Arboretum in Hørsholm M.Sc. Thesis_Denmark

ACCESSIBILITY & MULTISENSORY AS ONE

ACCESSIBILITY & MULTISENSORY AS ONE

Accessibility and Multisensory as one

Acknowledgment

A design proposal for an inclusive and multi­sensory network of routes, for the Arboretum at Hørsholm, Copenhagen.

I would like to thank my supervisor Ulrik for his eternal and dedicated support and his guidance throughout the process.

Dimitrios Adamidis srw891

I would like to thank my beloved family and my partner who always support me in the pursuit of my goals and dreams.

Without them, this research wouldn’t be possible.

30 ECTS points Master thesis in Landscape Architecture March 30th 2020 Faculty of Science, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen Supervisor: Ulrik Sidenius

Summary

Abstract

This study explores the mediums the therapeutic benefits of nature can be combined with spatial accessibility, within the field of landscape architecture.

The research findings are conveyed into a design proposal, structured by an evidence-based approach.

This M.Sc. Landscape Architecture thesis proposes an evidence-based health design concept for a healthpromoting landscape in the Arboretum in Hørsholm, Denmark.

The case site is the Arboretum at Hørsholm, Denmark.

The resulting proposal has an emphasis on a multisensory and inclusive design, achieving a harmonious blend of enhanced connection with nature along with an accessible outdoor environment for wheelchair users.

A historic survey of health-promoting landscape design contributes to an awareness of a broader world of healthbeneficial landscapes applications and practices.

The study develops upon research findings of the health-promoting aspects of nature, outlining the theoretical framework for the evidence-based health design process, multisensory and inclusive design approaches, and proceeding to the development of the design proposal accordingly.

Accessibility is at the forefront as a strategic guiding principle in the design process of the new routes, wayfinding system, and all architectural elements.

The proposal considers and accommodates individuals of all ages and every range of mobility, simultaneously with promoting and improving their physical and mental health through the establishment of a richer connection with nature.

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CONTENTS

Summary Abstract Table of Contents

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INTRODUCTION

Introduction

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INVESTIGATION

Nature’s Influence on Health 7

Evidence Based Heath Design as an Approach 11

Evidence Based Health Design in Landscape Architecture 13

Inclusive Design as part of United Nations Goals 15

A comprehensive guideline for responsible inclusive design 17

Multisensory Design 21

Sight 23

Hearing 25

Touch 27

Smell 29

Taste 31

Vestibular Sense 33

Kinesthesis 34 METHODOLOGY

Working Methodology and Design Approach

DESIGN PROPOSAL

Proposed Routes Network 55

Leisure Routes and Exercise Trails 57

The Hardscape Routes Types 59

Signage and Way-finding System 60

Changes in Vegetation Plan 61

Master Plan Proposal 63

Material Palette Map 65

Safety First. Protection Barriers Principles 67

Perspective Sections 69

Acoustic Mirrors 75

Perception Tunnel 87

Sky Gaze Route 99

Bridges and Skywalk 107

Canopy Walks 123 OUTRO

Conclusion 143 REFERENCES

Bibliography & Inspiration-Literature Sources 145

Illustrations List 147

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SITE ANALYSIS

Location 37

From Past to Present 39

Spatial Analysis 41

Nacadia and Octovia 43

Site Terrain Analysis 45

Existing Vegetation 47

Existing Path System 49

Arboretum Views 51

Existing Condition SWOT Analysis 53

Concept Development Approach 54

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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Introduction Humans are deeply embedded in their natural environment. The natural environment constitutes humanity’s home and has provided all the necessities for human beings to evolve and thrive, particularly the flora and fauna that give food and shelter.

Humanity’s connection with nature, however, is heavily obscured in today’s urban environments.

based approaches to healing and health. There is extensive research that shows how natural vegetated environments can contribute to health and wellbeing. The thesis explores how such research can be operationalized with an Evidence-Based Health Design approach. The United Nations advocacy for Inclusive Design is also detailed and informs the design approach.

People have been disconnected from the natural environment, without realizing the repercussions. Our cities are deficient in green areas coverage, wildlife variety and pollution-free air.

People who are living the busy life in an urban environment might not realize the great importance of such restorative areas for the physical and mental state of the individual. Over half of the world’s population now lives in dense urban areas and there is a disconnect with the natural environment.

With a strong theoretical base, the thesis then outlines a Multisensory Design Approach as a methodological basis for the design proposal. A goal for the thesis is to engage this expanded understanding of the human senses and design a landscape that is truly multisensory.

This project takes as its starting point this disconnection from nature. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as: “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” . ( source: https://www.who.int/about/whowe-are/constitution ).

This thesis will explore how landscape architecture can produce natural environments that enhance human health.

The project proceeds with an analysis of the existing path system and existing vegetation at the site. With an analysis of the terrain and attractive natural features across the Arboretum, the design proposal is prepared accordingly.

The resultant design is presented as a reworking of the Arboretum’s path systems and selected relocation of trees. The path systems are selectively resurfaced for accessibility purposes.

The paths layouts are optimized, based on terrain analysis, to accommodate a range of intensities of activity, from leisure to athletics.

The proposal also includes a set of architectural interventions that enhance the multisensory experience of the visitor. Canopy walks through the trees and bridges and skywalks over the Arboretum’s lakes are designed to give all visitors a rich nature experience over a variety of accessible surfaces.

The acoustic mirrors are a set of special installations that allow the visitor an enhanced aural experience of their natural surroundings. The perception tunnel and the sky gaze route take the visitor through a range of spaces that stimulates their sight, tactile, and hearing senses.

This design proposal for the Arboretum at Hørsholm presents an ambitious vision for an accessible and multisensory visitor experience with a strong evidence-based health design approach to back it up.

In the following Investigation section, this thesis will explore extensive historic precedents for nature-

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INVESTIGATION

INVESTIGATION

Nature’s Influence on Health It has long been understood that nature has a therapeutic healing effect on individuals. This is demonstrated well in historic practices of nature therapy and verified in recent scientific tests.

Already in ancient Greece, ill people underwent a form of nature therapy in the Asklepieion temples. Temple area included practical spaces like libraries, theatres, marketplace, but also shady groves and natural springs that were the focal areas for healing rituals.

Similarly, in ancient Roman military hospitals, natural lighting and natural ventilation was an important part of convalescence. Looking to the modern era, in the 1700s the English hospital and prison reformer, John Howard, reported on hospitals in several European metropolises where windows and doorways allowed patients views of neighbouring gardens in which you could also go for walks. In 1792 William Tuke reinvented ways to treat patients with mental disorders. William Tuke masterminded “The Retreat” in York, where patients with mental disorders were treated with compassion and encouraged to immerse themselves in the surrounding countryside as part of their treatment. William Tuke suspected that patients needed peaceful natural surroundings in order to recover, rather than being in an urban environment (1) .

The concept of using nature as part of treatment spread to the USA. During the 1850s, it became increasingly accepted that natural environments and scenery had a positive effect on the treatment of the mentally ill. It was believed that a visual connection

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to nature soothed bad behaviours and that gardening could be a part of rehabilitation (2) .

Following the world wars of the 20th century, veterans were treated by offering various types of gardening activities as physiotherapy. Although the focus of this was primarily to treat Veterans’ physical damage, the use of gardening had the added benefit of helping veterans deal with the psychological traumas of war. This approach is still used today for the treatment and mitigation of mental and physical disorders in veterans. Nature therapy’s use has been expanded to the treatment of a range of diseases and conditions, including anxiety, depression and stress. Nature therapy is now used extensively in rehabilitative institutions and nursing homes.

Nature Therapy can be defined as having a natural and plant dominated environment designed to rehabilitate and nurture the subject by facilitating interactions between conventional therapy and healing effects of the natural environment. The Healing Gardens have a positive effect on memory, cognitive skills, coordination, language skills and socialisation, working with both passive and active participation of the subject. Nature’s natural rhythms reflected in the weather and growth of plants can be complemented by garden design with entrances and paths, sensory plant selection with a focus on colour, texture and fragrance, the possibility of staying in both sun and shade and different spaces where one can be alone or with

others (1) .

Nature therapy includes activities in the garden like weeding, raking, sowing, chopping wood and the like.

To appreciate the beauty of nature, to nurture something living and to interact socially all support the healing process.

In order to create a garden with therapeutic effect, the design should be done in close cooperation between landscape architects and garden therapists. Helpful research has compared results of gardening therapy to those of a traditional clinical approach (3) . There are many studies on the relationship between stress and time spent in natural environments. A survey conducted in 2003 in Sweden found evidence of a relationship between people’s stress levels and their use of green space. Higher stress levels were observed among those not using the green space, while those that visited green spaces more often had lower levels of self-perceived stress (4) .

A survey conducted in 1995 by Clare Cooper Marcus showed that those hospitalised with stress due to illness, saw a clear improvement in their mood when they spent time on the hospital grounds. A majority of respondents reported that trees, flowers and colours of nature and seasonal change contributed to the improved mood.

Additionally, it has been shown that for half of the respondents’ sensory stimulation like sound, tactile areas and scent also had a positive impact on their mood (1) .

A physiological study in 1991 showed similar results. Following an analysis of 120 stressed people, who were asked to look at six different video recordings showing scenes ranging from natural environments to urban environments without nature. The results of this study indicated that the stress levels increased when subjects viewed urban environments and decreased when shown natural environments.

Subsequent studies of these effects of greenery have shown that nature can decrease the stress level and have a constructive influence on concentration, irritability and strengthen muscles and prevent aches and pains in the body (3) .

There is extensive research exploring the relationship between mental and physical health and the restorative effects of outdoor natural environments.

Academia on nature and human health relations has developed into a multidisciplinary, innovative and international field. There is sufficient scientific evidence to support the assertion that natural environments can improve health and act as a supportive element for nature-based therapies.

Research is proceeding and is getting closer to substantiate the dominant theories from the field of environmental psychology. This thesis finds its theoretical background in research that has a focus on relieving stress.

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INVESTIGATION Research into the interactions between nature and human health has grown broadly in recent decades producing something of a consensus that nature is an important resource for human health. Experiments and field studies demonstrate positive health outcomes from visual or physical connection to natural environments. Prevailing research outlines the positive effects of natural environments on human health by encouraging physical activity, encouraging social contact and providing psychological and physiological restoration (5) . There may also be synergies between the three; meaning physical activity in a natural environment has greater psychological and physiological influences than in a non-natural setting. The evidence supporting nature-based therapies is strong and continually growing (11).

Coherent theories on nature-based therapies are taking shape, for example, the Affective Aesthetic theory (sometimes called the Stress Reduction Theory and the Attention Restoration Theory). In comparison to many other subjects, research on nature and human health relations is a relatively young field. It is, however, a charismatic field of research in regards to the developing number of published scientific articles, the increasing number of countries involved and the growth of interdisciplinary interest (12) .

Likewise, scientific articles are pursuing increasingly innovative research designs, ranging from traditional case studies to randomised controlled trials. As a young field of novel research, inquiries into

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nature-based therapies are innovative and groundbreaking.

The understanding of the importance of a varied natural habitat that promotes health and supports treatment is increasing globally. The conscious design of green spaces and gardens so that they support health processes and result in improved health outcomes has evolved into a new branch of landscape architecture. The Englishspeaking countries refer to it as Health Design. The research group ‘Nature, Health and Design’ at the University of Copenhagen asserts that Health Design within landscape architecture consists of four foundation stones: the terrain, the users, the human health aspect, and the use. The setting includes natural habitats at very different scales, ranging from large landscape areas to small parks. Based on the assignment, both individual roles of the environments, as well as linkages between them, can be considered. The target users must be clearly defined, since people with illnesses or disabilities may perceive and understand the environments differently from others. By adopting an inclusive point of view, Universal Design is commonly linked to Health Design (5) .

Human health is a broad term, but in Health Design, the way in which the natural terrain is expected to support health must be clarified, e.g. health advancement, ill-health prevention or treatment/therapy. Frequently, Health Design projects focus on public, mental, physical or social health. An alarming tendency observed by the study group

a few years ago is that some welldesigned project is being conceived and built but subsequently not used in an intended manner; the consequence being that the health potentials are unrealized. Thus, the use of the habitat must be defined and integrated into the concept of Health Design.

Specific nature-based treatment programs or guided health-promoting activities are among such uses.

Most people imagine a garden in a healthcare facility for example, as a flourishing place, dotted with flowers, nature in miniature symbolically and materially, a place that pleases the senses. Conspicuously, absent would be features that diminish the ability to enjoy and reflect on the environment like noise, crowds, and pollution. This universal view of what does and does not belong fits many of the gardens that have been installed in healthcare facilities, indoors and outdoors.

Consider now the healing process.

The word healing contains many different meanings: some conception of health; some departure from a condition of health; some possibility for recovering health; and some means for improving health. The simple fact that healing gardens now exist in widely varying healthcare settings shows that they are aligned with a broader conception of health, one that recognises that a person can move between higher and lower degrees of health along diverse physical, mental, and social continua.

Such a broad conception of health implies that departures from it can

take many forms, and so in turn that the recovery of health can take many forms. The broad conceptions of health and healing implicit in the term healing garden echo those already manifest in the healthcare facilities where such gardens have been placed.

Terminally ill patients might value a hospice garden as a place for contemplation, for example. Visitors and staff, though not physically ill, might value a garden as a place for grieving or for a restorative respite from stressful caring demands. For such reasons, some proponents advocate different features for gardens in health care. The term “healing” might be the source of the controversy that healthcare gardens have aroused in some quarters. Given the way that highly trained professionals are tasked with the responsibility to care for the health of individuals, “healing” is a loaded term. Medical professionals typically conceive of healing in more precise ways, given their training in the use of specialised methods of treatment.

And one might expect them, as responsible professionals, to scrutinise approaches to treatment that follow from vague conceptions of “healing”.

It would be a mistake, however, to attribute controversy about healing gardens primarily to medical versus lay conceptions of healing. With growing scientific research in support of naturebased therapies, the task remains to more closely integrate academic and professional understandings of health and healing to develop an approach of Evidence-Based Health Design (7) .

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INVESTIGATION

Evidence Based Heath Design as an Approach

Aesthetic and practical Landscape Architectural skills and experiences

Research evidence + Valid practical Evidence Based experience Heath Design

The users special needs, wishes and preferences

Schematic diagram showing the 3 foundations forming the Evidence-Based Design model (5)

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Evidence-based design is a powerful tool that binds together three important aspects: the target group’s attributes and special needs, best research/ practice evidence, and the aesthetic and practical skills of the landscape architect. As Stichler and Hamilton have noted, “Evidence-based design is a process for the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence from research and practice in making critical decisions, together with an informed client, about the design of each individual and unique project.” Using the strongest evidence and understanding the target group’s attributes gives a strong foundation to the resultant design (6) .

The evidence-based design proposal, in the end, will be the result of a synergy between our skills as landscape architects and the accompanying two criteria. The evidence-based design approach pursues the best solution for the various challenges, it faces, while attempting to execute the best design possible based on the needs of the target group.

Landscape architecture is gradually becoming a more evidence-based profession. Aesthetic skills are increasingly being integrated with research evidence in the planning, designing and management of landscapes. Indeed, some fields of landscape architecture have a long tradition of working with an evidencebased approach, for example, within the field of landscape technology, focusing on water, terrain and vegetation.

In some countries, an architect may not design a hospital unless he or she is qualified in evidence-based design (EBD). In Europe, we have not yet come so far, although there is a tendency that in architectural and landscape architectural design competitions for hospitals and care units, an evidence-based design process is often requested or recommended.

Often, the architects and the landscape architects fall short here. This may be due to the fact that very little current research on nature and human health relations has an architectural or landscape architectural perspective. In other words, research has not been effectively instrumentalized for architects and landscape architects (5) .

Evidence-Based Health Design in Landscape Architecture (EBHDL) is a methodology to systematically make use of research-based evidence, practical experience and the given user group requirements and demands in the landscape architecture design process.

Thus, optimized and secure interaction between use and design of each project based on the users and their needs can be ensured.

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INVESTIGATION

Evidence Based Health Design in Landscape Architecture

The EBHDL process does not end when the design has been realised, it requires systematic evaluations to ensure, maintain, and enhance the positive health outcomes. A crucial action is the post-occupancy evaluation (POE) of the EBHDL settings. A POE is an evaluation and validation of the design as well as the treatment programme (8) , which is in alignment with the recommendations of the WHO and contemporary health science; any interventions and practices concerning human health and treatments should be evidence-based and validated to ensure quality and positive effect (Taylor & Francis, 2013; WHO, 2013). EBHDL processes are fairly new and the research group ‘Nature, Health & Design’ at IGN is helping to develop a model of a transparent process of EBHDL (fig. 1) (9) .

Fig.(1) The model of the EBHDL process (7)

EBHDL evolved from other disciplines that have used evidence-based models to guide decisions and practices in their respective fields, e.g. evidence-based medicine (EBM) and evidence-based clinical practise (EBCP) in which the clinical practitioners make decisions about the treatment, care and practice of individual patients based on the current best evidence from research (EBM) and practice (EBCP) (7) .

The Center for Health Design defines evidence-based design (EBD) as:

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“The process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes” ( source: https://www.brikbase. org/knowledge-partners/center-healthdesign ).

EBHDL has a concrete focus on the design of landscape, gardens and natural environments to maximize the health and wellbeing of clients.

The EBHDL model has four parts. Part 1 consists of three equally important components that begin the process: Aesthetic and practical landscape architectural skills and experience; the specific user-, patient- or target group’s special needs, wishes and preferences.

In case of treatment, the treatment programme and the patient’s expected rehabilitation process must be included; Research evidence and valid practical experiences. This initial work constitutes the foundation for the next part of the model (part 2), the program guiding subsequent design. Here, the intended health outcomes and the objectives of the design must be stated along with how they will be achieved by the design (design criteria) with evidence to support the decisions behind the design. The EBHDL process does not stop when the design (part 3) has been

realized as it should be continuously evaluated. This is achieved by a diagnostic post-occupancy evaluation (DPOE) (part 4), which evaluates whether the design has fulfilled its original aims and objectives (part 2) (10).

EBHDL is a flexible and ongoing design process, where the design will be based on a state of the art evidence, experience and knowledge. New findings, results and lessons from practice and research are continuously presented and may provide the rationale for changing or adjusting the design to implement more efficient design for a specific user group, based on the most recent research.

Though as important as it is to follow the results of relevant research and practice (‘external evidence’), it is just as important to monitor the function and use of a current design output (‘internal evidence’) of an EBHDL case.

This is to determine whether the design is being used as intended, whether the outcomes are as intended, and to obtain more knowledge and experiences about EBHDL for the specific user group.

DPOE is an important tool in the EBHDL process. The findings of a DPOE can lead to a constructive and continuous adjustment of the design to strengthen the outcomes and ensure that the aim of the design is met in accordance with most recent external and internal findings and evidence. The EBHDL process is a useful methodology for the landscape architect interested in designing and implementing landscapes with therapeutic health potentials (7).

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The United Nations Sustainable Development goals have a broad interest in improving global health.

The 193-Member United Nations General Assembly formally adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, along with a set of bold new Global Goals, which SecretaryGeneral Ban Ki-Moon hailed as a universal, integrated and transformative vision for a better world. Health improvements and the elimination of illnesses are pursued in various parts of the SDGs and specifically in parts related to education, growth and employment, inequality, accessibility of human settlements, as well as data collection and monitoring of the SDGs. Goal 4 on inclusive and equitable quality education and promotion of lifelong learning opportunities for all focuses on eliminating gender disparities in education and establishing equal access to all levels of education and professional training for the needy, including persons with disabilities. In addition, the proposal calls for building and upgrading education facilities that are age, ability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all.

Fig.(2) The goals of the United Nations Goals board associated with inclusive design

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Goal 8 promotes sustained, inclusive and continual economic growth, full and productive employment and opportunities for work for all. The universal community aims to achieve full and beneficial employment and honourable work for all women and men, including for persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value.

Closely associated is Goal 10, which strives to reduce inequality within and among countries by empowering and promoting the social, economic and political inclusion of all, including persons with disabilities.

INVESTIGATION

Inclusive Design as part of United Nations Goals

Goal 11 would work to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe and sustainable. To realize this goal, Member States are called upon to provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, such as persons with disabilities. Further to the above, the proposal calls for providing universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, particularly for persons with disabilities.

Goal 17 asserts that in order to strengthen the means of global partnership to maintain the development, the collection of evidence and goods, monitoring and accountability of the SDGs are significantly important. Member States are called upon to enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS), which would significantly increase the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data that is also disaggregated by disability. ( source: https://www.un.org/development/ desa/disabilities/news/news/thesustainable-development-goals-sdgs-anddisability.html ) .

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To propose an accessible design plan, the construction requirements should be followed to the last detail.

Such an approach will result to a welcoming and pleasing environment for the wheelchair users as they will not struggle to move around because of construction faults, such as extensively long and/or overly steep sloping, and inadequate space for turning or moving effortlessly.

The following guideline was compiled as part of the research basis for inclusive design, in order to contemplate all its details and achieve a responsible and inclusive-respectful design proposal.

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INVESTIGATION

A comprehensive guideline for responsible inclusive design

65 cm

120 cm

Wheelchair user Dimensions - Front side

Wheelchair user Dimensions - Side

max slope 4.8째 angle

or 8.3% grade

9m

1.5 m

9m

1.5 m

max sloping strech

min flat rest landing

max sloping strech

min flat rest landing

Ramp Slopes A ramp is comprised of horizontal sloped runs connected by level landings between sloping runs. The maximum allowable slope in any construction for an unassisted wheelchair user is 4.8째 angle or 8.3% grade angle.

A ramp with a slope between 0째 angle and 4.8째 angle can have a maximum horizontal length of 9.15 m after which a rest landing of minimum 1.5 m should follow. The sequence of slope-rest landings sections should not be more than 4. ( source: ADA Standards for Accessible Design (2010) , ADA.gov )

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Ramp Run

Ramp Run

min 1.5 m

Flat Landing

max 9 m max slope

3% grade 4.8° angle or 8.

Flat Landing

INVESTIGATION

Flat Landing

Ramp Run

Flat Landing

min 1.5 m

Flat Landing

Flat Landing

min 1.5 m

Ramp Run

min 1.5 m Ramp Straight Runs

Turning on Ramp

Straight run ramps are accessible ramps designed without any changes in direction along the accessible route. Requiring landings at both the top and bottom of the ramp run, straight run ramp landings must maintain widths that are at least the dimension of the ramp runs connected to it. The length of landings along a straight rump ramp must be at least 150 cm. ( source: ADA Standards for Accessible Design (2010) , ADA.gov )

Turned ramps are accessible ramps designed with a 90° change of direction along the accessible route. The size of these landings provides adequate mobility for a wheelchair user to comfortably rotate according to the change in direction. The inner handrail along a turning ramp must remain continuous. The landings of turning ramps must have minimum widths and lengths of 150 cm in both directions at the moment that the turn occurs. Landings with minimum lengths of 150 cm and widths consistent to the width of the ramp must be provided at the top and bottom of any straight run portions of the turned ramp. ( source: ADA Standards for Accessible Design (2010) , ADA.gov )

Flat Landing

min 0.9 m

Ramp Run

min 2.1 m min 0.9 m

Flat Landing

Ramp Run Flat Landing

max 9 m

min 1.5 m

0.75-0.95 m

min 1.5 m

Flat Landing

Ramp Run Flat Landing

Ramp Run

Flat Landing

Switchback on Ramp Switchback ramps are accessible ramps designed with a 180° change of direction along the accessible route. The inner handrail of a switchback ramp must remain continuous. The landings of switchback ramps must maintain consistent minimum widths and depths of 150 cm along the entire change of direction running parallel to the ramp run. Landings with minimum lengths of 150 cm and widths consistent to the width of the ramp must be provided at the top and bottom of any straight run portions of the switchback ramp. ( source: ADA Standards for Accessible Design (2010) , ADA.gov )

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Ramp Handrails Handrails along both sides of a ramp are required on any ramp system with a rise greater than 15 cm. The top grip surface of any ramp handrail must be set at a height between 75-95 cm above the ramp surface and a minimum clear width of 90 cm must be provided between handrails. In situations where a handrail is not continuous, handrails must extend at least another 30 cm parallel to the flat surface of the ramp landing. Inner handrails on a switchback or turned ramp must always be continuous. The ends of any handrail should be rounded or returned smoothly to the floor, wall, or post. ( source: ADA Standards for Accessible Design (2010) , ADA.gov )

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INVESTIGATION

Multisensory Design

Multisensory Design Approach

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A disconnection from our immediate senses is an unfortunate byproduct of the demanding society that we live in. We often struggle to find the time or space to stop and observe and appreciate our surroundings. With constant technological stimulation, many people feel overwhelmed by their everyday life in contemporary cities. There is a strong belief that sitting and simply observing nature and everything around could help humans understand why we react the way we do to particular situations. It is said that these reactions come from four basic emotions. By taking the time to observe and understanding our reactions, and the emotions that follow, people can lead richer, more grounded lives.

The Multisensory Design Approach is a holistic design ethos that landscape architecture can incorporate to ensure a greater connection between individuals and their environments.

The senses register and process the external stimuli that the brain needs to understand our surroundings.

Although, we typically understand humans as having only five senses, as originally defined by Aristotle, medically it is agreed that there are at least nine different senses in humans.

The following section will detail a broader array of human senses and suggest how they can be considered and engaged in the design process.

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INVESTIGATION

Sight

Stimulus:

Light Waves

Sense Organ:

Eye

Receptor:

Rods and Cones of the Retina

Sensation:

Colours, Patterns, Textures, Motion, Field Depth

The human eye is the organ that helps provide the sense of sight, which allows us to comprehend more about the encompassing world than any other sense. The eyes help see and interpret the shapes, colours, and dimensions of objects in the world by processing the light they reflect or emit. The eye able to see and adjust in relation to the brightness or darkness, however very rarely can see objects when light is absent.

The process of vision allows light waves from an object to enter the eye first through the clear cornea and then through the pupil, the circular opening in the iris. The light waves are converged first by the cornea, and then further by the crystalline lens, to a point located immediately behind the back surface of the lens. At that point, the image becomes inverted. In the retina, light impulses are changed into electrical signals and then sent along the optic

nerve and back to the occipital lobe of the brain, which interprets these electrical signals as visual images.

Therefore, we do not ‘see’ with our eyes but, rather, with our brains; as our eyes merely assist in the conversion of light into electrical impulses, which then results in the ‘visual picture’ formed within the brain. ( source: http://www.mysearch.org.uk/ website1/html/88.Senses.html )

Fig.(3) Park der Sinne, Germany

Fig.(4) Vieux Port Pavilion, France

Engaging sight in landscape design can be achieved by concentrating the focus of the visitor towards a certain view with framing structures, as well as with the use of reflective surfaces.

Fig.(5) Le Port des Salines, France

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INVESTIGATION

Hearing

Stimulus:

Sound Waves

Sense Organ:

Ear

Receptor:

Hair Cells of the Inner Ear

Sensation:

Noises, Tones

In human beings, hearing is performed by the ears, which also perform the function of balance, a sense in itself but not one traditionally listed. This is in common with most mammals. Normal human ears are said to be sensitive in the range of frequency: 30Hz to 12KHz. Some individuals are able to hear up to 22KHz, and high-quality sound reproduction equipment often goes up to 16KHz or even beyond. Frequencies within the range of human hearing are called audio. Frequencies higher than audio are called ultrasonic, while frequencies below audio are called infrasonic. There is some evidence of human ability to unconsciously detect ultrasound and infrasound. Infrasound has been found to affect the emotions. ( source: http://www.mysearch.org.uk/ website1/html/88.Senses.html )

Fig.(6) Pähni Nature Centre, Estonia

Engaging hearing in landscape design can be achieved by amplifying surrounding nature sounds through sound-reflective structures.

Fig.(7) Acoustic Urban Installation, US

Fig.(8) Floating Pavillion, UK

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INVESTIGATION

Touch

Stimulus:

External Contact

Sense Organ:

Skin

Receptor:

Nerve Endings in the Skin

Sensation:

Touch, Pain, Warmth, Cold

Tactition is the sense of pressure perception. This definition is the one that differs the most from Aristotle’s model, as it specifically excludes the perception of pain and temperature.

Even within the limited field of pressure, there is still disagreement as to how many distinct senses there actually are. In the skin, for example, there are different receptors responsible for the detection of light versus heavy pressure, as well as brief versus sustained pressure. Adding to the complexity is the fact that there are also distinct receptors that detect pressure in the visceral organs, e.g. a full stomach, and endocrinal receptors that cause the feeling of tension, e.g. anxiety or excessive caffeine consumption.

temperature receptors work is still being investigated. Mammals have at least two types of sensor; those that detect heat, i.e. temperatures above body temperature, and those that detect cold, i.e. temperatures below body temperature. ( source: http://www.mysearch.org.uk/ website1/html/88.Senses.html )

Fig.(9) Feeling the texture of bark

Fig.(10) Feeling the smoothness of water

Engaging touch in landscape design can be achieved by directing the visitor to interact by contact with his/ her surrounding natural or artificial environment more than usual, by motivating his curiosity and interest.

Thermoception is the sense by which an organism perceives temperature.

In larger animals, the skin does most thermoception. The details of how Fig.(11) Feeling the texture of wheat ends

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INVESTIGATION

Smell

Stimulus:

Volatile Substances

Sense Organ:

Nose

Receptor:

Hair Cells of Olfactory Membrane

Sensation:

Odours (musky, flowery, burnt, mint)

Olfaction, the sense of smell, is the detection of chemicals dissolved in air.

In vertebrates it is located in the nose.

The importance and sensitivity of smell varies among different organisms; most mammals have a good sense of smell, whereas most birds do not. Among mammals, it is well developed in the carnivores, who must always be aware of each other, and in those, such as moles, who smell for their food. It is less well developed in the primates.

Mammals generally have about 1000 genes for odour receptors. Each receptor cell in the nose expresses one of these genes. Each gene is expressed by thousands of cells, whose axons converge in the olfactory bulb. Humans have 347 functional odour receptor genes; this number was determined by analysing the genome in the Human Genome Project, although the number may vary among ethnic groups, as well as individuals.

Fig.(12) Smelling the scent of bark

( source: http://www.mysearch.org.uk/ website1/html/88.Senses.html ) Engaging the sense of smell in landscape design can be achieved with the use of scent vegetation or specific odour emitting materials.

Fig.(13) Smelling the scent of flowers

Fig.(14) Smelling the scent of a rainy forest

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INVESTIGATION

Taste

Stimulus:

Soluble Substances

Sense Organ:

Tongue

Receptor:

Taste Buds of the Tongue

Sensation:

Flavours (sweet, sour, salty, bitter)

Taste is the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. Taste is very similar to the sense of smell, in which chemical composition is detected by chemoreceptors. In humans, the sense of taste is conveyed via three of the twelve cranial nerves. ( source: http://www.mysearch.org.uk/ website1/html/88.Senses.html )

Fig.(15) Collecting edible fruits

Engaging the sense of taste in landscape design can be achieved solely by using edible vegetation.

Fig.(16) Edible forest berries

Fig.(17) Edible blueberries

Fig.(18) Collecting edible berries

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Kinesthesis

Stimulus:

Acceleration and Gravitational Forces

Stimulus:

Body Movement

Sense Organ:

Inner Ear

Sense Organ:

Muscles, Tendons and Joints

Receptor:

Hair Cells of semicircular canals and vestibule

Receptor:

Nerve Fibres in muscles, tendons and joints

Sensation:

Spatial Movement, gravitational pull

Sensation:

Movement and position of body parts

The vestibular sense interprets cues from gravity and acceleration. In practice, those cues are equivalent, meaning that the vestibular organ cannot tell them apart, which is not really so surprising given Einstein’s equivalence principle. The vestibular organ is in the inner ear, but it has nothing to do with hearing. It consists of three semicircular canals filled with fluid.

That fluid moves under acceleration or deceleration, but not under constant velocity. That fluid movement provides the cues for perceptions about gravity and acceleration. ( source: http://www.mysearch.org.uk/ website1/html/88.Senses.html )

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INVESTIGATION

Vestibular Sense

Engaging the vestibular sense in landscape design more than the regular constantly present levels, requires a natural or an artificial environment that will force gently the visitor to put more effort into balancing himself/herself, as a floating or a wobbling surface.

Kineshesic or otherwise called Propreoception sense receptors are located in the joints, muscles, and body.

The kinesthetic sense allows us to locate parts of our bodies without having to see them. Adolescents, in the midst of a growth spurt, may show clumsiness caused by the fact that they are growing so fast their kinesthetic sense has not had time to adjust to their new body dimensions. A more dramatic example of the kinesthetic sense is a phantom limb. Many amputees report that they can still feel their limbs even though they have been removed. Typical sensations are itching or burning pains.

The limb is gone, but the brain still thinks it is there because kinesthetic senses are still being triggered. ( source: http://www.mysearch.org.uk/ website1/html/88.Senses.html )

In landscape design, the proprioception sense can be only engaged more than the regular constantly present levels, if the environment with which the visitor interacts requires more effort of movement action than usual, as a steep terrain.

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METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

Working Methodology and Design Approach

Theoretical Framework

2 1

Extensive Site Analysis

5

6

4 3

Literature Study

Uninformed Design Process

First Phase Site Analysis

Theoretical Framework Evaluation

7

8

Final Design Proposal

9

End

Start

Site Introduction

Informed Design Process

The above schematic diagram presents the process stages of the working methodology and the design approach development, that were followed for the realisation of the current dissertation.

1. Site Introduction: First introductory site visit to get acquainted with the Arboretum.

4. First Phase Site Analysis: Initial site analysis to get familiarised with the current condition in Arboretum.

7. Informed Design Process: Formation of the design proposal that is based upon the theoretical framework.

2. Literature Study: Gathering, researching and examining of all related theoretical background and case study projects from various sources, such as books, publications, web resources, etc.

5. Uninformed Design Process: Brainstorming and sketching initial design concepts.

8. Theoretical Framework Evaluation: Evidence-based evaluation of the developed design proposal.

Returning to the previous stage of the formation of the design proposal, in case the proposal is not corresponding adequately within the theoretical framework. The step-back process of reforming the design proposal repeats until the resulting design proposal corressponds flawlessly within the theoretical framework.

3. Theoretical Framework: Analysing and formulating a theoretical structure for a proposal guideline, based on the previous stage findings.

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6. Extensive Site Analysis: Accumulation and analysis of all analogue and digital site-related data, required for the next stages.

9. Final Design Proposal: Theoretical and illustrative depiction of the final design concept.

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SITE ANALYSIS

SITE ANALYSIS

Location

The Arboretum is located 25 km north of the city centre of Copenhagen, at the municipality of Hørsholm. It is easily accessible by car and public transport.

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Arboretum Borders

Orthophoto from Krak, 2018

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SITE ANALYSIS

From Past to Present

Fig.(19) Charlottenlund Forest, 1782

This thesis site exists as an arboretum, a collection of trees and shrubs originally gathered and planted in pursuit of scientific knowledge. Interest in building larger arboretums originated in Europe in the 1700s, with botanical discoveries from colonial exploration. Some famous examples include Les Barres in France, Kew Gardens in England and Arnold in Boston, USA. The word arboret comes from the Latin arboretum, ‘place with trees’, from the arbor ‘tree’ and the suffix -etum.

The Danish National Arboretum in Hørsholm was established in 1936 under Den Kgl. Veterinary and Agricultural University (now the University of Copenhagen). The 25 ha. was an extension of the Forest Botanical Garden (4 ha.) in Charlottenlund dating from 1838. In the Arboretum in Hørsholm, about 8,500 individual trees and shrubs from about 2000 species are gathered, with research conducted into the species’ geography, variation, genetics, evolution and taxonomy and on the breeding of economically important tree species. In Denmark, there are very few native species of trees, shrubs and creepers, only about 100. Although there are so few natural species, there are many more that can grow in the Danish climate. The Arboretum is still used in connection with education in botany and the use of plants. The rather unique collection of trees and bushes is also used in different national and international research projects.

The collection is the largest collection of trees and bushes in Denmark and is visited every year by a large number of guests. Although the Arboretum was established as a scientific collection with research and teaching as its principal objective, it has during the last 80 years developed into a beautiful and unique collection, which each year is visited by thousands of guests. Year-round there are interesting species that you can explore, or you can enjoy just taking a walk in its peaceful surrounds.

Arboretum Borders

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Orthophoto from Krak, 1954

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SITE ANALYSIS

Spatial Analysis

Circumference 3541m

Area 36.9 ha

The Arboretum occupies an area of 36.9 hectares which is equal to 45 international size football fields. The lakes inside arboretum seize 7.08 hectares out of the total area, which is almost 20% of the entire site. The total circumference of these water bodies is 2768 meters.

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Entrance

Recently acquired area

Therapy garden Nacadia

Lakes

Coniferous trees area

Service buildings

Deciduous trees area

Nursery

Administrator’s residence

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SITE ANALYSIS

Nacadia and Octovia Within the Arboretum, there are two relatively newer sections, the Nacadia Therapy Garden and the Octovia Health Forest, both part of the Nature, Health and Design Laboratory run by the Department of Geosciences and Natural Management at the University of Copenhagen in Hørsholm. The Nacadia therapy garden opened in 2011 and is Denmark’s first researchbased therapy garden. The garden focuses on the treatment of stress, for example, helping soldiers suffering from PTSD. The treatments are followed closely by many researchers so that systematic knowledge is gathered about what activities and experiences in the garden have healing effects.

The Nacadia Therapy Garden has thus created a unique knowledge platform for the treatment of stress sufferers, where the link between garden facilities, physical settings, research and stress management can serve as a model for future therapy gardens.

The garden is arranged so that different gardens invite different experiences. The therapy garden is intentionally designed to actively and positively contributing to treatment and well-being. It must also support and challenge participants in their rehabilitation process, as well as provide a framework for meaningful and concrete activities and enable activities on a symbolic level, such as conversations based on nature. In one room, for example, the fir trees extend to the sky, creating a solemn space, while others overlook the therapy garden, and others are again closely enclosed and evoke a sense of security.

Octovia

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Conversation sites have been arranged where conversations can take place in an undisturbed and safe atmosphere. In addition, the garden is landscaped with plants, stones and water, which can play a role in the therapy.

The Octovia Health Forest is a recreational forest that, with eight different spaces, can help strengthen those staying in them. The purpose is to prevent people from avoiding psychological difficulties. The forest is used for research, education and dissemination. In the health forest, researchers perform, among other things, physiological measurements and other tests on subjects, in order to gain better knowledge about the connection between nature and health. The research behind the Octovia® Health Forest was a collaboration between IGN and SLU and the main result was a development of what we refer to as ‘the eight experience values’ which are expressed in the Octovia Health Forest as eight distinct ‘rooms.’ The rooms are connected along a 750-metre path and each represents one of the eight experience values: Entertainment & Service, Common, Arts-rich, Peaceful, Cultural-Historic, Spatial, Wildlife and Sanctuary. By providing examples of how to work with health-promoting experience values in ​​ practice, one can better align planning and design of green spaces and stressed citizens’ preferences and needs.

Nacadia

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42 m

SITE ANALYSIS

Site Terrain Analysis

Highest point

32 m

22 m

Lowest point

Arboretum Terrain Map

The need for an accurate terrain study derives from the fact that if the proposed design is about to be built, then the study of the existing condition upon it is based, has the to be the most precise simulation of reality possible.

The terrain in Arboretum was analyzed in detail with studies conducted on a precise 3D model of it.

The 3D terrain model of Arboretum and its surrounding area was generated by a recent and accurate contour curves map of 0.5 meters intervals, produced in 2015 by the Danish Agency for Data Supply and Efficiency - SDFE (Styrelsen for Dataforsyning og Effektivisering).

The high accuracy of the generated 3D terrain model was justified as the source contour map was the latest available, along with the 0.5 meters contours interval version of it that was chosen, which established a solid and reliable source to generate a terrain study model from, that is as close to the real terrain as possible.

The terrain study was conducted upon generating a colour-coded altitude map and a colour-coded steepness map.

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The altitude map study of the site revealed that the lowest altitude point within the area is at 22 meters above sea level, while the highest is at 42 meters. As the site is 36.9 hectares area, and with quite smooth transitions in terrain levels, the 20 meters difference from the lowest to the highest point is hard to observe as a visitor, however, it is crucial for site understanding for the further design phase process.

The steepness map study of Arboretum showed that most of the area has a smooth low steepness of around 5 degrees angle, with small areas sloping steeper to 10 degrees, and 3 relatively insignificant scale specific spot areas sloping up to 21 degrees.

One more important conclusion from the steepness map is that the steepness levels change very gradually without any high fluctuations in the area, which to the visitors of Arboretum, gives a feeling of a smooth landscape terrain.

The steepness study of the terrain is vital as any proposed concepts are produced according to it.

Arboretum Terrain Altitude Study

21째

Steepest Slope

10째

5째

0째

Flat Surface

Arboretum Terrain Steepness Study

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SITE ANALYSIS

Existing Vegetation

Arboretum Vegetation Model

Arboretum has an impressive diversity ratio for its area, as the collection counts more than 2000 unique species of total 11707 trees and shrubs within the site.

Each tree and shrub is meticulously documented in a publicly available web database, including its taxonomy, age, geographic origin, and GPS position.

On-site, each tree and shrub is marked with a metallic label, making the identification and the spread of knowledge about the species a part of the experience.

For the needs of the current study, each tree and shrub coordinates were sourced from a GIS database and imported to the digital study model basis, without the additional affixed detailed characteristics data about of the individual tree or shrub. As a result, a 3D vegetation model of the existing condition was produced.

Additionally, a total of 8267 surrounding trees and shrubs adjacent to the Arboretum borders were tracemapped, by using a high-resolution orthophoto. This was necessary for obtaining a vegetation model of the existing condition which was including the adjacent surroundings, resulting in a clear understanding of the vegetation volume not only within the Arboretum but also at its borders where it connects with the neighbouring areas.

Arboretum Trees and Shrubs Adjacent Surroundings Trees and Shrubs

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Grass Paths Total Length 7550 m

SITE ANALYSIS

Existing Path System

Gravel Paths Total Length 5479 m

Surrounding Roads network Grass Paths

Gravel Paths

The current routes network in Arboretum is consisting of 2 types of paths, the gravel paths and the grass paths.

The gravel routes extend for a total of 5479 meters and do variate from hardpacked gravel paths to loose bare soil paths.

As a result of this inconsistency, the current condition gravel routes network experiencing sporadically partial or complete flooding, affecting multiple of its sections, depending on the intensity of the rainfall. The flooding incidents often turn large stretches the gravel routes partially or entirely impassable.

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Surrounding Roads network

The grass paths are essentially manmade meadow paths amidst surrounding lush vegetation.

These are occasionally seasonal, in the meanings of that the grass route network changes slightly from one season to another, depending on the mowing lines the operator of the grass mower-tractor mows each time.

The area surrounding context network of roads shifts to smaller and quieter scale as the proximity to the Arboretum increases.

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SITE ANALYSIS

Arboretum Views

Arboretum Views Map / Focal Points

Arboretum has amazing views on every step.

However, some focal points are holding greater potential than others.

The study on special focal points was conducted to highlight the hidden-gem views of Arboretum, as unique spots to focus and examine further at the design proposal phase, in order to reveal better the charming scenery of the site.

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Strengths a. Broad area b. Historical heritage

Weaknesses a. Inconsistent quality gravel paths b. Poor access and connection to water

d. Large water bodies

c. Unutilized views potentials

a. Diverse nature to highlight b. Long lakeshores to promote connection and interaction with water c. Various ways to stimulate health improvement in nature

SWOT Analysis is a pragmatic method for the essential evaluation of the study site at its current condition.

The holistic, in-depth acknowledgement of the site’s existing condition results in a formulation of a solid starting point for the next phase, the design proposal.

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Concept Development Approach

c. Unique natural diversity

Opportunities

SITE ANALYSIS

Existing Condition SWOT Analysis

Threats a. Danger of accidents and injuries, especially for wheelchair users, due to the bad condition of the current path system b. Potential impose of design limitations from the side of Arboretum administration

By analyzing Arboretum’s issues within the weakness and threats fields, we are able to define better the way to handle the advantages of its strengths and opportunities.

The in-depth investigation and site analysis resulted in concrete interim conclusions, that formulate a solid basis for the development of the design proposal concept.

The findings from the conducted extensive research upon nature’s influence on human health, proved that people’s health is at a great benefit when their interaction with nature occurs, while the more senses triggered during this interaction, the better, as the experience becomes much more immersive, and the contact with nature even stronger.

The analysis of the human senses showed ways of engaging these at a greater extent within a designed natural outdoor environment, multiplying the healing benefits of nature and making the experience and interaction much more joyful.

The guideline for inclusive design created a framework manual to follow in order to achieve a welcoming, accessible design for everyone and all ages, away from any discriminations.

The rich historical heritage and the great flora and fauna value of the Arboretum at its current condition dictated a need for a respectful, responsible and the least invasive design approach, which is the only way to preserve the large spectrum of its values.

All the above formulated a rigid framework to follow for the development of the design proposal and the related decisions that will be taken along its process.

Conclusively, we are able to develop a comprehensive concept with many improvements and advantages.

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Proposed Routes Network Grass Paths Total Length 7367 m

DESIGN PROPOSAL

DESIGN PROPOSAL

Gravel Paths Total Length 4052 m

Proposed Paths Total Length 1834 m

Arboretum Borders

Proposed Paths

The proposed routes network functions in conjunction with the existing paths scheme, expanding it further by almost 2 km.

The entire network consists of 2 types of routes, the hardscape and softscape.

Grass routes are classified as softscape paths, while gravel, timber deck and granite routes, are classified as hardscape paths.

All hardscape paths are 2.5 meters wide, a width that establishing adequate space for accessible and comfortable paths system for all visitors.

The moving speed of the visitors is regulated on a subconscious level, 55

Existing Gravel Paths

Existing Grass Paths

by the materials they are moving on.

The hardscape paths are allowing for a higher pace of transition through space, while the softscape grass paths are slowing down the visitors, almost as if advising them to slow down and observe in details the nature around them.

Although the entire network of routes is fairly defined, the visitors do not necessarily have to stick strictly to it, they can always deviate from it and explore freely any part of the Arboretum, with the only restricted zone being the no-access area of Nacadia.

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Leisure Routes and Exercise Trails

21째

Steepest Slope

Leisure Routes Exercise Trails

10째

5째

0째

Flat Surface

Arboretum Leisure Routes and Exercise Trails

Arboretum Borders

Leisure Routes

Exercise Trails

Grass Paths

The Arboretum routes network is formated upon the existing natural terrain levels, without any necessity for manmade topography mechanical modifications.

The hardscape routes network is divided into 2 classes, the leisure routes and exercise trails, according to the natural steepness and the resulting difficulty to overcome such inclines impose.

The leisure routes are not exceeding the steepness of 5 degrees angle, making them comfortably accessible for regular visitors and unassisted wheelchair users.

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The exercise trails demand relatively more effort to overcome and thus are suitable more for those who want to train within the Arboretum.

The exercise trails are connected to leisure routes but not interfering with them. The visitors are not compelled to follow the exercise trails in order to continue further on the network of leisure paths.

Due to these 2 different classes of routes, the visitors can use Arboretum as a wonderful natural place to relax, exercise, or both.

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Signage and Way-finding System

The proposal for the Arboretums wayfinding and signage system consists of 2 parts, the tactile maps and the signs.

The tactile maps mostly used for people with impaired vision, and rarely outdoors for wayfinding systems.

This is a wrong approach, as people understand better the spacial characteristics of a place when they can engage their tactile sense and feel the site map with their own hands. In such a way, they understand engaging their touch what the terrain looks like, where the paths lead to, etc.

As a result, they navigate better as they experience the spatial complexity through the 3D map, and additionally are able to experience and engage with their surroundings at a greater extend.

Arboretum Borders

Grass Paths

Canopy Walks

Gravel Paths

Bridges

Sky Gaze Route

The proposed routes network for Arboretum consist of various sections, and particularly of: Gravel Paths, a total length of 4844 meters Grass Paths, a total length of 7367 meters Bridges, a total length of 519 meters Sky Gaze Route, a total length of 128 meters Summing up to a diverse 12858 meters interwoven network of routes.

The sketch above shows a concept of the proposed accessible tactile map, including its dimensions. It is important that there is a clear knee space that is a minimum of 40 centimetres wide and 70 centimetres clear height above the ground surface, to make it accessible for the wheelchair users.

Tactile maps are suggested to be located at few key spots in Arboretum, along the hardscape routes.

DESIGN PROPOSAL

The Hardscape Routes Types

1.4 m

0.8 m 0.4 m Conceptual sketch of the proposed accessible tactile map

Fig.(20) Tactile Map at Coastal Maine Botanical Gardens, US

The rest wayfinding system is covered by the signs. An excellent reference of design of signs that is suggested, is that of Longwood Gardens in the US. The material palette suggested for both tactile maps and signs is the same used for all other structures of the proposal, to maintain a feel of consentient space throughout the entire Arboretum.

Fig.(21) Signage system at Longwood Gardens, US

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Changes in Vegetation Plan Remaining Vegetation Interfering directly with Structures: Necessity for relocation Interfering directly with Gravel Paths: Necessity for relocation Partially interfering with Grass Paths: Necessity for relocation is considered upon construction

Vegetation adjustment plan

The proposal requires some relatively small changes to the current vegetation plan, preserving in such way the unique collection of present trees and shrubs as more as possible and being the least invasive possible to the habitat of Arboretum.

The proposed plan requires no planting of new vegetation, but minor changes to the existing one. Such an approach preserves the microclimate of the Arboretum and leaves the environment of the present fauna virtually intact.

The scheme affects 713 trees/shrubs units in total and is being divided into 4 categories as seen at the plan above.

The solution for the affected vegetation units is presented at the next page, with the least invasive and destructive process of trees and shrubs relocation using the Spade Truck System.

Essentially, there is no to minimal need for extra soil refill for the loss occurred 61

during the relocation process. The tree or shrub being relocated experience no stress in the process of relocation, as the soil encompassing the root system remains intact, resulting is very slim to none relocation failure rates of survival.

It is suggested to relocate the vegetation as close as possible to its original spot, resulting in minimal to none change of soil characteristics for the tree or shrub which is being moved, as well as the smallest change to the microhabitat of the specific spot on site. Even if a relocation far from the original spot is required, the success rates for survival and thriving after relocation are close to 100%, as the tree or shrub relocated is having the time to adjust to a new soil type in case it is different in nutrients distribution and their abundance density, in comparison to the original soil it was growing previously.

Fig.(22) The process stages of relocating and replanting a medium-size tree by a Spade Truck

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 63

Master Plan Proposal

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Material Palette Map

Packed Gravel Paths

Corten Steel

Timber Battens Timber Deck Floor

Low Grass Paths Reflective Wet Dark Granite Floor

Water

Raw Concrete Walls

Timber Deck Floor

Timber Safety Edge Barrier

Timber Deck Floor

Packed Sand

The Material Palette Map above shows the assortmentof the proposed materials a visitor will find in Arboretum.

Using a small number of consistent, natural and warm-feel materials across the entire 65

Perforated Corten Steel Floor

Polished Concrete

prososal, sets up a unity across the entire site, creating a feel of consentient space, orienting the focus of the visitors towards nature rather on the structures while blending well with the surrounding natural environment.

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Handrails

Bannister

1.1 m

0.45 m

2.5 m

2.5 m

Safety always comes first, and the current design proposal is not an exception. The 2 proposed types of safety barriers are fitted on all bridges, skywalk and the canopy walks.

The approach which was followed in the design process was to not comprise the safety of the users in any way, while not obscuring the wonderful views.

Blending carefully and in detail together the guidelines for accessible ramps, extended safety measures with a special focus on wheelchair users, and the goal to block views as less as possible these 2 designs of safety barriers were produced.

Canopy walks type

Canopy Walks Side, Top and Axo principles diagram

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Bridges and Skywalk Side, Top and Axo principles diagram

Canopy walks barriers are fitted along the entire length of both canopy walks and thus needs to provide extra safety raises to 1.1 meters as the users get as high as 7.25 meters above the ground.

The bannister is 18 cm wide, made of solid timber and angled slightly inward, a small detail which makes the visitors feel very welcomed and comfortable as they lean over it to embrace the views.

The vertical balusters are placed every 1.6 m and run through by 4 horizontal tubes every 19 cm, made of black anodized steel. These horizontal tubes are serving 2 purposes, as safety grid of barriers and as handrails for the wheelchair users, which they use for propelling or supporting themselves.

The wheelchair users can use any of the 2 top tube handrails, whereas the top one is placed strategically at 75 cm height from the floor deck and the diameter is the diameter of 5cm, which

complies flawlessly with the construction guidelines for the wheelchair users.

DESIGN PROPOSAL

Safety First. Protection Barriers Principles

Bridges and platforms type The bridges and platforms type barrier is a synthesis between maximum safety as the canopy type barrier, and the lowest height requirement for a barrier advised by the safety and accessibility guideline for wheelchair users, which is 20 cm height.

Fitted on all bridges and platforms, and raised to 45cm from the floor deck, these provide a secure height to avoid any wheelchair over tipping, while offering completely unblocked views, as there is nothing to interfere with the view above the 45 cm.

As the bridges and platforms are lying above water and are completely flat, with the only exception being the perforated bridge which has an insignificant average sloping of 1 degree, there is no need for supportive rails at all along the length of bridges structures.

Such a design provides the required safety, made with a focus towards wheelchair users and their needs, as well as not blocking the views.

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Perspective Sections

A

A

Section AA

B

B

Section BB 69

70

DESIGN PROPOSAL 71

The Grass Paths in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 73

The Gravel Paths in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Acoustic Mirrors Acoustic Mirrors positions in Arboretum

Acoustic mirrors are not a new invention, similar structures set back to WW1 when these were used to spot approaching enemy aircraft, as radars were not invented and placed in service yet.

In Arboretum, these 12 acoustic mirrors are used in rather a peaceful purpose, to magnify the sounds of nature, such as birds, wind whisper through the foliage, waves from the lake and alike.

Essentially these are parabolic dishes which are amplifying the incoming sound waves and providing a great experience along with a connection to the surrounding nature and its beauty.

These acoustic mirrors were designed for the proposal with a goal to be wheelchair users friendly and easily accessible.

The height, width and depth are specially considered so there is adequate space for a convenient fitting of 2 wheelchair visitors side by side.

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These are made of white casted concrete with a smooth polished top layer surface. This gives the material softness and warmth as a tactile feel, as well as reflects the incoming sound waves better than a ruff surface.

The acoustic mirrors can be turn by its users 360 degrees along their suport pillar axis, and hence increasing, even more, the hearing experience of the visitors as they can adjust them as they wish.

The acoustic mirrors are mostly located on the outlines of the gravel paths, carefully placed at key points of sound interest without being mapped at the wayfinding system for the visitors, so the visitors can discover them by exploring the Arboretum.

Enhancing the hearing experience of encompassing nature with the acoustic mirrors, we do achieve a higher level of connection and emerging to its greatness.

The Acoustic Mirrors, Master Plan view

0.80 m

3.60 m

1.80 m

3.05 m

2.20 m

2.40 m

Acoustic Mirrors, structural details

3.60 m

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 77

The Acoustic Mirrors in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 79

The Acoustic Mirrors in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 81

The Acoustic Mirrors in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 83

The Acoustic Mirrors in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 85

The Acoustic Mirrors in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Perception Tunnel Perception Tunnel position in Arboretum

The Perception Tunnel, Master Plan view

The Perception Tunnel is located at the heart of Arboretum, along the line of the central meadow.

It starts at the southern part of the meadow strip and brings the visitor to the lake beach.

Having 25 meters long covered core and being deliberately compressed from 7.5 meters wide and 4 meters high at the start opening to 2.5 meters wide and 2.5 meters height at the end-escape, it creates a precipitous feeling of freedom at the exit, with the great view of the lake beach and the lake itself at visitors feet. The entrance invites and draws in the visitors with its both width and height asymmetric opening, while the width asymmetric exit focuses purposely their viewpoint to the beautiful lake.

The body consists of interchanging sections of timber battens and corten steel sheets, in order to keep the dramatic enclosing feeling build-up from the one side, and to avoid a negative claustrophobic feeling as well as unpleasant echoes and high temperatures inside during warm months in case it was a solid structure, from the other.

The climbing ivy on the timber battens connects the structure with the natural surroundings, carrying the connection with nature from outside to inside and creating a less artificial interior atmosphere.

During autumn, the ivy leaves turn to red colour shades alternating the perception tunnel experience.

7.50 m

2.50 m

25 m 4m

2.50 m

The Perception Tunnel, structural details

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2.50 m

88

DESIGN PROPOSAL 89

The Perception Tunnel in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 91

The Perception Tunnel in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 93

The Perception Tunnel in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 95

The Perception Tunnel in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 97

The Perception Tunnel in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Sky Gaze Route Sky Gaze Route position in Arboretum

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The Sky Gaze Route is a total of 128 meters a path that gets progressively below the surface terrain level, focusing the sight of the visitors upwards, towards trees and the sky.

It is 2.2 meters wide and gets gradually with slopes and rest landings to 2.7 meters below the surrounding ground level, which was defined as the ideal depth to both emerge in a different experience of perspective while not feeling too detached from the normal terrain surface above. The deepest part of the route is at its centre, a flat surface 32.5 meters long.

The lack of forefront view and the ground mirror drives the attention of the visitors, upwards, resulting in admiring the tree canopies above them in an unprecedented way.

The route walls are constructed of wood-planks formed raw grey concrete with a narrow strip of soil along the foundation, as a planter line. Climbing ivy is planted along the foundation of

the walls. The roughness of walls offers an excellent gripping surface for it.

The floor is constructed of large dark granite tiles, with a special silent water system installed underneath them. This system pumps up and floods the granite floor with 1 cm water layer, formulating a natural mirror that reflects the trees and sky above the route, introducing a new perspective for admiring the nature from below.

The dark granite provides excellent reflection when overlayed with a thin, 1 cm water layer. The granite tiles surface at slopes is rough with special antislip treads, providing an impeccable safety for the visitors, and especially for wheelchair users. A handrail for wheelchair users runs along the entire route at the height of 75 cm, as the guideline for wheelchair users suggests.

The ivy along the walls offers a tactile interaction and retain the connection to the terrain surface.

The Sky Gaze Route, Master Plan view

The Sky Gaze Route, structural details

Flat surface Sloped surface

2.70 m

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 101

The Sky Gaze Route in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 103

The Sky Gaze Route in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 105

The Sky Gaze Route in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Bridges and Skywalk Bridges positions in Arboretum Skywalk position in Arboretum

Bridges in Arboretum formulate and increase the connection of the visitors with the site water bodies. These extend for a total of 519 meters over the lakes and are be divided in 2 types, the Bridges and the Skywalk.

The Bridges are spanning over the 2 central large lakes and do not have any sloping. These structures are held solid with an underwater foundation which supports and make them rigid.

The floor is made of a timber deck, same as the canopy walks flooring, fixed upon stable stainless black steel platforms.

Having a width of 2.50 meters, these continue from the gravel paths with the same adequate space to facilitate with ease the moving of even 3 wheelchair users one next to each other.

The safety is provided by solid timber rail barriers at the height of 45 cm from the deck floor surface, ensuring no wheelchair tipping-over possibility, while 107

not obscuring the wonderful views in any way.

The grand bridge located at the southern large lake has 2 platform alike extensions connected to the core line of the bridge.

These 2 platforms are connected with flexible rubber joints to the body of the bridge line and have no foundations, are floating on a special buoyancy basis. At these 2 floating sections, the timber deck behaves inconsistently, in a not uniform way as it would if was mounted on a sturdy one-piece floating platform. There is a small vertical 0 to -5 cm floating-flex of each timber plank, in chain-reaction flex with the adjacent planks, that creates an experience of floating to the visitors, triggering and engaging their vestibular sense.

The floating platforms increase the visitors’ interaction with water and introducing them to a fresh, different experience of engaging with nature.

The Bridges and Skywalk, Master Plan view

0.45 m

2.50 m

Floating Platforms

The Bridges and Skywalk, structural details

The Skywalk is a 163 meters long beam type bridge, spanning above the southeast small lake. It rises up to 5 meters above the water as it starts and ends on a different height terrain points, with a slope of 1.7 degrees.

Due to its floor, made of reinforced perforated corten steel, it gives a feeling of levitation to the visitors who cross it, hence its name. The side barriers along Skywalk are higher, at 75 cm for increased safety, while the top barrier rail functions as a handrail as well.

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 109

The Bridges in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 111

The Bridges in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 113

The Bridges in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 115

The Bridges in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 117

The Bridges in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 119

The Skywalk in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 121

The Skywalk in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Canopy Walks Canopy Walks positions in Arboretum

The Canopy Walks in the Arboretum are providing the visitors with incredible views and interaction with the tree canopies foliage.

Spanning for a total of 395 meters, the 2 canopy walks are starting from ground level and elevating the visitors gradually higher, following strictly the guideline rules for unassisted wheelchair users of max 4.7 degrees sloping angle, a maximum length of the sloped sections at 9 meters, and a flat-level rest landing section in between each sloped stretch.

Both canopy walks peak at the middle of each track, where these have their wider and larger footprints.

The north canopy walk peaks at 4 meters above the ground level, while the south larger one peaks at 7.25 meters above the ground. While the north canopy walk offers more of a forest experience in the densely vegetated

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area, the south one runs along the southern edge of the large lake and offers remarkable 360 degrees views over the lake and the entire Arboretum.

The safety is established by 1.1 high safety barriers fitted along the entire length of both canopy walks.

The width of the core walk line is the same spacious as gravel paths and bridges, at 2.5 meters, while the special extension viewpoints are getting even wider, to 4 meters, providing even more space for a comfortable enjoying of the Arboretum nature.

Along both of the canopy walks, some of the adjacent tree crowns are so close that are reachable by hand, adding to the experience as the visitors can touch the surrounding foliage of the crowns and develop an even deeper connection with nature.

The Canopy Walks, Master Plan view

4m

2.50 m

The Canopy Walks, structural details

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The Canopy Walks in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 127

The Canopy Walks in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 129

The Canopy Walks in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 131

The Canopy Walks in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 133

The Canopy Walks in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 135

The Canopy Walks in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 137

The Canopy Walks in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 139

The Canopy Walks in Arboretum, visualisation

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DESIGN PROPOSAL 141

The Canopy Walks in Arboretum, visualisation

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OUTRO

OUTRO

Conclusion This project had its initial inspiration from a unique 48-hours tour offered in Copenhagen during the summer of 2019 where you had the chance to experience the city completely blindfolded on a guided tour.

This inspiration progressed to the idea to design a park for the blind, where the other sensory experiences were the design focus. Ultimately, when the Arboretum emerged as a case site the project shifted to focus on a broad multisensory design that foregrounded accessibility for a variety of users.

The goal took a solid form, it became a dream to design a blend of an accessible and multisensory nature experience.

This project has demonstrated that it is necessary to have a strong theoretical and methodological background to design for health-supporting, healingpotential landscapes. The project has proposed a broad range of interventions at the Arboretum that are designed with strong considerations as to the site’s natural beauty and how visitors might experience it through all of their senses.

The physical accessibility of the design interventions was crucial to ensure a balanced experience for all visitors.

This was ensured through an ambitious range of interventions: a redesign of the path network, a carefully designed wayfinding system featuring tactile relief maps, and a variety of adventurous raised walkways and bridges. The proportions, orientations, and layout of these features have been carefully designed to ensure they interact with the landscape

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in a manner that is safe and comfortable for all visitors regardless of their physical ability.

The detailed design of the paths and elements pays close attention to potential limitations in order to ensure a robust and varied landscape experience that is accessible to a wide range of users based on their mobility capabilities. The proposal details a range of materials carefully selected for the different grades or potential hazards to wheelchair users, as the high quality packed gravel at ground level and protection barriers along raised routes or over water. The project proposal focused on preserving natural terrain and building safe to the environment and local habit, yet high quality and physically accessible paths. Instead of installing extensive boardwalks throughout the terrain surface of Arboretum to meet these criteria, the design instead proposed packed gravel paths as an improvement to the existing network.

The initial weaknesses and threats that were discovered during the SWOT analysis of the site were taken into consideration and solved, with the implemented design solutions. The advantages and opportunities enhanced to a greater extent.

Safety for all visitors was one of the barebone strategies according to which each design decision was developed from start to end.

Such a design strategy resulted in surmounting the safety threat that was present in the existing condition and part of the threats to overcome from the SWOT analysis.

There is always room for a discussion and development of this proposal further, and a relatively flexible potential for a modification in case of necessities and occurring issues. The proposal and the concept behind it, is highly robust and can receive small or large scale adjustments, without losing the goals it is set to deliver.

This characteristic of robustness is safeguarding the proposal concept integrity, in case there will be any contradictions with the Arboretum’s administration, allowing a big amount of room for resolving any appearing conflicts of all types. As a result, common ground can be easily found with the Arboretum’s administration, in case there are some imposed restrictions or need for changes, without any significant downgrade effects for the proposal.

The initial goal that was set, a design proposal blend of an accessible and multisensory nature experience, has been delivered.

The current dissertation delivers a design proposal for an upgraded and improved Arboretum with many naturehealing benefits, both physical and mental, that welcomes everyone for a visit.

This project shows the careful considerations required for designing an accessible landscape. Hopefully, this project can serve as a model for how evidence-based health design approach in landscape architecture can lead to design environments which will enrich nature-healing experiences to all of their visitors, without any discriminations.

There is a general need in the world to provide accessible outdoor spaces for all in need, and the current project contributes to covering this need at least to a certain extent.

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Bibliography

Inspiration-Literature Sources

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Sara Willhoite. ( 2016 ). Design for the Blind and Visually Impaired, Published by the US University of Cincinnati

(2) Marcus, C., Sachs, N. A. ( 2014 ). Therapeutic landscapes: an evidence approach to design healing gardens and restorative outdoor spaces, Published by John Wiley & Sons

Dan Stubbergaard, Eik Bjerregaard, Alexander Ejsing, Stine Lund Hansen, Greta Tiedje, Mads Birgens, Thomas Krarup, Line Wej Herdel, Clara Kynne Schmidt, Johanne Holmsberg, Rune Boserup, Morten Emil Engel, Ole Storjohann, Anna Brøns. 2018. Our Urban Living Room, Published by Arvinius + Orfeus Publishing AB

(3) Kjell Nilsson, Marcus Sangster, Cecil C. Konijnendijk, Christos Gallis, Terry Hartig, Sjerp de Vries, Klaus Seeland, Jasper Schipperijn. ( 2010 ). Forests, Trees and Human Health and Well-being, Published by Springer (4) Patrik Grahn, Ulrika A. Stigsdotter. ( 2003 ). Landscape planning and stress, Published by Urban & Fischer Verlag

Appleton, J. ( 1995 ). The experience of landscape, Published by Blackwell Publishing Gehl, J. ( 2003 ). Life Between buildings - 5th Edition, Published by The Danish Architectural Press

(6) Stichler, J. F., and D. K. Hamilton. ( 2008 ). Evidence-based Design: What is it? , Published by HERD : Health Environments Research & Design Journal

Nilsson, K., Sangster, M., Gallis, C., Hartig, T., de Vries, S., Seeland, K. et al.(2011).

Forests, Trees and Human Health - 1st Edition, Published by Springer Science + Business Media

(8) Corazon, S.S., Stigsdotter, U.K., Claudi, A.G. and Nilsson, K., ( 2010 ). Development of a Nature-Based Therapy Concept for Stress Patients at the Danish Healing Forest Garden Nacadia. Published by Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture (9) Stigsdotter, U.K., Refshauge, A.D., Sidenius, U., Grahn, P., ( 2014 ). Concept Manual for the Health Forest Octovia®. Published by University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (10) Ulrik Sidenius, Patrik Karlsson Nyed, Victoria Linn Lygum and Ulrika K. Stigsdotter ( 2017 ). A Diagnostic Post-Occupancy Evaluation of the Nacadia® Therapy Garden.

Published by University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (11) Corazon SS, Sidenius U, Poulsen DV, Gramkow MC and Stigsdotter UK. (2019).

Psycho-Physiological Stress Recovery in Outdoor Nature-Based Interventions: A Systematic Review ofthe Past Eight Years of Research. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (12) Ulrich, R.S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In I. Altman & J. Wohlwill (Eds.), Human Behavior and Environment, Vo1.6: Behavior and Natural Environmen., New York: Plenum, 85-1 25

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Alvarsson, J.J., Wiens, S., & Nilson, M.E. ( 2010 ). Stress Recovery during Exposure to Nature Sound and Environmental Noise, Published by International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

(5) Ulrika A. Stigsdotter. ( 2015 ). Nature, Health & Design, Published by the University of Copenhagen

(7) Ulrik Sidenius. ( 2017 ). The Therapy Garden Nacadia® – The interplay between evidence-based health design in landscape architecture, nature-based therapy and the individual. Published by the University of Copenhagen

REFERENCES

REFERENCES

Kaplan, R., Kaplan, S. ( 1989 ). The experience of nature: a psychological perspective, Published by Cambridge University Press Ylva Lundell. ( 2005 ). Access to the forests for disabled people, Published by Skogsstyrelsens Förlag Ernst Neufert & Peter Neufert. ( 2012 ). Neufert’s Architects’ Data - 5th Edition, Published by Blackwell Publishing Gaochao Zhang, Dorthe V. Poulsen, Victoria L. Lygum, Sus S. Corazon, Marie C. Gramkow, Ulrika K. Stigsdotter. ( 2017 ). Health-Promoting Nature Access for People with Mobility Impairments: A Systematic Review, Published by the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health The US Department of Justice. ( 2010 & 2012 ). ADA Standards for Accessible Design, Published by the US Department of Justice Vejdirektoratet, Vejregelrådet. ( 2003 ). Færdselsarealer for alle - Håndbog i tilgængelighed, Published by Vejdirektoratet Tanya Mendiola. ( 2011 ). Survival of the Senses - The tools of life, Published by Tanya Mendiola Karin Kragsig Peschardt. ( 2014 ). Health Promoting Pocket Parks in a Landscape Architectural Perspective, Published by Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management - University of Copenhagen Samuel Ojo. ( 1987 ). Design tools for providing wheelchair access, Published by the US Iowa State University 146

REFERENCES

Illustrations List Fig.(1) The model of the EBHDL process, sourced from PhD Dissertation of Ulrik Sidenius. ( 2017 ). The Therapy Garden Nacadia® – The interplay between evidence-based health design in landscape architecture, nature-based therapy and the individual ( page 17 ). Published by Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management - University of Copenhagen Fig.(2) The goals of the United Nations Goals board associated with inclusive design, sourced from the website https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs .

Fig.(3) Park der Sinne, Germany, sourced from the website https://www.badenweiler.de/Media/Attraktionen/Park-derSinne Fig.(4) Vieux Port Pavilion, France, sourced from the website https://www.archdaily.com/340004/vieux-port-pavilionfoster-partners Fig.(5) Le Port des Salines, France, sourced from the website http://au-fil-du-temps.com/project/bureau-detudes Fig.(6) Pähni Nature Centre, Estonia, sourced from the website https://www.dezeen.com/2015/09/24/unplugged-kingsizemegaphones-giant-timber-megaphones-amplifer-tallinn-estonia-forest Fig.(7) Acoustic Urban Installation, US, sourced from the website https://sfbeautiful.org/portfolio/idea-high-tech-playgroundsan-francisco Fig.(8) Floating Pavillion, UK, sourced from the website https://aor.fi/Floating-pavilion-in-London Fig.(9) Feeling the texture of bark, sourced from the website https://depositphotos.com Fig.(10) Feeling the smoothness of water, sourced from the website https://stock.adobe.com Fig.(11) Feeling the texture of wheat ends, sourced from the website https://www.videoblocks.com

Fig.(12) Smelling the scent of bark, sourced from the website https://www.themodernnomad.com/palm-springs Fig.(13) Smelling the scent of flowers, sourced from the website https://stock.adobe.com Fig.(14) Smelling the scent of a rainy forest, sourced from the website https://www.insider.com/heres-why-you-can-smell-rainaccording-to-science-2018-8 Fig.(15) Collecting edible fruits, sourced from the website https://www.visitcalifornia.com/in/attraction/u-pick-farms Fig.(16) Edible forest berries, sourced from the website https://stock.adobe.com Fig.(17) Edible blueberries, sourced from the website https://depositphotos.com Fig.(18) Collecting edible berries, sourced from the website https://www.voigt-travel.nl/noord-europa/fly-drive/desmaak-van-lapland Fig.(19) Charlottenlund Forest, 1782, sourced from the website https://www.yumpu.com/da/document/read/18303314/ volume-43-1976-dansk-dendrologisk-forening , ( page 36 ) Fig.(20) Tactile Map at Coastal Maine Botanical Gardens, US, sourced from the website https://www.mainegardens.org/ Fig.(21) Signage system at Longwood Gardens, US, sourced from the website https://geckogroup.com/work/longwood-gardens-meadow Fig.(22) The process stages of relocating and replanting a medium-size tree by a Spade Truck, courtesy of Dutchman Industries, sourced from the website https://www.dutchmantreespade.com/products/truckspades.html All the orthophotos used as is or for an illustration basis are sourced from the website https://map.krak.dk .

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Unless otherwise noted, all illustrations and graphics were produced by the author.