Al diplomacy 7 by Diplomatic-Institute

Editorial ‫‏‬The diplomats of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were honoured with the participation of H.H Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani, The Emir of Qatar in the inauguration session of the first General Meeting for Diplomatic, Consulate and Representative Missions. The meeting was held over the period from 19 till 22 August 2013. H.H Sheikh Tamim has delivered a speech hailing the diplomats efforts to enhance, and strengthen co-operation between the State of Qatar and all other countries in various fields. The Emir’s speech left a great impact on the Ministry’s senior officials, heads of diplomat and consulate missions to exert more efforts to reinforce the prominent diplomatic role Qatar plays on the international relations arena. ‫‏‬The Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs through its 96 diplomatic, consulate and representative missions, present all over the world, works as the focal point between Qatar and other countries around the globe. These missions endeavor to build and strengthen co-operation ties between Qatar and the international community in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres. ‫‏‬this meeting was organized in order to enhance and improve the performance and work mechanisms of our diplomatic, consulate and representative missions abroad. It provided an excellent opportunity for interaction, dialogue, exchange of ideas and opinions between the attending ministers and senior officials of the various state bodies and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and heads of missions. The meeting intends to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of Qatar foreign policy which managed to achieve prominent results on the international and regional levels over the past few years. ‫‏‬The meeting availed the attending mission heads with the opportunity to know the new directions of the state on monetary, financial, educational, cultural, health, sport and tourism policies, as well as labour, investment, energy and industry state-adopted policies. These presentations will be used to strengthen co-operation ties between the State of Qatar and world countries in various fields. ‫‏‬The meeting agenda was concluded by a number of recommendations and decisions aims to improve the work dynamics at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in line with the directions and aspirations of the wise leadership concerning the foreign policy. This is also in line with Qatar National Vision 2030 to enhance the state role in the economic, political and cultural fields in the regional and international levels.

1 Issue 7 - September 2013

Contents 1

Editorial

Follow-ups

‫‏‬Qatar.. Creativity of the Change Model

Follow-ups

‫‏‬H.H the Emir praises the efforts of Qatari diplomats

Follow-ups

‫‏‬U.S. –Islamic World Forum

Follow-ups

‫ ‏‬or The Fifth Successive Year F ‫‏‬Qatar tops the Arab States in the Peace Index

Public Figures

Omar Mukhtar

Spotlight

‫ ‏‬nited Nations Educational, U Scientific and Cultural Organization

Reports

World Competitiveness Report 2013 Qatar is included in the top ten countries internationally in the global competitiveness index

Dr. Hassan bin Ibrahim Al-Mohannadi Director of the Diplomatic Institute

Articles

Pages From Ancient History Diplomatic Relationships Between Iraq And Arabian Gulf

Publisher:

Articles

Security.. An insight into the Transformations and Implications of the Concept

For more information please contact us:

Book Review

State of Qatar - Doha P.O.Box : 250 Tel. : (+974( 40112500 Fax : (+974( 40112511

Overview of a Book Administrative Arrangements in the Mohammedan State

Publications

‫ ‏‬rom the Institute Publications: F Factors of Negotiation Between Ali and Roger

From the Political Dictionary

Quarterly magazine published by the Diplomatic Institute Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Issue 7 - September 2013

General Supervisor: Dr. Khalid bin Mohammed Al-Attiyah Minister of Foreign Affairs Editor in Chief:

The Diplomatic Institute

Email: Diplomacy@mofa.gov.qa Website: www.di.mofa.gov.qa - All correspondence on behalf of the Editor in Chief - Published articles reflect the views of writers and do not necessarily reflect the considerations of the magazine

2 Issue 7 - September 2013

‫‏‬Qatar..

Creativity of the Change Model

Follow-ups

Editorial

Qatar..

‫‏‬The‫‏‬diplomats‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬Ministry‫‏‬of‫‏‬Foreign‫‏‬Affairs‫‏‬were‫‏‬honoured‫‏‬with‫‏‬the‫‏‬participation‫‏‬of‫‏‬H.H‫‏‬ Sheikh‫‏‬Tamim‫‏‬bin‫‏‬Hamad‫‏‬Al-Thani,‫‏‬The‫‏‬Emir‫‏‬of‫‏‬Qatar‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬inauguration‫‏‬session‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬first‫‏‬ General‫‏‬Meeting‫‏‬for‫‏‬Diplomatic,‫‏‬Consulate‫‏‬and‫‏‬Representative‫‏‬Missions.‫‏‬The‫‏‬meeting‫‏‬was‫‏‬ held‫‏‬over‫‏‬the‫‏‬period‫‏‬from‫‏‬19‫‏‬till‫‏‬22‫‏‬August‫‏‬2013.‫‏‬H.H‫‏‬Sheikh‫‏‬Tamim‫‏‬has‫‏‬delivered‫‏‬a‫‏‬speech‫‏‬ hailing‫‏‬the‫‏‬diplomats‫‏‬efforts‫‏‬to‫‏‬enhance,‫‏‬and‫‏‬strengthen‫‏‬co-operation‫‏‬between‫‏‬the‫‏‬State‫‏‬of‫‏‬ Qatar‫‏‬and‫‏‬all‫‏‬other‫‏‬countries‫‏‬in‫‏‬various‫‏‬fields.‫‏‬The‫‏‬Emir’s‫‏‬speech‫‏‬left‫‏‬a‫‏‬great‫‏‬impact‫‏‬on‫‏‬the‫‏‬ Ministry’s‫‏‬senior‫‏‬officials,‫‏‬heads‫‏‬of‫‏‬diplomat‫‏‬and‫‏‬consulate‫‏‬missions‫‏‬to‫‏‬exert‫‏‬more‫‏‬efforts‫‏‬to‫‏‬ reinforce‫‏‬the‫‏‬prominent‫‏‬diplomatic‫‏‬role‫‏‬Qatar‫‏‬plays‫‏‬on‫‏‬the‫‏‬international‫‏‬relations‫‏‬arena.

Creativity of the Change Model

‫‏‬The‫‏‬Qatar‫‏‬Ministry‫‏‬of‫‏‬Foreign‫‏‬Affairs‫‏‬through‫‏‬its‫‏‬96‫‏‬diplomatic,‫‏‬consulate‫‏‬and‫‏‬representative‫‏‬ missions,‫ ‏‬present‫ ‏‬all‫ ‏‬over‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬world,‫ ‏‬works‫ ‏‬as‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬focal‫ ‏‬point‫ ‏‬between‫ ‏‬Qatar‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬other‫‏‬ countries‫‏‬around‫‏‬the‫‏‬globe.‫‏‬These‫‏‬missions‫‏‬endeavor‫‏‬to‫‏‬build‫‏‬and‫‏‬strengthen‫‏‬co-operation‫‏‬ ties‫‏‬between‫‏‬Qatar‫‏‬and‫‏‬the‫‏‬international‫‏‬community‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬political,‫‏‬economic,‫‏‬social‫‏‬and‫‏‬ cultural‫‏‬spheres. ‫‏‬this‫‏‬meeting‫‏‬was‫‏‬organized‫‏‬in‫‏‬order‫‏‬to‫‏‬enhance‫‏‬and‫‏‬improve‫‏‬the‫‏‬performance‫‏‬and‫‏‬work‫‏‬ mechanisms‫‏‬of‫‏‬our‫‏‬diplomatic,‫‏‬consulate‫‏‬and‫‏‬representative‫‏‬missions‫‏‬abroad.‫‏‬It‫‏‬provided‫‏‬ an‫‏‬excellent‫‏‬opportunity‫‏‬for‫‏‬interaction,‫‏‬dialogue,‫‏‬exchange‫‏‬of‫‏‬ideas‫‏‬and‫‏‬opinions‫‏‬between‫‏‬ the‫‏‬attending‫‏‬ministers‫‏‬and‫‏‬senior‫‏‬officials‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬various‫‏‬state‫‏‬bodies‫‏‬and‫‏‬the‫‏‬Ministry‫‏‬of‫‏‬ Foreign‫‏‬Affairs‫‏‬and‫‏‬heads‫‏‬of‫‏‬missions.‫‏‬The‫‏‬meeting‫‏‬intends‫‏‬to‫‏‬enhance‫‏‬the‫‏‬efficiency‫‏‬and‫‏‬ effectiveness‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬Qatar‫ ‏‬foreign‫ ‏‬policy‫ ‏‬which‫ ‏‬managed‫ ‏‬to‫ ‏‬achieve‫ ‏‬prominent‫ ‏‬results‫ ‏‬on‫ ‏‬the‫‏‬ international‫‏‬and‫‏‬regional‫‏‬levels‫‏‬over‫‏‬the‫‏‬past‫‏‬few‫‏‬years.

H.H the Emir praises the efforts of Qatari diplomats

Ahmed bin Mohammed: Religious and cultural fanaticism makes diplomacy build bridges of coexistence and dialogue among all Martin Indyk: The forum is a connecting link between the Muslims and Americans

‫ ‏‬he‫ ‏‬meeting‫ ‏‬agenda‫ ‏‬was‫ ‏‬concluded‫ ‏‬by‫ ‏‬a‫ ‏‬number‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬recommendations‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬decisions‫‏‬ T aims‫‏‬to‫‏‬improve‫‏‬the‫‏‬work‫‏‬dynamics‫‏‬at‫‏‬the‫‏‬Ministry‫‏‬of‫‏‬Foreign‫‏‬Affairs‫‏‬in‫‏‬line‫‏‬with‫‏‬the‫‏‬directions‫‏‬ and‫‏‬aspirations‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬wise‫‏‬leadership‫‏‬concerning‫‏‬the‫‏‬foreign‫‏‬policy.‫‏‬This‫‏‬is‫‏‬also‫‏‬in‫‏‬line‫‏‬with‫‏‬ Qatar‫‏‬National‫‏‬Vision‫‏‬2030‫‏‬to‫‏‬enhance‫‏‬the‫‏‬state‫‏‬role‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬economic,‫‏‬political‫‏‬and‫‏‬cultural‫‏‬ fields‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬regional‫‏‬and‫‏‬international‫‏‬levels.

- Foreign policy earned The State respect and appreciation Great leaders are known through the stories narrating their achievements. Often, their prominent qualities that distinguish them from others are the shrewd insight into the future, modesty, honesty and the courage to take and implement initiatives. Through modesty, a great leader recognizes his significance in terms of the success of the country he leads and not in terms of being a miracle maker. Their clear vision is readily recognizable through their proper valuation of their role in addition to their support and appreciation of the contributions of others. Moreover, leaders abide by honesty in their consistent efforts to provide direct and true answers to the questions raised in public. Besides, they strive to promptly fulfill their promises, implement them as policies serving the interests of the people and abide by them as practices within the country entities in accordance with the regulatory guiding plans and the entire governing values. As honesty enhanced by the admission of faults and mistakes, it is also assured by illuminating achieved success and notable progress.

1 Issue 7 - September 2013

U.S. –Islamic World Forum

H.H the Emir: The success of foreign policy with the clear objectives represents one of the major achievements of the State

‫ ‏‬he‫‏‬meeting‫‏‬availed‫‏‬the‫‏‬attending‫‏‬mission‫‏‬heads‫‏‬with‫‏‬the‫‏‬opportunity‫‏‬to‫‏‬know‫‏‬the‫‏‬new‫‏‬ T directions‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬state‫‏‬on‫‏‬monetary,‫‏‬financial,‫‏‬educational,‫‏‬cultural,‫‏‬health,‫‏‬sport‫‏‬and‫‏‬tourism‫‏‬ policies,‫‏‬as‫‏‬well‫‏‬as‫‏‬labour,‫‏‬investment,‫‏‬energy‫‏‬and‫‏‬industry‫‏‬state-adopted‫‏‬policies.‫‏‬These‫‏‬ presentations‫‏‬will‫‏‬be‫‏‬used‫‏‬to‫‏‬strengthen‫‏‬co-operation‫‏‬ties‫‏‬between‫‏‬the‫‏‬State‫‏‬of‫‏‬Qatar‫‏‬and‫‏‬ world‫‏‬countries‫‏‬in‫‏‬various‫‏‬fields.

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12 Issue 7 - September 2013

4 Public Figures

Follow-ups

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in cooperation with Brookings Institution organized the U.S. - Islamic World forum in Doha on June 9-11, 2013. This forum was attended by more than 200 persons of prominent politicians, executives, academics, religious scholar and businessmen from the United States and all over the Islamic world. The forum was inaugurated by a speech of H.E. Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Jabor Al-Thani, Minister's Assistant For International Cooperation Affairs. H.E. indicated the increase of religious fanaticism in societies and the intolerance of other culture or any other religious ideas propel diplomacy to play an effective and important role. This would be through building common bridges so that peaceful coexistence, dialogue and tolerance prevail among all in a swiftly changing dynamic world and in such way that contributes in establishing a positive relationship among the Islamic World, governments and nations. This is the high goal targeted by this forum and the forums of the previous years.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs organized the first annual meeting of heads of diplomatic, consular and representative missions of the State of Qatar between 19 and 22 August 2013. H.H the Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani inaugurated the meeting and addressed the participants providing an orientation on some of the current Arab and international issues and the major role played by the Qatari diplomatic, consular and representative missions. Their promotion its prominent status at international forums as well as strengthening its relations with States in the regional and international levels within a context of mutual respect and common interests that would serve international peace and security and achieve welfare and prosperity for all States and peoples.

Issue 7 - September 2013

Spotlight

Reports

For The Fifth Successive Year

Qatar tops the Arab States in the Peace Index

Spotlight:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Omar Mukhtar For the fifth successive year, Qatar tops the states of Middle East and North Africa in the Global Peace Index for the current year 2013 issued by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP).

‫‏‬In‫‏‬the‫‏‬index‫‏‬of‫‏‬2013,‫‏‬Qatar‫‏‬occupied‫‏‬the‫‏‬1st‫‏‬rank‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬Arab‫‏‬ world,‫‏‬Middle‫‏‬East‫‏‬and‫‏‬North‫‏‬Africa‫‏‬while‫‏‬it‫‏‬had‫‏‬the‫‏‬19th‫‏‬rank‫‏‬ internationally‫‏‬among‫‏‬162‫‏‬states‫‏‬included‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬report‫‏‬for‫‏‬this‫‏‬ year‫‏‬as‫‏‬four‫‏‬states‫‏‬were‫‏‬added‫‏‬to‫‏‬the‫‏‬158‫‏‬states‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬last‫‏‬year. ‫ ‏‬atar‫‏‬recorded‫‏‬positive‫‏‬indices‫‏‬in‫‏‬several‫‏‬axes‫‏‬included‫‏‬in‫‏‬ Q the‫‏‬report.‫‏‬For‫‏‬example,‫‏‬it‫‏‬recorded‫(‏‬6.8/10(‫‏‬degree‫‏‬compared‫‏‬ with‫( ‏‬7.2/10(‫ ‏‬for‫ ‏‬2012‫ ‏‬as‫ ‏‬to‫ ‏‬administrative‫ ‏‬corruption‫ ‏‬and‫‏‬ (32.90/100(‫ ‏‬degree‫ ‏‬compared‫ ‏‬with‫( ‏‬46/100(‫ ‏‬for‫ ‏‬2012‫‏‬ regarding‫‏‬media‫‏‬freedom.‫‏‬ ‫‏‬Qatar‫‏‬kept‫‏‬also‫‏‬its‫‏‬rating‫‏‬in‫‏‬other‫‏‬indices‫‏‬including‫‏‬the‫‏‬number‫‏‬ of‫‏‬crimes‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬society,‫‏‬the‫‏‬number‫‏‬of‫‏‬murders‫‏‬per‫‏‬100,000‫‏‬ persons,‫‏‬the‫‏‬number‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬penal‫‏‬institutions‫‏‬prisoners‫‏‬and‫‏‬the‫‏‬ easiness‫‏‬of‫‏‬getting‫‏‬small‫‏‬arms‫‏‬and‫‏‬light‫‏‬weapons.‫‏‏‬

Omar‫‏‬Mukhtar‫‏‬was‫‏‬born‫‏‬in‫‏‬1862‫‏‬in‫‏‬Al-Butnan‫‏‬in‫‏‬eastern‫‏‬Jebel‫‏‬ Akhdar‫‏‬in‫‏‬Cyrenaica.‫‏‏‬He‫‏‬was‫‏‬an‫‏‬orphan‫‏‬from‫‏‬Farahat‫‏‬family‫‏‬of‫‏‬ Bredan‫‏‬Mnifa‫‏‬Tribe.‫‏‬He‫‏‬grew‫‏‬up‫‏‬and‫‏‬was‫‏‬raised‫‏‬in‫‏‬a‫‏‬household‫‏‬ characterized‫‏‬with‫‏‬power‫‏‬and‫‏‬generosity.‫‏‬He‫‏‬was‫‏‬surrounded‫‏‬ by‫ ‏‬chivalrous‫ ‏‬Muslims‫ ‏‬with‫ ‏‬good‫ ‏‬manners‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬praiseworthy‫‏‬ qualities‫‏‬derived‫‏‬from‫‏‬the‫‏‬teachings‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬Senussi‫‏‬movement‫‏‬ based‫‏‬on‫‏‬Quran‫‏‬and‫‏‬Sunna‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬Messenger‫‏‬of‫‏‬Allah‫(‏‬PBUH(.‫‏‬ He‫‏‬received‫‏‬his‫‏‬education‫‏‬at‫‏‬Senussi‫‏‬Zanzu‫‏‬School.‫‏‬Then,‫‏‬he‫‏‬ continued‫ ‏‬his‫ ‏‬education‫ ‏‬at‫ ‏‬Jaghbub‫ ‏‬Institute‫ ‏‬which‫ ‏‬was‫ ‏‬the‫‏‬ beacon‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬knowledge.‫ ‏‬He‫ ‏‬studied‫ ‏‬at‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬Institute‫ ‏‬eight‫ ‏‬years‫‏‬ learning‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬various‫ ‏‬Shari'a‫ ‏‬sciences‫ ‏‬such‫ ‏‬as‫ ‏‬jurisprudence,‫‏‬ Hadith‫‏‬and‫‏‬interpretation‫‏‬and‫‏‬was‫‏‬taught‫‏‬by‫‏‬prominent‫‏‬Senussi‫‏‬ scholars‫‏‬and‫‏‬leaders,‫‏‬especially‫‏‬El-Mahdi‫‏‬El-Senussi.‫‏‬However,‫‏‬ he‫‏‬did‫‏‬not‫‏‬complete‫‏‬his‫‏‬education‫‏‬as‫‏‬desired.‫‏‬

•‫ ‏‬Natural‫‏‬sciences‫‏‬ •‫ ‏‬Social‫‏‬and‫‏‬human‫‏‬sciences‫‏‬ •‫ ‏‬Culture‫‏‬

The‫ ‏‬report‫ ‏‬methodology‫ ‏‬depends‫ ‏‬on‫ ‏‬dividing‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬national‫‏‬ context‫‏‬into‫‏‬four‫‏‬main‫‏‬factors‫‏‬of‫‏‬competitiveness:‫‏‬economic‫‏‬ performance,‫ ‏‬government‫ ‏‬efficiency,‫ ‏‬business‫ ‏‬efficiency‫‏‬ and‫ ‏‬infrastructure.‫ ‏‬Each‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬these‫ ‏‬factors‫ ‏‬is‫ ‏‬divided‫ ‏‬into‫ ‏‬five‫‏‬ sub-factors;‫ ‏‬consequently,‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬world‫ ‏‬competitiveness‫ ‏‬index‫‏‬ contains‫‏‬twenty‫(‏‬20(‫‏‬sub-factors.‫‏‬Some‫‏‬of‫‏‬these‫‏‬sub-factors‫‏‬ are‫ ‏‬divided‫ ‏‬into‫ ‏‬primary‫ ‏‬indices‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬it‫ ‏‬is‫ ‏‬not‫ ‏‬necessary‫ ‏‬that‫‏‬ each‫‏‬sub-factor‫‏‬includes‫‏‬the‫‏‬same‫‏‬number‫‏‬of‫‏‬primary‫‏‬indices‫‏‬ but‫‏‬each‫‏‬sub-factor‫‏‬has‫‏‬the‫‏‬same‫‏‬weight‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬final‫‏‬result.‫‏‬

•‫ ‏‬Communication‫‏‬and‫‏‬information‫‏‬ The‫ ‏‬UNESCO‫ ‏‬sponsors‫ ‏‬several‫ ‏‬projects‫ ‏‬such‫ ‏‬as‫ ‏‬literacy,‫‏‬ technical‫‏‬training,‫‏‬teacher‫‏‬qualification‫‏‬and‫‏‬training‫‏‬programs,‫‏‬ international‫‏‬science‫‏‬programs,‫‏‬cultural‫‏‬and‫‏‬history‫‏‬projects,‫‏‬ international‫‏‬cooperation‫‏‬agreements‫‏‬to‫‏‬preserve‫‏‬international‫‏‬ civilization‫‏‬and‫‏‬natural‫‏‬heritage‫‏‬and‫‏‬protect‫‏‬human‫‏‬rights.‫‏‬

Issue 7 - September 2013

The‫‏‬report‫‏‬relies‫‏‬on‫‏‬two‫‏‬types‫‏‬of‫‏‬information‫‏‬which‫‏‬are:‫‏‬ •‫ ‏‬Qualitative‫ ‏‬information‫ ‏‬out‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬field‫ ‏‬survey‫ ‏‬through‫‏‬ which‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬opinions‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬managers‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬governmental‫‏‬ institutions‫‏‬and‫‏‬business‫‏‬sector‫‏‬are‫‏‬surveyed.‫‏‬ •‫ ‏‬Domestic‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬international‫ ‏‬statistical‫ ‏‬bulletins‫ ‏‬issued‫‏‬ by‫ ‏‬international‫ ‏‬authorities‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬organizations‫ ‏‬as‫ ‏‬well‫ ‏‬as‫‏‬ governmental‫‏‬ministries‫‏‬and‫‏‬the‫‏‬National‫‏‬Bureau‫‏‬of‫‏‬Statistics.‫‏‬

22 Issue 7 - September 2013

Articles

The World Competitiveness Yearbook is issued by the International Institute of Administrative Development in Geneva, Switzerland, since 1989. This yearbook analyzes and categorizes the ability of the nations to create and preserve a competitive environment for the establishments in addition to the ability to absorb financial and economic crises. In the World Competitiveness Report 2013, 60 countries were selected based on their effect in the world economy and the extent of their data availability, are covered.

•‫ ‏‬Education‫‏‬

Qatar is included in the top ten countries internationally in the global competitiveness index

The Organization has the following five major programs:

His Fighting Attitudes Against Foreign Schemes The‫‏‬State‫ ‏‬of‫‏‬Tripoli‫‏‬had‫ ‏‬been‫ ‏‬subject‫ ‏‬to‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬Ottoman‫ ‏‬rule‫‏‬ for‫‏‬a‫‏‬long‫‏‬span‫‏‬of‫‏‬time.‫‏‬Later,‫‏‬the‫‏‬Ottoman‫‏‬Empire‫‏‬got‫‏‬weak.‫‏‬ Thus,‫‏‬Italy‫‏‬had‫‏‬coveted‫‏‬plans‫‏‬for‫‏‬Tripoli‫‏‬due‫‏‬to‫‏‬its‫‏‬strategic‫‏‬and‫‏‬ economic‫‏‬importance,‫‏‬which‫‏‬made‫‏‬it‫‏‬appeal‫‏‬to‫‏‬Italian‫‏‬decision‫‏‬ makers‫‏‬envisaging‫‏‬the‫‏‬glory‫‏‬and‫‏‬grandeur‫‏‬of‫‏‬Italy‫‏‬on‫‏‬the‫‏‬one‫‏‬ hand‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬solving‫ ‏‬its‫ ‏‬economic,‫ ‏‬social‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬demographic‫‏‬ problems‫‏‬on‫‏‬the‫‏‬other‫‏‬hand.‫‏‬Therefore,‫‏‬it‫‏‬encouraged‫‏‬Italians‫‏‬ to‫ ‏‬immigrate‫ ‏‬to‫ ‏‬Libya,‫ ‏‬established‫ ‏‬schools,‫ ‏‬incorporated‫‏‬ branches‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬De‫ ‏‬Rome‫ ‏‬Bank,‫ ‏‬provided‫ ‏‬loans‫ ‏‬to‫ ‏‬farmers‫ ‏‬and‫‏‬ acquired‫‏‬agricultural‫‏‬lands.‫‏‬Moreover,‫‏‬it‫‏‬delegated‫‏‬physicians‫‏‬ and‫ ‏‬built‫ ‏‬several‫ ‏‬clinics.‫ ‏‬Furthermore,‫ ‏‬Italy‫ ‏‬accused‫ ‏‬the‫‏‬ Ottoman‫ ‏‬Empire‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬hindering‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬development‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬Libya.‫ ‏‬In‫‏‬ September‫‏‬1911‫‏‬AD,‫‏‬Italy‫‏‬had‫‏‬to‫‏‬act‫‏‬in‫‏‬favor‫‏‬of‫‏‬its‫‏‬interests.‫‏‬

15 Issue 7 - September 2013

World Competitiveness Report 2013

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was established in 1945 after the end of World War II. It was intended to build a genuine peace culture and establish moral and intellectual solidarity among humans. Currently, the UNESCO has 193 member States. It is a specialized agency of the United Nations. Headquartered in Paris, the UNESCO has more than 50 offices and several educational institutes all over the world. Its main objective is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, human rights and the main principles of freedom.

Omar bin Mukhtar bin Omar of Al-Manfi, nicknamed Sheikh Al-Shuhadaa (Leader of martyrs) and sheikh Al-Mujahedeen (leader of fighters) and lion of the desert, was one of the most famous Arab and Muslim fighters against Italian colonialism in Libya. He managed to lift the combating moral spirits of his followers against the Italian troops, which were equipped with the state-of-the-art military mechanisms at that time which failed and were disappointed in every battle against Omar Mukhtar.

‫‏‬Qatar‫ ‏‬preserved‫ ‏‬its‫ ‏‬1st‫ ‏‬rating‫ ‏‬at‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬level‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬Middle‫ ‏‬East‫‏‬ and‫‏‬North‫‏‬Africa‫‏‬throughout‫‏‬the‫‏‬previous‫‏‬years‫‏‬from‫‏‬2009‫‏‬to‫‏‬ 2013.‫ ‏‬It‫ ‏‬occupied‫ ‏‬also‫ ‏‬advanced‫ ‏‬ranks‫ ‏‬internationally‫ ‏‬during‫‏‬ the‫ ‏‬same‫ ‏‬period‫ ‏‬through‫ ‏‬acquiring‫ ‏‬high‫ ‏‬ratings‫ ‏‬by‫ ‏‬which‫ ‏‬it‫‏‬ surpassed‫ ‏‬several‫ ‏‬advanced‫ ‏‬states.‫ ‏‬According‫ ‏‬to‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬ratings‫‏‬ stated‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬Global‫‏‬Peace‫‏‬Index‫‏‬report‫‏‬for‫‏‬this‫‏‬year,‫‏‬the‫‏‬rating‫‏‬ reached‫( ‏‬1.398(‫ ‏‬and‫( ‏‬1.395(‫ ‏‬during‫ ‏‬2011/2012‫ ‏‬successively‫‏‬ while‫‏‬the‫‏‬rating‫‏‬reached‫(‏‬1.392(‫‏‬and‫(‏‬1.394(‫‏‬in‫‏‬2009/2010.‫‏‬This‫‏‬ rating‫‏‬reflects‫‏‬the‫‏‬status‫‏‬occupied‫‏‬by‫‏‬Qatar‫‏‬compared‫‏‬with‫‏‬the‫‏‬ other‫‏‬states‫‏‬internationally‫‏‬by‫‏‬virtue‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬efforts‫‏‬exerted‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬ field‫‏‬of‫‏‬preserving‫‏‬security‫‏‬and‫‏‬stability‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬state‫‏‬in‫‏‬addition‫‏‬ to‫ ‏‬applying‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬certified‫ ‏‬international‫ ‏‬standards‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬index‫‏‬ measuring.‫‏‏‬

Overtaking Korea and Japan Qatar is the tenth in the World Competitiveness Index 2013 Expect improvement in ranking after accomplishing some strategic projects

Issue 7 - September 2013

22 Publications

Book Review

Overview of a Book

Administrative Arrangements in the Mohammedan State A Study and Analysis of Diplomatic Manners within Mohammedan State

Pages From Ancient History

Diplomatic Relationships Between Iraq And Arabian Gulf

Factors of Negotiation Between Ali and Roger

Prof. Mohammed Habash *

Security..

Prof. Qusai Mansour Al-Turki*

An insight into the Transformations and Implications of the Concept

Al-Kattani‫ ‏‬was‫ ‏‬an‫ ‏‬erudite‫ ‏‬Moroccan‫ ‏‬scholar,‫ ‏‬who‫ ‏‬wrote‫‏‬ about‫ ‏‬250‫ ‏‬books‫ ‏‬on‫ ‏‬Islam.‫ ‏‬He‫ ‏‬died‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬1962‫ ‏‬AD.‫ ‏‬Al-Kattani‫‏‬ was‫ ‏‬a‫ ‏‬descendant‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬a‫ ‏‬family‫ ‏‬highly‫ ‏‬versed‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬knowledge,‫‏‬ jurisprudence‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬politics.‫ ‏‬In‫ ‏‬fact,‫ ‏‬his‫ ‏‬family‫ ‏‬had‫ ‏‬a‫ ‏‬major‫‏‬ role‫ ‏‬throughout‫ ‏‬history‫ ‏‬as‫ ‏‬knowledge‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬science‫ ‏‬pioneers‫‏‬ in‫ ‏‬Maghreb.‫ ‏‬Moreover,‫ ‏‬Al-Kattani‫ ‏‬family‫ ‏‬descended‫ ‏‬from‫‏‬ Yahya‫ ‏‬III‫ ‏‬bin‫ ‏‬Imran,‫ ‏‬who‫ ‏‬was‫ ‏‬a‫ ‏‬Tlemcen‫ ‏‬leader‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬Maghreb‫‏‬ and‫ ‏‬undisputedly‫ ‏‬descendent‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬Imam‫ ‏‬Hassan‫ ‏‬bin‫ ‏‬Ali‫ ‏‬bin‫‏‬ Abi‫ ‏‬Talib,‫ ‏‬nicknamed‫( ‏‬Al-Sabt;‫ ‏‬i.e.,‫ ‏‬grandson‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬Prophet‫‏‬ Mohammed(‫(‏‬May‫‏‬God‫‏‬be‫‏‬pleased‫‏‬with‫‏‬them(.‫‏‬

Khalid Waleed Mahmoud * Undoubtedly, professionals and researchers firmly disagree on the scope of the concept of security. Many academics, who declare themselves a part of the "critical security studies" school, demonstrate that the concept of security is "critically debatable". Hence, an agreement on the meaning of security, at its core, is impossible to reach. However, researchers and scholars have noticed manifest changes undergone by the concept, which has become complicated due to historic accumulation and the complication of the human phenomena. Indeed, the transformation of the concept of security is a logical consequence of the changing international scene. There are multiple players internationally. Moreover, varied threats have originated within the country and abroad. Consequently, a reinterpretation of security has been increasingly claimed. Even critics of realism maintain that we need to broaden and deepen our understanding of the concept. They advocate broadening the concept to include matters of environmental security, social security and economic security. Furthermore, they advocate deepening the concept to shift the reference point from the nation State to the individual, which led to the formulation of the concept of "human security".

The "diplomatic relations" phrase, used in these pages, indicates that there are independent political structures that have their own territories, boundaries and relationships with other kingdoms or states outside these boundaries. The reader should not be surprised of the deepness of Iraq- Gulf relationships. Although a decade or more passed since the beginning of the 3rd millennium A.D., the origins of these relationships go back to the 3rd millennium B.C.; i.e., about six thousand years and no wonder about this as geography is the same and history has many interpretations or mostly repeats itself.

‫‏‏*‏‬Iraqi‫‏‬researcher‫‏‬and‫‏‬academic,‫‏‬University‫‏‬Of‫‏‬Duhok

`Abd-Alhayy‫‏‬Al-Kittani‫‏‬indicated‫‏‬that‫‏‬his‫‏‬book‫‏‬relied‫‏‬heavily‫‏‬ on‫« ‏ ‏‬Explanation‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬auditory‫ ‏‬indications‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬Mohammedan‫‏‬ State‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬Legitimate‫ ‏‬Crafts,‫ ‏‬Trades‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬Labor,‫ ‏‬transliterated‫‏‬ «Takhrīj‫‏‬al-dalālāt‫‏‬al-sam’īyah,‫‹‏‬alá‫‏‬mā kāna‫‏‬fī ‹ahd‫‏‬Rasūl‫‏‬Allāh‫‏‬ min‫ ‏‬al-hiraf‫ ‏‬wa-al-sanā’i’‫ ‏‬wa-al-’amālāt‫ ‏‬al-shar’īyah»‫ ‏‬by‫ ‏‬Abi‫‏‬ Al-Hassan‫ ‏‬Ali‫ ‏‬bin‫ ‏‬Mohammed‫ ‏‬Al-Khuzā’ī,‫ ‏‬died‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬1387‫ ‏‬AD,‫‏‬ nicknamed‫«‏‬Zi‫‏‬Al-Wizarateen,‫(‏‬meaning‫‏‬that‫‏‬he‫‏‬was‫‏‬appointed‫‏‬ a‫‏‬minister‫‏‬twice(,‫‏‬minister‫‏‬in‫‏‬Marinid‫‏‬Dynasty‫‏‬in‫‏‬Morocco.‫‏‬ The‫‏‬author’s‫‏‬introduction‫‏‬emphasized‫‏‬that‫‏‬the‫‏‬Mohammedan‫‏‬ State‫‏‬established‫‏‬by‫‏‬the‫‏‬Messenger‫‏‬of‫‏‬Allah‫(‏‬PBUH(‫‏‬was‫‏‬not‫‏‬ only‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬destination‫ ‏‬for‫ ‏‬learners‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬prayer,‫ ‏‬fasting‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬rites‫‏‬ but‫ ‏‬was‫ ‏‬also‫ ‏‬a‫ ‏‬State‫ ‏‬which‫ ‏‬set‫ ‏‬development‫ ‏‬programs‫ ‏‬and‫‏‬ plans,‫‏‬where‫‏‬genuine‫‏‬establishments‫‏‬were‫‏‬formed‫‏‬and‫‏‬which‫‏‬ actually‫‏‬laid‫‏‬down‫‏‬the‫‏‬foundations‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬modern‫‏‬state.‫‏‬

‫‏‏*‏‬Researcher‫‏‬at‫‏‬the‫‏‬Arab‫‏‬Center‫‏‬for‫‏‬Research‫‏‬and‫‏‬Political‫‏‬Studies-‫‏‬Doha

27 Issue 7 - September 2013

From the Institute Publications:

Issue 7 - September 2013

The‫ ‏‬common‫ ‏‬believe‫ ‏‬is‫ ‏‬that‫ ‏‬prophets‫ ‏‬are‫ ‏‬only‫ ‏‬preachers‫‏‬ who‫‏‬emerged‫‏‬within‫‏‬a‫‏‬span‫‏‬of‫‏‬time‫‏‬and‫‏‬called‫‏‬for‫‏‬faith,‫‏‬prayer‫‏‬ and‫‏‬fasting.‫‏‬However,‫‏‬such‫‏‬belief‫‏‬does‫‏‬not‫‏‬apply‫‏‬to‫‏‬the‫‏‬Last‫‏‬of‫‏‬ Missions.‫‏‬Indeed,‫‏‬the‫‏‬Messenger‫‏‬of‫‏‬Allah‫‏‬was‫‏‬a‫‏‬true‫‏‬leader‫‏‬of‫‏‬ a‫‏‬civil‫‏‬state‫‏‬by‫‏‬all‫‏‬means‫‏‬as‫‏‬Al-Kattani‫‏‬diligently‫‏‬sought‫‏‬to‫‏‬prove‫‏‬ in‫‏‬his‫‏‬book.‫‏‬Stressing‫‏‬this‫‏‬fact,‫‏‬Al-Kattani’s‫‏‬introduction‫‏‬stated:‫‏‬ «The‫ ‏‬necessary‫ ‏‬administration‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬both‫ ‏‬politics‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬his‫ ‏‬era‫‏‬ was‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬operation‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬labor‫ ‏‬was‫ ‏‬common‫ ‏‬as‫ ‏‬sublime‫ ‏‬as‫‏‬ ever‫‏‬for‫‏‬an‫‏‬observer‫‏‬finds‫‏‬that‫‏‬the‫‏‬retinue‫‏‬professions‫‏‬today,‫‏‬ including‫ ‏‬ablution‫ ‏‬worker,‫ ‏‬bed‫ ‏‬worker,‫ ‏‬shoe‫ ‏‬worker,‫ ‏‬stable‫‏‬ worker,‫ ‏‬doorman‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬others,‫ ‏‬were‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬practice‫ ‏‬during‫ ‏‬the‫‏‬ Prophet‫(‏‬PBUP(‫‏‬Era.‫‏‬Therefore,‫‏‬the‫‏‬Islamic‫‏‬Kings‫‏‬might‫‏‬have‫‏‬ adopted‫ ‏‬these‫ ‏‬common‫ ‏‬practices‫ ‏‬from‫ ‏‬such‫ ‏‬Era.‫ ‏‬As‫ ‏‬for,‫‏‬ administrative‫‏‬positions‫‏‬including‫‏‬all‫‏‬kinds‫‏‬of‫‏‬ministries,‫‏‬clerks,‫‏‬ communications,‫ ‏‬feudal‫ ‏‬states,‫ ‏‬writing‫ ‏‬undertakings‫ ‏‬and‫‏‬ conciliation,‫‏‬messengers‫‏‬and‫‏‬translators,‫‏‬military‫‏‬and‫‏‬judges’‫‏‬ clerks,‫ ‏‬grievance‫ ‏‬officer,‫ ‏‬allocator‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬expenses,‫ ‏‬allocator‫ ‏‬of‫‏‬ inheritance,‫ ‏‬night‫ ‏‬watchmen‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬city‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬warden,‫ ‏‬spies,‫‏‬ hospital,‫ ‏‬schools,‫ ‏‬mosques,‫ ‏‬guardians,‫ ‏‬nurses,‫ ‏‬surgeons,‫‏‬ exchange,‫ ‏‬treasury‫ ‏‬officer,‫ ‏‬land‫ ‏‬tax‫ ‏‬officer,‫ ‏‬land‫ ‏‬allocator,‫‏‬ ballista‫ ‏‬manufacturer,‫ ‏‬ballista‫ ‏‬launcher,‫ ‏‬trench‫ ‏‬diggers,‫‏‬ goldsmiths,‫‏‬shops,‫‏‬crafts‫‏‬and‫‏‬trades.‫‏‬The‫‏‬time‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬Prophet,‫‏‬ despite‫‏‬being‫‏‬limited,‫‏‬was‫‏‬not‫‏‬devoid‫‏‬of‫‏‬these‫‏‬professions‫‏‬and‫‏‬ administration‫‏‬of‫‏‬this‫‏‬labor.‫‏‬Moreover,‫‏‬such‫‏‬professions‫‏‬were‫‏‬

In the framework of implementing the Diplomatic Institute plan at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the field of preparing research and academic studies in all political and economic subjects for the year 2013, the institute has published a new study titled "Factors of Negotiation Between Ali and Rogers" by Dr. Saeb Erekat, the Chief Palestinian Negotiator. The study initiated by an introduction by H.E Ambassador Dr. Hassan bin Ibrahim Al-Mohannadi, the director of the Diplomatic Institute, in which he indicated that this valued study is deemed as an original reference for negotiation skills. In this study, the author used his unique style, long experience and profound knowledge in the negotiations field acquired during his work as the Chief of Negotiations Affairs Department in Palestine Liberation Organization since its establishment in 2003 and as the Chief Palestinian negotiator for several years trying to retrieve the rights of his people from the occupiers. ‫‏‬This‫‏‬book‫‏‬is‫‏‬the‫‏‬fruit‫‏‬of‫‏‬a‫‏‬huge‫‏‬academic‫‏‬effort;‫‏‬presenting‫‏‬ our‫‏‬Islamic‫‏‬heritage,‫‏‬principles‫‏‬and‫‏‬values‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬negotiation‫‏‬ field‫‏‬from‫‏‬the‫‏‬perspective‫‏‬of‫‏‬one‫‏‬of‫‏‬a‫‏‬peerless‫‏‬characters‫‏‬in‫‏‬ the‫‏‬Islamic‫‏‬history;‫‏‬Ali‫‏‬bin‫‏‬Abi‫‏‬Talib‫(‏‬May‫‏‬Allah‫‏‬Be‫‏‬Pleased‫‏‬With‫‏‬ Him(,‫‏‬the‫‏‬Fourth‫‏‬Rightly‫‏‬Guided‫‏‬Caliph.‫‏‬This‫‏‬book‫‏‬is‫‏‬an‫‏‬attempt‫‏‬ to‫‏‬build‫‏‬connective‫‏‬bridges‫‏‬to‫‏‬this‫‏‬history‫‏‬as‫‏‬an‫‏‬efficient‫‏‬and‫‏‬ vital‫ ‏‬participation‫ ‏‬to‫ ‏‬build‫ ‏‬a‫ ‏‬foundation‫ ‏‬for‫ ‏‬a‫ ‏‬comprehensive‫‏‬ scientific‫ ‏‬framework‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬studying‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬negotiation‫ ‏‬process.‫‏‬ In‫ ‏‬this‫ ‏‬context,‫ ‏‬Dr.‫ ‏‬Erekat‫ ‏‬compares‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬negotiation‫ ‏‬factors‫‏‬ adopted‫ ‏‬by‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬Commander‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬Faithful‫ ‏‬Ali‫ ‏‬bin‫ ‏‬Abi‫ ‏‬Talib‫‏‬ with‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬negotiation‫ ‏‬fundamental‫ ‏‬factors‫ ‏‬from‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬western‫‏‬ perspective;‫ ‏‬concentrating‫ ‏‬on‫ ‏‬one‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬most‫ ‏‬prominent‫‏‬ authors‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬this‫ ‏‬field:‫ ‏‬Roger‫ ‏‬Fisher‫ ‏‬who‫ ‏‬represents‫ ‏‬Harvard‫‏‬ school‫ ‏‬approach‫ ‏‬that‫ ‏‬has‫ ‏‬important‫ ‏‬impact‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬defining‫ ‏‬and‫‏‬ consolidating‫‏‬the‫‏‬negotiation‫‏‬science.‫‏‬

‫‏‬The‫‏‬Director‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬Diplomatic‫‏‬Institute‫‏‬remarked‫‏‬also‫‏‬that‫‏‬ the‫‏‬author‫‏‬referred‫‏‬to‫‏‬the‫‏‬part‫‏‬the‫‏‬Commander‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬Faithful‫‏‬ Ali‫‏‬bin‫‏‬Abi‫‏‬Talib‫‏‬played‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬negotiation‫‏‬sphere‫‏‬mentioning‫‏‬his‫‏‬ negotiation‫‏‬experience‫‏‬and‫‏‬how‫‏‬he‫(‏‬the‫‏‬author(‫‏‬was‫‏‬affected‫‏‬ personally.‫‏‬He‫‏‬also‫‏‬referred‫‏‬to‫"‏‬his‫‏‬part‫‏‬in‫‏‬the‫‏‬political‫‏‬reality,‫‏‬ the‫ ‏‬relationship‫ ‏‬between‫ ‏‬weakness‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬strength,‫ ‏‬injustice‫‏‬ and‫ ‏‬justice‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬what‫ ‏‬should‫ ‏‬be‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬what‫ ‏‬really‫ ‏‬exists;‫ ‏‬this‫‏‬ Arab‫ ‏‬person‫ ‏‬has‫ ‏‬defined‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬country‫ ‏‬concepts,‫ ‏‬covenants‫‏‬ and‫ ‏‬pacts‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬said‫ ‏‬to‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬unjustly‫ ‏‬treated‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬powerless‫‏‬ people‫‏‬that‫‏‬their‫‏‬power‫‏‬exist‫‏‬in‫‏‬sticking‫‏‬to‫‏‬their‫‏‬rights,‫‏‬not‫‏‬in‫‏‬ relinquishing‫‏‬them". ‫‏‬The‫ ‏‬study‫ ‏‬consists‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬three‫ ‏‬chapters,‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬addition‫ ‏‬to‫ ‏‬an‫‏‬ introduction‫ ‏‬and‫ ‏‬a‫ ‏‬conclusion.‫ ‏‬The‫ ‏‬first‫ ‏‬part‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬first‫‏‬ chapter‫ ‏‬discusses‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬seven‫ ‏‬negotiation‫ ‏‬factors‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬the‫‏‬ western‫ ‏‬schools,‫ ‏‬which‫ ‏‬are‫ ‏‬stated‫ ‏‬in‫ ‏‬the‫ ‏‬booklet‫ ‏‬of‫ ‏‬Mary‫‏& ‏‬

‫‏‏*‏‬Researcher‫‏‬and‫‏‬consultant‫‏‬at‫‏‬the‫‏‬Doha‫‏‬International‫‏‬Center‫‏‬for‫‏‬Interfaith‫‏‬Dialogue‫‏‬

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Issue 7 - September 2013

From the Political Dictionary Perpetual Peace ‫‏‬It‫‏‬is‫‏‬the‫‏‬condition‫‏‬of‫‏‬constant‫‏‬peace‫‏‬within‫‏‬the‫‏‬international‫‏‬regime.‫‏‬This‫‏‬concept‫‏‬does‫‏‬not‫‏‬mean‫‏‬that‫‏‬it‫‏‬is‫‏‬simply‫‏‬possible‫‏‬ to‫‏‬erase‫‏‬war‫‏‬forever‫‏‬but‫‏‬it‫‏‬includes‫‏‬also‫‏‬the‫‏‬human‫‏‬capability‫‏‬to‫‏‬make‫‏‬a‫‏‬global‫‏‬regimen‫‏‬in‫‏‬which‫‏‬war‫‏‬would‫‏‬be‫‏‬ineffective.‫‏‬ Both‫‏‬ideas‫‏‬are‫‏‬consistent‫‏‬with‫‏‬each‫‏‬other‫‏‬but‫‏‬perpetual‫‏‬peace‫‏‬did‫‏‬not‫‏‬prevail‫‏‬in‫‏‬any‫‏‬time;‫‏‬consequently,‫‏‬expansion‫‏‬of‫‏‬ these‫‏‬ideas‫‏‬took‫‏‬the‫‏‬form‫‏‬of‫‏‬two‫‏‬peace‫‏‬projects.‫‏‬That‫‏‬is,‫‏‬they‫‏‬are‫‏‬two‫‏‬plans‫‏‬aiming‫‏‬at‫‏‬spreading‫‏‬perpetual‫‏‬peace.‫‏‬In‫‏‬fact,‫‏‬ there‫‏‬are‫‏‬thinkers‫‏‬who‫‏‬promoted‫‏‬these‫‏‬ideas‫‏‬such‫‏‬as‫‏‬Dante,‫‏‬Jan‫‏‬Jack‫‏‬Roso‫‏‬and‫‏‬Immanuel‫‏‬Kant‫‏‬who‫‏‬believed‫‏‬that‫‏‬war‫‏‬ is‫‏‬a‫‏‬source‫‏‬of‫‏‬moral‫‏‬corruption‫‏‬and‫‏‬evil.‫‏‬Recurrence‫‏‬of‫‏‬war‫‏‬demonstrated‫‏‬that‫‏‬aggressive‫‏‬states‫‏‬threaten‫‏‬persistently‫‏‬the‫‏‬ individuals'‫‏‬rights‫‏‬and‫‏‬freedoms.‫‏‬Moreover,‫‏‬states‫‏‬are‫‏‬not‫‏‬able‫‏‬to‫‏‬improve‫‏‬their‫‏‬constitutions‫‏‬while‫‏‬they‫‏‬are‫‏‬worry‫‏‬to‫‏‬be‫‏‬ invaded‫‏‬by‫‏‬another‫‏‬state.‫‏‬Nevertheless,‫‏‬Kant‫‏‬found‫‏‬that‫‏‬war‫‏‬is‫‏‬the‫‏‬normal‫‏‬condition‫‏‬of‫‏‬humanity;‫‏‬thus,‫‏‬the‫‏‬states‫‏‬should‫‏‬ find‫‏‬a‫‏‬way‫‏‬to‫‏‬live‫‏‬in‫‏‬congruence‫‏‬together.‫‏‬From‫‏‬Kant's‫‏‬point‫‏‬of‫‏‬view,‫‏‬the‫‏‬responsibility‫‏‬of‫‏‬war‫‏‬calling‫‏‬off‫‏‬falls‫‏‬upon‫‏‬all‫‏‬states‫‏‬ and‫‏‬individuals‫‏‬who‫‏‬should‫‏‬involve‫‏‬in‫‏‬a‫‏‬progressive‫‏‬goal;‫‏‬i.e.,‫‏‬Perpetual‫‏‬Peace.

Issue 7 - September 2013

3 Issue 7 - September 2013

Follow-ups

‫‏‬Qatar..

Creativity of the Change Model

‫‏‬Great leaders are known through the stories narrating their achievements. Often, their prominent qualities that distinguish them from others are the shrewd insight into the future, modesty, honesty and the courage to take and implement initiatives. Through modesty, a great leader recognizes his significance in terms of the success of the country he leads and not in terms of being a miracle maker. Their clear vision is readily recognizable through their proper valuation of their role in addition to their support and appreciation of the contributions of others. Moreover, leaders abide by honesty in their consistent efforts to provide direct and true answers to the questions raised in public. Besides, they strive to promptly fulfill their promises, implement them as policies serving the interests of the people and abide by them as practices within the country entities in accordance with the regulatory guiding plans and the entire governing values. As honesty enhanced by the admission of faults and mistakes, it is also assured by illuminating achieved success and notable progress.

4 Issue 7 - September 2013

Follow-ups ‫‏‬Story of a Great Leader

‫‏‬The Father Emir

‫‏‬If a regular citizen is generally asked to describe a great leader, he would be inclined to describe the superman hero story who is greater than life, or a wise king of the ancestors' legends, an unrivaled leader achieving victory for his people or a skilled captain saving a sinking ship. Great leaders cherish these images and stories, which will continue to be recognized as true, and they will ensure that the true stories of others will be told. This will assure understanding the different roles in their convenient context within the general narration of history, which makes leadership a noble goal.

‫‏‬For the Father Emir, leadership and authority like the other essentials of rule had meaning and value equally in addition to the duty of constant giving as well as the inherent abilities and privileges of exclusive decision-making consistent with the general interests and values of the people. Therefore, he believed that development and advancement in the State of Qatar have to be based on the deeply rooted principles of Islam and Arabism, which he believed to be the reason for the continuity of the State and the people along every step to civilization. In other words, understanding the distinguished status acquired by Qatar under his leadership is only possible through understanding the nature of leadership, which bestowed meaning and role to the State and bequeathed entity, and pioneering to the community.

‫‏‬The personal skills of a leader are revealed when people start telling stories about the courageous steps that made great changes, the wise choices that expanded participation, the intensive serious work that created a novel revolution in concepts. In addition, successful leaders do not fixate on their own talents to encourage the engagement of others, recognize the multiple contributions as well as create and promote cooperation among followers in harmony and matching the general objectives. Despite harmony and matching are not some of the catchy political terms such as the high-risk strategic concepts or the most recently adopted management theories; however, there is a need for it. All these merits are for following all the requirements for a successful leadership or any numbers of qualities that can be attributed to a great leader such as His Highness the father Emir, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani.

‫‏‬The concept of prudent leadership accentuated by the Father Emir attracted a great deal of interest and respect during recent years. This is not only in Qatar but also abroad in the regional and international spheres, whereby the Qatari active diplomacy became a subject of research and study. It was also utilized in foreign policy to make great progress whether in the East, West, South or North.

‫‏‬Under the Spotlight ‫‏‬Whoever met the Father Emir in the different events whether the official one characterized with their known restrictions, scientific conferences and political symposia, characterized

5 Issue 7 - September 2013

Follow-ups with the room for dialogue, as well as the public and mass meetings, characterized with their unrestrained openness, finds the Emir inspirational in his talks and excite you with his courage. H.H provides stimulating thoughts with his delightful and distinguished attendance, lively looks and venerable reverence. In fact, he is distinctively revolutionary, enthusiastic and genius for he thinks, discusses, researches, debates, agrees, disagrees, criticizes, initiates, suggests and always advises attendees to talk decently and seek to die on good terms with Allah. ‫‏‬Any Muslim or Arab official that ever met the Father Emir at the beginning of his rule would talk about the dialogues he had with H.H concerning the affairs of Umma, and how difficult and extended the path of change initiated by the Emir seemed to be, extending through the difficulties encountering the requirements of change and the complexity of building challenges. As the years passed, his experience of achievement is the best proof that persistence leads to the realization of objectives. H.H followed all paths determinedly to reach the top and never grew tired, lacked willpower or had a change of character. Besides, he was willing to make sacrifices for such change honorably. As a result, Qatar achieved a distinguished status among the nations under his leadership.

‫‏‬Change or Qualitative Shift? ‫‏‬The current welfare of Qataris is the outcome of the wise vision and strategic initiatives adopted by the Father Emir. Prosperity is witnessed by the people of Qatar, the residents of Doha and the visitors of conferences and forums who were submerged with the generous hospitality of its people after Doha became the destination of elite, intellectuals, cultivated and political parties from all over the world. The political practice in the country adopts the rule of rationalism and realism adjusting the extremes of desires with the limits of practicality not disregarding the requirements of human existence of Qatari nationals as an integral juristic entity protected as a creative empowerment foundation unlimited with the constrains of a definite concept. It is a genuine part of the Qataris' nature itself, which always integrated originality and contemporary culture and imparted its vitality, prominence and necessity. ‫‏‬This is evident through the fact that change in the State of Qatar today embodies the political practice adoption of a new regime designed by the conscious will of the leadership and expanded, developed and promoted by the official and civil establishments. It may not be feasible to explain here the comprehensive logic of this development and the contents of Qatar National Vision 2030. However, the established achievements and fixed structures prove the greatness of the transformation witnessed by the State of Qatar in recent years and its potential achievements in the near and far future. ‫‏‬It is known fact that leadership of change stems from initiation, rationalism, planning, sacrifice and well-considered action, which

6 Issue 7 - September 2013

steer reconstruction and development. Thus, the political, social, cultural and economic activities were organized in coordination based on the desire to create a model that encompasses the past and present along its path to the future achieving a promising shift to the model of a developed State and rising community. Furthermore, following the pattern, horizons and directions of change in the State of Qatar currently has become a distinguished and unique issue since the public interest, celebrating the Qatari experience, still expands, originating from the overwhelming diplomatic activity, political performance and economic achievements and often from the multiple peace initiatives of the Emir and Father. Summarizing his whole efforts in one descriptive phrase, there is no word to describe him better than the "Emir of Peace" for he was a beacon and one of the political leaders and timeless chiefs whose name will always be remembered.

‫‏‬Leaders are Born not Made ‫‏‬The lead to success and achieving fame is one thing while not claiming credit for it when the person is in his utmost glory is something else entirely which is extremely rare. Indeed, several leaders gain fame and publicity under unusual circumstances. There is no surprise as it is a huge part of leadership after all. However, whoever made success himself can most articulately express such story of success and most persistently maintain and enjoy his achievements. The Emir and Father did not claim credit to prepare the future generation to climb new peaks maintaining the continuity of success. As a matter of fact, his clear-sighted vision led him to believe that his mission to be a successful leader in the future must be a part of that future. ‫‏‬Therefore, the Father Emir decided to abdicate and transfer his responsibilities smoothly based on that judicious insight which

Follow-ups assumed that leadership in the modern age, the age of information, will be more personally convenient to be undertook by the young Emir H.H Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani. This move establishes a new principle of transfer of power and setting a model. Despite the challenges encountered by leadership in the age of information, leadership also provides opportunities for major practical and functional remuneration. In the open community of information, people are shifting into an age where faults and defects are increasingly detectable. As for the leaders of the future, such shift is a positive event for it accommodates a quick and articulate shift of actions, experiences, benefits and the ability to continuously learn from failures or faults within the country. ‫‏‬Of course, the young leadership in Qatar realizes that the many opportunities of the new age of information faced with challenges originating from foreign countries and related to diplomacy and management of foreign policy. The new reality forces other capitals to learn as Doha how to communicate more clearly and less ambiguously for everything is under the control of the means of communication. In conclusion, provision of access to communication within the country and the honest foreign relations will enable a much wider understanding of

the policies of interior affairs and foreign affairs of the State of Qatar. This dimension was a known characteristic of the Father Emir leadership learned by H.H Sheikh Tamim which is a requirement of a future successful leader.

‫‏‬Leader for how long! ‫‏‬Great leaders will spend their future life in leading. Their leadership talents will define their success as leaders since real great leadership is closer to the pursuit of a human who aspires to reach a level of achievement or success that cannot be reached using traditional means since aspiration is always a part of the future. Similarly, to any art that believes in its products, political creation comprises of activities and achievements that are clearly and strongly represented in the outcomes that benefit the people. For those who do not realize this valid equation and are not accustomed to the transfer of power, or even exchange of information on a wide scale in their history, the open information community may present a serious challenge to their continuance. This is despite that it should help get rid of the people seeking leadership roles in pursuit of their own glory without being truly capable of serving or leading the people ahead.

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Follow-ups

‫‏‬H.H the Emir praises the efforts of Qatari diplomats

H.H the Emir: The success of foreign policy with the clear objectives represents one of the major achievements of the State ‫‏‬- Foreign policy earned The State respect and appreciation ‫‏‬The Ministry of Foreign Affairs organized the first annual meeting of heads of diplomatic, consular and representative missions of the State of Qatar between 19 and 22 August 2013. H.H the Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani inaugurated the meeting and addressed the participants providing an orientation on some of the current Arab and international issues and the major role played by the Qatari diplomatic, consular and representative missions. Their promotion its prominent status at international forums as well as strengthening its relations with States in the regional and international levels within a context of mutual respect and common interests that would serve international peace and security and achieve welfare and prosperity for all States and peoples.

8 Issue 7 - September 2013

Follow-ups

‫‏‬H.H the Emir added that the success of Qatar foreign policy with its clear objectives is one of the major achievements of the State. H.H indicated that the far sighted policy that follow up current affairs, changes and development in different parts of the world earned the state respect and recognition in different fields. H.H the Emir stressed the efforts for the protection and care for the interests of the State and its citizens abroad with dedication and meeting their needs. H.H the Emir wished the representatives of the State abroad success and achievements in their assigned duties. ‫‏‬Moreover, H.H the Emir directed the missions of the State to interact positively with the issues in the fields they are concerned with based on the established principles of the State of Qatar. These principles include compliance with the rights of sovereignty and the State, refraining from interfering with the interior affairs of other States, avoiding the axis policy, compliance with international legitimacy rules, coping with or adapting to the international developments

and updates, adopting "realistic diplomacy" philosophy and embracing the consequences of contribution to resolution of conflicts and achieving peace. H.H. the Emir commended the efforts of Qatari diplomats abroad and praised the role of the diplomatic corps in promoting relations and cooperation between Qatar and other States as well as advancing and developing relations in different fields.

‫ ‏‬r. Al-Attiyah: The prestigious status of D Qatar puts us all at a difficult test and imposes a huge responsibility on us. ‫‏‬His Excellency Dr. Khalid bin Mohammed Al-Attiyah, the Foreign Minister stated in his address to participants "This meeting aims at coping with the recent growth in the State in different fields as well as dealing with the current regional and international events". H.E added, "the prestigious status enjoyed by Qatar at local, regional and international levels puts

9 Issue 7 - September 2013

Follow-ups

us all at a difficult test and imposes a heavy responsibility that requires us to move forward and further improve performance and fulfill our duties towards the status of our State." ‫‏‬H.E the Minister indicated the meeting is a main tribute to the activation of the role of Qatar’s diplomatic missions abroad to carry out their duties and responsibilities in accordance with the judicious leadership’s aspirations and ambitions to further develop and modernize the work of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This would be achieved through the discussion of ways to promote and activate the diplomatic work to keep pace with modernization. Besides, the meeting provided an opportunity for the heads of diplomatic, consular and representation missions to meet officials of other government bodies in the State to coordinate work and overcome any obstacles that may hinder Qatar’s interests. ‫‏‬The meeting aims at promoting the role of the Ministry of

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Foreign Affairs in advancing the duties assigned to it in the context of implementation of the foreign policy of the State, advancing these duties to fulfill the ambitions of the State in developing the international relations. Attendants included Minister's Assistants, directors of administrations and offices of the General Divan of Ministry, heads of diplomatic, consular and representation missions of the State of Qatar abroad. ‫‏‬The meeting included organizing several discussions for the heads of diplomatic and consular missions in the States of the Gulf Cooperation Council, Arab States, Africa, Asia, Europe and Americas as well as the heads of the missions at the regional and international organizations and authorities. They discussed topics related to mechanism of the future work of diplomatic and consular missions and representations, their development, means of developing cooperation and developing the relations with different regions.

Follow-ups ‫‏‬The meeting agenda included thirteen sessions that introduced presentations from some ministries and governmental entities. They addressed Qatar National Vision 2030, national development strategy 2011-2016, means obtain statistical information, expatriate conditions, financial and cash policies, hydrocarbon production levels and the Stat's share in global markets, investment policy, the State's orientations abroad, health conditions, fundamentals and promotion of tourism in the State, corporate and licensed investment laws, liaison with the world trade organization, preparations for organizing World Cup 2022, the adopted policy of Qatari culture awareness, international cooperation in the field of education and scientific research, innovation initiatives and policy of student scholarships abroad. In addition, lectures were organized to address security of individuals, embassies and information, anti-spy and rumors mechanisms and information systems in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

‫ ‏‬he meeting made serious decisions and T a team has been formed to supervise their implementation ‫‏‬The final session was designated for the discussion of recommendations and decisions. A set of recommendations and decisions were approved regarding the work of diplomatic and consular and representations. The most important recommendations and decisions included approving the work mechanism of diplomatic and consular missions and the work mechanism of representations as well as forming a permanent team at the Ministry to supervise the implementation of the decisions of the first annual meeting of the heads of diplomatic and consular missions. The team will submit quarterly reports to H.E the Minister and undersecretaries and submit a comprehensive report to the following meetings indicating the accomplishments and obstacles – if any - hindering some decisions accompanied with suggestions to overcome them.

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Follow-ups

‫‏‬U.S. –Islamic World Forum ‫ ‏‬hmed bin Mohammed: Religious and cultural fanaticism makes diplomacy build A bridges of coexistence and dialogue among all ‫‏‬Martin Indyk: The forum is a connecting link between the Muslims and Americans

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Follow-ups

‫‏‬He mentioned also that the change occurring at present in the area and the region requires western governments to adopt policies based on the objective understanding. They should also look for consensus to provide a steady common ground contributing to build trust in addition to promoting equivalent dialogue that serves public and common interest.

leaders, emphasizes the importance of eliminating the gap that extended for ten years now; i.e., since the events of 11th September. He expressed his trust that both sides have the ability to participate in this forum in such manner that confirms their willingness to exert all efforts to build bridges of understanding and convergence between each other.

‫‏‬Ambassador Martin Indyk, Vice-President and Director of the Foreign Policy programme at Brookings Institution in United States, said that his country opened up to the Islamic world after the events of 11th September and Iraq War that widened the gap between the Americans and the Muslims. Hence, this forum aim to reconcile both parties, especially the cultural aspects in which people of both regions are interested, along with concentrating on the Islamic minorities in the United States, education, the necessity of progress in the Islamic world, training issues and job opportunities provision.

‫‏‬The forum agenda consisted of five general sessions. The first session tackled, the transitions happened in Afghanistan and Pakistan while the second session focused on the opportunities of policy and culture: arts, conflict and security. The third session discussed democracy and development: how to harmonize them. The fourth session entitled Arab opinion, identity and the reshaping of the Middle East. The general sessions were concluded with the fifth session in which the participants talked about Syria crisis and its regional impact and some participants forewarned that this crisis may pass into some neighboring countries threatening their security and causing disorder. They affirmed at the same time that a diplomatic and political solution is the only way to end the crisis.

‫‏‬He mentioned also that the great and outstanding participation of both sides in the forum, particularly the religious

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Follow-ups

‫ ‏‬amara Cofman: The forum success is the T outcome of the support of the Emir and his vision

in transition through the increase of coordination, partnerships, exchanging knowledge and experiences with them.

‫‏‬In the closing session, Mrs. Tamara Cofman, director of Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, United States, praised the great support provided by Qatar, including the Emir, the government and the people, for this forum since its beginning and until now. She added saying in this regard that "The entire success achieved by the forum is the outcome of the support and the wise vision of H.H. Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, the Emir of Qatar State".

• Making laws and setting cultural standards, adopting approaches that encourage women to engage politically in the economic affairs in addition to making the intended economic change according to the context of each country.

‫‏‬She added saying that the forum is considered the continuation of past efforts in respect of the relationship between America and the Islamic world and it completes a similar work coming in future. She expressed her hope that collaboration continues among all parties to achieve the intended benefits. She declared also that the next forum will be held in Washington hoping that there will be a chance for more constructive discussions useful for both American and Islamic sides such like the forums held in Doha. ‫‏‬The Forum call for religious tolerance, reform and

support for peace and stability

‫‏‬The forum concluded with a number of recommendations. The following are most prominent recommendations: • The call for religious tolerance, encouraging governments to make reform transparently, engaging public opinion in decision making for achieving development, justice, building powerful economy, corruption prevention and engaging women in economic activity in a medium term framework. • ‫‏‬The necessity to provide greater assistances to the countries

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• It is important to find common interests in this permanently changing world in addition to increasing the religious and diplomatic coordination to support peace, stability and human rights values together with supporting peace in Middle East to achieve the two-state solution.

Follow-ups

‫‏‬For The Fifth Successive Year

‫ ‏‬atar tops the Q Arab States in the Peace Index ‫ ‏‬or the fifth successive year, Qatar tops the states of Middle East and F North Africa in the Global Peace Index for the current year 2013 issued by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP).

I‫‏‬n the index of 2013, Qatar occupied the 1st rank in the Arab world, Middle East and North Africa while it had the 19th rank internationally among 162 states included in the report for this year as four states were added to the 158 states of the last year. ‫‏‬Qatar recorded positive indices in several axes included in the report. For example, it recorded (6.8/10) degree compared with (7.2/10) for 2012 as to administrative corruption and (32.90/100) degree compared with (46/100) for 2012 regarding media freedom. ‫‏‬Qatar kept also its rating in other indices including the number of crimes in the society, the number of murders per 100,000 persons, the number of the penal institutions prisoners and the easiness of getting small arms and light weapons.

‫‏‬Qatar preserved its 1st rating at the level of Middle East and North Africa throughout the previous years from 2009 to 2013. It occupied also advanced ranks internationally during the same period through acquiring high ratings by which it surpassed several advanced states. According to the ratings stated in the Global Peace Index report for this year, the rating reached (1.398) and (1.395) during 2011/2012 successively while the rating reached (1.392) and (1.394) in 2009/2010. This rating reflects the status occupied by Qatar compared with the other states internationally by virtue of the efforts exerted in the field of preserving security and stability in the state in addition to applying the certified international standards in the index measuring.

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Follow-ups

‫‏‬Thirteen European States in the First Twenty Ranks 1st

‫‏‬Iceland occupied the rank internationally and thirteen European states came in the first twenty ranks. The index of North America states was improved slightly compared to 2012 although United States occupied a low rank (99) as it is the first internationally regarding the prisoners number, the increasing rate of crimes, its nuclear weapons in addition to participating in many conflicts abroad. Uruguay and Chile came at the top of South America states as they were characterized as the most peaceful in addition to being distinguished by strong institutions relatively with the rule of law. In Central America, Costa Rica came at the top while Nicaragua, Guatemala and Salvador experienced great improvement in the index. Russia and Eurasia remained among the least peaceful areas in the world as Ukraine, Tajikistan and Russia deteriorated during the last year. In Asia and Pacific Ocean states, Japan, Australia, Singapore, New Zealand were included in the first twenty states in the index. ‫‏‬Global Peace Index is one of the leading scales of global peace levels and it is issued by the Institute for Economics and Peace which is an international non-profit research institute interested in research and studies in the relationship among economics, business and peace. The index measures more than 24 qualitative and quantitative standards drawn from reliable sources that combine internal and external factors. These include: number of the crimes in the society, number of security and police officers, number of the murdered per 100,000 persons, easiness of getting small arms and light weapons, the internal conflict level, the possibility of breaking out violent demonstrations, the level of violent crimes, the political stability, respecting human rights, relationships with neighboring states and the number of the murdered as a result of internal organized crimes. The states are arranged in the index on a scale consisted of (1- 5) degrees so

16 Issue 7 - September 2013

that the most stable country gets one degree whereas the least stable states get five degrees.

‫‏‬The World Today is Less Safe and Secure ‫‏‬The this year's report revealed that our world became less safe and secure than last year as it found out that the global security level was recessed to be 5%. Besides, this year data confirmed that there is a sharp increase in the number of murders of 8% more than last year and estimated more than 524 murders. Most of these murders are centered in Latin America and Africa in the south of the Grand Desert. For example, the murders rate in Honduras was increased to be 10 murders per 100,000 persons and it is the highest rate in the world. ‫‏‬The Economic impact resulted from peace deterioration reached 11% out of the gross global product ‫‏‬The world witnessed an increase in the states suffering from internal wars and disorders as 110 states underwent deterioration in the domestic peace and security while 48 states only became safer. The economic effects, emerged from the global peace deterioration, reached 9.5 trillion dollars; i.e., 11% out of the gross global product. ‫‏‬The index data revealed that the states of Middle East and North Africa were affected with the consequences of the Arab Spring along with the continuity of the demonstrations and the consistency of the political instability especially in Egypt, Bahrain and Tunis as Egypt occupied the 119th rank; Tunis reached the 77th rank; Bahrain held the 95th rank. On the other hand, some states succeeded in settling the internal conflicts such as Libya that witnessed the highest rate of peace since it occupied the 149th rank. In opposition to this, Afghanistan was declined to return to the bottom of the index because of the political instability.

Public Figures

Omar Mukhtar Omar bin Mukhtar bin Omar of Al-Manfi, nicknamed Sheikh Al-Shuhadaa (Leader of martyrs) and sheikh Al-Mujahedeen (leader of fighters) and lion of the desert, was one of the most famous Arab and Muslim fighters against Italian colonialism in Libya. He managed to lift the combating moral spirits of his followers against the Italian troops, which were equipped with the state-of-the-art military mechanisms at that time which failed and were disappointed in every battle against Omar Mukhtar. Omar Mukhtar was born in 1862 in Al-Butnan in eastern Jebel Akhdar in Cyrenaica. He was an orphan from Farahat family of Bredan Mnifa Tribe. He grew up and was raised in a household characterized with power and generosity. He was surrounded by chivalrous Muslims with good manners and praiseworthy qualities derived from the teachings of the Senussi movement based on Quran and Sunna of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH). He received his education at Senussi Zanzu School. Then, he continued his education at Jaghbub Institute which was the beacon of knowledge. He studied at the Institute eight years learning the various Shari'a sciences such as jurisprudence, Hadith and interpretation and was taught by prominent Senussi scholars and leaders, especially El-Mahdi El-Senussi. However, he did not complete his education as desired.

His Fighting Attitudes Against Foreign Schemes The State of Tripoli had been subject to the Ottoman rule for a long span of time. Later, the Ottoman Empire got weak. Thus, Italy had coveted plans for Tripoli due to its strategic and economic importance, which made it appeal to Italian decision makers envisaging the glory and grandeur of Italy on the one hand and solving its economic, social and demographic problems on the other hand. Therefore, it encouraged Italians to immigrate to Libya, established schools, incorporated branches of De Rome Bank, provided loans to farmers and acquired agricultural lands. Moreover, it delegated physicians and built several clinics. Furthermore, Italy accused the Ottoman Empire of hindering the development of Libya. In September 1911 AD, Italy had to act in favor of its interests.

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Public Figures Thus, it started its military occupation of Tripoli and Cyrenaica.

His fight against the Italian Colonialism

Mukhtar was at Benghazi at the time of the Italian invasion. Thus, he quickly headed to the palaces to fight them, gathering people and encouraging them to fight. Accordingly, he had several combats and attacked them in Benghazi itself.

In September 1913, the Italian troops managed to take hold of some of the rebel areas in Cyrenaica and Tripoli. Mukhtar chose Dafna as his headquarters to expand his activities. In spite that he was more than 50 years old, his rebellion spirit against the horrible crimes of the Italians in Libya did not fade away. In fact, his name was a source of fear to the cruel colonists and also stimulated admiration and respect. In addition, his courageousness and fighting spirit urged a journalist from the invaders side to say "He is the most courageous and daring as well as the most devoted and impartial."

After a year of the Italian invasion of Libya, the Ottoman Empire decided to withdraw its troops from Libya. He asked the fighters of the Ottoman Military leaders to abandon their weapons. However, the officers refused to do so based on the instructions of their commands. Therefore, the fighters sought to acquire these weapons by force and impeded the course of Turks fleeing to Egypt which resulted in death of members of both parties. A bloody massacre was about to break out between Arabs and Turks except that Omar Mukhtar persuaded the fighters to make way for the defeated soldiers to reach the borders. The French started invading the country borders from their African colonies to exterminate the Senussi so that it would not spread and their Islamic teachings would not spread either. Omar Mukhtar was assigned to fight the French in Wadai. So, he fought the colonists and at the same time sought to spread Islam in these lands.

Mr. Ahmed El-Sherif waived his position as the leader of the national movement in favor of Omar Mukhtar as the latter emerged as the leader of national struggle in Libya in 1922 when most leaders abandoned the struggle due to the Italian terrorism that aggravated in the country after Mussolini became the ruler and sought to realize his dream to revive the ancient Roman Empire glory. Omar Mukhtar headed to Egypt in 1923 requesting the leaders to return and urged them to resume fighting. Nevertheless, his companions tried to convince him to stay in Egypt and prevent him from returning to Libya. His response to their endeavors was conclusive and final for he preferred to die fighting for the liberation of his nation. Thereafter, the resistance movement largely expanded while Omar Mukhtar organized and unified their troops. In each division of the rebels, he assigned a leader, a manager to handle civil affairs, a judge to decide on Shariah matters and a number of fighters who were trained on fighting. All divisions were under the supervision of Omar Mukhtar, who chose Jebel Akhdar to be the headquarters of his command where fighters trooped under his command from everywhere. Realizing their incapacity to exterminate the impregnable resistance centers in the mountains, the Italian authorities focused on occupying the resistance headquarters in Jaghbub Oasis, which throughout the past years supplied provisions, ammunition and volunteers everywhere. However, the Italian troops did not find any of the fighters who knew in advance of their arrival and left previously. As a result, there were intensive attacks in several Libyan regions. Battles between fighters and Italians continued as the rebellion extended from Sirte in the north to Fezzan in the south and Jalo in the east in addition to the resistance of fighters in Jebel Akhdar.

Breakout of War Italy was terrified for its losses of funds and profits and warned Omar Mukhtar formally that if he did not stop his attacks against the Italian army troops, it would declare war; but Mukhtar derided the warning of the tyrannical country. Hence, Italy declared war really as if its enemy is a powerful organized country. Mukhtar was armed with faith by which he fought the successive Italian campaigns and thousands of the Italian youth fell down. As a result of this, many leaders were resigned from the Italian army and Mussolini declared the management merging in both Libyan regions. Besides, Marshal Badoglio was appointed their military governor. The plenipotentiary Marshal came to Libya at the beginning of 1929 to take any political and military measures to repress the revolution.

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Public Figures After countless fights, Badoglio realized that fighting was useless and negotiation with the revolutionists was a necessity. Mukhtar accepted to make this negotiation according to his conditions approved by Badoglio. In fact, the latter was deceiving Mukhtar as he was negotiating and extending the armistice to gain some time to prepare the deathblow for the revolution. Thus, at the end of 1929, Libya became a stage of the most violent military campaigns witnessed until this time since Mussolini selected General Graziani, known as tyrannical and violent, for this campaign. This General committed massacres in Libya, proceeded to any action that can weaken the revolutionists' resistance and fought the worriers in several fights until Kufra fell down; consequently, resistance was ended in Cyrenaica and the Libyan revolution was limited to Jebel Akhdar that continued its resistance solely in spite of the tight blockage. Mukhtar kept to move among the revolutionists positions. While he was crossing Jerib Valley with forty worriers on 12th September 1931, the Italian authorities were notified and ordered to surround and attack the valley from its all sides. Mukhtar succeeded to pass to Slonta but another force surrounded and attacked him to be taken and transported as a captive to Benghazi when he was 73 years old.

Martyrdom Farcical nominal court was held for the martyr Sheikh in the fascist party management center in Benghazi on 15th September 1931. After one hour, the judgment of hanging to death was pronounced. When the judgment was translated for him, the Sheikh said "Allah is the only rulerâ&#x20AC;Ś your rule is a mere delusionâ&#x20AC;Ś We belong to Allah and to Him shall we return". The next day of the court, Sheikh Omar Mukhtar was brought, while he was hand cuffed, calm, strong, smiling and satisfied with his destiny, to be hanged. It was said that he was praying in lower voice and others said that he was whispering saying "Serene soul, return to your Lord well pleased with him

and He will be pleased with you. Enter among my servants into my Paradise" to end his heroic life. His execution did not prevent Libyans from fighting against the Italian colonialism and the foreign schemes of the allied powers during the World War II until Libya acquired its independence on 24th December 1951. The hearts of Arabs in all regions throbbed at the sight of the fluttering flag. They bowed for the memory of the brave Omar Mukhtar whose glorious jihad was an essential support in this independence.

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Spotlight

Spotlight:

‫ ‏‬nited Nations Educational, U Scientific and Cultural Organization The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was established in 1945 after the end of World War II. It was intended to build a genuine peace culture and establish moral and intellectual solidarity among humans. Currently, the UNESCO has 193 member States. It is a specialized agency of the United Nations. Headquartered in Paris, the UNESCO has more than 50 offices and several educational institutes all over the world. Its main objective is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, human rights and the main principles of freedom. The Organization has the following five major programs: • Education • Natural sciences • Social and human sciences • Culture • Communication and information The UNESCO sponsors several projects such as literacy, technical training, teacher qualification and training programs, international science programs, cultural and history projects, international cooperation agreements to preserve international civilization and natural heritage and protect human rights.

20 Issue 7 - September 2013

Spotlight

The UNESCO seeks convenient conditions to launch dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples based on respect for common values. Through that dialogue, the world can set global views of sustainable development that ensure observing human rights, mutual respect and reduction of poverty, which are all part of the core mission of the UNESCO and its activities. The global objectives and material goals of the international society, as set forth in the internationally agreed upon development objectives including the millennium development objectives, are the starting points of the strategies and activities of UNESCO. Hence, the unique competencies in UNESCO fields of specializations, which are education, sciences, culture, communication and information, contribute to realizing these objectives. Indeed, UNESCO's aim is to contribute to building of peace, eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, sciences, culture, communication and information.

Other global objectives of UNESCO are: 1. Attaining quality education for all and lifelong learning. 2. Utilizing scientific policies and knowledge to achieve sustainable development. 3. Addressing emerging social and ethical challenges. 4. Fostering cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and the culture of peace. 5. Building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication. UNESCO is governed by two major bodies, namely General Conference, which includes all Member States and the Executive Board, which includes (58) States. Both administrative bodies of the Organization convene regular meetings to manage the business conduct of the Organization, define its priorities and set the goals of the Secretariat chaired by the Director-General.

The General Conference consists of the representatives of State Members of the Organization, who are usually ministers. Upon holding each session of the General Conference, some State Presidents or government personnel pay formal visits to the UNESCO. Furthermore, it meets every two years and is attended representatives of Associate Members together with observers for non-Member States, intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations. The General Conference sets the outlines of Organization policy and its adopted general approach. It also approves a twoyear program and budget, drafts international regulations, approves several decisions on important matters related to the Organization field of specialization. The General Conference elects the members of the Executive Board and regulates the election of the members of different affiliate bodies. Besides, it elects the Director-General of UNESCO each four years. The Executive Board is the board of directors of UNESCO. It prepares the agenda of the General Conference and follows up the enforcement of its decisions. The mandates and responsibilities of the Executive Board are mainly based on the Charter, regulations and directives issued by the General Conference. Moreover, some decisions of the General Conference complement these rules. The General Conference assigns the Executive Board some specific mandates on a biannual basis. Some other authorities are derived from agreements concluded with UNESCO, the United Nations Organization, specialized agencies and other international governmental organizations. The General Conference elects the 58 members of the Executive Board and mainly approves the election of the Member State representatives who represent various cultures and geographical regions. Moreover, complicated arbitration proceedings are conducted to reach a balance of all regions of the world. Such balance represents the international nature of the Organization. The Executive Board meets twice a year.

21 Issue 7 - September 2013

Reports

Overtaking Korea and Japan Qatar is the tenth in the World Competitiveness Index 2013 Expect improvement in ranking after accomplishing some strategic projects

World Competitiveness Report 2013

Qatar is included in the top ten countries internationally in the global competitiveness index The World Competitiveness Yearbook is issued by the International Institute of Administrative Development in Geneva, Switzerland, since 1989. This yearbook analyzes and categorizes the ability of the nations to create and preserve a competitive environment for the establishments in addition to the ability to absorb financial and economic crises. In the World Competitiveness Report 2013, 60 countries were selected based on their effect in the world economy and the extent of their data availability, are covered. The report methodology depends on dividing the national context into four main factors of competitiveness: economic performance, government efficiency, business efficiency and infrastructure. Each of these factors is divided into five sub-factors; consequently, the world competitiveness index contains twenty (20) sub-factors. Some of these sub-factors are divided into primary indices and it is not necessary that each sub-factor includes the same number of primary indices but each sub-factor has the same weight in the final result.

22 Issue 7 - September 2013

The report relies on two types of information which are: â&#x20AC;˘ Qualitative information out of the field survey through which the opinions of the managers of governmental institutions and business sector are surveyed. â&#x20AC;˘ Domestic and international statistical bulletins issued by international authorities and organizations as well as governmental ministries and the National Bureau of Statistics.

Reports ‫‏‬Main factors and sub-factors constituting the competitiveness index ‫‏‬Main factors

‫‏‬Sub-factor

1. Economic Performance Evaluation:

• Domestic Economy

This factor evaluates the domestic economy.

• International Trade • International Investment • Business • Prices

2. Government Efficiency:

• Public finance

This factor evaluates how much the governmental polices helped the competitive ability.

• Tax policy • Institutional framework • Business legislations • Social framework

3. Business Efficiency:

• Productivity & Efficiency

This factor evaluates the extent of encouraging the companies by the national environment in a responsible, profitable and unique way.

• Labor Market • Finance • Management Practices • Attitudes & values

4. Infrastructure

• Basic infrastructure

This factor evaluates the extent of the technology, the science and the fulfillment of the business needs related to human resources.

• Technological infrastructure • Scientific infrastructure • Health & environment • Education

Qatar had the 10th rank among 60 countries, which are advanced countries mostly, according to the World Competitiveness Report issued by the International Institute of Administrative Development for 2013; hence, it preserved its rank of 2012. It got ahead of Malaysia, South Korea and Japan that had the 15th, 22nd and 24th ranks consecutively.

‫‏‬Countries occupied the first ten ranks in the World Competitiveness Report 2013

This advanced ranking confirms the position occupied by Qatar in several international indices related to all institutional and developmental aspects. Qatar's rank upgrading is expected in the next reports as Qatar national development strategy (2011- 2016) determines evident goals in the fields of business organization, economic infrastructure, development of private sector and technological infrastructure that will lead to progression in the future. The fields in which Qatar occupied an advanced rank in the report included the following:

Rank

Degree‫‏‬

• Economic performance- 2nd rank

100.000

93.357

• Governmental Efficiency- 5th rank

‫‏‬Hong Kong

92.783

‫‏‬Sweden

90.531

‫‏‬Singapore

89.857

‫‏‬Norway

89.585

‫‏‬Canada

89.128

‫‏‬United Arab Emirates

88.439

‫‏‬Germany

86.197

‫‏‬Qatar

85.505

‫‏‬Country ‫‏‬United States ‫‏‬Switzerland

• Business Sector Efficiency- 12th rank On the other hand, Qatar occupied a relatively low rank (40th) in the fields of infrastructure improvement but the rank of this index is expected to be upgraded in the light of the execution of several projects and programs in the fields of education, health, information technology, environment and institutional development.

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Articles

Pages From Ancient History

Diplomatic Relationships Between Iraq And Arabian Gulf Prof. Qusai Mansour Al-Turki*

‫‏*‏‬Iraqi researcher and academic, University Of Duhok

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Articles Therefore, foreign political relations, particularly the diplomatic ones, signify an advanced degree of civilization and political maturity. It is assumed that Iraq- Gulf relationships started since the formation of the independent states or kingdoms in both of Mesopotamia and Arabian Gulf during the ages of the dawn of the dynasties ( 2900- 2370 B.C.). That means with the beginning and the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C. as it is unlikely for any independent state, kingdom or town, even if its land area is small and its populations are few, to live apart from the other states or towns especially the near ones either in ancient or recent times. Hence, development of political and economical relationships among them is unquestionable particularly with the Gulf neighbor whose civilization was not local limited to «Sumer» and «Akkad» but it extended also to include near and far regions and states through the political, commercial and martial relationships developed between it and these other neighboring regions and states.

Nature of the Diplomatic Relations: Through studying the texts of the cuneiform scripts, it becomes evident that the peaceful character is the prevailing feature among the governors of the towns of Iraq in one side and the kingdoms and the emirates in the Arabian Gulf in the other side. Most of the relationships were established according to principles dominated by common interests whereas we find some signs in the scripts mentioning that there were conflicts and military operations, especially during the Akkadian rule. This could be interpreted in the desire of

some Akkadian kings at least to impose military domination to secure trade with the Gulf States. The peaceful relationships among the towns, governors and the Iraqi dynasties with the gulf towns and kingdoms were mentioned through appointing officers for this purpose. It seems that the kings’ policy for keeping up the peaceful international relationships among each other became in itself another means to obtain the raw materials as some of these materials for example reached Sumer in the Third Dynasty of Ur (the late 3rd millennium B.C.) through gifts mutually exchanged among the kings personally while others reached the temples. From the scripts of the said period, we knew that a portion of the materials was devoted to the temple of Nannar, which was the god of the moon, and his wife Ningal. Gifts included gold, silver, ivory, pearls and precious stones such as lapis lazuli, agate and all of its kinds, rare and good wood and some distinctive food substances from the lands of the Arabian Gulf. This means that the kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur adopted the same method followed by the prince of Laksh Town, preceded them in Lagsh Dynasty rule (2144- 2124 B.C.), and Gudea. Indeed, the rulers of Ur Dynasty were known in their foreign policy based on common interests between their dynasty and the Arabian Gulf towns and kingdoms and the Indus Valley as the merchants of Majan and Melukha presented several raw materials such as copper, wood, silver and gold to them. During the rule of the last king «Ibbii-Sin» (2028-2004 B.C.) of the Third Dynasty of Ur, connections were established based on amicable diplomatic relationships that had absolute commercial character. This

A live model of castles and fortresses such as Al-Zubara Castle in historical Al-Zubara City. We find also Umm Al-Showil archeological site in addition to both archeological areas of Ain Mohammed and Al-Fariha located at the north of the Qatari Peninsula. All of this forms a complete area of miscellaneous antiquities.

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Articles

A map showing the boundaries of the Gulf regions & kingdoms and Sumer & Akkad during the 3rd millennium B.C.

condition continued all through the 2nd millennium B.C. These connections extended from Iraq north «Kurdistan», where Assyrian Empire boundaries existed, to Indus Valley southwards. In fact, they concentrated noticeably among Iraq south towns and both of Delmon and Majan as indicated in different scripts and documents. This transformation leads us to question about the reasons of improving the peaceful diplomatic relationships and diminishing war operations prevailed in the Akkadian period as turning to enhancing the amicable relationships to develop connections dominated Iraq-Gulf relationships. One of the most important reasons for the transformation is the realization of Iraq’s kings and rulers the importance of peaceful and diplomatic relationships in securing trade routes and cooperation for the continuity of goods and merchandises flow of both regions easily and safely. This was particularly important with the establishment of the powerful Delmon Kingdom and the extension of its powers to the eastern coast of the island and to several islands in the Gulf. Hence, maritime trade routes were protected and the safety of the traders and their merchandises was ensured.

The Formal Diplomatic Relationships: Documents from the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. and the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C. are full of indications showing that there were amicable connections and good relations supported by the Iraqi kings and the Gulf Kingdoms governors. For example, King «Warad-Sin» (1834- 1823 B.C.) constructed a temple in Ur City, named as «E-Tilmun-Na», to be devoted to the Sumerian god «Inanna» and the Akkadian god «Istar». Besides, Gulf visitors presented their gifts to the temples of Iraqi gods thankfully and gratefully denoting that there were religious doctrinal trips resulted from good connections linked between Ur and Tilmun and extended to the upper Euphrates areas outside the boundaries of Sumar and Akkad. Thereupon, a new page of the history of the civilizational relationships between Tilmun kingdom and Amorites was opened filling up an era extended for five

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centuries (2050- 1530 B.C.). It is noteworthy that Iraq- Gulf relationships have the character of friendship and diplomatic policy during the last periods of the 2nd millennium and thereafter at the rulers of the Assyrian Empire. There is a letter sent by King «AshurPanepal» to his leader «Bel- Ibni) states that he met «E-Edru» who is the ambassador of Tilmun’s King «Hundaru». Thus, we can say in this regard that the political structure in Tilmun continued to exist even theoreticaly in spite of the extension of the Assyrian power. This could be proved from the Assyrian scripts that mentioned Tilmun’s kings: «Hundaru» who was contemporary with the Assyrian King «Salmaneser III» (858- 824 B.C.), King «Upire» who was contemporary with King «Sargon II» (721- 705 B.C.), King «Kanania» who was contemporary with King «Esarhaddon» (704- 681 B.C.). The improvement of the Iraq- Gulf relationships was reflected in the nature of social relationships among the Iraqi populations and the Gulf nationals. In fact, some people of Tilmun started to travel to several places in Iraq and we started to read about some important characters named in the Old Babylonian Age as (Mar-Šiprim); i.e., «Messengers». In return, through the successive ages, such messengers came to Iraqi kingdoms and towns to present gifts to the kings to honor them and for the continuity of the relationships among their states and the towns in Iraq South. Maybe it is difficult to imagine that those messengers or ordinary people came from remote places outside the Southern boundaries of Iraq except for keeping up good social relationships synchronized with broader cultural and political relationships. Last but not least, there is no need to say that history should repeat itself so that the nature of social, political and even economical relationships grows among Arabian Gulf nations and Iraq. Perhaps the existence of thousands of families that live voluntarily or working in the States of the Gulf Cooperation Council during the last years is the best evidence about our present status.

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Security..

An insight into the Transformations and Implications of the Concept Khalid Waleed Mahmoud * Undoubtedly, professionals and researchers firmly disagree on the scope of the concept of security. Many academics, who declare themselves a part of the "critical security studies" school, demonstrate that the concept of security is "critically debatable". Hence, an agreement on the meaning of security, at its core, is impossible to reach. However, researchers and scholars have noticed manifest changes undergone by the concept, which has become complicated due to historic accumulation and the complication of the human phenomena. Indeed, the transformation of the concept of security is a logical consequence of the changing international scene. There are multiple players internationally. Moreover, varied threats have originated within the country and abroad. Consequently, a reinterpretation of security has been increasingly claimed. Even critics of realism maintain that we need to broaden and deepen our understanding of the concept. They advocate broadening the concept to include matters of environmental security, social security and economic security. Furthermore, they advocate deepening the concept to shift the reference point from the nation State to the individual, which led to the formulation of the concept of "human security".

‫‏*‏‬Researcher at the Arab Center for Research and Political Studies- Doha

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Articles Historically, the past decades witnessed the emergence of security concepts that are different from the traditional concepts of security. In fact, such emergence reflects the changes in the security context and fuels a debate regarding the nature and components of security in addition to the importance of adding new variables such a the individuals, the territory and the international regime instead of the state only as well as broadening the concept to include economic, environmental and society matters. The above debate is a development of the inquiries raised before the end of the Cold War regarding the traditional concept of security which is focused on state national security as the major and only influential player internationally. In fact, several governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and armed factions have emerged and have occupied a prominent position in international relations whereby they became a threat to the national state. On the other hand, threats to the security of states no longer only stems from abroad. That is, internal threats have originated and the military often fails to handle the situation.

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‫‏‬Security.. Conceptual Frameworks Security has several concepts and terms. Moreover, there are different views and perspectives to its nature, types, dimensions and impacts. Many studies managed to capture a lot of these terms. In spite of the major importance of the security concept and its common use, researchers unanimously maintain that it is a new concept in political and strategic sciences which caused it to be ambiguous and raised several problems. On the one hand, the term of «security» is not the optimal term to express the national security of the contemporary state. On the other hand, the concept has not evolved yet to become a scientific field within the field of political science, that is separate from the strategic sciences, and subject to the theory formation rules starting from establishing hypotheses, identifying the appropriate research methodologies, selecting scientific investigation tools and the rules of proof and disproof as well as the ability to set a general theory and subsequently set a law governing «the national or international security» phenomena.

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Barry Buzan Henry Kissinger Robert McNamara Kofi Anan

The concept of security originated during the end of World War II. Some literature trend researched how to achieve security and avoid war. As a result, prevention and balance theories emerged. Then, the United States National Security Council was established in 1974. Since then, the concept of security with its different levels has spread according to the international, regional and local conditions. Despite that, studies on security are recent; its related concepts have become clear and definite in the minds and thoughts of political and intellectual leaders in many countries. A lot of literature emerged in this field and the most prominent is probably «American National Security», «European Security», «Israeli Security» «Soviet National Security» before the disintegration of the Soviet Union and «Arab National Security». Furthermore, a regional hypothesis of security has emerged and was defined by seas and oceans such as the Mediterranean Security, Red Sea Security, India Ocean Security and the Arab Gulf Security. It is noteworthy that, the word «security» and its derivations were mentioned several times in Quran importing safety, self reassurance and not fearing for a person’s life, interests, goals, reasons and means which a person’s life depends on as well as the individual human security and society security. Allah says « Who has fed them, [saving them] from hunger and made them safe, [saving them] from fear.» (Quraysh, Verse 6), « And [mention] when We made the House a place of return for the people and [a place of] security» (Al-Baqara, Verse 125) and « And Allah presents an example: a city which was safe and secure» (Al-Nahl, Verse 112). Hence, security is the opposite of fear and implies that there are no threats. Fear, in the modern sense, means global threat whether economic, social or political and whether internal or external. This concept may be considered an absolute fact. A person is either secure or not secure. Threats either exist or do not exist. Therefore, a person may have different degrees of security from an objective or subjective perspectives. In other

words, an assessment can be made of the number of threats actually encountered by the people and institutions as well as the level of protection that is actually available for them in comparison with how secure they feel. All definitions of security are unquestionably variations of the phrase «no threat», which is evident in a list of definitions of some authors that were included in Barry Buzan’s Book titled «People, States and Fear», which was published in 1991. The list includes phrases such as «relative emancipation from fear», «ability to fight foreign aggression»,, «relative emancipation from harmful threats» and «no threats to earned values». With respect to setting a unanimous concept of «security», we should recognize that meaning within the framework of the contemporary intellectual schools. The British Encyclopedia defines security as «protection of the nation against aggression by a foreign force». The social sciences encyclopedia defines security as «the State’s ability to protect its internal value against foreign threats». One of the most recent and common definitions in specialized literature on security, the definition of «Barry Buzan», who is one of the most prominent specialized in security studies, defines security as «emancipation from threats». Dario Battistella, a french academic, considers the definition of «Buzan» a simplification of the definition of (Arnold Wolfers) in 1952, which is the most ancient definition of security that achieve some unanimity among scholars. According to Wolfers, Security is objectively related to the absence of threats against the central values and is subjectively related to the absence of fear that such values may suffer a threat. From the point of view of Henry Kissinger, the former US Secretary of State, security means «any actions which a society takes to preserve its right of survival». A prominent statement on security was given by Robert McNamara, the former Secretary of Defense and a prominent strategic intellectual, in his book «The Essence

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Articles of Security», stating «Security means development and growth whether economic, social or political under guaranteed protection». He added «actual security of a State stems from its deep knowledge of the threats to its different abilities and fighting such threats to provide an opportunity for the actual development of these abilities in all fields whether at the present or in the future.

Foundations and Levels of Security

Kofi Anan, former secretary general of the United Nations gave in his United Nations Report of 2000 titled «We the Peoples» the following description of human security «Human security in the broadest sense is far more than the absence of violent conflicts. It includes the human rights, judicious rule, access to education and healthcare and providing opportunities and options to each individual to reach his full potentials. Each step in this direction is also a step toward the reduction of poverty, achieve economic growth, prevention of conflicts, emancipation from poverty and the freedom of following generations to inherit a natural healthy environment. These are the correlated foundations of human security and consequently the national security.

3. Providing the ability to encounter external and internal threats by building the armed force and the police force that are able to encounter these threats.

Security from the Perspective of the Realism School Until recently, security studies were dominated by the realistic approach (Realism approach), which was reduced to the military field. This school views security from the perspective of national power. Realists consider that the ultimate goal of states is survival. Indeed, realists depend on realism thought references such as « John Hobbes», who considers that each political unit seeks survival naturally. Accordingly, the realistic perspective of security focuses on the national state (the security of its borders, sovereign, stability…) as the central- if not the only- player in international politics against any foreign military threat whereas the military force is the main tool to achieve security. Realists focused on the national state and military threats. The Realistic concept limits security to the survival of the state mainly and possible armed aggression reduced security to protection and defense where security becomes the subject of defense and strategic studies. Consequently, security was handled as a matter of actual expertise not a theoretical concept…. The realistic concept of security is based on a central basis (in the realist thought) which is the chaotic state of the international regime which is equivalent to the state of war. For example, Kenneth Waltz, one of the major poles of modern realism, deems the structure of the international regime chaotic and considers «chaos related to violence and violence threats and recurrent use of power is subject to the international affairs not the internal affairs and deems security the ultimate goal in a chaotic regime.» Based on the foregoing, the concept of security may be phrased as follows: the State’s ability to empower its internal and external sources of power in peace and war. Consequently, the concept of security includes all these military, diplomatic, economic and social policies which clearly aim at the protection and development of the national interests of the State.

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First: Main Foundations of Security 1. Realizing the internal and external threats. 2. Developing a strategy for the development of the State’s powers and their utilization.

4. Setting scenarios and taking actions to encounter the their appropriate threats, that gradually increase with the increasing internal or external threat.

Second: Levels of Security 1. Security of an individual against any threats to his life, properties or family. 2. Security of a nation against any external or internal threats to the State, which is «national security». In fact, there are several definitions of national security. There are several definitions of national security. The most important is «providing protection of the State’s entity, political dignity, lands, borders, people and national wealth against any direct or indirect, internal or external aggression whether political or moral and economic or military. It is also «the actions taken by the State within its powers to maintain its entity and interests at the present and in the further subject to the international variations. Johan A. Collins defines it his book «Military Balance» as «Defending a people against all acts of external aggression». National Security is the responsibility of the State in the first place. In fact, it is the weakest level with respect to small States. However, it is the most effective because it depends on the personal power of the State and its political decision. Therefore, Israel and USA insist on their rejection to authorize another State with respect to its security or decisions including international organization or alliance with other State(s). 3. Collective security, meaning the agreement of several States within one territory on planning to encounter its internal and external threats, which is «national security». 4. International Security is undertaken by international organizations including United Nations General Assembly or the International Security Council and their role to maintain international security and peace. International security is a concept that originated in international organizations and is related to three elements. First: Establishing an international agency to prevent aggression (League Council/ Security Council)... Second: establish a reference incriminating aggression (International Law). Third: Set actions to defeat aggression. (Security Council in Chapter 7). In light of the above elaboration of security concepts, we have to differentiate between security as a status which the State seeks to realize and the actions and means adopted to realize or maintain that goal. Security as a status or goal is a relatively fixed concept whereas the actions are relative and different from one State to another and even in one State from

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one time to another depending on its internal and external conditions. In this sense, some address procedural security which accentuates the National Security Council which represents a consultative body comprising representatives of authority figures and decision makers. Others stress the element of information which represent both a friend and an enemy at the same time as well as the analysis of this information and preparation of the information in a way that can be utilized in action. Hence, information is accentuated as a basis of the political action ability whether internally or externally.

Conclusion Based on the foregoing, there is a firm disagreement among experts on the scope of «security». In fact, many academics, who declare themselves a part of the «critical security studies» school, demonstrate that the concept of security is «critically debatable». Hence, an agreement on the meaning of security, at its core, is impossible to reach. However, researchers and scholars have noticed manifest changes undergone by the concept, which has become complicated due to historic accumulation and the complication of the human phenomena. Indeed, the transformation of the concept of security is a logical consequence of the changing international scene. There are multiple players internationally. Moreover, varied threats have originated within the State and abroad. Consequently, a reinterpretation of security has been increasingly claimed. Even critics of realism maintain that we need to broaden and deepen our understanding of the concept. They advocate broadening the concept to include matters of environmental security, social security and economic security. Furthermore, they advocate deepening the concept to shift the reference point from the nation State to the individual, which led to the formulation of the concept of «human security».

It is noteworthy in this context that the concept of security is undergoing new curves which are a clear manifestation of the introduction of new players on the international scene. Indeed, the national State’s monopolization of the influential player regarding setting the features of the international status is no longer applicable. Thus, new elements threatening the security of States have been introduced other than the threat of similar States. Moreover, due to globalization, the concept of security is being broadened, which is a part of the transformation of the international security scene. The other transformation in the field of security is the transformation of power. In fact, power is no longer closely related to the military factor but is more related to technology, education and economic growth. However, the military factor is the final means to protect the State itself. The developments that broadened the concept of security to include other aspects transformed it into a human and international concept which led States to adopt new methods to maintain their national security. In this context, maintaining borders is no longer the realization of security. Moreover, the military threat is no longer the only threat to the security of States. This drove many States to change its security preparations and traditional methods to maintain its interests and achieve its security generally. Despite the emerging importance of the concept of security with respect to its definitions and approaches, the military power is still the main foundation protecting the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of its territory. However, this should not distract us from the remaining threats related to the economic, social, cultural, political, economic and environmental development that enable the State to efficiently maintain its security. Nevertheless, we have to consider the new developments and approaches that broadened the concept of security and which in turn require creating new methods to maintain security.

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Book Review

Overview of a Book

Administrative Arrangements in the Mohammedan State A Study and Analysis of Diplomatic Manners within Mohammedan State Prof. Mohammed Habash *

"Administrative Arrangements, Labor, Crafts, Shops, Scientific Research at the foundation of Islamic civilization in Medina", transliterated into "Al-Taratib Al-Idariyyah" by 'Abd-Alhayy AlKattani is a unique book categorized by Islamic jurisprudents for the purpose as a description of the civilization and regulation aspects of the Mohammedan State. Al-Kattani was an erudite Moroccan scholar, who wrote about 250 books on Islam. He died in 1962 AD. Al-Kattani was a descendant of a family highly versed in knowledge, jurisprudence and politics. In fact, his family had a major role throughout history as knowledge and science pioneers in Maghreb. Moreover, Al-Kattani family descended from Yahya III bin Imran, who was a Tlemcen leader in Maghreb and undisputedly descendent of Imam Hassan bin Ali bin Abi Talib, nicknamed (Al-Sabt; i.e., grandson of the Prophet Mohammed) (May God be pleased with them). `Abd-Alhayy Al-Kittani indicated that his book relied heavily on «Explanation of auditory indications in Mohammedan State of Legitimate Crafts, Trades and Labor, transliterated «Takhrīj al-dalālāt al-sam’īyah, ‹alá mā kāna fī ‹ahd Rasūl Allāh min al-hiraf wa-al-sanā’i’ wa-al-’amālāt al-shar’īyah» by Abi Al-Hassan Ali bin Mohammed Al-Khuzā’ī, died in 1387 AD, nicknamed «Zi Al-Wizarateen, (meaning that he was appointed a minister twice), minister in Marinid Dynasty in Morocco. The author’s introduction emphasized that the Mohammedan State established by the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) was not only the destination for learners of prayer, fasting and rites but was also a State which set development programs and plans, where genuine establishments were formed and which actually laid down the foundations of the modern state.

The common believe is that prophets are only preachers who emerged within a span of time and called for faith, prayer and fasting. However, such belief does not apply to the Last of Missions. Indeed, the Messenger of Allah was a true leader of a civil state by all means as Al-Kattani diligently sought to prove in his book. Stressing this fact, Al-Kattani’s introduction stated: «The necessary administration of both politics in his era was in operation and labor was common as sublime as ever for an observer finds that the retinue professions today, including ablution worker, bed worker, shoe worker, stable worker, doorman and others, were in practice during the Prophet (PBUP) Era. Therefore, the Islamic Kings might have adopted these common practices from such Era. As for, administrative positions including all kinds of ministries, clerks, communications, feudal states, writing undertakings and conciliation, messengers and translators, military and judges’ clerks, grievance officer, allocator of expenses, allocator of inheritance, night watchmen in the city and warden, spies, hospital, schools, mosques, guardians, nurses, surgeons, exchange, treasury officer, land tax officer, land allocator, ballista manufacturer, ballista launcher, trench diggers, goldsmiths, shops, crafts and trades. The time of the Prophet, despite being limited, was not devoid of these professions and administration of this labor. Moreover, such professions were

‫‏*‏‬Researcher and consultant at the Doha International Center for Interfaith Dialogue

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Book Review for they were not a necessity. This was also the case during the time of the companions and followers of the Prophet. He emphasized that the Messenger of Allah established these civilization concepts and that the religion has been originally based on them and did not neglect them.

Diplomatic Manners of the Messenger of Allah Although Al-Kattani presented several administrative and political aspects in his book to advance his concept of the Mohammedan State. However, I intend to address the diplomatic aspects tackled in his book. Medina was being prepared to replace degrading civilizations, especially Rome and Persia civilizations, which were fading giving way to the Mohammedan State to be the capital of human civilizations for the following several centuries as intended by the Messenger of Allah and as actually happened. Al-Kattani did not use the word «diplomacy». Nevertheless, his book abundantly addressed diplomacy. In this context, Al-Kattani created several chapters. Some of these chapters were his own and in others he followed the footsteps of AlKhuzā’ī, who is the author of «al-dalālāt al-sam’īyah» and some of them are mentioned below:

Diplomatic Appointments

assigned to his (PBUH) qualified companions and assistants». During the Prophet’s (PBUH) Era, there was an interest in agriculture. In fact, the Prophet (PBUH) encouraged, promoted agriculture and manufacture, and gave order that they should be learned. Furthermore, he encouraged education and science even if infidels pass it on. Moreover, he (PBUH) introduced some beneficial things, which he learned from and were used by Persian infidels and others such as digging trenches and approving provision of light to the mosque by Tamim Al-Dari, who lighted a lamp, which he brought from his travels while the Prophet’s mosque was previously lighted by fire. The Prophet instructed people to learn and acquire knowledge, allocated professions, endorses fraternity, appreciates men as well as organizes defense and attack forces and established the necessity of the foregoing. He also asserted the maintenance of the health of human body, medicine, anatomy, types of natural wisdom, prevalence of manners and high morals, history, geography, tourism, discoveries, seeking inventions, observing stars, calculation, stories, narration, manners of lectures and discussions. In addition, he set the functions of administrative professions, necessitated administrative economics and finance along with everything prevailing in civilized nations, and even gave instructions for statistics. Al-Kattani disagreed with bin Khaldoun, the philosopher, statement: the religion at first did not have science or craft due to the prevailing primitivism and nomadic life. However, Shari’a provisions (commandments and prohibitions of Allah) were memorized by the people, who recognized their sources in Quran and Sunna according to the narrated practices of the regulator and his companions. At that time, they were Arabs who had no knowledge of education, composition and writing

In this section, Al-Kattani addressed the principles of election of government and diplomatic personnel, stating the general conditions, which were set forth in Sunna books. In fact, he particularly stressed the principle of seeking public positions and mentioned Hadith detesting positions in commensuration with the obligation to serve the nation and occupation of these positions by the efficient and experienced. The author emphasized that the noble Messenger of Allah turned some people away from occupying public positions. However, such act was not as commonly believed due to detesting of such positions but due to personal reasons related to the applicant himself, who was not satisfactorily qualified or lacked the ability to adapt to the diplomatic requirements. Thus, the Messenger of Allah turned them away from such positions despite being examples of goodness, renunciation worldly pleasures and integrity. The following are some of the titles elected by Al-Kattani: • A section addressing envoys (ambassador) divided into chapters. • Chapter addressing the qualities of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) including intellect, eloquence and strong undisputed arguments. • A section dedicated to the Messenger of Allah election of his envoys who were persons of distinction. In this section, Al-Kattani mentioned some diplomatic conditions that had to be fulfilled by an envoy. In addition, he presented clear comparisons of the Hadith referring to the virtues of a human who is rumbled, covered with dust, wearing shaggy clothes and insignificant, stating that this did not contradict with the sayings of the Messenger of Allah regarding good clothing, appearance and turban of the ambassador. That is, a person who renounced worldly pleasures and resorted to reclusion should not be forced into the diplomatic life since an ascetic speaks only for himself while an ambassador speaks for the interests of the nation.

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Book Review Rules of diplomatic writings and correspondences Al-Kattani wrote several chapters on the rules of diplomatic writings, the conditions of writings and the principles of the translation of diplomatic writings which were all extracted from the Sunna. Moreover, he specified a section for the conveyor of writings and another section for the specialized translator. In fact, some diplomacy matters require a specific specialty of translation for there is a difference between personal and diplomatic writings. He gave examples of the noble Prophet’s writings to his family and companions as well as writings to kings and princes, stating the characteristic of each. The following are some chapters: • Chapter dedicated to the translator who translates the writings of the People of the Book and writes with their own words. • Chapter dedicated to the scriber assigned to write personal writings for the Messenger of Allah (PBUH). In the section that address authentication in writing, preventing falsification and taking precautions against falsification, he specified a chapter titled the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) assigning scribers to throw dust on ink until it is dried. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) did not permit the envoy to leave with the writing until it is completely dry, which resembles authentication in the present time and recording in special minutes.

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Furthermore, he dedicated a special chapter to the introductions of Prophet’s diplomatic writings and emphasized that he used appropriate vocative, introduction, greeting and praise based on the addressee. Introduction to some addressees started with «peace be upon you» while to others, it started with «peace be upon those who followed the directions of Allah». That is, writings differed according to each addressee. He also specified a chapter addressing the significance of dating each writing and the importance of the date as well as the consequent obligations and proofs. Besides, Al-Kattani said that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) was the first to ordered dating and that He specified Hijra (the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina) as a starting point to record history, which was addressed in a chapter titled «Dating writings and its origin). Other chapters addressing the rules of diplomatic writings as quoted from Sunna are: • The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) introductions in his writings. • Precautions of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) in official writings. • The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) practice to separate writing chapters from titles of matters. • The term of «Prophet’s writings» .

Book Review • How the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) addressed his contemporary kings.

• A section devoted to presents sent by the Messenger of Allah.

• The title of writings addressed to the Messenger of Allah (PBUH).

• A section devoted to gifts given by the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) to delegations.

• How Messenger of Allah (PBUH) acted if the seal was lacking.

• A section devoted to how the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) made himself look presentable to meet the delegations.

Then, he particularly focused on the holder of seal of the noble Prophet and the importance of the seal to control the correspondences, validate them and check their goals and authenticate them under a section titled «the holder of the seal of Messenger of Allah (PBUH)».

Al-Kattani gave several texts referring to the manners of being presentable to meet delegations and the clothes, cushions, setting, perfume and cane used to meet delegations.

Al-Kattani also mentioned several manners of the Prophet regarding the principles of writing diplomatic letters since addressing kings and leaders differs from addressing the public. He stressed how the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) acted with major diplomatic awareness with respect to protecting the diplomatic letters and diplomatic mail, preparation of diplomatic envoys and how such envoy differs from the envoy of notices and business.

Managing Ceremonies and Protocols In the section dedicated to ceremonies and protocols, AlKattani quotes several sayings from Sunna indicating the noble Prophet’s interest in the principles of ceremonies and protocols and showing how Islam encouraged respect for guests as stressed in the Hadith: «Treat a person appropriately». Al-Kattani specifically focused on the integration between the Prophet (PBUH) desire to renounce all worldly pleasures and diligently seek the afterlife on the one hand and the right of rule and control on the other hand. In fact, the Prophet (PBUH) renounced all worldly pleasures in his life seeking Allah’s blessing. However, he led the state efficiently and competently assuming the reverence and prestige of rule since the state’s prestige should be self-evident to each visitor and a person should separate his personal character from the character representing the nation. In short, he should be respected and venerated by intuition and loved and endeared when dealt with. The author referred to Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq (May God be pleased with him) as the leader of protocols in Mohammedan State giving examples when he welcomed delegations before meeting the noble Prophet, taught them entry manners, directed them to choose their representative and spokesman, identify their lineage, class and families among Arabs and taught them the manners of demands and other manners. The following are titles expressing protocols in the Mohammedan State: • A section devoted to Agreeing on an official representative in an official religious event. • A section devoted to the timer expressing the importance of timing in the Prophet’s protocol and welcoming guests. A trusted expert was assigned to this task and a trusted schedule officer was appointed and was held responsible in case of improper adjustment of timing and notifying the Messenger of Allah of the obligations on their due time. • A section devoted to how the Prophet (PBUH) moved cushions inside.

• A section devoted to welcoming delegations.

Negotiation Ambassadors Al-Kattani dedicated several chapters to address negotiation manners of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) and the ambassadors assigned for negotiations. He also outlined the Prophet’s judicious selection of his negotiators, giving them his prudent directions and how some of them entered into the most important peac and conciliation agreements in the Arab Peninsula. Explaining these facts, he created the following chapters: • A chapter addressing the conciliation delegations of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH). • A section addressing the translator of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) translating foreign languages. • A special chapter is dedicated to diplomatic marriages and the ambassador’s role in arranging marriages and achieves their positive outcomes in international relations. In this concern, he specified a chapter to how the Messenger of Allah sends a delegation to a King to arrange a marriage of the Imam and a Muslim woman (where the woman is located in his state and he sends her in a delegation).

Arts and Aesthetics This section is not related to the diplomatic aspect. However, it shows the civility of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) and also shows the difference between a strict theocratic state and the state of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) where tolerance, arts and aesthetics prevail. In this context, Al-Kattani created the following sections: • Were the tambourines within the Mohammedan era provided with rattles and did the companions of the Prophet heat the lute. • Did some ancestors have an interest in the science of music. • A section mentioning the songs. • A section mentioning Ethiopia dancing with spears on the arrival of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH). • A section mentioning how some of the greatest companions of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) pranced in front of him. • A section mentioning the names of singers in Medina in the Mohammedan Era. Al-Kattani gives several proofs confirming that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) viewed Arts as a genuine aesthetic value and reformed such arts to fulfill their mission to achieve spiritual superiority without turning into noisy dancing, impudent singing or wanton adornments.

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Book Review Diplomatic Documentation The author said that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) was interested in documentation and recording with respect to public works so that the latter starts where the former ends and so that knowledge becomes a continuum that goes through the steps of documentation and control. In fact, he did not mean only diplomatic documentation but all types of documentation in a state. This discussion was titled under the section of secret keeper mentioning Khuzaima bin Thabit the secret keeper of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) emphasizing that the Prophet did not share the secrets of his state with his companions but shared them with judicious, discerning and responsible persons in charge.

Diplomatic Attires Of course, Arabs were not aware of diplomatic attires for Arab clothing was simple and modest while diplomacy necessitated specific attires which required him to relinquish the typical attires of his ancestors. On this subject, Al-Kattani specifies a chapter stressing that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) was aware of the significance of attires in diplomatic meetings. Thus, the author dedicated chapters to address the diplomatic attires that should be worn to meet delegations. Moreover, he emphasized that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) assigned a man to keep

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attires and specified a chapter titled «attire keeper», meaning the person keeping the official attires including coats, cloaks or veils in addition to a chapter titled «accessory keeper» meaning the keeper of medals, badges, flags and other requirements of delegations and diplomatic meetings. Besides, the author specified a chapter to rebut the issue of denying novelties and the need to develop attires, titled «Are we forbidden to wear all attires of non-Arabs?». That chapter discussed imitating infidels quoting Al-Ezz bin AbdAlsalam «not every doing in pre-Islamic times is forbidden, only whatever contradicts Islamic Shari’a is forbidden. In fact, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) dug a trench which was a novelty to Arabs and praised Qasi Al-Agam saying that he was a better marksman. In conclusion, the discussed book was written about a hundred years ago. The author diligently sought to prove the civility of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) as a symbol of modern civilization. Actually, the book was the outcome of the efforts of a jurisprudent and a minister. That is, it is a mix of the view of a politician and an experienced person who was appointed a minister twice and the view of a jurisprudent and a novelist who used predication and narration. The integration of both views offered an insight into the unique world of the Prophet’s conduct guiding the diplomatic corps.

Publications

‫‏‬From the Institute Publications:

Factors of Negotiation Between Ali and Roger

I‫‏‬n the framework of implementing the Diplomatic Institute plan at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the field of preparing research and academic studies in all political and economic subjects for the year 2013, the institute has published a new study titled "Factors of Negotiation Between Ali and Rogers" by Dr. Saeb Erekat, the Chief Palestinian Negotiator. The study initiated by an introduction by H.E Ambassador Dr. Hassan bin Ibrahim Al-Mohannadi, the director of the Diplomatic Institute, in which he indicated that this valued study is deemed as an original reference for negotiation skills. In this study, the author used his unique style, long experience and profound knowledge in the negotiations field acquired during his work as the Chief of Negotiations Affairs Department in Palestine Liberation Organization since its establishment in 2003 and as the Chief Palestinian negotiator for several years trying to retrieve the rights of his people from the occupiers. ‫‏‬This book is the fruit of a huge academic effort; presenting our Islamic heritage, principles and values in the negotiation field from the perspective of one of a peerless characters in the Islamic history; Ali bin Abi Talib (May Allah Be Pleased With Him), the Fourth Rightly Guided Caliph. This book is an attempt to build connective bridges to this history as an efficient and vital participation to build a foundation for a comprehensive scientific framework in studying the negotiation process. In this context, Dr. Erekat compares the negotiation factors adopted by the Commander of the Faithful Ali bin Abi Talib with the negotiation fundamental factors from the western perspective; concentrating on one of the most prominent authors in this field: Roger Fisher who represents Harvard school approach that has important impact in defining and consolidating the negotiation science.

‫‏‬The Director of the Diplomatic Institute remarked also that the author referred to the part the Commander of the Faithful Ali bin Abi Talib played in the negotiation sphere mentioning his negotiation experience and how he (the author) was affected personally. He also referred to "his part in the political reality, the relationship between weakness and strength, injustice and justice and what should be and what really exists; this Arab person has defined the country concepts, covenants and pacts and said to the unjustly treated and powerless people that their power exist in sticking to their rights, not in relinquishing them". ‫‏‬The study consists of three chapters, in addition to an introduction and a conclusion. The first part of the first chapter discusses the seven negotiation factors of the western schools, which are stated in the booklet of Mary &

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Publications Barnett. The seven factors are interests, options, legitimacy, relationship, communication, commitment and alternatives. ‫‏‬The second part of the first chapter consists of three paragraphs. The first paragraph focuses on the negotiation factors adopted by the school of the Messenger of Allah (May Allah Honor Him And Grant Him Peace). The second paragraph approaches the negotiation behavior of Quraish disbelievers. The Third paragraph included the seven factors of Mecca Conquest. ‫‏‬The second chapter of the study is titled "Negotiation Factors of the Commander of the Faithful Ali bin Abi Talib (May Allah Be Pleased With Him)". This chapter discusses the caliphate issues emerged during his caliphate in addition to exhibiting his negotiation factors, which are: 1. Learning and knowledge factor, 2. Leadership and responsibility factor, 3. ‫‏‬Changes factor, 4. ‫‏‬Patience and persistence factor, 5. Justice factor. ‫‏‬The second chapter illustrated also the negotiator characteristics according to Ali (May Allah Be Pleased With Him). They are: • Faithfulness, fidelity and holding to justice, • Commitment, "I will honor my word" i.e., to commit to your obligations and promises, • Caution, sticking to justice and the common interests and not be fooled by others, • The negotiator is the decision maker; what he signs or accepts is what the decision maker (the person in charge) accepts, • To avoid doubtful and suspicious situations; "Do not speak out of ignorance". • Do not depend on sayings that has more than one interpretation even if it is taken from the Holy Koran, • Do not be self-conceited or arrogant but respect yourself and others and keep the team spirit. • To be wisdom, reason, patience and persistence. That is, do not be too hasty or hesitate to make a decision in its due time. • Do not dispute or conflict around obscure matters; that is, he should observe lucidity and depend on specific references, • To comply with good ethics and patience even in the most difficult situations and at worst. Do not deceive or look down upon people; do not lose hope or your temper. • T ‫ ‏‬o benefit from the experiences in addition to studying and knowing the variables and the developments, • During negotiations, the negotiator has also to depend on the team spirit in addition to be distinguished by humbleness, prudency, good manners and knowing his worth.

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‫‏‬The second chapter is concluded with a summary of the negotiation factors of Ali (May Allah Be Pleased With Him). They are twelve factors including the seven factors of the western school, which are Interest, relationships, alternatives, options, legitimacy and commitment together with the five factors of Ali (May Allah Be Pleased With Him) that have not been categorized yet as negotiation factors of the western school. The five factors are science and knowledge, leadership and responsibility, variables, patience and persistence, and justice. ‫‏‬In the third and last chapter titled "Key Junctures of Ali (May Allah Be Pleased With Him) and His Twelve Negotiation Factors", the researcher tried to deal with the main stages of Ali (May Allah Be Pleased With Him) not in the context of the events narrative but through analyzing these stages on the basis of his negotiation factors. These junctures included taking revenge on the murders of the Third Rightly Guided Caliph Othman bin Affan (May Allah Be Pleased With Him), discharging governors, negotiations of letters and deposing Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan (May Allah Be Pleased With Him) by Ali bin Abi Talib. This chapter discussed also the method adopted by Ali (May Allah Be Pleased With Him) to manage the tribulation and the negotiations with Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan. ‫‏‬In this chapter, the researcher tried to understand thoroughly the negotiations made by Ali (May Allah Be Pleased With Him), his decisions, mechanisms used by him to limit damages and the crisis management operations followed by him to deal with the aforementioned fundamental issues. ‫‏‬In the book conclusion, the researcher cleared up that there is a need to study the negotiation behavior of the Arabs particularly and Muslims generally even if we scientifically could not trace back the term of Islamic or Arabian negotiation since there are 57 Islamic countries. He indicated that we should start to demonstrate the negotiation behavior of each country separately; then, we can determine the common features depending on the twelve factors of Ali bin Abi Talib (May Allah Be Pleased With Him). Ali realized, as the other Companions, that the Holy Koran and the Sunna of the Messenger of Allah (May Allah Honor Him And Grant Him Peace) are a charter of high ideals for all people whereas the country is the social contract of a group of people within specific geographical limits. The other nations took centuries to know incomplete fractions of what was axiomatic for the Companions including Ali. ‫‏‬The writer indicated also that when tribulation occurred and the crisis aggravated by murdering Othman (May Allah Be Pleased With Him) in addition to recognizing Ali (May Allah Be Pleased With Him) as a Caliph and after the battles of the Camel and Siffin, Ali (May Allah Be Pleased With Him) followed the path of legitimacy and interests to manage the crises while the negotiation behavior of Muawiyah (May Allah Be Pleased With Him) counted on the situations along with balancing the Zero sum game. Moreover, the researcher mentioned that we do not have any deficiency in the good governance factors, communication, negotiation, interests determination and creating the common ground in settling the disputes. In fact, we preceded the western schools in all of this.

From the Political Dictionary ‫‏‬Perpetual Peace ‫‏‬It is the condition of constant peace within the international regime. This concept does not mean that it is simply possible to erase war forever but it includes also the human capability to make a global regimen in which war would be ineffective. Both ideas are consistent with each other but perpetual peace did not prevail in any time; consequently, expansion of these ideas took the form of two peace projects. That is, they are two plans aiming at spreading perpetual peace. In fact, there are thinkers who promoted these ideas such as Dante, Jan Jack Roso and Immanuel Kant who believed that war is a source of moral corruption and evil. Recurrence of war demonstrated that aggressive states threaten persistently the individuals' rights and freedoms. Moreover, states are not able to improve their constitutions while they are worry to be invaded by another state. Nevertheless, Kant found that war is the normal condition of humanity; thus, the states should find a way to live in congruence together. From Kant's point of view, the responsibility of war calling off falls upon all states and individuals who should involve in a progressive goal; i.e., Perpetual Peace.

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‫‏‬Democratic Peace ‫‏‬The concept means that democratic states do not wage war against each other because the diversity of institutions and relationships in democratic states and among each other creates conflicting pressures, equipoises and factors; thus, no war is erupted or entered actually against each other. Although it is a factor contributing in the democratic peace, it has a dark side also. Indeed, democratic states are not in agreement entirely as they are divided into several agencies. Some of these agencies work secretly and form despotic subsystems related to the to the top of the hierarchical order of the democratic mechanism only. ‫‏‬Before the twentieth century, scientists defined the "democratic peace" term depending on the absence of the secret ballot, the political parties' competitiveness and the limited nature of the constitutional right. If the democratic states are attributed only to a regular competitive elective status acknowledging a group of civilians having equal rights, it is evident that these states wage no war against each other generally and might not fight absolutely. If the international war is a military commitment in which more than one thousand persons die, (353) pairs of states entered similar wars in 1816- 1991 but all of these wars were not waged between two democratic states.

‫‏‬Peace of Westphalia ‫‏‬It is a term given to a settlement terminated thirty years of war (1648- 1618) at the end of the sixteenth century and thereafter. Central Europe was lost in a swirl of severe religious disorders, especially Germany, as Luther's and Calvin's followers challenged the right of the Holy Roman Empire to determine their religious destiny. Westphalia treaty signed on 24th October 1648 is one of the most remarkable documents in the European history as it provides, inter alia, in detail for taking back the lands gained during all battles, exempting the disputing parties from the sinful acts, lifting the ban on trade, communication and transportation and it describes also the method of deactivating the army in addition to releasing the prisoners. ‫‏‬Westphalia Peace is an important transformation point in the European policy and the world history. The treaty put the basis for two principles: the first means literally that the king has sovereignty within his lands and is not subordinated to any political will. The settlement acknowledged the absolute power of the rulers and connected this individual or special rule with a ruling dynasty in a particular area. The second principle grants the king the authority to determine the religion practiced in his kingdom. This principle banned any interfere in states interior affairs on a religious basis. This principle still has a great grade in the international law base.

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