The Layers of Reality by Discover

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The First Layer of Realityâ&#x20AC;Š

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The first layer of reality is constructed with branching, looping, and iteration. The second layer of reality is constructed with the above and arrays.â&#x20AC;Š

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A curious quirk of the nature of the substances that gave rise to life lead to their description in simple source code. Also the structure of those elements at the heart of artificial intelligence (AI), give rise to their description in simple code, as well. If one can put the structure of nature into a few lines of simple code, even better, describe something complex with something simple, then they have written a Universal Law of Nature.â&#x20AC;Š

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A journey of a thousand li begins with the first stepâ&#x20AC;Š

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The programming language Python is particularly conducive to The Pyramid of Life: print("The basic substances from which life formed on early earth are: ") print("CH4 (Methane), NH3 (Ammonia), H2O (water), H2 (hydrogen gas)") print("The idea of Wolfram is if we can describe something complex,...") print("with a few short lines of source code, then ") print("this can be an alternative to using mathematics ") print("to describe Nature. ") print("Because these substances from which life are made of, ") print("elements 6 (C), 7 (N). 8(O) of the period table and H, ") print("a simple loop can be written, because the C, N, and O, ") print("progress in increments of one, while the H decrements. ") print("as such we write code to make the pyramid of life.") k=4; x=1; z=4; while (x!=k): x=x+1 z=z-1 print(x*"H"+z*"C"); print("Where we say HH=H2, HHH=H3, HHHH=H4, and,...") print("CCC = O, CC = N, and C = C.") Running this produces: HHCCC HHHCC HHHHC â&#x20AC;Š

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Cellular Automata For Artificial Intelligence The Code For The Structure In AI print("i1=Boron") print("j =Silicon") print("i2=Gallium") print("k1=Nitrogen") print("k2=Arsenic") print(" ") x=0 while (x!=3): x=x+1 if (x==1 or x==3): print("i"+" "+"k") if (x==3): break; print(" "+"j"+" ") Running this produces: i k j i kâ&#x20AC;Š

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The Cellular Automata of Electrical Wiring While aluminum (Al) is used for wires in electronics, the most used is copper (Cu). It is highly conductive and is in the same group in the periodic table of elements as silver (Ag), and Gold (Au). Gold and silver are used for electrical wire as as they are conductive and ductile as well. Gold, in fact, is the most conductive at extreme temperatures, and silver is the most conductive at room temperature. As such, Copper, Silver, and Gold are at the core of electrical engineering where wiring is concerned. Aluminum is mostly use for encasing circuitry. I find great beauty in the fact that these three elements, Copper, Silver, and Gold are in the same group (Group 11), and occur one after they other in this group starting with copper, proceeding to the next heaviest, silver, and concluding with heaviest, gold. The are, respectively, elements 29, 47, and 79. We have already outlined the basic cellular automata for the category of semiconductors, the semi-metals and doping agents of AI components, and the basic cellular automata for biological life, leaving this category as the next to consider. It is perhaps the easiest for which to find a loop, as there is nothing more tricky for it than to arrange 1(Cu), 2(Ag), and 3(Au), in a vertical column. Our ultimate goal is to cover the cellular automata of the entire periodic table, which will take us into the biological functions of the elements and their compounds just as much as the the functions of the elements in compounds in electrical engineering. Ultimately, we seek to find the connection between biological life and AI, a connection I have already establish via another avenue, in my work: Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s AI Cookbook. Code For Ductile Conductors print("Cellular Automata For The Ductile Conducting Wires") print("Cu=1, Ag=2, Au=3") x=0 while (x!=3): x=x+1 print(str(x)) Running this produces: Cu=1, Ag=2, Au=3 1 2 3â&#x20AC;Š

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Cellular Automata For The Regular Tessellators print("The regular tessellators are the regular geometries that can") print("cover a surface without leaving gaps.") print(" ") print("regular hexagon:") x=0 while (x!=3): x=x+1 if (x==1 or x==3): print(2*" "+"***"+" ") if (x==3): break; print("*"+5*" "+"*") print("regular triangle (equilateral triangle):") z=0 print(3*" "+"*"+2*" ") while (z!=2): z=z+1 print(3*" ") print("*"+5*" "+"*") print("regular parallelagram (square):") y=0 while (y!=3): y=y+1 if (y==1 or y==3): print("*"+3*" "+"*") if (y==3): break; print(4*" ") Running this produces: regular hexagon: *** * * * * *** regular triangle (equilateral triangle) * *

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The Tetractys print("Pythagoras thought the tetractys was the key to the universe") print("It is the triangle such that: 1, 1+1=2, 2+1=3, 3+1=4") print("which is 1+2+3+4=10") print(" ") y=4 x=0 while (x!=4): x=x+1 y=y-1 print(y*" "+x*"* â&#x20AC;&#x153;) Running this produces: * * * * * * * * * *â&#x20AC;Š

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The Second Layer of Reality (Programs in C)â&#x20AC;Š

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#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main (void) { printf("The main components of AI are made of silicon (Si) doped with\nâ&#x20AC;?); printf("Phosphorus (P) and Boron (B).\n"); printf("Si=28.09, P=30.97, B=10.81\n"); int n; int i; do { printf ("How many numbers averaged?: "); scanf("%d", &n); } while (n<0); float num[n],sum=0.0,average; for (i=1; i<=n; i++) { printf("%i enter number: ", i); scanf("%f", &num[n]); sum+=num[n]; average=sum/n; } printf("The sum of your numbers is: %.2f\n", sum); printf("The arithmetic mean is: %.2f\n", average); float a, b,total, product, harmonic, geometric, answer; printf("We find the harmonic and geometric means between a and b.\n"); printf("enter a: "); scanf("%f", &a); printf("enter b: "); scanf("%f", &b); product=2*a*b; total=a+b; harmonic=product/total; geometric=sqrt(a*b); printf("harmonic mean is %.2f\n", harmonic); printf("geometric mean is %.2f\n",geometric); printf("If you chose phosphorus and boron for a and b,...\n"); printf("would you like me to divide the results by silicon? 1=yes, 0=no: "); scanf("%f", &answer); if (answer==1) {

15 of 34 printf("harmonic/Si is: %.2f \n",harmonic/28.09); printf("geometric/Si is: %.2f\n", geometric/28.09); printf("Would you like me to take the artithmetic mean between these results? "); scanf("%f", &answer); if (answer==1) { printf("The arithmetic mean of the harmonic and geometric means is: 0.61\n"); printf("That is the golden ratio conjugate.\n"); } printf("This means that:\n"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" (sqrt(PB))(P+B)+2PB\n"); printf(" ———————————— = phi=0.6\n"); printf(" 2(P+B)(Si)"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf("closing sesssion\n"); } }

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jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./ai The main components of AI are made of silicon (Si) doped with Phosphorus (P) and Boron (B). Si=28.09, P=30.97, B=10.81 How many numbers averaged?: 2 1 enter number: 30.97 2 enter number: 10.81 The sum of your numbers is: 41.78 The arithmetic mean is: 20.89 We find the harmonic and geometric means between a and b. enter a: 30.97 enter b: 10.81 harmonic mean is 16.03 geometric mean is 18.30 If you chose phosphorus and boron for a and b,... would you like me to divide the results by silicon? 1=yes, 0=no: 1 harmonic/Si is: 0.57 geometric/Si is: 0.65 Would you like me to take the arithmetic mean between these results? 1 The arithmetic mean of the harmonic and geometric means is: 0.61 That is the golden ratio conjugate. This means that:

(sqrt(PB))(P+B)+2PB ———————————— = phi=0.6 2(P+B)(Si) closing sesssion jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

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#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main (void) { float a, b, product, sum, geometric, harmonic; printf("We looked at silicon doped with phosphorus and boron,...\n"); printf("But, Gallium (Ga) and Arsenic (As) can be used as doping agents,..\n"); printf("As well, we can use Germanium (Ga) in place of Silicon (Si),...\n"); printf("for the semimetal.\n"); printf("Germanium = 72.61, Gallium = 69.72, Arsenic = 74.92.\n"); printf("Give me a the doping agent Ga: "); scanf("%f", &a); printf("Give me b the doping agent As: "); scanf("%f", &b); product=2*a*b; sum=a+b; geometric=sqrt(a*b); harmonic=product/sum; printf("The harmonic mean is %.2f\n", harmonic); printf("The geometric mean is %.2f\n", geometric); printf("Notice the hamonic/geometric for Ga and As, is close to Germanium (Ge)\n"); printf("Germanium was the first generation semiconductor.\n"); printf("This would suggest logic gates using these doping agents,...\n"); printf("Should be doping Germanium for first generation robots,\n"); printf("This says:\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" sqrt((Ga)(As))~Ge\n"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); }â&#x20AC;Š

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jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): make skeleton clang -ggdb3 -O0 -std=c99 -Wall -Werror skeleton.c -lcs50 -lm -o skeleton jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./skeleton We looked at silicon doped with phosphorus and boron,... But, Gallium (Ga) and Arsenic (As) can be used as doping agents,.. As well, we can use Germanium (Ga) in place of Silicon (Si),... for the semimetal. Germanium = 72.61, Gallium = 69.72, Arsenic = 74.92. Give me a the doping agent Ga: 69.72 Give me b the doping agent As: 74.92 The harmonic mean is 72.23 The geometric mean is 72.27 Notice the hamonic/geometric for Ga and As, is close to Germanium (Ge) Germanium was the first generation semiconductor. This would suggest logic gates using these doping agents,... Should be doping Germanium for first generation robots, This says: sqrt((Ga)(As))~Ge

jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): â&#x20AC;Š

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#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main (void) { float P, B, Ga=0.0, As=0.0, geo, geometric, Si, doubled, twicesi; printf("Si=28.09, P=30.97, B=10.81\n"); printf("Ge=72.61, Ga=69.72, As=74.92\n"); printf("Let us find the geometric mean between P and B:\n"); printf("Enter P: "); scanf("%f", &P); printf("Enter B: "); scanf("%f", &B); geo=sqrt(P*B); printf("Let us find the geometric mean between Ga and As:\n"); printf("Enter Ga: "); scanf("%f", &Ga); printf("Enter As: "); scanf("%f", &As); geometric=sqrt(Ga*As); printf("geometric for P and B = %.2f\n", geo); printf("geometric for Ga and As = %.2f\n", geometric); printf("Let us now add sqrt(Ga*As) to sqrt(P*B)\n"); printf("Then divide the result by 2 times Si\n"); printf("We divide by double Si, because we have added the mean of,...\n"); printf("two doping agents, to the mean of another two doping agents.\n"); printf("sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB) = %.2f\n", geo + geometric); printf("Input Si and I will divide 2Si into the above sum: "); scanf("%f", &Si); twicesi=2*Si; doubled=geo+geometric; printf("(sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB))/2Si =: %.2f\n", doubled/twicesi); printf("This is the golden ratio (PHI) which equals 1.6\n"); printf("We have therefore discovered:\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB)\n"); printf(" ------------------------ = PHI\n"); printf(" 2(Si) "); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); }

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jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): make dope clang -ggdb3 -O0 -std=c99 -Wall -Werror dope.c -lcs50 -lm -o dope jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./dope Si=28.09, P=30.97, B=10.81 Ge=72.61, Ga=69.72, As=74.92 Let us find the geometric mean between P and B: Enter P: 30.97 Enter B: 10.81 Let us find the geometric mean between Ga and As: Enter Ga: 69.72 Enter As: 74.92 geometric for P and B = 18.30 geometric for Ga and As = 72.27 Let us now add sqrt(Ga*As) to sqrt(P*B) Then divide the result by 2 times Si We divide by double Si, because we have added the mean of,... two doping agents, to the mean of another two doping agents. sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB) = 90.57 Input Si and I will divide 2Si into the above sum: 28.09 (sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB))/2Si =: 1.61 This is the golden ratio (PHI) which equals 1.6 We have therefore discovered: sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB) ———————————— = PHI 2(Si) jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

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#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main (void) { printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" (sqrt(PB))(P+B))+2PB\n"); printf(" ————————————- = phi\n"); printf(" 2(P+B)(Si) "); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf("(sqrt(PB))(P+B)=764.4486\n"); printf("2(PB)=669.5714\n"); printf("sqrt(764,4486)=27.64866\n"); printf("sqrt(669.5714)=25.876\n"); printf("(27.64866+25.876)/2 = 26.76233\n"); printf("This is approximately equal to aluminum (Al)\n"); printf("Al=26.98"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf("2(P+B)(Si)=2,347.2004\n"); printf("sqrt(2,347.2004)=48.4479\n"); printf("This is approximately equal to titanium (Ti)\n"); printf("Ti=47.88\n"); printf("\n"); printf("This says a second generation robot,...\n"); printf("should have a skeleton composed of,...\n"); printf("titanium-aluminum alloy\n"); printf("\n"); }

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jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/discover jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): make busca clang -ggdb3 -O0 -std=c99 -Wall -Werror busca.c -lcs50 -lm -o busca jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover): ./busca

(sqrt(PB))(P+B))+2PB —————————— = phi 2(P+B)(Si) (sqrt(PB))(P+B)=764.4486 2(PB)=669.5714 sqrt(764,4486)=27.64866 sqrt(669.5714)=25.876 (27.64866+25.876)/2 = 26.76233 This is approximately equal to aluminum (Al) Al=26.98 2(P+B)(Si)=2,347.2004 sqrt(2,347.2004)=48.4479 This is approximately equal to titanium (Ti) Ti=47.88 This says a second generation robot,... should have a skeleton composed of,... titanium-aluminum alloy jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/discover):

23 of 34 It is at once clear what we need to do for the next phase of this project. Each guess we have made has had favorable results. First we guessed that Silicon (Si) doped with Phosphorus (P) and Boron (B) should have in their means the golden ratio or the golden ratio conjugate, and they did, if they were to be the building blocks of AI. Then we guessed the golden ratio, or its conjugate, should be in the ratio of the elements in the building blocks of organic life, which are amino acids, and we had success with that in our cross method of comparing molar masses. We then thought, since all that worked, it should work for gallium (Ga) and arsenic (As) doping germanium (Ge) because Germanium was the first generation of semiconductors. We then guessed that our equation for the building block of silicon semi conductors doped with phosphorus and boron, should, if we broke it down into three parts, reveal something meaningful. It did, in fact, the best thing it could, that titanium (Ti) - aluminum (Al) alloy is the natural material for the skeleton of AI. This is perfect because Titanium-Aluminum alloys are the finest structural metals to date because they are light and strong. We then applied the same concept to the doping agents Gallium and Arsenic, and the result was very good: Germanium semiconductors should be used for logic gates in first generation AI and that, the skeleton, should be iron. It made sense that it worked out this way. Now, we are lead to ask the logical question, what should the veins of the robot be? We would guess copper and/or aluminum, because these metals are ductile and can be drawn out into long wires and are very conductive. Copper is used more than any other element for electrical wiring, aluminum is used for casing of electrical devices. Thus there should be some sort of a connection to AI in their molar masses. But, it does not stop there. We are lead to ask, what is used to insulate the wires? That is what should the protective skin of the veins be? There are a multitude of electrical insulators, but sufficient for wires made of copper, is any plastic or rubber, the most basic of which is polyethylene (plastic). It has the chemical formula:

{ (C }_{ 2 }{ H }_{ 4 })_{ n } The result is very perfect and almost exact, we find the polyethylene has a molar mass almost exactly the same as silicon, the source of diodes, transistors, and integrated circuitry used to make the logic gates that make AI â&#x20AC;&#x153;thinkâ&#x20AC;?. Behold:

{ (C }_{ 2 }{ H }_{ 4 })=2(12.01)+4(1.01)=24.02+4.04=28.08g/mol\appr This leaves us to contemplate what the magic in Copper (Cu) and Aluminum (Al) might be. Cu = 63.55 g/mol and Al=26.98 g/molâ&#x20AC;Š

24 of 34 Electron Volt: A unit of energy equal to the work done on an electron in accelerating it through a potential of one volt. It is 1.6E10-19 Joules (Google Search Engine) Volt: Potential energy that will impart on joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it. (Wikipedia) Coulomb: The charge of 6.242E18 protons or 6.242E18 electrons. Forward Bias: A diode (silicon) must have 0.7 volts across it to turn it on, 0.3 volts (Germanium). This is called forward voltage. The forward voltage threshold is 0.6 volts. (0.6 volts)(1.6E-19)=9.6E-20 Joules This is the energy to turn on a diode, or the threshold of life for artificial intelligence. Ian Beardsley December 30, 2015 1:10 AM

Carbohydrates are one of the main types of nutrients. They are the most important source of energy for your body. Your digestive system changes carbohydrates into glucose (blood sugar). Your body uses this sugar for energy for your cells, tissues and organs.Dec 4, 2015 (Google) Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. (Wikipedia) Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O2) in order to generate ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is used to break strong bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2 Simplified reaction: C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + heat ΔG = −2880 kJ per mol of C6H12O6 The mole is a unit of measurement for amount of substance. It is defined as the amount of any chemical substance that contains as many elementary entities, e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, or photons, as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12 (12C), the isotope of carbon with relative atomic mass 12 by definition. This number is expressed by the Avogadro constant, which has a value of 6.02214129(27)×1023. (Wikipedia) (2,880,000 J)/(6.02E23 C6H12O6) =4.784E-18 J = basic unit of biological life (4.784E-18 J)/(9.6E-20 J)=49.8~50

25 of 34 This says the basic energy unit of organic, or biological life, is about 50 times greater than the basic energy unit of electronic life, or artificial intelligence. That is 0.6(50)=30 electron volts = basic unit of energy for biological life. The Following Statement Is The Important Thing: The voltage dropped across a conducting, forward-biased diode is called the forward voltage. Forward voltage for a diode varies only slightly for changes in forward current and temperature, and is fixed by the chemical composition of the P-N junction. Silicon diodes have a forward voltage of approximately 0.7 volts. (From Google). It leads to the following logic gate analysis:â&#x20AC;Š

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27 of 34 A diode logic gate has to have an input of 1.2 eV to get an output of one “bue” electronic. That is an input for which one “bue” biological is 25 times greater. (“bue” means “basic unit of energy”). January 10 2016 10:00 PM I wrote in Ian’s AI Cookbook:

Now, we are lead to ask the logical question, what should the veins of the robot be? We would guess copper and/or aluminum, because these metals are ductile and can be drawn out into long wires and are very conductive. Copper is used more than any other element for electrical wiring, aluminum is used for casing of electrical devices. Thus there should be some sort of a connection to AI in their molar masses. This leaves us to contemplate what the magic in Copper (Cu) and Aluminum (Al) might be. Cu = 63.55 g/mol and Al=26.98 g/mol Have yet to find what that magic might be. I now guess that I should look at the element that has the molar mass between copper (Cu) and Aluminum (Al). (63.55 + 26.98)/2 = 90.53/2 = 45.265 That is closest to the element scandium (Sc=44.96) which when alloyed with Aluminum (Al), provides for a light, but strong metal used in the engineering of jets and bicycle frames. That was the arithmetic mean, now let’s look at the geometric mean: sqrt[(63.55)(26.98)]=41.407 That is closest to calcium (Ca=40.08). Calcium is used to make the bones in animals such as ourselves. All this seems to be that Nature’s AI Cookbook once again does not fail us and provides the recipe for AI: The bones of a robot should be scandium-aluminum alloy among other materials we have already found in our earlier work.

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29 of 34 So, we see the visible spectrum for one photon of light begins where the energy of the photon is 2 “bue” electronic which is 100 “bue” biological and that that photon has a wavelength of 1.0 micrometers. This is all about vision in a robot or AI.

30 of 34 Layer Three of Reality

31 of 34 Making a 3D Image Download POV Ray version 3.7 1. Under Template: a. Choose header and global settings b. Choose Camera, Light source c. Choose Object In the window that opens, choose from (sphere, disc cone etc,â&#x20AC;Ś) 2. Under Render a. Choose Render

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//mysphere //File:mysphere .pov //Date:January 24, 2016 //Author:Ian Beardsley global_settings { ambient_light rgb <0.723364, 0.723367, 0.723364> irid_wavelength rgb <1.000000, 0.119149, 0.093114> } #version 3.7; #default { texture { pigment { color rgb < 1, 0, 0 > } finish { ambient 0.4 } } }

global_settings{ assumed_gamma 1.0 }

camera { perspective location < 0.0, 0.0, -5> right x * 1 up y * 3/4 angle 60 look_at < 0.0, 0.0, 0.0> } light_source { < 0.0, 100, 100> rgb <0.999997, 1.000000, 0.999997> * 1.0 } sphere { <0.0, 0.0, 0.0>, 0.5 }

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! The Image Renderedâ&#x20AC;Š

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The Author