentioned topics in the issues in a critical and metaphorical attitude.

AESTHETIC SEASON

Architecture for architecture’s sake

The abstractness of the material is evident almost in every issue between the issues 9 to 86. For example when the tool is photography, mostly architecture and structure references included in the issue are the subjects. The architectural details are reflected through the camera, therefore they enhance the geometrical dialogue of the photographed subject. The use of vivid colors are intensive between issues 53 and 89. Moreover, the background image is cut on the edge of the title until the 34th issue, then the following issues contain the image covering the whole page.

SATIRICAL SEASON

Architecture of society, architecture for the society

01 s t r u c t u r e

mimarlÄąk

CONTENT

FORMAT

1963 TITLE TEXT SUBTITLE

1964 whole color photography illustration

MOOD

abstract

1965

content message

1966

1967 On the first 8 issues informative texts, announcements or deadlines are included in the cover. However when the magazine evolves from the didactic attitude towards a critical stance, the messages given in the cover occassionally changes. As we compare the ratio between the size of the title and the subtitle on each cover, we can observe that by the end of 1970 subtitles almost become the title of the magazine to attract attention, while the title gets smaller and even not seen on the page. We can comment on this shift as it is a result of the political imbalance in Turkey and readerpressure upon the magazine. These outsource voices seem to reflect on the radical change in the first issue of 1971. After this issue 87, the title and subtitle are independent from each other, however the subtitle is usually as much as attractive as the title. In the following issues we can claim the subtitles are striking and in an oppositional attitude towards political power. Unity and societal conscience has much importance as the architectural news.

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

01 s t r u c t u r e

mimarlÄ±k

structure

page layouts

00_ COVER 01_ CONTENTS 02_ NEWS 03_ THEORETICAL & TECHNICAL 04_ CRITICAL STATEMENT 05_ PROJECTS 06_ COMPETITIONS 07_ FROM THE MAGAZINES 08_ COLUMNS 09_ RESEARCH 10_ ADVERTISEMENTS

CONTENTS

THEORETICAL & TECHNICAL

COVER

NEWS

CRITICAL STATEMENT

01 s t r u c t u r e TITLE ISSUE NUMBER TEXT IMAGE

mimarlÄ±k

COMPETITIONS

FROM THE MAGAZINES

COLUMNS

RESEARCH

advertisements

advertisements reference pages

1965

1963

advertisements distribution

1969

1967

1971

among the years

Total Number of Pages Number of Advertisement Pages

01 s t r u c t u r e

fixed sections distribution among the years

FIXED SECTIONS DISTRUBUTION AMONG YEARS

Internal Tourism

Lets Hold on to Our Own Strength

Editorial

Portrait of Architects

From the Journal

News

News From the Chamber

Books Events and Reflections Competitions

Bibliography

Free Column From the Magazines

From the Magazines

Bibliography News Portrait of Architects

Free Column

Internal Tourism

Competitions Events and Reflections 20

News from the Chamber Books From the Journal Editorial

0 1963

Lets Hold on to Our Own Strength

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

Internal Tourism Portrait of Architects News Bibliography

4.2%

4.9%

From the Magazines

2.6%

Throughout the first decade of the journal fixed sections had played a significant value in terms of tracing the changes between different periods of the publication. From the graph it is seen that at some points some of the sections were radically stopped and replaced with new ones. There had been also some interesting sections which were focusing on specific issues and mostly based on criticicizng such as “Lets Hold on to Our Own Strength” and “Events and Reflection”. As it seen from the graph the turning point of the journal’s attitude can be observed from year 1969. Free Column

4.6%

Competitions

Events and Reflections

2.9% 27.7%

3.6%

News From the Chamber Books

5.2%

From the Journal Editorial

Lets Hold on to Our Own Strength

4.9%

9.1%

10.1%

18.9%

structure

fixed sections 39

mimarlÄąk

contents

project typologies

percentage of project types among the years

Urbanistic

Commercial

Sport Facility

Cultural & Arts

Entertainment

Education

Health

Hotel

Museum

Office

Residential

Industrial

Pavilion

Religious

Institution

Administrative

Public

Skyscraper

Airport

Industrial Design

Exhibitions

International Exhibitions

3.5%

International 25.2%

2.6%

International Competitions

Competitions

National Competitions 15.7%

17.4%

International Projects

National 74.8%

20.9%

Projects 79.1%

National Projects

58.3%

01 c o n t e n t s

percentage of recurrent topics among the years

100%

General Subject Laws Executive Architecture Research

75%

Project Practice Urbanization Housing / Dwelling Health Structures

50%

Tourism Construction Technology Building Information

25%

Economic & Social Subjects Competition Education Architectural Criticism & History 0% Art

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

number of recurrent topics among the years

Topics of the journal mainly focused on education and urbanization but various of other subjects were also discussed in the journal especially during some specific time periods that were intentionally emphasized. In the end of 60s education and private schools were a very popular subject in the magazine whereas in the 70s political subjects were taking the lead. The subjects of the journal effected from the politics, economic situation and some turning points in the country such as earthquakes, strikes and so on.

contents

recurrent topics 41

mimarlık

contents

article layouts

‘ Project ’ article example from year 1971-issue 95

‘ From the Magazines ’ article example from year 1966-issue 31

01 c o n t e n t s ‘ Critical Statement ’ article example from year 1968-issue 54

‘ Competition ’ article example from year 1969-issue 69

title text image writer

1963 1

General Subjects

Laws

Executive Architecture

Research

Project Practice

Urbanization

Housing / Dwelling

Health Structures

Tourism

Construction Technology Building Information

Economic & Social Subjects Competition

Education

Architectural Criticism & History Art

1964 5

1965

1966

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

196

39 40 41 42 43 44 4

45 46 47 48 49 50

1968

1969

1970

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

1971 87

89 90-91 92-93 94 95-96 97

1972 98

99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

recurrent topics density

1965

1964

1963 UIA Congress Architect Portraits: Alvar Aalto Form & Design Architect Portraits: Eero

Frank Lloyd Wright and structure

Architectural exe

Istanbul urban development

Apartments and

strategies)

Environmental d Architecture and indu Hospital architec

composition UIA Congress

Saarinen

Five year development plan of

Social housing (Standarts and financial

Architect Mimar Sinan News from the Chamber of Architects

Architectural education Walter Gropius and architectural education

Turkey

Construction investments in 5 year plan Istanbul and professional concerns Interview with Mies van

Universities, service bu retail)

Relation between archi

UIA Paris Congress

Construction sec Housing and dwe

Architectural education report from UIA

Urban planning and transformation

der Rohe

Execution of the profession

Critics and research about professional practice

Construction sector

Structure

Private schools and chamber of architects

Urbanism

Industrialization

American city concept Photography in Turkey

Urbanization

Bauhaus Designing methods - suitability of buildings for their intended use Painting and society

Urbanization

Construction materials and technology Turkey and construction materials

Private schools

Architecture in villages

Private schools

1970

1969

1968

Researching in architecture Objectives of structural material researches

Urbanization Touristic plan and preservation Private schools Landscape Preservation

Private Schools Housing

Competition

Private Schools

Construction materials Architectural education

Lighting and daylight in the building building acoustics exhibitions

Urbanism / Ur Industrialisation

Different types of Turki Urban Issues of Ank Construction Materials

City Planning

Industrialisation and In

Urban Plann

Social Housing an House Sports Buildings

Ä°zmir Fair Pavilions & E

itects and engineers

ndustrial Buildings

ning

nd Squatter's

Expo 70

Progress phases of easy housing

Construction technique and industry in Turkey and developed countries Turkey and industrilization

Metropolitan cities and their problems

International news and projects Westernization

Construction sector

Structural retrofits

International movements Turkish architect Mimar Sinan

Regional planning Tourism architecture Profession education

ctor elling

Development plan

construction

design ustry cture

ish Arts kara s and Techniques

Structure industry

Problems of architecture and urbanism Foreign Countries' impact in our society

housing

Urban Planning

1967

1966

ercises in Turkey uildings (hotel, opera,

Second five year development plan

Construction materials and technology

Ankara Ulus Square Bazaar and Office Building Competition Ankara night club project

Urban transformation in

Anatolia

AdapazarÄą and Tunceli earthquakes Taksim Hotel project Earthquakes planning - project designing period EXPO

Prefabrication and assemblage

Mimar Sinan

1971

1972

plastic arts

Architectural Education Political Issues Political and Economical Issues National Design & Art & Architecture

Earthquake

Unemployment problem Brain Drain Bosphorus Bridge

Private School Problems Architectural Education Foreigner firms in Turkey

Hospitals

Urbanization

City Issues Construction Materials

Lighting Istanbul city planning

Industrilization

Competitions Bosphorus architecture / preservation

City Planning of Istanbul Industrial Design

Preservation & Conservation Social Housing UIA

Urbanization Problems Squattersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; House

Industry in Turkey Universities and Problems Educational Buildings

keywords

mimarlÄąk

geographical distribution national

Istanbul

Ankara

Izmir

PROJECTS

Istanbul Istanbul Opera House (Issue 15, 1965)

Ankara Mosque in Military Base (Issue 52, 1968)

3-2

Other Provinces

Izmir

Bursa Kutahya Trabzon Diyarbakir Mus

Izmir Renault Pavillion (Issue 84, 1970)

Rural House in East BlackSea Coast (Issue 62, 1968)

01 g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n COMPETITIONS

EXHIBITIONS

6-4

Istanbul Ankara Erzurum

Trabzon Zonguldak

Other Provinces

Canakkale Triumph Monument 1st Prize (Issue 1, 1963)

Istanbul Advertisement Site 1st Prize (Issue 65, 1969)

Istanbul Izmir

DGSA (Fine Arts Academy) Exhibition (Issue 73, 1969)

mimarlÄąk

geographical distribution national field

17.6%

Field Distribution in Istanbul

Urbanistic Residential

15.7%

Public

Atakoy Seaside City Planni (Issue 15, 1965)

15.2%

9.1% 18.2%

9.1% Field Distribution in Ankara

Institution Industrial Design Education Residential

12.1%

Administrative Commercial

9.1%

Turkish Institution of Histo Architect: Turgut Cansever (Issue 38, 1966)

23.1% 42.3%

Field Distribution in Izmir

Residential Health Pavilion

11.5% Summer House in Cesme (Issue 16, 1965)

ing

ory

01 g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n â&#x20AC;&#x153;Lawyersâ&#x20AC;? Apartment / Sisli, Architects: Haluk Baysal, Melih Birsel Anatolia Public Beach Facility / Buyukada, Architect: Ertur Yener (Issue 52, 1968) (Issue 12, 1966)

Middle East Technical University, Architects: Behruz Cinici, Altug Cinici (Issue 15, 1965)

Indian Embassy, Architect: Sedad Hakki Eldem (Issue 15, 1965)

Ege University Medical Faculty and Hospital, Architects: Huseyin Baban, Orhan Demirarslan, Ugur Gundes, Vahit Erhan (Issue 96, 1971)

Pirelli Pavillion, Architects: Faruk San, Kayan Ozgiller, Nizamettin Coskun (Issue 16, 1965)

mimarlÄ±k

geographical distribution international

Guggenheim Museum, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1964

10% 10%

Total of 58

80%

PROJECTS COMPETITIONS

PROJECT LOCATIONS

EXHIBITIONS

France Germany Japan UK USA

Brazil Finland Italy

Australia Belgium Canada Switzerland Sweden Poland Mexico Israel Canada World Fair Pavillion Competition 1st Prize, Prof. Rolf Gutbrod & Frei Otto, 1967

Ron

Tomio Miki “Ear”, Venice Biennale, 1964

Villa Mairea, Alvar Aalto, 1963

EXPO‘70 Osaka, 1970

01 g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n

nchamp Chapel, Le Corbusier, 1967

Munich Olympic Stadium Facilities, 1970

Tokyo Metropolitan Festival Hall, Kunio Maekawa,

Thematic Analysis

The Interaction of MimarlÄąk with Urbanism

/ urbanism

introduction

general overview

This research aims to explain in detail the urbanism problems that have been going on for many years in Turkey and how this issue has been handled in Mimarlık Magazine between the years 1963-1972. As mentioned in the 1st module, “Mimarlık has set for itself the purpose of acting as a long-term guide and an information source to those practicing and/or studying architecture.” According to an editorial of Mimarlık, the journal operated in two ways: It first represented and reflected architecture and second shaped and formed architecture. For a magazine that kept the social and architectural issues at its center since the first publication, it was impossible to take a silent attitude about urbanism problems in Turkey between 1963-72. Mimarlık has always tried to express its voice on this subject in a clear and understandable way and did not refrain from criticizing the people and institutions that contributed to the progress of the problem. It is not possible and realistic to deal with such a multi-layered and serious problem by itself alone. Urbanism problems, whose roots go back to almost the year of 20’s have become quite serious in the 60’s due to the tense political and economic atmosphere in the country. The issues that are seen as the triggers of this comprehensive problem such as industrialization, population growth, lack of housing, squatters’ houses are also frequently addressed in the magazine. As the severity and size of the problem has increased over the following years, a lot of suggestions and criticisms have been written in the magazine as well as informative content. Also in this period cartoons became one of the preferred tools for conducting the criticisms from another perspective. Mimarlık continued to express its opinions on the subject continuously and to produce contents from different branches in this context. The magazine, which also undertakes a social duty due to being the official publication of the chamber, occasionally argued with political people and institutions as a consequence of its critical attitude towards the issue. Magazine included open sessions, zoning plans and governmental regulations about urbanism in order to maintain its informational purposes even in the times it had very tense relationships with the governmental organs. We can easily say that Mimarlık’s way of dealing with this issue overlapped with the aims of the magazine which can be considered as representing and shaping the architecture.

02 i n t r o d u c t i o n

historical overview

By the same years when the magazine was first published the metropolitan planning and urbanization terms started to enter our vocabulary. While in the first couple of years the magazine was more neutral and objective towards the issue, it changed its attitude to a more critical approach when there has been a serious increase in the urban problems. The major issue in the country during the end of 60â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and beginning of 70â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s was uncontrolled urbanization because of the impacts of industrialization, migration and rapid growth in the population. Many of the problems criticized and raised between 1963-1972 are actually problems that were fed before the period we studied. Looking through these critical events that occured in the recent history in a brief way helped us to comprehend the problem from a wider perspective, urbanization was clearly the most recurring and discussed topic in the MimarlÄąk journal and it is still one of the major problems in Turkey.

/ urbanism

mimarlık’s demeanor towards urbanism realizing

When we look at Mimarlık on a subject basis, we can say that urbanism and related subtopics determined the character of the issues published in the period we examined. Since the magazine is an organ of the chamber, the attitude of the chamber about the urban development of the nation was clearly reflected in the articles. This section of research examines the endeavors of the magazine on behalf of the chamber of architects for the awareness of a problem that requires urgent intervention. More than 200 articles were published about the subject during the investigated period. 40 content has been published about projects and competitions related to urbanism. Each content has been further analyzed in terms of location, typology and the subject they focused on in detail. With a deductive method which led us narrowing the articles, it was possible to see under which sub-topics the issue was investigated in the magazine. As seen on Mimarlik, problems about urbanization were concentrated in certain major cities of the country such as İstanbul, Ankara and İzmir. Intense migration from rural to urban areas led to a dramatic increase in housing needs in these particular cities and to direct people to build their own houses illegally without permissions. The problems triggered by the deterioration of the balances between the rural and the city and the rapid population growth have spread out of these cities in a short time and have become problems that need to be resolved throughout the country. This unsteady urbanization problem appears in many articles in the journal. These contents, which are often critical, sometimes included theoretical approaches or suggestions on the subject. For serious problems that arise in these cities that need to be resolved quickly, the metropolitan planning studies are presented with proposals for the attention of the ministry of city and the state. In this case, Mimarlik is a powerful tool for the chamber to reach the audience with high potential of impact.

02 mimarlık’s demeanor towards urbanism Towards the end of the 60s, the urban planning problems and therefore planning studies have increased. As a result, the scope of the state planning works has expanded. The Five-Year Development Plans have started, which are frequently featured in the articles and discussed widely in the magazine. Mimarlık often argued that these plans could not go beyond being a band-aid to such deep wounds of the country. Magazine constantly supported constructive opinions on the issue by including the views of the society, approaching the issue from different perspectives and by including suggestions of the country’s leading architects and city planners. As mentioned, Mimarlık was also deeply interested in the correct implementation of these city plans and often criticized state institutions and municipalities for not doing their jobs properly and not employing qualified staff. In this process the magazine has taken on the task of informing the society by reflecting the problems, proposed solutions and practices from a broad perspective through various types of contents. By becoming the voice of the public from time to time regarding the issue it also undertook the task of directing the subject with the help of professionals and community. Many of the content that was produced has been written with different intentions in order to better convey the subject. Most of the produced content is critical but it is followed by informative and suggestive contents that offers solutions. In the following sections, it is possible to better understand under which subtopics the subject is systematically screened and to better realize the attempts of the magazine through produced contents in terms of purposes such as informative, suggestive or satirical.

1965

1964

1963 planning housing demands call for

construction invsestments

five year development plan city region to bear rapid urbanization history and definition of urbanists inadequacy of the technical staff plan must be work of a team

sufficient plan chaos in the variety of implementations miserable situation in Istanbul undermines the social goals of planning

public housing stand

residential division of the five year development

bad interventions ap Istanbul by the munic improper settlements

and also hinders economic

government tries to rehabilita

underdeveloped regions

French committee visited sq

housing strategies construction investmen ment plan

development

plan

necessity of less costly more housing insufficient infrastructure

population flow

housing policy city centers require planning offices

essence of

regulation methods for urban pla unplanned investments in Istan

research and planning institutions

affordable housing

wasteful unconscious construction of infrastructure

mistreated urban and tour due to the construction indus

distrupted

administrators do not implement the precautions

one of the most important pr possible solutions upon hous aspects

industrial regions to maintain the economical life in physically growth cities

Istanbul is administered by nearby municipalities urban planning suggestions for Bosphorus

Istanbul turns to concerete city because of the ministry need of infrastructures squatter settlements due to population growth socail housing by economical perspectives

rapid urbanization problems

increasement of population due to industrialization Bosphorus bridge urbanization developments in different stages

1970

1969

1968

prepared for second development plan and construction sector

urban planning and city functions rapid urbanization due to population growth urbanization starts with Ankara

architecture an

rapid urbanization and modern

technology

development and planning problems in terms of urbanization

migratition to the cities from village to the squatters Istanbul city planning problems about housing

ministry of public works urbanization proposals

criticsm via use of c municipality's fault a

urbanization in Istanbul squatter settlements in A construction of new neighb

recretaion and green areas

works of planning office Or-an

mass housing in

metropolitan planning o

city planning and organization

metropolitan city pl

idea of commune living development plans and popu National Urbanism is unsucce

dards

ate slums

1967

1966 in

squatters house on press media

development plan

regional planning

development plans and construction sector

quatters’ houses

nts in five year develop-

Istanbul city planning population and demographic elements of movement in Turkey massive construction investments optimized urban scale analysis problems of

anning

ristic potentials stry development plan is

historical development of Ankara

roblem as slums sing problem within different

slums settlements

lanning

ulation planning

essful

aspects to create a type project to have more liveable qualities about new constructed cities and while fixing the old cities

insufficient facilities to fix the problem of population growth municipality of Istanbul planning of Pendik shipyard

increasing city populations

nbul

of Turkey

geographic relation of development plan big city metropolitian region make Istanbul modern and well planned five year development plan

social dwellings will be built is today slum areas

nd urbanism

n Ankara

industrialization results

coastal cities in Europe

pplied on

about l Ankara borhood

sector

Slum Law acts for a balanced development in Turkey

cipality

comics

as a result of two years implementation of development plans major distruption occured in the construction

population growth and financial opportunities unsuccessful and increased construction costs

and Sirkeci station

Grand Istanbul project

mistakes in planning

planned development period

1971

1972

insufficient technical staffs

people are abandoning their villages due to the economic difficulties less developed cities population

is increasing

city plannings are insufficient for the increase squatters’ house problems industrial town ideas and plans economic instabilities especially in Ankara

Istanbul city planning is not enough for rapid population increasement problems in city planning

Marshall plan squatters’ house

city planning and regulations

Bosphorus should be preserved

planning problems

Bosphorus bridge

interventions and new regulations for Bosphorus

individual benefits are becoming more important than the cities

use of comics Grand Istanbul master plan office works

problem of

migrations decreasement of human role in farming and production squatters settlements Istanbul city planning administration

legal use of beaches history of Bosphorus

landscape design Turkey’s ancient buildings

housing in socialist countries housing problems in Turkey

third development plan

lack of laws in city planning

planning and industrialization development period for building industry

mass housing

keywords industrialization

population growth

urban startegies

administration

social housing

squatters’ house

1965 . i26

1965 . i25

1965 . i24

1965 . i23

1965 . i21

1965 . i20

1965 . i17

1964 . i12

1964 . i11

1964 . i9

1964 . i8

1963 . i6

Construction by Prefabrication

Chamber of Architects Announced their Views on Slums

A Survey on the Issue of the Construction Sector in Turkey

On Construction Investments

Balyanoz Bay Issue

Istanbul Municipality Zoning Planning Directorate and its Responsibilities

City of Konya Development Master Plan

General Problem of Settling in Turkey

Plan and Istanbul

French Social Housing Committee Visit and Their Conclusions

Unplanned Investments in the Planned Development Period: Underpasses

Solution Proposals Regarding the Situation of Our Country in terms of Urban Renewal

Upon Social Housing Standarts

Public Housing Standards

Urban Renewal of Istanbul

The Architecture of Our Country

filtered articles

1967 . i46

1967 . i44

1967 . i42

1966 . i37

1966 . i36

1966 . i35

1966 . i34

1966 . i32

1966 . i27

Specialities of Housing in Terms of Country regulation

Conclusion of Istanbul Regional Development Congress

Comment on Unorganized Regional Results

Problems and Possibilities of Slum Settlements

Ankara and our Urbanism

The Balance Problem in Urbanization

Settlements and Active Population Movements

Settlement Planning

Urbanism Special Issue Foreword

What is the Plan of Istanbul?

Slum is Dead! Long Live the Slum!...

Tourism and Physical Environment

Chamber of Architects Sent Draft Zoning Directive to Istanbul

Chamber of Architects Disclosed its Views on Slum Law to the Press

New Regional Planning for Paris

Radio Bulletin about General Settlement and Slums

1970 . i82

1970 . i79

1970 . i77

1970 . i75

1969 . i74

1968 . i59

1968 . i58

1968 . i57

1968 . i55

1968 . i53

1967 . i49

1967 . i48

1967 . i47

Social Housing Origin: Communal Housing

Population Planning Effect on Housing Requirements in Turkey

Metropolitan Planning

Ankaraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;70

Development Booklet

News

Bosphorus Bridge

Report and Meeting about Istanbul Urbanization Acts

Urbanization and Politics

Bogazici Regulation Problems

Conference of Istanbul City Planning

Country Settlement and Regulation

Important Notion in National Physical Plan conference: Turkish city

Piccinatoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Conference: Main Aspects of Istanbul Master Planning

Chamber of Architects and Country Regulation

Pendik Shipyard and Sirkeci Station

1972 . i110

1972 . i109

1972 . i108

1972 . i107

1972 . i105

1972 . i104

1972 . i100

1971 . i97

1971 . i89

1979 . i82

1970 . i82

Problems in the first two 5 Years Social Investment Projects, Suggestion for the 3rd One

Importance on 2nd 10 Years Development Period for Building Industry

Plan and Industrialisation

Urbanization Problem

Performance Calculations in Houses in Regards to Users Demands

Housing Sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Criticism about 3rd 5 Year Development Plan

What Does the 3rd Develeopment Plan and New Strategy Brings?

Preservation of Bosphorus Waterfront Mansions

About the Masterplan and Professorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Report

Events and Reflections

Side 1971

Reasons of Urbanization and Urban Employement Issues

City Problems Without Physical Environmental Issues

Open Session

Or-an Mass Housing in Ankara

/ urbanism

aim of filtered articles

SUGGESTION & SOLUTION

CRITICISM

6 5

INFORMATION

02 mimarlÄąkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s demeanor towards urbanism criticize Slum is dead, long live the slum issue 35, 1966

information Ankara and our urbanism issue 37, 1966

suggestion & solution What is the plan of Ä°stanbul issue 36, 1966

information + criticism + suggestion Metropolitan planning issue 79, 1970

Chapter 1

Screening of the Existing Problem on the Threshold This analysis stage guided us to shape the general frames of the broad urbanization topic. The correlation pattern that we formed pointed out the nodes of urbanization, which we define by several sub-titles as the following; industrialization, population growth, urban strategies, administration, social housing and squattersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; houses.

/ urbanism

When we investigate upon the articles related to urbanization, they were written and published on behalf of significant mutual topics. While urbanization is a broad theme which is screened apparently in every issue, we realized that this topic needs to be scattered into its spectrums to have a better understanding. To do this filtering, we classified the articles about urbanization, which helped us discover the pattern of correlated subjects. These recurring contents share dynamics of ideological debates and dilemmas that need to be solved. Many factors such as industrialization, mechanization, rapid growth of the population, dependency on foreign countries, economic concerns and migration from the village to the city have caused such urbanization problems to grow.

ation administr gies

urban

strate

sin

ion

lat

uses

hou

s ho tter

squa

ial

soc po

ria

ust

ow gr

ind

liz

ati

urb

anis

02 c h a p t e r 1 : s c r e e n i n g

The further examination of these filtered sub-topics shed light upon the prominent problems that were highly mentioned in the magazine. Here below, is our detailed examination of how MimarlÄąk addresses the existing situation of urbanization by screening objectively through these filtered articles.

urbanism filtered article contents sub-topics

/ urbanism

chapter 1: screening industrialization

During the post-war development period industrialization has been an important factor for urban growth in city centers, not only in Turkey but in many other developing countries. In our country, the industry started with the establishment of the Republic and it has expanded gradually. This emerging technology is presented in Mimarlik through statistics and research studies in several articles. As shown in the statistics of Kemal Aru’s report article, industrialization apparently has changed the dynamics of city and rural population and brought new labor demands in the city centers.3 Compared to the other metropolis cities, Istanbul has similarly increasing labor types such as retail, commerce, machine and manufacturing industries. Additionally, the magazine reflects different conflicts that occur with the industrial growth, which are the domestic growth and dependency on foreign sources. Regarding the national development plan after the 60s, the conflict is presented in the article “Planning and Industrialization”. The Chamber addresses the importance of investments in local industrialization and the need to reduce foreign dependence in the country. The article generally criticizes the situation of Turkey about being dependent to foreign countries in industry. As elaborated, if the investment goods industry has not been sufficiently developed it cannot be said that that country is really industrialized. The authors call the foreign industrialization implemented in the nation as “This type of industrialization remains an industrialization on the surface.”4 The authors illustrate this issue by saying that neglecting the industries producing investment goods in the underdeveloped countries leads to following a path diverted from national industrialization. They aim to underline the forthcoming problem, consumption of machines and foreign technology in foreign currency causes foreign borrowing of the country. Due to this fact, every development decision in the industry works as a mechanism that increases the foreign dependency. The chamber questions “Is it possible to prevent this vicious circle through the development plan?”5 The national resources are endangered through their perspectives, if the developments cannot achieve an independent policy in industrialization within a certain period of time, development plans will constantly continue to transfer resources to foreign economies.

3 4 5

Kemal A. Aru, “Settlements and Population Labors”, Mimarlik, 1966, issue 37 the Chamber of Architects, “Planning and Industrialization”, Mimarlik, 1972, issue 109 the Chamber of Architects, “Planning and Industrialization”, Mimarlik, 1972, issue 109

02 c h a p t e r 1 : s c r e e n i n g

city population

rural population

Administration

Banking Insurance

Retail Wholesale Commerce

Transportation

Manufacturing Industry

Machine Industry

Construction Industry

Agriculture Forestry Fishery Mining

ACTIVE POPULATION PERCENTAGES OF 5 METROPOLIS AND ISTANBUL *

* Kemal A. Aru, “Yerlesmeler ve Faal Nufus Hareketleri” [Settlements and Population Labors ], Mimarlik, Issue 37, 1966

/ urbanism

chapter 1: screening population growth

In parallel with industrialization, population flow has started towards major cities of Turkey. Following that, the growing population in the nation raised the demand for housing. As we examine through the related articles, in the long term development plans this issue was often considered,6 however investment rates could not catch the growing population rate while the plans were scarcely implemented with success. This issue is expanded with statistics and forecast assumptions in the report article prepared by the architect Altan Oke, he explains the existing situation as the following: “The desire to meet the numerical pressure of the housing need within the limited investment rates has resulted in the adoption of a large number of low-cost housing as solutions. Based on the first Five-Year Development Plan published in Public Housing Standards, it was seen that the principle of reducing the housing unit areas, which seemed the easiest form of cost control, was accepted. However, the structural characteristics of Turkish society particularly do not comply with these standards, which are found to be inaccurate and inadequate in various aspects.”7 He presents the assumption of required annual housing amounts for the forthcoming years. Taking into account the average household size in Turkey were 5 people, average annual housing required was found as in below. 84,000 if the population of 1950 remains constant 138,000 if the population of 1950 increases by 1% per year 226,000 if the population of 1950 increases by 2% per year 368,000 if the population of 1950 increases by 3% per year8 He concludes with the comment that if the population growth rate in our country could be reduced to the level in Japan in 1950, it would be possible to solve the housing problem not only in the cities but also in the villages until 2000 by the capacity of the city housing construction we have reached during the year 1971.

6 7 8

Altan Oke, “Population Planning Effects on Housing Requirements in Turkey”, Mimarlik, 1970, issue 82 Altan Oke, “Population Planning Effects on Housing Requirements in Turkey”, Mimarlik, 1970, issue 82 the Chamber of Architects Istanbul Branch, “Urban Renewal of Istanbul Report”, Mimarlik, 1964, issue 8

02 c h a p t e r 1 : s c r e e n i n g “Population Planning Effects on Housing Requirements in Turkey”, issue 82

/ urbanism

chapter 1: screening national urban strategies

In this sub title, we present some articles consisting of urban planning strategies that have the aim of projecting the existing failures, wasteful investments and researches upon the planning regulations. For instance, in the report “Urban Renewal of Istanbul” the chamber’s Istanbul Branch draws attention to the distorted city plan and points out the miserable situation that needs urgent help. The branch states that taking on the biggest burden in industrialization, Istanbul has been exposed to the biggest population domination. Since there were not enough plans to regulate the development of the city in a short time, the arrival of the city spread extraordinarily and the area covered by the city has grown six times.9 The branch continues to shed light upon the insufficient implements; “Planning activities have not been undertaken since 1935 from the Directorate of Zoning, which was established by the order of Ataturk. During the time elapsed, 116 million liras were spent for planning, and 3 different plans and approximately 1,200 various scales were discovered. However, all these studies which provide the basis for the desired result were not achieved due to insufficient data. While the city needs a sufficient plan, there is chaos in the variety of implementations.” They also address the authorities and executives in their report. They claim that the development of the city was not monitored and the adaptation of the plans was not ensured. On the other hand, as mentioned, it was a legal obligation to take necessary financial, administrative and technical preparations to execute the plans. The plans have not become anything to do with the possibilities and needs of the city, but they have become devastated by being abandoned to the city’s destiny. Another article delivered by the Istanbul branch is strongly related to this scope as well. In issue 12, a negative example of urban strategies is presented to expose the wasteful investments. By criticizing upon the unplanned construction of an underpass in Istanbul, the branch is calling for the attention of the citizens in order to inform them of this insufficient municipality service; “The Chamber of Architects presents the unplanned, unorganized urban executions of Istanbul Municipality for the information of; _ The citizens who pay the price of this arbitrary behavior from their modest budget _governmental authorities, who claim that their country’s future is dependent on planned development _Writers and intellectuals who knew of the planned actions is essential for economic and social development”10 The article reflects the truth that consequently neither the citizen’s troubles about the city have diminished, nor the millions spent have been beneficial enough to the city and the country. The chamber addresses the governors of the Municipality and claims that they distract the citizens by ignoring the real needs and interests of the people with their actions and publications, due to their lack of adequate plans and programs to comfort the public.

9 10

the Chamber of Architects Istanbul Branch, “Urban Renewal of Istanbul Report”, Mimarlik, 1964, issue 8 the Chamber of Architects Istanbul Branch, “Unplanned Investments in the Planned Development Period: Underpasses”, Mimarlik, 1964, issue 12

02 c h a p t e r 1 : s c r e e n i n g Istanbul City Master Plan

Karakoy underpass project, Istanbul, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Unplanned Investments in the Planned Development Period: Underpassesâ&#x20AC;?, issue 12

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chapter 1: screening

unorganized administration

The fact that the rules and laws do not comply with the correct city planning strategies is a frequently criticized issue in Mimarlik. The management mechanisms and mostly municipalities that do not work effectively on the urban development issue have also initiated a deterioration that is difficult to prevent while the encountered problems are rising. In the fixed section of the magazine called “Events and Reflections”, the chamber published a report concerning the city of Mersin and expressed their criticism and suggestions upon the planning administratives of this city. They also highlighted that this city’s urban planning issue is not a specific problem, but can be seen in different scales in all the other Turkish cities. However, as commented, these problems occur more prominently in cities, which are in a rapid urbanization process. Moreover, the authors mock the discipline of the administrators by not executing the zoning plans; “While the cities are surrounded by slums, the zoning plans arranged will remain as layouts adorning the walls, zoning plans will undergo numerous changes due to the numerous changes in laws and benefits of some people.”11 The criticism for the Mersin administrators actually applies to the overall opinion of how the administrators are perceived. Here are some critics upon the situation mentioned in the report; -The population of Mersin is increasing and consequently city needs a better and qualified planning - The municipality and administratives in planning are not working in the way that takes care of the problems in the city and in contrary they put individual benefits in front of the city’s benefits. -Number of qualified working people decreased in the last years and people with not enough knowledge about urban issues and in general urban strategies became the decision holders. -Political interests have become very important in municipalism. These comments actually portray an uneducated and undisciplined group of stakeholders that take advantage of their positions and put individual benefits during any action. Therefore, the administrators are addressed in blame for the unimplemented or poorly made city interventions. In another article concerning the lack of organization of the authorities, a seminar organized by the chamber about Istanbul city planning is mentioned in the news section. The main criticism was negative effectiveness of political issues about city planning. The chamber mentioned some problems such as; “1_Most organizations are working on the same topic because of the lack of communication. There are some problems about authority and responsibility. 2_Local administrative unions should be established. 3_During the study of planning, it is important to understand human factors and social structure. 4_It is crucial to use the investments in a logical way. In this aspect, it is essential to understand and follow the metropolitan city planning aspects and programs. 5_According to the ministry of development and housing, it is obvious that the Grand Istanbul Project is managed without consulting the scientific and professional associations. 6_This city planning refers to some speculative doubts rather than to serve public welfare. This plan should be discussed in front of the scientific and professional associations and the public.”12

11 12

the Chamber of Architects, “Events and Reflections”, Mimarlik, 1971, issue 97 the Chamber of Architects, “Conference of Istanbul City Planning”, Mimarlik, 1968, issue 55

02 c h a p t e r 1 : s c r e e n i n g the administrators refuse to perform their potential of initiating the professional solutions caricature by the artist Tan Oral

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chapter 1: screening social housing

The social housing subject is a vital fragment of urbanism while all the efforts and proposed solutions circulate around the human factor. The protagonist of an idealized urban city is the nuclear family in the society with a low economical budget. Thus, the living habitat of the families are crucial for the socio-economic and psychological dynamics in the community. In mimarlık this subject is carried out with different types of articles such as innovative news, competitions, project reviews, theoretical rhetorics. In this section we examine how the magazine reflects the ideal expectations of a social housing and how it informs about the ongoing projects. In the special issue 82 dedicated for the topic social housing, a research is presented concerning the standards of social housing and the minimum comfort level prototype of an average family system. The article claims the reason that creates the slum problem is that the population flocking to the cities with the urbanization movement can not afford to acquire housing. According to the article the two possible solutions can ease this crisis; either to increase the income level13 to the level that can benefit from the existing housing market; or creating a housing market according to the current income level. While the ideal solution would be the first option it still can not cover the rate of slum housing, therefore the social housing system should update the standards to answer the affordability problem. The article also draws attention to the 4th dimension usually neglected for a family living; that is the time. As explained, the concept of family depends on 3 factors; growth, flexibility and mobility. These factors apply both for the quantity such as the number of members, and quality such as the financial capability. With response to these points made, the ideal standards of a social housing unit is elaborated; “Since the different needs of each individual family cannot be taken into account, especially in a social housing project, each house owner should be given maximum freedom in the housing system. The host should be able to transform his house into the way he wants, from relocating the walls to building additional spaces, and to obtain a unique shelter that can only meet his own wishes.”.14 To give an example of the project reviews, a social housing settlement in Ankara is presented in a well detailed manner starting from the geographical context to the apartment typology plans, regulations and maintenance of the blocks.15 The chief architect Sevki Vanli and many other contributing professionals carry out this urban project with acknowledging the necessity of a qualified housing prototype and to overcome the disturbing built environment of irregular slums. Through this prototype project the concept of “OR-AN” (middle anatolia corporate housing) system is initiated. As explained in description of this initiative enterprise, the objectives are; -adding population balance in the city planning, -responding to affordable housing -standardizing the new construction methods -offering comfortable lifestyles to the people with low income, therefore providing a homogeneous distribution of socio-economic levels in the society. To inform the sector professionals theoretical explanations and the powerful references are also included for better understanding of the designing of the prototype. Project drawings are shown with detailed explanations.

13 14 15

Aliye P. Celik, “Research upon the Transition from the Slums to the Social Housing”, Mimarlik, 1970, issue 82 Aliye P. Celik, “Research upon the Transition from the Slums to the Social Housing”, Mimarlik, 1970, issue 82 Sevki Vanli, “Corporate Housing Settlement in Ankara”, Mimarlik, 1970, issue 82

02 c h a p t e r 1 : s c r e e n i n g Or-An Mass Housing project by chief architect Sevki Vanli and others, issue 82

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chapter 1: screening squatters’ houses

The slum issue, which has become a striking problem during 1965, has been the last link of the urbanization incident that has been developing for a long time. But despite all the warnings, as the chamber claims, even the smallest caution could not be taken across the government.16 Found in a reference article, slums are briefly described as follows: “To put it simply, slums are the shelters of large masses that do not comply with agriculture and population changes, spread in our industrialized, non-organized cities, work in low-income jobs.” According to Prof. Kiray, the reason that the slum workforce is not identified well, is not because of the low income nor not because of the reluctance and incompetence of those who come to the city. In fact, industry, organization, specialization, in short, modernization is slow.17 There are several examples that screen the vast settlements of squatters. The magazine portrays the zones of squatter settlements in city centres while informing the audience with rhetorics, critical statements and warnings to underline the unhealthy situation that is growing sharply. For instance speaking of the squatter settlements in Ankara, the architect and urban planner Senyapili mentions that the rapid increase in the slums prevents the city from developing according to the zoning plan and the use of the urban land according to the aims set by the plan. As given, the capacity of the old Ankara to absorb the immigrant population was sufficient until 1945-46, and in these years the construction of slums began. In Senyapili’s words, “The neglected precautions and practices taken over the years in the slums caused this problem to become a severe headache today in our big cities and of course in Ankara.” Despite the fact that these critics have always been neglected, Senyapili then expresses possible precautions and describes how to handle this problem professionally in the urban planning of Ankara.18 In another article, the news is reported concerning the problem of slums’ uncomfortable standards. According to the magazine, upon UIA’s attempt, French Social Housing committee was invited for the purpose of visiting and reviewing in one of the slum settlements in Istanbul. They were also hosted in seminars and had meetings with students debating on this subject at ITU Faculty of Architecture. Commenting upon the invitation, the chief editor Bulent Ozer states “In the planned development phase, in which we are in charge of seeking and establishing the optimum balance between our needs and possibilities, it is believed that it would be appropriate to engage in an exchange of ideas with a country closest to us in terms of structure.”19 In conclusion of this visit, the delegate suggests that a similar solution can be successful here by referring to an applied system implemented for extremely poor people by the French Government in Algeria after the II World War. In this system, official institutions can directly provide materials instead of cash aid. They can provide a place. They can establish the infrastructure. Thus, both for slums, help those who build their own homes, and core-housing problems can be solved in a very harmonious way at the lowest level. ----As seen in this chapter, Mimarlik plays a significant role for portraying the emergent situation that needs urgent attention of the government authorities and urban development professionals. The articles with screened datas convey that the emerging population growth and migration towards city centres call for solutions that need to be implemented. Meantime, the magazine, in other words professionals of the chamber of architects in Turkey, warn through the articles that the country is on the edge of an inevitable chaos in urbanization. Through Mimarlik, they express their worries about remaining on the threshold and they forecast that if the addressed target groups do not carry out the urban development plans successfully, the growing problem of rapid urbanization will raise many deteriorations in the socio-cultural and economical realms.

the Chamber of Architects, “Chamber of architects announced their views on Slums”, 1965, issue 26 Onder Senyapili, “Ankara 70’ / Slums”, Mimarlik, 1970, issue 77 Onder Senyapili, “Ankara 70’ / Slums”, Mimarlik, 1970, issue 77 19 Bulent Ozer, “French Social Housing Committee Visit and Their Conclusions”, Mimarlik, 1965, issue 17 16 17

02 c h a p t e r 1 : s c r e e n i n g Ankara Slum Settlement Sites “Ankara’70”, issue 77

French Committee and the Chamber of Architects are in Celikttepe slums settlement,

Slums on Mountain Altindag, photography: Fahri Yetman “Ankara’70”, issue 77

UIA delegate Prof. Georges Héaume, inside of a squatter house “French Social Housing Committee Visit and Their Conclusions”, issue 17

Chapter 2

Attempt to Enrich the Vision and Represent the Chamber The contents in MimarlÄąk are observed as they are presented with a flexible range of instruments; the collection of articles form many dialogues towards different target audiences and are written for different intentions. In this part, within the examples we frame how these dynamics combine together under mutual aims.

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chapter 2: visioning

aim: constructive suggestion

Mimarlık editorial mirrors the chamber professionals’ comments and reviews upon the debated issues. The suggestions are mostly included in project reviews, theoretical columns and conclusions in the reports, the authors often present their foresights, precaution advises, feasible solutions for the problems or vision expressions through case study references. For instance, in the previous chapter we mentioned an article about industrialization, the chamber suggests and offers solutions to prevent the pointed problem of foregin dependency; “The change in this reverse functioning mechanism can be achieved with the decision of national forces to establish and develop a real industrialization based on machinery, making machinery industry. However, such an industrialization can survive on its own. The market of international financial capital can be avoided. As a consequence industrialization in economics and social aspects can be fused with the national structure.”.20 Secondly, since we present the reported urban strategy issues of Istanbul from the perspective of the chamber branch, here we introduce the same article to clarify how the magazine contributes to fix the problematic situation of Istanbul. The magazine is in the role of becoming the voice of Istanbul professionals in the chamber. In their report in issue 8, they explain the possible solutions and precautions that could save the difficult situation of urban renewal planning that the city encounters. Here are the solutions’ titles;21 1/ Political precautions 2/ Providing Public Support 3/ Taking advantage of present opportunities 4/ Planning precautions 5/ Emergent precautions Likewise, in the city planning report about Mersin, Mimarlik reflects the suggestions on improving the administrative qualifications of the municipalities. These comments can be seen as powerful guides to fix the unqualified actions that are observed in the executive groups of authorities. Here are some strong suggestions mentioned; “-The technical staff of the municipality should once again be regulated, an architect and an engineer should be appointed by the ministry. -An independent ‘directorate of reconstruction’ must be established independent from the ‘municipality directorate science’ and an architect should be brought to this directorate. -City road, water, sewerage and electricity network projects should be done immediately, developments should be planned. -There should be a competition project for the filled port area and the region should be developed. -Green areas in the city should be protected. -Limitations on floor height should be regulated. -In addition if the municipality continues its incorrect attitude, the freelance architects will go on strike, not to draw projects against the municipality in Mersin.”22

20 21 22

the Chamber of Architects, “Planning and Industrialization”, Mimarlik, 1972, issue 109 the Chamber of Architects Istanbul Branch, “Urban Renewal of Istanbul Report”, Mimarlik, 1964, issue 8 the Chamber of Architects, “Events and Reflections”, Mimarlik, 1971, issue 97

02 c h a p t e r 2 : v i s i o n i n g

In the meantime, Mimarlık is an important source for the architecture and construction sector during that period in terms of keeping updated of recent technological trends. Many trends and new modalities are presented and instructed in the articles. For instance, in the article of Mustafa Gurbuz, he informs the latest trend of rapid construction by applying prefabricated housing units.23 He explains that for the prefabrication many factories operate in France, the Netherlands and other countries, and new factories are established in the United German Republic, Argentina and Africa. Gurbuz includes in the article a general explanation of what this ready construction method is, the description of construction elements and the efficiency of this manufacturing. As understood, during that time this rapid innovation can help the problem of social housing and as mentioned all countries that want to deal with the slums and residential problems also include element factories in the future economic plan circuits. Therefore while the nation deals with the demand of social housing, Mimarlik tries to inform the construction executors that there are emerging technologies for faster results.

[Facade Machine] “Construction by Prefabrication”, issue 26

Mustafa Gurbuz, “Construction by Prefabrication”, Mimarlik, 1965, issue 26

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chapter 2: visioning aim: criticism

As the urban planning executors often neglect their criticism, we interpret this intention is performed very objectively and rationally to catch their glance. In the reference from the previous chapter, the chamber points out the unrecognized results of a constructed underpass in İstanbul, and explains these errors done by the executors that conflicts with the city’s original urban plan in force. With these critics through Mimarlik, the chamber intends to reach the authorities to make them understand how their unplanned and unorganized investments ruin the urban development efforts and even worsen the situation. They explain as the following; “The Chamber of Architects Istanbul Branch has decided to announce to the public, through the Mimarlık, the monuments of the chaos we are in, in order to reveal this situation against the public. We present for your information about the purpose, application principles and application of the two sub-passages that are applied with this kind of application. 1/ As seen in the site plan, the underpass that is still being constructed is on one side of the future road according to the city plan in force. For this reason, the building will be on it in the future and it will not be possible to use it as a passage. 2/ The intersection of vehicle traffic could not be prevented because the order being applied was incorrect. Hence, traffic will stop from time to time and pedestrians will try to cross the road when the car traffic stops and disrupt the situation. 3/ Since the pedestrian traffic is not well organized, especially where the underpass exits are located, the public transportation will not meet the need during the scheduled hours when the passengers are waiting and the public will generally flood to the traffic routes. 4/ Since sufficient studies and projects have not been done, the ground has to be filled and the bridge has to be raised. So the cost has increased. In the future, many more disadvantages such as disruption of traffic, rainwater flooding to the underpass and air drafts will also occur over time.”24

the Chamber of Architects Istanbul Branch, “Unplanned Investments in the Planned Development Period: Underpasses”, Mimarlik, 1964, issue 12

02 c h a p t e r 2 : v i s i o n i n g Plan of the Karakoy underpass that is contrary with the urban planning in force “Unplanned Investments in the Planned Development Period: Underpasses”, issue 12

[Which Project is going to be applied?] “Unplanned Investments in the Planned Development Period: Underpasses”, issue 12

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chapter 2: visioning aim: discourse

Not usually seen in the architectural magazines, Mimarlik shows its unique interaction with its audience by publishing the response letters and opinion stances while representing the chamber. In issue 24, an urban implementation issue is expanded with the request of Darica county residents.25 According to the article, a decent bay named Balyanoz was actually preserved for touristic urban attraction point, recently the bay was re-appointed as a private shipyard place. The residents in the county are upset with this change and apply to the Chamber of Architects to inform them on the subject. By publishing this article, the chamber together with the Master Planning commission, states their opinion and explains that they do not approve this status change. The bay is devoted for tourism according to the planning laws in force, therefore shipyard facilities are not legally allowed to be built on this site. When observed from this direct dialogue of the magazine and the county residents, we can comment that Mimarlik seems to be well integrated with the society; does not serve only for the sector professionals but also the citizens such as Darica residents who want to be informed for their worries considering their homeland. On the other hand, by informing the audience of the preserved laws of master planning, after the clarification of Mimarlik the land-use debate is closed to any implementation. Furthermore, the interaction is also seen in the encouraging section for a campaign during the early 70s. The campaign is called “Let’s hold on to our own strength”, it aims to gather reaction upon the foreign implementations that could damage the urban environment and could lead to more unwanted incidents.26

25 26

the Chamber of Architects Istanbul Branch, “The Issue of Balyanoz Bay”, Mimarlik, 1965, issue 24 Mimarlik editorial, “Let’s hold on to our own strength”, Mimarlik, 1972, issue 109

02 c h a p t e r 2 : v i s i o n i n g Balyanoz Bay, Darica “The Issue of Balyanoz Bay”, issue 24

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[campaign: let’s hold on to our own strength]

[citizen letter: “..I will have a legal situation Turkey of foreign project offices; I respectful

[Cesme Holiday Village is being constructed to the Danish ‘Scandinavian Planning and Development Association’ Firm]

02 c h a p t e r 2 : v i s i o n i n g

n with Yasar Holding inc.; but they can not practice in lly ask the announcement to be made for the Holding.]

[foreign companies made 5 billion profits] [only foreign investors are allowed to join the national bid] [here is another foreign feasibility report for a national region]

[After the Opera Junction, the Kizilay Palace is also being built by Italians]

Chapter 3

Satirical Narration

From the point of the magazineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perspective the unpleasant society issues are narrated by using different media tools and platforms. In our perception, these tools define how the magazine carries out the approach of criticizing in the most effective way. Mimarlik editorial frames their unique ideological position through expressions of covers, cartoons, satirical rhetorics and public discourses with the newspaper-published press discourses.

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chapter 3: satirical narration via covers

In Module 1 we mentioned about the different mood seasons of Mimarlik that we perceive in the analyzed decade. Here, we filter the cover contents according to the message they convey and we expose only those which refer to the listed urban issues. As observed, the covers’ content shifts from descriptive approach towards sensational attitude. This comment can be understood when we compare the issues 32 and 100. In parallel with the mood seasons, especially the last 12 covers that are highlighted mostly consist of satirical messages expressed by large subtitles, questionings and disturbing urbanistic images. To describe a few, in the cover of the 100th issue, the problems are addressed at the organization authorities with the large sub title asking “Why are these master plans prepared for?” and the image shown has the contrasting cityscape of the slums and the high rise buildings. In the special issue dedicated for social housing, the issue 82, cover also reflects its focused content by itself. The initiative social housing project of Or-An (middle anatolia corporate housing) is put in the cover, which is deeply presented in this issue. Lastly, the disturbing chaotic photograph representing the squatter settlements is used in the cover of the issue 107. Sarcastically, while the photo reflects the clash of houses of people who had to build their own shelters, the large subtitle “HOUSING” creates a contrast with the photograph.

urban strategies issue 32, 1966

organization issue 100, 1972

social housing issue 82, 1970

squatters’ house issue 107, 1972

02 c h a p t e r 3 : s a t i r i c a l n a r r a t i o n

CONTENT

industrialization population growth urban strategies administration social housing squattersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; houses

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chapter 3: satirical narration via comics

Introducing the comics in issue 75, D.C. has the foreword with powerful reflection upon the art of cartoons; “Let’s not forget that one of the most powerful works of humanity is satire and satire; is the strongest criticism. Cartoon, whose dictionary meaning is to “attack”, is, in our opinion, the most simplified and crystallized form of satire art. Now, this strength of cartoon art, which is well understood that there is no joke embellished with a line, clearly tells us the fact that we can approach the subject not with individual phenomenon criticism, but with collective criticism.”.27 For example, Ferruh Dogan’s crushed human caricature between apartments can give a general criticism in a few lines, which cannot be easily explained through an essay. Again, the fact that only the determination of the situation by line is humor is an important witness to the power of this line art. The criticism of today’s cities and architecture activity with caricatures also confirms our judgment. In addition, D.C. points out a fact that it is not a coincidence that Steinberg, who is still considered the number one cartoonist in the world, is an Architect. The criticism was one of the main orientations of the journal after the end of the 1960’s. This radical change in the attitude reflected also on the type of images and articles produced at that time. Since the main focus of an architect is to draw, the idea is to express the thoughts in a sarcastic way through comics. In the end of the 60’s high prices of modern houses were one of the issues that reflected on the drawings. There are also reflections of fast and unplanned planning of cities, urbanization problems, high rise buildings and concerns related to squatter’s houses. Also the political pressure on the cities and on social life are portrayed in a satirical manner in the comics. Overall impressions message that the artists intended to exaggerate the inevitable results of population growth, mass construction and imbalance occurred on the city silhouette. From our perspective, the imagery of fast urbanization is mocked through line arts to evoke the disturbing rapid growth of cities that damages the cultural identity and threatens the human scale normals of that time.

D.C., “ <original> Imarname ”, Mimarlik, 1970, issue 75

02 c h a p t e r 3 : s a t i r i c a l n a r r a t i o n comic by Steinberg issue 75, 1970

comics by Ferhun Dogan issue 75, 1970

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chapter 3: satirical narration via press

For this specific theme, the publishings of the press are very effective for spreading the voice of Mimarlık and the chamber. While Mimarlık ongoingly expresses the chamber’s stance and their worry about the chaotic urban environment in Turkey, their efforts could not reach any positive results. Therefore, to increase their effectiveness Mimarlık used its opportunity to connect with the press in order to attract public opinion and support. On the other hand, in most of the articles we observed a tension between the chamber and the organizational authorities that occured because of their neglectful attitude. The section called “the Chamber of Architects on Press” presents clips of several recent newspaper columns and headlines that published the professional statements of the chamber members.28 In issue 74, some of the mentioned headlines and column titles from this section are; “the Rising Voice of the Chamber of Architects”, “Subway or the Bridge-Way?”, “It will be a pity to our millions..”, “Experts advise on the bridge way for Istanbul, they state that the construction of the subway will take many years and within this period, the city will return to the mole burrow.” “General Chairman of the Chamber of Architects Maruf Onal; changing the zoning plan for various reasons may have irreparable consequences in the future” In another example, the magazine reflects the chamber’s public appearance concerning the subject of the slums and the unapproved laws for the slum settlements. As described, the radio bulletin of a press conference was released on the national radio in December 1965. The press conference was arranged by the chamber’s General Secretary Arman Guran, he stated “It is only possible to undertake adequate prevention work in the slum operation and to ensure that sufficient investment is made by the state and that technical power is included in this effort.” While speaking about many important facts and statistics, Guran drew attention among the urgent need of social housing to prevent the increase of slums. Later he concludes: “It is our duty to present to the public that the Parliament and the Government will be responsible for the slum problem....We expect this issue to be handled in a brand new way through national investments. In this sense, it is our second great goal to stand by the government that will engage in a study.” The article also presents other newspaper clips mentioning this press meeting and relatable news of slum incidents, with remarkable headlines and subtitles as listed below;29 _President of Chamber of Architects Haluk Baysal: ”Istanbul is lingering” _President of Chamber of Architects stated slums cause 2 billion liras loss _According to the Turkey Chamber of Architects, who held 2 press conferences in Ankara and Istanbul, claimed that the first Five-Year Development Plan was implemented completely wrong. _12 million people are homeless _Workers’ dwellings will collapse at any time _Chamber of Architects explained: If any precautions are not taken, 12,5 million people will be homeless within 12 years _Chamber of Architects claimed: Planning is not capable of solving the Squatters House problem _According to General Secretary of the Chamber, government investment should take place in building construction _The squatter house collapsed, a 3 year-old girl died.

28 29

100

Mimarlik Editorial, “the Chamber of Architects on the Press”, Mimarlik, 1969, issue 74 the Chamber of Architects HQ, “Radio Bulletin about General Settlement and Slums”, Mimarlik, 1966, issue 27

02 c h a p t e r 3 : s a t i r i c a l n a r r a t i o n

issue 74, 1969 “Changing the zoning plan for various reasons may have irreparable consequences in the future”

issue 74, 1969 “Experts advise on the bridge way for Istanbul”

issue 27, 1966 “12 million people are homeless”

As these newspaper clips clearly show the effort of the chamber to inform the public, we can comment that the press spreads the voice of the chamber of architects and it contributes to inform the citizens and affiliated authority members about these national issues.

101

conclusion

The Domino Effect & Effect on MimarlÄąk

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104

02 c o n c l u s i o n

domino effect (noun)

a series of similar or related events occurring as a direct and inevitable result of one initial event

industrialization mass migration

population growth housing demand lack of housing

national urban strategies unorganized administration unplanned and rapid implements financial waste policital tension of the chamber neglection of criticism

social housing squatters house crooked urbanization indistinction of national architectural language

105

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conclusion

the domino effect The post war period in Turkey witnessed a rapid urbanization that widely shaped the social and political environment during the 1960s and the 1970s.30 Urbanization has emerged as a major issue for Turkey over the years. Getting more detailed information between the years 1963-72 provides the opportunity to figure out almost the beginning of the urbanization problems in Turkey. As discussed in the chapters, this problem is addressed in diverse ways in the Mimarlık Journal. Over the years, the techniques and criticism methods used in the journal dealing with this issue reflected the urbanism content in different forms such as articles, drawings, photos and comics. When the sequences of events that constitute the urbanization problem are considered, the overall situation can be illustrated with the domino effect metaphor. This metaphor can be explained with the affecting factors as industrialization, population growth, national urban strategies, unorganized administration, social housing and squatter houses. The environment triggered by mechanization and industrialization caused people living in the village to move away from production. People who are distanced from production and agriculture have found the cure to migrate to big cities with economical concerns. “Within a decade (between 1950 and 1960) 1.5 million immigrants arrived into urban areas (600,000 into the four largest cities) and the urban population rose from 19 to 26 percent.”31 The focus of this migration problem that started in Ankara later reached Istanbul and followed by many other cities. This population, which is growing rapidly and unplanned, has started the problem of lack of housing, which was one of the biggest urban problems in the country. Houses that were expensive due to the lack of housing pushed people illegally to build their own houses, thus the problem of squatters’ houses began. “In the mid 1970s - housing was defined as a means of reproduction of social relations of production. Parallel to these discoveries and also as an outcome of the social transformations they went through, the squatters gradually changed from a negative symptom (first of shortage of shelter, then of insufficient industrialization). While the partial attempts toward mass housing end up beyond the reach of the urban poor, the methods utilized for housing production – middle-class apartments versus squatter houses– become class strategies as housing becomes a terrain of social struggle.”32 In the cities whose silhouette and texture have deteriorated, the unqualified structures that were built to solve the problem have moved the architectural language of the country away from the national character. Even if there were consistent proposals about Istanbul city planning, the ministry of Istanbul does not consider them totally. This attitude of ministry was mentioned in the journal many times as a criticism. “In 1966, Istanbul Master Plan Office was founded under the Ministry of Development and Settlement. In the following five years 1/25000 scaled Istanbul Master Plan was completed. In 1968 Izmir Master Plan Office, in 1969 Ankara Master Plan Office was founded (Koroglu & Olmez, 2002), Till 1965, first Ministry of Public Works then Ministry of Development and settlements produced urban development plans and some national and international competitions were organized (Koroglu & Olmez, 2002). Between the 1960’s and 1970’s urban planning competitions obtained the evolution of planning methods in the country.”33 Announcements, jury reports and detailed analysis of competitions held in the urban planning field are frequently featured in Mimarlık journal.

30 Bulent Batuman, Spaces Of Counter-Hegemony: Turkish Architects and Planners As Political Agents In The 1970s (Thesis, Binghamton University, New York, 2006). 31 Bulent Batuman, Spaces Of Counter-Hegemony: Turkish Architects and Planners As Political Agents In The 1970s (Thesis, Binghamton University, New York, 2006). 32 Bulent Batuman, Spaces Of Counter-Hegemony: Turkish Architects and Planners As Political Agents In The 1970s (Thesis, Binghamton University, New York, 2006). 33 Hale Ciraci - Fatma Pelin Ozturk, “The Planning History of Turkey: Policies, Practices, Breakdowns,”(14th IPHS Conference: Istanbul, 2010).

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population growth

urban startegies

administration

social housing

squatters’ house

26%

02 c o n c l u s i o n

industrialization

Kastamonu

ISTANBUL Ordu

Kars

Giresun

60% Erzurum

25%

Bursa Izmir

ANKARA

Sivas

50%

Malatya

NET MIGRATION FLOW RATIOS * City Centers Istanbul Ankara Izmir

1970-1965 +207.1 % +122.4 % +83.1 %

1975-1980 +74.5 % +83.1 % +71.9 %

THE MOST DENSE MIGRATION FLOW TO ISTANBUL * Provinces emigrating to Istanbul Incoming Population Ankara 40.469 Sivas 35.023 Kars 28.678 Kastamonu 20.846 Giresun 20.005 Malatya 19.011 Erzurum 17.513 Ordu 17.351 Total with 58 other cities

559.326

* Alaettin Tandogan, “Turkiye Nufus Hareketlerinde Istanbul’un Yeri” [The role of Istanbul in Population Movements in Turkey], 1989

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/ urbanism

The problem of unplanned and rapid urbanization of Istanbul was also discussed in international conferences. In the national aspects such problems that the cities had to face at the time can be traced through articles in Mimarlık journal such as: ‘Radio Bulletin about General Settlements and Slums’ (i.27,1966), ‘Population Planning Effects on Housing Requirements in Turkey’(i.82,1971), ‘Ankara’70’(i.77,1970), ‘Development Booklet’(i.75,1970), ‘Metropolitan Planning’(i.79, 1970). On the other hand, political issues have affected the unplanned urbanization. The most important examples can be seen in Istanbul such as the Bosphorus Bridge project and squatter settlements. “While the most visible of such projects was the Bosphorus Bridge, all these projects were shaped through government’s revisions forced into the plans, seriously weakening the autonomy of the Bureau. A telling example is obviously the Bridge, which had to be incorporated into the plan as a prerequisite, even before the transportation analyses were finished.”34 As a result of this tense political environment in the country, conflicts of interest started to occur frequently in individuals and institutions. Control and supervision mechanisms have gradually weakened in which the individuals started to become more valuable than the society. Development plans could not be implemented properly in most cities due to the low number of qualified professionals and highly relaxed control systems. In the journal, this issue is frequently presented, there has been an on-going criticism for the irresponsible attitude of the administrations and municipalities, the financial hazards of these unplanned acts and the major city problems they caused. Although Mimarlik journal tried to use the advantages of being the official publication of the chamber almost to the end, the consistent criticisms towards administratives and politicians couldn’t go beyond informing the society about the problems. Policies and administrations that consider their personal benefits more than the problems of the city could not provide a permanent solution to the issues that caused crooked urbanization at the end of the day. Serious urbanization problems, especially in big cities such as Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir continued to increase until the end of the period that we analyzed. This urbanization related problems reveals that the socio-economic differences in the country are getting more and more abundant and that it is impossible to solve such a wide and deep matter with superficial decisions as seen and criticized in the 5-year development plans. As the authors of the journal have consistently stated in the related articles, urban plans have been applied in an imprudent and irresponsible manner, and as a result, similarly to the domino effect we have mentioned, it has caused damages that will trigger other issues in the urban structure of the country. For this reason urbanization problems continued in the following years and persistently remained as a hot topic on the agenda of Mimarlik Journal.

34 Bulent Batuman, Spaces Of Counter-Hegemony: Turkish Architects and Planners As Political Agents In The 1970s (Thesis, Binghamton University, New York, 2006)

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/ urbanism

conclusion

effect on mimarlık

After performing the deep analysis about the effect of Mimarlik upon the subject, here we interpret how this critical issue has affected the magazine in return. Apart from the purpose of informing, the journal also undertook the task of criticizing the administrative organs that could not fulfill their duties properly. As the urbanism problem and politics worsened in the country, the journal’s urban related content was largely shifted to critical writings and graphics. From the point of view of the journal, which has assumed the duty of being the voice of the professional problems and the society after a while, it would probably continue to function in a different attitude if it had found a positive reaction to its criticism. The magazine, which initially has an attitude of didactic and artistic narration, ultimately becomes a voice of professionals in a satirical way. From the point of view of the journal, the problems and necessary considerations about this hopeless problem of urbanization occupied much paper, time and energy. The repetition of the urban renewal warnings seem to hinder both the magazine and the chamber to focus on innovative subjects. Moreover, their criticism led to a clash with the political authorities, which threatened the improvement of architecture in Turkey. As a final overview we can claim Mimarlık journal plays an important role for the urban development in Turkey both for screening the issues and contacting the administrative organs for improvement. Their attitude and content shifted towards a satirical and critical narration by the time they have been neglected frequently. Even though their massive efforts, this problem of crooked urbanization in city centres unfortunately could not be resolved in a proper, professional way, as we observe in our anthology materials. We assume many vital aspects would have gone in a positive direction in a scenario that the administrative organs considered the decisions, suggestions and precautions of Mimarlık, this statement applies both for Mimarlık, the chamber and urban development outcomes. Mimarlik would have more time and energy for screening more innovative contents in the creative design fields; therefore could inspire national professionals which give direction to architectural progression in Turkey. Likewise, the chamber board members and contributors of these articles could have used their energy for focusing on their professional productivities, rather than trying to influence and educate ignorant authorities to fix the problem. And lastly, the urban context of the cities would have reached the idealized levels if the target audience of executors could apply these wise instructions narrated by the professionals.

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02 c o n c l u s i o n

unorganized administration

national urban strategies

population growth

industrialization

squattersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; houses

social housing

bibliography general bibliography books Meltem O. Gurel, Mid-Century Modernism in Turkey:Architecture Across Cultures in the 1950 and 1960s (Abingdon: Routledge, 2016) thesis Sabiha Gologlu, “Analyzing the Mimarlık Journal: A Study on Architecture in Turkey in 1980s“ (Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2011). articles from online journals Ahmet Sonmez, “Mimarlik Dergisi icin…,” [For Mimarlik Magazine... ]. Mimarlik Dergisi, March-April, 2013 Aslı Tuncer Madge, “Derginin Mutfagindan,” [From the Magazine’s Kitchen]. Mimarlik Dergisi, March-April, 2018 Guven Birkan, “Mimarlikla Kacamaklar,” [Excuses in Architecture]. Mimarlik Dergisi, March-April, 2013 Zafer Akay, “Kisisel Cabalardan Profesyonellige: Turkiye’de Mimarlik Dergilerine Kisa bir Bakis,” [From Individual Efforts to Professional: Brief Look at the Architectural Magazines in Turkey]. Mimarlik Dergisi, Mart-Nisan, 2018 Helen Castle, “Mimarlik Yayinciligi: Quo vadis?,” [Publishing of Mimarlik: Quo vadis?]. Mimarlik Dergisi, January-February, 2003

critical bibliography thesis Bulent Batuman, “Spaces Of Counter-Hegemony: Turkish Architects and Planners As Political Agents In The 1970s” (Thesis, Binghamton University, New York, 2006). conference Hale Ciraci-Fatma Pelin Ozturk. “The Planning History of Turkey: Policies, Practices, Breakdowns” 14th IPHS Conference, Istanbul, 2010.

websites Dogan Hasol website, “Writings” http://www.doganhasol.net/kategori/mesleki-yazilar visited on 13/07/2020 Mimarlik Magazine website, “About Mimarlik” http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=hakkinda visited on 13/07/2020 Mimarlik Magazine website, “Archive” http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=arsiv visited on 13/07/2020

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articles from mimarlik Aliye Pekin Celik, “Gecekondudan Sosyal Konuta Gecis Uzerine Arastirma ,” [Research upon the Transition from the Slums to the Social Housing]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 82 (1970): 59-60. * Altan Oke, “Turkiye’de Nufus Planlamasınınn Konut Ihtiyacina Etkisi,” [Population Planning Effects on Housing Requirements in Turkey]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 82 (1970): 42-45. * Bulent Ozer, “Fransiz Sosyal Konut Heyetinin Temaslari ve Sonuclari,” [French Social Housing Committee Visit and Their Conclusions]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 17 (1965): 12-14. * Chamber of Architects Istanbul, “Planli Kalkinma Devrinde Plansiz Yatirimlar: Alt Geçitler,” [Unplanned Investments in the Planned Development Period: Underpasses]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 12 (1964): 23-25. * Chamber of Architects, “Balyanoz Koyu Meselesi,” [The Issue of Balyanoz Bay]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 24 (1965): 33-34. * Chamber of Architects, “Basinda Mimarlar Odasi,” [The Chamber of Architects on Press]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 74 (1969): 18-19. * Chamber of Architects, “Genel Yerlesme Duzeni ve Gecekondu Konusunda Radyo Bulteni,” [Radio Bulletin about General Settlement and Slums]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 27 (1966): 2. * Chamber of Architects, “Istanbul Planlamasi Semineri Yapildi,” [Conference of Istanbul City Planning]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 55 (1968): 3-4. * Chamber of Architects, “Istanbul’un Imari,” [Urban Renewal of Istanbul Report]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 08 (1964): 3-6. * Chamber of Architects, “Kendi Gucumuze Dayanalim,” [Let’s Hold on to our own Strength]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 109 (1972): 11-18. Chamber of Architects, “Mimarlar Odası Gecekondular Konusundaki Goruslerini Acikladi,” [Chamber of Architects Announced Their Views on Slums]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 26 (1965). * Chamber of Architects, “Olaylar ve Yankilari,” [Events and Reflections]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 97 (1971): 5-7. * Chamber of Architects, “Piccinato’nun Konferansı: Istanbul Nazim Planinin Ana Hatlari,” [Piccinato’s Conference: Main Aspects of Istanbul Cıty Planning]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 49 (1967): 2-4. Chamber of Architects, “Plan ve Sanayilesme,” [Planning and Industrialization]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 109 (1972): 3-4. * D.C., “Imarname,” Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 75 (1970): 28-55. * Gurkan Gezim, “Ulke Yerlesmesi ve Duzenlemesi Ustune,” [Country Settlement and Regulation]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 53 (1968): 28-31. Haydar Kazgan, “Bolgesel Dengesizligin Sebepleri Uzerinde Bir Yorum,” [Comment on Unorganized Regional Results]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 42 (1967): 19-20.

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articles from mimarlik Ilhan Selcuk, “Bogaz Koprusu,” [Bosphorus Bridge]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 59 (1968): 5. Kemal Ahmet Aru, “Yerleşmeler ve Faal Nufus Hareketleri,” [Settlements and Population Labors]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 37 (1966): 19-24. * Mehmet Cubuk, Nihat Guner, Ersen Gursel, “Side 1971,” Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 97 (1971): 27-34. Mehmet Cubuk, “Bogazicinde Iskan Gelismesi,” [Housing Developments in Bogazici]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 55 (1968): 25-26. Mustafa Gurbuz, “Prefabrikasyon ile Insaat,” [Construction by Prefabrication]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 26 (1965): 7-9. * Onder Senyapili, “Ankara 70’ / Gecekondular,” [Ankara 70’ / Slums]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 77 (1970): 38-40. * Rusen Keles, “Fiziksel Cevre Sorunu Olmayan Sehir Sorunlari,” [City Problems Without Physical Environmental Issues]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 89 (1971): 31-34. Sevki Vanli, “Ankara’da Or-an Toplu Konut Yerlesimi,” [Or-an Corporate Housing Settlement in Ankara]. Mimarlik Dergisi, no. 82 (1970): 22-40. *

* selected articles for the essay

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Mimarlik Magazine 1963-1972

Articles inside

Chapter 1: Screening

Chapter 3: Satirical Narration

Bibliography

Chapter 2: Visioning

Editorial Timeline

Introduction General Overview

Protagonists: Recurrent Authors