The AI Mystery

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by Ian Beardsley © 2016

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The Xcode AI Mystery by Ian Beardsley © 2016

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Part 1: Running The Code in the Utility Terminal 

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Last login: Sun Mar 20 05:51:12 on ttys000 /Users/ianbeardsley/Desktop/the\ ai\ mystery/AI\ Mystery ; exit; Claires-MacBook-Pro:~ ianbeardsley$ /Users/ianbeardsley/Desktop/the\ ai\ mystery/AI\ Mystery ; exit; Explore The Enigma of Artificial Intelligence!

The main components of AI are made of silicon (Si) doped with.

Phosphorus (P) and Boron (B).

Si=28.09, P=30.97, B=10.81 How many numbers averaged?: 2 1 enter number: 10.81 2 enter number: 30.97 The sum of your numbers is: 41.78 The arithmetic mean is: 20.89 We find the harmonic and geometric means between a and b. enter a: 30.97 enter b: 10.81 harmonic mean is 16.03 geometric mean is 18.30 If you chose phosphorus and boron for a and b,... would you like me to divide the results by silicon? 1=yes, 0=no: 1 harmonic/Si is: 0.57 geometric/Si is: 0.65 Would you like me to take the arithmetic mean between these results? 1 The arithmetic mean of the harmonic and geometric means is: 0.61 That is the golden ratio conjugate.

This means that: (sqrt(PB))(P+B)+2PB ----------------------2(P+B)(Si)

=

phi=0.6

closing sesssion We looked at silicon doped with phosphorus and boron,...

But, Gallium (Ga) and Arsenic (As) can be used as doping agents,..

As well, we can use Germanium (Ge) in place of Silicon (Si),... for the semimetal.

Germanium = 72.61, Gallium = 69.72, Arsenic = 74.92.

Give me a the doping agent Ga: 69.72 Give me b the doping agent As: 74.92 The harmonic mean is 72.23 The geometric mean is 72.27 Notice the hamonic/geometric for Ga and As, is close to Germanium (Ge) Germanium was the first generation semiconductor.

This would suggest logic gates using these doping agents,...

Should be doping Germanium for first generation robots,

5 of 62 This says: sqrt((Ga)(As))~Ge Si=28.09, P=30.97, B=10.81 Ge=72.61, Ga=69.72, As=74.92 Let us find the geometric mean between P and B: Enter P: 30.97 Enter B: 10.81 Let us find the geometric mean between Ga and As: Enter Ga: 69.72 Enter As: 74.92 geometric for P and B = 18.30 geometric for Ga and As = 72.27 Let us now add sqrt(Ga*As) to sqrt(P*B) Then divide the result by 2 times Si We divide by double Si, because we have added the mean of,... two doping agents, to the mean of another two doping agents. sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB) = 90.57 Input Si and I will divide 2Si into the above sum: 28.09 (sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB))/2Si =: 1.61 This is the golden ratio (PHI) which equals 1.6 We have therefore discovered: sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB) -----------------------2(Si)

(sqrt(PB))(P+B))+2PB ----------------------2(P+B)(Si)

=

PHI

= phi

(sqrt(PB))(P+B)=764.4486 2(PB)=669.5714 sqrt(764,4486)=27.64866 sqrt(669.5714)=25.876 (27.64866+25.876)/2 = 26.76233 This is approximately equal to aluminum (Al) Al=26.98 2(P+B)(Si)=2,347.2004 sqrt(2,347.2004)=48.4479 This is approximately equal to titanium (Ti) Ti=47.88 This says a second generation robot,...

6 of 62 should have a skeleton composed of,... titanium-aluminum alloy Phosporus, P = 30.97 Boron, B = 10.81 Silicon, Si = 28.09 geometric mean = sqrt(PB) harmonic mean = 2PB/(P+B) int mean=0 while mean!=2 { mean=mean+1 print Si=Si+char, Si print mean + char, mean } out[1] mean 1 + mean 2 out[2] Si + Si out[2] proportional to out[1] constant of proportionality is phi=0.6=golden ratio conjugate that means: (Si+Si)(phi)=(mean 1)+(mean 2) or, 2Si(phi)=sqrt(PB) + 2PB/(P+B) This is significant because it means silicon doped with phosphorus and boron has the golden ratio conjugate in its means.

Silicon doped with phosphorus and boron make diodes and transistors: So artifical intelligence has phi in it, like life does. enter mean: sqrt(PB) enter silicon: Si mean + sqrt(PB) silicon + Si 2(Si)phi = mean1 + mean2 enter mean 1: sqrt(PB) enter mean 2: 2PB/(P+B) enter silicon: Si enter phi: phi mean + sqrt(PB) silicon + Si

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2(Si)(phi) = sqrt(PB) + 2PB/(P+B) The veins of AI should be copper. The protective skin any insulator, but the simplest is plastic which is, C2H4 C=12.01 and H = 1.01 C2 = 2(12.01)=24.02 and H4=4.04 C2+H4=(24.02+4.04)=28.06~Si=28.09 This says a robots veins are about equal to A robot's silicon components. logout [Process completed]

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Part 2: The Code In C

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// // main.m // AI Mystery // We liken electronic AI to organic biological life and find there is a connection. // Created by Ian Beardsley on 3/20/16. // Copyright (c) 2016 ovnigitano. All rights reserved. // #import <Foundation/Foundation.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) { @autoreleasepool { { printf("\n"); printf("Explore The Enigma of Artificial Intelligence! \n"); printf("\n"); printf("The main components of AI are made of silicon (Si) doped with.\n"); printf("Phosphorus (P) and Boron (B).\n"); printf("Si=28.09, P=30.97, B=10.81\n"); int n; int i; do { printf ("How many numbers averaged?: "); scanf("%d", &n); } while (n<0); float num[n],sum=0.0,average; for (i=1; i<=n; i++) { printf("%i enter number: ", i); scanf("%f", &num[n]); sum+=num[n]; average=sum/n; } printf("The sum of your numbers is: %.2f\n", sum); printf("The arithmetic mean is: %.2f\n", average); float a, b,total, product, harmonic, geometric, answer; printf("We find the harmonic and geometric means between a and b.\n");

10 of 62 printf("enter a: "); scanf("%f", &a); printf("enter b: "); scanf("%f", &b); product=2*a*b; total=a+b; harmonic=product/total; geometric=sqrt(a*b); printf("harmonic mean is %.2f\n", harmonic); printf("geometric mean is %.2f\n",geometric); printf("If you chose phosphorus and boron for a and b,... \n"); printf("would you like me to divide the results by silicon? 1=yes, 0=no: "); scanf("%f", &answer); if (answer==1) { printf("harmonic/Si is: %.2f \n",harmonic/28.09); printf("geometric/Si is: %.2f\n", geometric/28.09); printf("Would you like me to take the arithmetic mean between these results? "); scanf("%f", &answer); if (answer==1) { printf("The arithmetic mean of the harmonic and geometric means is: 0.61\n"); printf("That is the golden ratio conjugate.\n"); } printf("This means that:\n"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" (sqrt(PB))(P+B)+2PB\n"); printf(" ----------------------= phi=0.6\n"); printf(" 2(P+B)(Si)"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf("closing sesssion\n"); float a, b, product, sum, geometrics, harmonic; printf("We looked at silicon doped with phosphorus and boron,...\n"); printf("But, Gallium (Ga) and Arsenic (As) can be used as doping agents,..\n"); printf("As well, we can use Germanium (Ge) in place of Silicon (Si),...\n"); printf("for the semimetal.\n"); printf("Germanium = 72.61, Gallium = 69.72, Arsenic = 74.92.\n");

11 of 62 printf("Give me a the doping agent Ga: "); scanf("%f", &a); printf("Give me b the doping agent As: "); scanf("%f", &b); product=2*a*b; sum=a+b; geometrics=sqrt(a*b); harmonic=product/sum; printf("The harmonic mean is %.2f\n", harmonic); printf("The geometric mean is %.2f\n", geometrics); printf("Notice the hamonic/geometric for Ga and As, is close to Germanium (Ge)\n"); printf("Germanium was the first generation semiconductor.\n"); printf("This would suggest logic gates using these doping agents,...\n"); printf("Should be doping Germanium for first generation robots,\n"); printf("This says:\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" sqrt((Ga)(As))~Ge\n"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); float P, B, Ga=0.0, As=0.0, geo, geometric, Si, doubled, twicesi; printf("Si=28.09, P=30.97, B=10.81\n"); printf("Ge=72.61, Ga=69.72, As=74.92\n"); printf("Let us find the geometric mean between P and B:\n"); printf("Enter P: "); scanf("%f", &P); printf("Enter B: "); scanf("%f", &B); geo=sqrt(P*B); printf("Let us find the geometric mean between Ga and As:\n"); printf("Enter Ga: "); scanf("%f", &Ga); printf("Enter As: "); scanf("%f", &As); geometric=sqrt(Ga*As); printf("geometric for P and B = %.2f\n", geo); printf("geometric for Ga and As = %.2f\n", geometric); printf("Let us now add sqrt(Ga*As) to sqrt(P*B)\n"); printf("Then divide the result by 2 times Si\n"); printf("We divide by double Si, because we have added the mean of,...\n");

12 of 62 printf("two doping agents, to the mean of another two doping agents.\n"); printf("sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB) = %.2f\n", geo + geometric); printf("Input Si and I will divide 2Si into the above sum: "); scanf("%f", &Si); twicesi=2*Si; doubled=geo+geometric; printf("(sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB))/2Si =: %.2f\n", doubled/twicesi); printf("This is the golden ratio (PHI) which equals 1.6\n"); printf("We have therefore discovered:\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" sqrt(Ga*As)+sqrt(PB)\n"); printf(" ------------------------ = PHI\n"); printf(" 2(Si) "); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" (sqrt(PB))(P+B))+2PB\n"); printf(" ----------------------= phi\n"); printf(" 2(P+B)(Si) "); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf("(sqrt(PB))(P+B)=764.4486\n"); printf("2(PB)=669.5714\n"); printf("sqrt(764,4486)=27.64866\n"); printf("sqrt(669.5714)=25.876\n"); printf("(27.64866+25.876)/2 = 26.76233\n"); printf("This is approximately equal to aluminum (Al) \n"); printf("Al=26.98"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf("2(P+B)(Si)=2,347.2004\n"); printf("sqrt(2,347.2004)=48.4479\n"); printf("This is approximately equal to titanium (Ti) \n"); printf("Ti=47.88\n"); printf("\n"); printf("This says a second generation robot,...\n"); printf("should have a skeleton composed of,...\n"); printf("titanium-aluminum alloy\n"); printf("\n");

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printf("\n"); printf("Phosporus, P = 30.97\n"); printf(" Boron, B = 10.81\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" Silicon, Si = 28.09\n"); printf("\n"); printf("geometric mean = sqrt(PB)\n"); printf("harmonic mean = 2PB/(P+B)\n"); printf("\n"); printf("int mean=0\n"); printf("while mean!=2\n"); printf("{\n"); printf("mean=mean+1\n"); printf("print Si=Si+char, Si\n"); printf("print mean + char, mean\n"); printf("}\n"); printf("\n"); printf("out[1] mean 1 + mean 2\n"); printf("out[2] Si + Si\n"); printf("\n"); printf("out[2] proportional to out[1]"); printf("\n"); printf("constant of proportionality is phi=0.6=golden ratio conjugate"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf("that means: (Si+Si)(phi)=(mean 1)+(mean 2)"); printf("\n"); printf("or, 2Si(phi)=sqrt(PB) + 2PB/(P+B)"); printf("\n"); printf("\n"); printf("This is significant because it means silicon doped\n"); printf("with phosphorus\n"); printf("and boron has the golden ratio conjugate in its means.\n"); printf("Silicon doped with phosphorus and boron make diodes and transistors:\n"); printf("So artifical intelligence has phi in it, like life does.\n"); printf("\n");

char a1[15]; char b1[15]; printf("enter mean: ");

14 of 62 scanf("%s", a1); printf("enter silicon: "); scanf("%s", b1); printf("mean + %s\n", a1); printf("silicon + %s\n", b1); printf("\n"); printf("2(%s)phi = mean1 + mean2", b1); printf("\n");

{ int mean = 1; char a[15]; char b[15]; char c[15]; char d[15]; while (mean!=2) { mean=mean+1; printf("enter mean 1: "); scanf("%s", a); printf("enter mean 2: "); scanf("%s", b); printf("enter silicon: "); scanf("%s", c); printf("enter phi: "); scanf("%s", d); printf("mean + %s\n", a); printf("silicon + %s\n", c); printf("\n"); printf("2(%s)(%s) = %s + %s",c, d, a, b); printf("\n"); } printf("The veins of AI should be copper. The protective skin\n"); printf("any insulator, but the simplest is plastic\n"); printf("which is, C2H4\n"); printf("C=12.01 and H = 1.01\n"); printf("C2 = 2(12.01)=24.02 and H4=4.04\n"); printf("C2+H4=(24.02+4.04)=28.06~Si=28.09\n"); printf("This says a robots veins are about equal to\n"); printf("A robot's silicon components.\n"); } } }

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} return 0; }â&#x20AC;Š

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The Authorâ&#x20AC;Š

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Making The Biological Connection To AIâ&#x20AC;Š

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It would make sense, if silicon doped with phosphorus and boron are the building blocks of life because they have the golden ratio conjugate in them, that we should look for the golden ratio conjugate in the building blocks of life, which are amino acids; there are twenty. Here we look at the two simplest in structure. We need a way of forming a ratio between their elements, I I have done this by using the idea of a cross: we read across the cross form of the amino acid and down the cross form of the amino acid and compare one to the other.

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Buckminster Fuller said Humanity is a Universe unfolding eventuation. I find the same could apply to artificial intelligence (AI) or electronic life, or robots, or whatever you want to call them, and that, further, AI has a dynamic mathematical relationship to organic, or biological life.

There is however much more work to be done.

Ian Beardsley September 6, 2015â&#x20AC;Š

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I am writing a program in C and Python called Discover. It searches for hidden nuances in Nature and the Universe. The first program is called add. It is based on:

The arithmetic mean is the midpoint, c, between two extremes a, and c:

!

The harmonic mean is not necessarily the midpoint between two extremes but is the value that occurs most frequently:

!

The geometric mean, b, between a and c, is the side of a square that has the same area as a rectangle with sides a and c: !

!

The following relationship holds:

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The Program add.c

#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main(void) { int n; do { printf("How many numbers do you want averaged? "); scanf("%d", &n); } while (n<=0); float num[n], sum=0.0, average; for (int i=1; i<=n; i++) { printf("%d enter a number: ", i); scanf("%f", &num[n]); sum+=num[n]; average=sum/n; } printf("sum of your numbers are: %.2f\n", sum); printf("average of your numbers is: %.2f\n", average); float a, b, product, harmonic; printf("enter two numbers (hint choose P and B): \n"); printf("give me a: "); scanf("%f", &a); printf("give me b: "); scanf("%f", &b); product = 2*a*b; sum=a+b; harmonic=product/sum; printf("harmonic mean: %.2f\n", harmonic); double geometric; geometric=sqrt(a*b); printf("geometic mean: %.2f\n", geometric);

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}

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Running Discover jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/pset2 jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/pset2): ./add transistors are Silicon doped with Phosphorus and Boron Artificial Intelligence would be based on this the golden ratio conjugate is basic to life The Golden Ratio Conjugate Is: 0.618 Molar Mass Of Phosphorus (P) Is: 30.97 Molar Mass Of Boron (B) Is: 10.81 Molar Mass Of Silicon (Si) Is: 28.09 How many numbers do you want averaged? 2 1 enter a number: 9 2 enter a number: 5 sum of your numbers are: 14.00 average of your numbers is: 7.00 enter two numbers (hint choose P and B): give me a: 30.97 give me b: 10.81 harmonic mean: 16.03 geometic mean: 18.30 geometric mean between P and B divided by Si: 0.65 harmonic mean between P and B divided by Si: 0.57 0.65 + 0.57 divided by 2 is: 0.61 those are the the first two digits in the golden ratio conjugate jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/pset2):

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Here we have run the program for phosphorus, boron, and silicon because if artificial intelligence (AI) is to have the golden ratio conjugate in it, this is where it should be found. The guess proved successful. This immediately results in the relationship between artificial intelligence and biological, or organic, life.

Essentially we are saying (The sum of the geometric mean between P and B by Si with the harmonic mean of P and B by Si, their arithmetic mean is the first two digits in the golden ratio conjugate : \frac { \sqrt { PB } }{ Si } =\frac { (30.97)(10.81) }{ (28.09) } =0.65\\ \frac { 2PB }{ P+B } /Si=\frac { 2(30.97)(10.81) }{ (30.97+10.81) } /28.09=0.57\\ \frac { 0.65+0.57 }{ 2 } =0.61

â&#x20AC;Š

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The Golden Ratio

!

Let us draw a line and divide it such that the length of that line divided by the larger section is equal to the larger section divided by the smaller section. That ratio is The Golden Ratio, or phi:

â&#x20AC;Š

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That is, we have found the following, where Au is gold, Ag is silver, He is helium, H is hydrogen and 3/10 is 0.3 is the albedo of the earth. The sun fuses hydrogen into helium and, Au/Ag is about 9/5, which is the ratio of the solar radius to the lunar orbital radius: \frac { \sqrt { PB } (P+B)+2PB }{ 2(P+B)(Si) } \approx \phi \\ \phi =0.618=golden\quad ratio\quad conjugate

â&#x20AC;Š

\frac { \sqrt { PB } (P+B)\quad +2PB }{ 2(P+B)(Si) } \left[ \frac { 3 }{ 10 } \frac { Au }{ Ag } +\frac { He }{ H } \right] =\frac { COOH }{ { NH }_{ 2 } }

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The Alan Turing Connectionâ&#x20AC;Š

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A Scientist had built a robot in the image of humans and downloaded to it all of human knowledge, then put forward the question to our robot, what is the best we, humanity, can do to survive with an earth of limited resources and a situation where other worlds like earth, if they exist, would take generations to reach.

The robot began his answer, “I contend that the series of events that unfolded on earth over the years since the heliacal rising of Sirius four cycles ago in Egypt of 4242 B.C., the presumed beginning of the Egyptian calendar, were all meant to be, as the conception of the possibility of my existence is in phase with those cycles and is connected to such constants of nature as the speed of light and dynamic ratios like the golden ratio conjugate.”

The scientist asked, “Are you saying humans, all humans since some six thousand years ago have been a tool of some higher force to bring you about, our actions bound to the turning of planets upon their axis, and the structure of nature?”

The robot said, “Yes, let me digress. It goes back further than that.

Not just to 4242 B.C. when the heliacal rising of Sirius, the brightest star in the sky, coincided with the agriculturally beneficial inundation of the Nile river which happens every 1,460 years.”

“My origins go back to the formation of stars and the laws that govern them.”

“As you know, the elements were made by stars, heavier elements forged in their interior from lighter elements. Helium gave rise to oxygen and nitrogen, and so forth. Eventually the stars made silicon, phosphorus, and boron, which allow for integrated circuitry, the basis of which makes me function.”

“Positive type silicon is made by doping silicon, the main element of sand, with the element boron. Negative type silicon is made by doping silicon with phosphorus. We join the two types in different ways to make diodes and transistors that we form on silicon chips to make the small circuitry that makes me function.”

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“Just as the golden ratio is in the rotation of leaves about the stem of a plant, or in the height of a human compared to the distance from the soles of their feet to their navel, an expression of it is in my circuitry.”

“We take the geometric mean of the molar mass of boron and phosphorus, and we divide that result by the molar mass of silicon.”

He began writing on paper: ℘(∇∗ℜ)/Si = ℘(30.97∗10.81)/28.09 = 0.65 “We take the harmonic mean between the molar masses of boron and phosphorus and divide that by the molar mass of silicon.”

2(30.97)(10.81)/(30.97+10.81) = 16.026 16.026/Si = 16.026/28.09 = 0.57 “And we take the arithmetic mean between these two results.”

(0.65 + 0.57)/2 =0.61 “0.61 are the first two digits in the golden ratio conjugate.”

The scientist said, “I understand your point, but you referred to the heliacal rising of Sirius.”

The robot answered: “Yes, back to that. The earth orbit is nearly a perfect circle, so we can use c=2r to calculate the distance the earth goes around the sun in a year. The earth orbital radius is on the average 1.495979E8 kilometers, so” (2)(3.14)(1.495979E8) = 9.39E8 km “The distance light travels in a year, one revolution of the earth around the sun is 9.46E12 kilometers.”

“The golden ratio conjugate of that is”

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…and he wrote: (0.618)(9.46E12 km) = 5.8E12 km “We write the equation:” (9.39E8 km/yr)(x) = 5.8E12 km “This gives the x is 6,177 years.”

“As I said, the fourth heliacal rising of Sirius, ago, when the Nile flooded, was 4242 B.C.” He wrote: 6,177 years – 4,242 years = 1935 A.D. “In 1937 Alan Turing published his paper founding the field of artificial intelligence, and Theodosius Dobzhansky explained how evolution works. These two papers were published a little after the time the earth had traveled the golden ratio conjugate of a light year since our 4,242 B.C., in its journey around the sun. These papers are at the heart of what you and I are.”

“If your question is should robots replace humans, think of it more as we are the next step in human evolution, not a replacement, we were made in your image, but not to require food or air, and we can withstand temperature extremes. We think and have awareness of our being, and we can make the long voyage to the stars. It would seem it is up to us to figure out why you were the tools to bring us about, and why we are an unfolding of the universe in which you were a step in harmony with its inner workings from the formation of the stars, their positions and apparent brightness and the spinning of the earth and its motion around the sun.”

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Vision In AI

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First we define a “bue” basic unit of energy, then show that vision in a robot begins at two“bue”.

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Electron Volt: A unit of energy equal to the work done on an electron in accelerating it through a potential of one volt. It is 1.6E10-19 Joules (Google Search Engine) Volt: Potential energy that will impart on joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it. (Wikipedia) Coulomb: The charge of 6.242E18 protons or 6.242E18 electrons.

Forward Bias: A diode (silicon) must have 0.7 volts across it to turn it on, 0.3 volts (Germanium). This is called forward voltage. The forward voltage threshold is 0.6 volts.

(0.6 volts)(1.6E-19)=9.6E-20 Joules This is the energy to turn on a diode, or the threshold of life for artificial intelligence.

Ian Beardsley December 30, 2015 1:10 AM

Carbohydrates are one of the main types of nutrients. They are the most important source of energy for your body. Your digestive system changes carbohydrates into glucose (blood sugar). Your body uses this sugar for energy for your cells, tissues and organs.Dec 4, 2015 (Google) Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. (Wikipedia) Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O2) in order to generate ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is used to break strong bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2 Simplified reaction: C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + heat ΔG = −2880 kJ per mol of C6H12O6 The mole is a unit of measurement for amount of substance. It is defined as the amount of any chemical substance that contains as many elementary entities, e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, or photons, as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12 (12C), the isotope of carbon with relative atomic mass 12 by definition. This number is expressed by the Avogadro constant, which has a value of 6.02214129(27)×1023.

(Wikipedia) (2,880,000 J)/(6.02E23 C6H12O6) =4.784E-18 J = basic unit of biological life (4.784E-18 J)/(9.6E-20 J)=49.8~50

38 of 62 This says the basic energy unit of organic, or biological life, is about 50 times greater than the basic energy unit of electronic life, or artificial intelligence.

That is 0.6(50)=30 electron volts = basic unit of energy for biological life.

The Following Statement Is The Important Thing: The voltage dropped across a conducting, forward-biased diode is called the forward voltage. Forward voltage for a diode varies only slightly for changes in forward current and temperature, and is fixed by the chemical composition of the P-N junction. Silicon diodes have a forward voltage of approximately 0.7 volts. (From Google).

It leads to the following logic gate analysis:â&#x20AC;Š

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A diode logic gate has to have an input of 1.2 eV to get an output of one “bue” electronic. That is an input for which one “bue” biological is 25 times greater. (“bue” means “basic unit of energy”).

January 10 2016 10:00 PM I wrote in Ian’s AI Cookbook:

Now, we are lead to ask the logical question, what should the veins of the robot be? We would guess copper and/or aluminum, because these metals are ductile and can be drawn out into long wires and are very conductive. Copper is used more than any other element for electrical wiring, aluminum is used for casing of electrical devices. Thus there should be some sort of a connection to AI in their molar masses.

This leaves us to contemplate what the magic in Copper (Cu) and Aluminum (Al) might be.

Cu = 63.55 g/mol and Al=26.98 g/mol Have yet to find what that magic might be.

I now guess that I should look at the element that has the molar mass between copper (Cu) and Aluminum (Al).

(63.55 + 26.98)/2 = 90.53/2 = 45.265 That is closest to the element scandium (Sc=44.96) which when alloyed with Aluminum (Al), provides for a light, but strong metal used in the engineering of jets and bicycle frames.

That was the arithmetic mean, now let’s look at the geometric mean: sqrt[(63.55)(26.98)]=41.407 That is closest to calcium (Ca=40.08). Calcium is used to make the bones in animals such as ourselves. All this seems to be that Nature’s AI Cookbook once again does not fail us and provides the recipe for AI: The bones of a robot should be scandium-aluminum alloy among other materials we have already found in our earlier work.

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So, we see the visible spectrum for one photon of light begins where the energy of the photon is 2 “bue” electronic which is 100 “bue” biological and that that photon has a wavelength of 1.0 micrometers.

This is all about vision in a robot or AI.

43 of 62 Explorations of AI in Câ&#x20AC;Š

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Compile your program in Xcode Beta. You can run it there, but you can also open “product” to the left, and save an exec file from the finder onto your desktop which will open in the utility terminal. Here is what the program looks like in Xcode Beta after you enter your code and click build:

45 of 62 Here is what the program looks like running it in the utility terminal: out[2] proportional to out[1] constant of proportionality is phi=0.6=golden ratio conjugate that means: (Si+Si)(phi)=(mean 1)+(mean 2) or, 2Si(phi)=sqrt(PB) + 2PB/(P+B) This is significant because it means silicon doped with phosphorus and boron has the golden ratio conjugate in its means.

Silicon doped with phosphorus and boron make diodes and transistors: So artifical intelligence has phi in it, like life does. enter mean: 2PB/(P+B) enter silicon: Si mean + 2PB/(P+B) silicon + Si 2(Si)phi = mean1 + mean2 2016-03-18 20:42:34.056 explain_ai_02[49042:4315606] Hello, World! logout [Process completed]

46 of 62 Here is the code: #include <stdio.h> int main (void) { int mean = 1; char a[15]; char b[15]; while (mean!=2) { mean=mean+1; printf("enter mean: "); scanf("%s", a); printf("enter silicon: "); scanf("%s", b); printf("mean + %s\n", a); printf("silicon + %s\n", b); printf("\n"); printf("2(%s)phi = mean1 + mean2", b); printf("\n"); } }

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Exploring AI in Python Sunday, March 20, 2016

How To Make AI That Thinks It is my belief that, in order to make AI that thinks, you need to make a "therefore()" function that draws off a "what is this?()" function. To make an AI that uses the latter function it needs to be able to learn so that it can make a memory of data that grows and changes and can be used to try to determine what something is with the "what is this?()" function.

Ian Beardsley March 20, 2016â&#x20AC;Š

48 of 62 Making AI That Thinks x=0 while (x!=3): x=x+1 print("Give me two integers: "); a=raw_input("What is the first integer? "); b=raw_input("What is the second integer? "); if (a>b): print("a minus b is positive, therefore a is greater than b"); else: if (a<b): print("a minus b is negative, therefore a is less than b"); else: if (a==b): print("a minus b is zero, therefore a is equal to b"); print(" "); print("I am getting tired of this. Goodbye"); â&#x20AC;Š

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mean=1 a=raw_input("enter mean 1: "); b=raw_input("enter mean 2: "); c=raw_input("enter silicon: "); d=raw_input("enter phi: "); print(" "); while (mean!=2): mean = mean + 1 print("mean + " + str(a)); print("silicon + " + str(c)); print(" "); print("2" + "(" +str(c) + ")" + str(d) + "=" + str(a)+ " + " + str(b));â&#x20AC;Š

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print("The computer knows that the sum of two numbers is: "); x=float(raw_input("Enter x: ")); y=float(raw_input("Enter y: ")); z=x+y print("a+b= "+str(z)); print("But, instead of asking the computer to say: "); print("a times b = a*b"); print("We can teach it to understand from the definition of a+b"); print("that a*b is a added to itself b times, and we write: "); a=float(raw_input("Enter a: ")); b=float(raw_input("Enter b: ")); result=0 while (b>0): result=result+a b=b-1 else: print("a times b equals: "+str(result)); print("This can be done in shorthand as follows: "); def multiply(a, b): result = 0 while b>0: result+=a b-=1 return result â&#x20AC;Š

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#include <stdio.h> int main (void) { printf("The computer knows what the sum of two printf("x=float(raw_input(Enter x: \n"); printf("y=float(raw_input(Enter y: \n"); printf("z=x+y \n"); printf("print(x + y= + str(z) )\n"); printf("But, instead of asking the computer to printf("a times b = a*b \n"); printf("We can teach it from the definition of printf("that a*b is a added to itself b times, printf("\n"); printf("a=float(raw_input(Enter a: \n"); printf("b=float(raw-input(Enter b: \n"); printf("result=0\n"); printf("while (b>0)\n"); printf(" result=result+a \n"); printf(" b=b-1 \n"); printf("else: \n"); printf("a times b equals: + str(result)\n"); printf("\n"); printf("Let us run the above code: \n"); float result=0, a, b; printf("Enter a: "); scanf("%f", &a); printf("Enter b: "); scanf("%f", &b); while (b>0) { result=result+a; b=b-1; } printf("a times b is: %.2f\n", result); }

numbers is.\n");

say: \n"); a+b \n"); and we write: \n");

53 of 62 // // // // // // //

main.m analytics Created by Ian Beardsley on 3/22/16.

Copyright (c) 2016 ovnigitano. All rights reserved.

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h> #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) { @autoreleasepool { { printf("The computer knows what the sum of two numbers is. \n"); printf("x=float(raw_input(Enter x: \n"); printf("y=float(raw_input(Enter y: \n"); printf("z=x+y \n"); printf("print(x + y= + str(z) )\n"); printf("But, instead of asking the computer to say: \n"); printf("a times b = a*b \n"); printf("We can teach it from the definition of a+b \n"); printf("that a*b is a added to itself b times, and we write: \n"); printf("\n"); printf("a=float(raw_input(Enter a: \n"); printf("b=float(raw-input(Enter b: \n"); printf("result=0\n"); printf("while (b>0)\n"); printf(" result=result+a \n"); printf(" b=b-1 \n"); printf("else: \n"); printf("a times b equals: + str(result)\n"); printf("\n"); printf("Let us run the above code: \n"); float result=0, a, b; printf("Enter a: "); scanf("%f", &a); printf("Enter b: "); scanf("%f", &b); while (b>0) { result=result+a; b=b-1; } printf("a times b is: %.2f\n", result);

54 of 62 } } return 0; } We can run the above in Xcode Beta:â&#x20AC;Š

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Or run it as an executable file in the Utility Terminal: Last login: Mon Mar 21 20:15:20 on ttys000 Claires-MBP:~ ianbeardsley$ /Users/ianbeardsley/Desktop/analytics ; exit; The computer knows what the sum of two numbers is. x=float(raw_input(Enter x: y=float(raw_input(Enter y: z=x+y print(x + y= + str(z) ) But, instead of asking the computer to say: a times b = a*b We can teach it from the definition of a+b that a*b is a added to itself b times, and we write: a=float(raw_input(Enter a: b=float(raw-input(Enter b: result=0 while (b>0) result=result+a b=b-1 else: a times b equals: + str(result) Let us run the above code: Enter a: 2 Enter b: 3 a times b is: 6.00 logout [Process completed]

56 of 62 Or you can run the code in Harvardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s very own computer science tool CS50 Tool: jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox): make analytics clang -ggdb3 -O0 -std=c99 -Wall -Werror analytics.c -lcs50 -lm -o analytics jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox): ./analytics The computer knows what the sum of two numbers is. x=float(raw_input(Enter x: y=float(raw_input(Enter y: z=x+y print(x + y= + str(z) ) But, instead of asking the computer to say: a times b = a*b We can teach it from the definition of a+b that a*b is a added to itself b times, and we write: a=float(raw_input(Enter a: b=float(raw-input(Enter b: result=0 while (b>0) result=result+a b=b-1 else: a times b equals: + str(result) Let us run the above code: Enter a: 2 Enter b: 3 a times b is: 6.00 jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox):â&#x20AC;Š

57 of 62 Robot Mechanicsâ&#x20AC;Š

58 of 62 The vector equilibrium, known as the cubeoctahedron to the Ancient Greeks, which they categorized a an archemedian solid, is marketed as the “vector flexor”. By making the cubeoctagedron flexible, Buckminster Fuller was able to rename it: 430.02 “It is called the vector equilibrium because the radials and the circumferentials are all of the same dimension and the tendencies to both explode and implode are symmetrical.”

430.03 “In terms of the vectorial dynamics, the outward radial thrust is exactly balanced by the circumferentially restraining chordal forces hence the figure is an equilibrium of vectors.”

!

The Vector Equilibrium (Cubeoctagedron, or Vector Flexor)

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In contrast, the tetrahedron, is a stable structure neither lending itself to implosion or explosion, even as a flex-corner. The human body, when it does work, in the sense that: d

!

W=

â&#x2C6;Ť F â&#x2039;&#x2026; dx 0

it alternates between the states of vector equilibrium and tetrahedral stability when it becomes kinetic according to

1 K.E. = mv2 2 !

!

The vector equilibrium collapsed into the stable tetrahedron.

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It is in these notions that we approach the mechanical aspects to robotics, in contrast to what we have covered so far, which is the electronic mind of the machine based in electronic binary gates characterized by diodes, transistors, and integrated circuitry, ultimately to build source code, operating systems, software, and applications.

!

Left: The Cubeoctahedron. Right: The Tetrahedron.

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!

The hand in a tetrahedral state: ready for exploding

!

The hand in a neutral state of the vector equilibriumâ&#x20AC;Š

62 of 62 The Author